biogas - EIHP · Biogas as vehicle fuel • Utilisation of biomethanein the transport sector is a...

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Utilisation

biogas

Biogas has many utilisations

Biogas end-uses

Sanitary landfills

Crude biogas

Hot water

Digesters

Biogas

Boiler (burner)

Normalised natural gas

Use in industry, house, desk, farmDistrict heat

Glasshouse heating, other

Compression

Vehicle fuel Injection to

public grid

Generator

Turbine

Cogeneration

Electricity

Scrubbing Upgrading

Composition of biogas

<1H2SHydrogen sulphide

<1H2Hydrogen

<1NH3Ammonia

<2N2Nitrogen

<2O2Oxygen

2 (20°C) -7 (40°C)H2OWater vapour

25-45CO2Carbon dioxide

50-75CH4Methane

Content (Vol.-%)Chemical symbolCompound

1 Nm³ (50% Methane) 21 MJ

2,2 kWh el.

Theoretical gas yields

5050790 to 800Carbohydrates

32 to 3367 to 681.200 to 1.250Raw fat

29 to 3070 to 71700Raw protein

CO2[%]CH

4[%]Liter Gas / kg DSSubstrate

Protein Carbonh. Fat

Liter/kg DS

DS = Dry Substance

Methane yields of different feedstock material

20252Corn silage

17254Grass silage

11151Forage beet

10854Sweet sorghum

10061Organic waste

8853Beet

8060Poultry manure

6060Pig manure

4560Cattle manure

4061Distillers grains with solubles

2865Liquid pig manure

2560Liquid cattle manure

Biogas yield [m³/tFF]Methane yield [%]Feedstock

FF = fresh feedstock

Direct combustion and heat utilisation

Digester with

Stirrer

Biogas storage

Biogas heating

- 37 cattle

- 2,5 m³ slurry / d

- 60 m³ biogas / d

- 360 kWh heat / d

• Biogas burner is almost free of

maintenance

• Efficiency almost 100%

• Quiet

• Gas contamination (H2S) is no problem

• Installation Costs < 150 €/kW

Combined heat and power generation (CHP)

• Prime mover and generator

• Standard utilisation for biogas

• Most common is the combustion engine

• Efficiency up to 90%

• 35% Electricity 65% Heat

• Block Type Thermal Power Plant (BTTP)

• Installation costs > 700 €/kW

• Altematives: Stirling-Motors, micro gas turbines and fuel cells

Combined heat and power generation (CHP)

• Produced electricity for equipment or grid

• Important for energy and economic

efficiency is to use the heat!

• 1/3 of the heat is used for the plant

• 2/3 can be used for external needs

• Heat utilisation:

• Building and household heating

• Drying crops, wood chips etc.

• Power-heat-cooling-coupling

100% Fuel

30% Elecricity50% Heat

10% Flue and

Radiation loses

Gas-Otto engines

• Gas-Otto or Gas-Diesel engines

• Exhaust turbo charger for high performance

• Biogas with min. 45% methane

• Biogas or natural gas can be used

• Gas contamination (H2S) is a problem

Pilot-injection gas motor

• Based on the diesel engine priciple

• Modified heavy duty engines

• Can operate without biogas

• Ignition oil can be diesel, heating oil, biodiesel, vegetable oil

• 10% of ignition oil are necessary for biogas operation

Stirling motor

• External combustion

• Biogas with low methane content can be used

• Gas contamination (H2S) is no problem

• Low maintenance costs

• Electrical efficiency 24 to 28%

• Usually below 50 kW

Biogas micro-turbines

• Air is taken into a compressor

• Pressed into a combustor, mixed with biogas and fired

• The hot, burned gas is released through a turbine

• The rotating turbine shaft is driving a generator and thecompressor

• Air bearing, no lubricant is needed

• Typically below 200 kW el.

• High cost

Fuel cell

• Electrochemical devices that

turn chemical energy direct into

electrical energy

• Various fuel cell types suitable

for biogas

• High efficiency, high

performance

• High cost, over 10000€/kW

Biogas upgrading

• Biogas can be used for the same

purposes as natural gas

• Therefor it has to be upgradet to

biomethane

• Methane content > 95%

• Common methods use the

absorbtion with solvent. Water

solvent scrubbing, organic solvent

scrubbing, pressure swing

absorption

• Costs are not linear to the plant size

• Biogas input > 500 m³/h

Biogas as vehicle fuel

• Utilisation of biomethane in the

transport sector is a technology with

great potential

• Biomethane is used in the same

way like natural gas

• There are specially built biogas

vehicles

• Biomethane has the highest

potential as vehicle fuel of all

biofuels

Biomethane for grid injection

• Upgraded biogas (biomethane) can

be injected and distributed through

the natural gas grid

• Connect rural production areas with

high populatet areas

• The gas can be used on a higher

efficiency level

• The Biomethane has to fit the

national standards for natural gas

• The costs are the same as for

upgrading plus the grid connection

Thank you

for your attention.

Bernhard Natterer

Dipl.-Ing.(FH)

biogas - EIHP · Biogas as vehicle fuel • Utilisation of biomethanein the transport sector is a...

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