1st week (SUN,MON,TUSE.ppt

8/12/2019 1st week (SUN,MON,TUSE.ppt

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Introduction to Radiographic Positioning(Positioning Terminology )

Lecture 1


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By the end of this Lecture the student will be able to:

Define sectional anatomy and differentiate between sagittal ,coronal

and transverse plane planes and body sections

Identify and describe terminology related to patient/part positioning.

Distinguish Between radiographic projection, position and view

Identify and describe the four types of body habitus and explain how

they may affect patient centering and positioning.

Learning Objectives


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References

Positioning in Radiography: By k.C.Clarke.Text book of radiographic positioning and related anatomy;

by Kenneth L.Bontrager, 5thedition

Websites

http://www.e-radiography.net/http://www.theodora.com/anatomy/surface_anatomy_index.htm
http://www.e-radiography.net/http://www.theodora.com/anatomy/surface_anatomy_index.htmlhttp://www.theodora.com/anatomy/surface_anatomy_index.htmlhttp://www.e-radiography.net/http://www.e-radiography.net/http://www.e-radiography.net/


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Positioning Terminology

A person in the anatomical position is

standing erect with the head, eyes and

toes pointing forward, feet together with

arms by the side. The palms of the hands

are also point forward.

Anatomic Position


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A plane is a flat surface passed

through the body or a portion of the

body . Body planes are divided into:-

Longitudinal planes

Coronal

Sagittal

Horizontal plane (Transverse )

Positioning Terminology

Body Planes


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Body Planes

Coronal or (Frontal)

A vertical plane running from side to

side; divides the body or any of its parts

into anterior and posterior portions.

Axial Plane (Transverse Plane)

A horizontal plane; divides the body or

any of its parts into upper and lower parts.


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Directional Terms

Lateral Vs. Medial

Away from the midline of the body

(On the outer side of) e.g. the arms

are lateral to the chest.

Lateral

Medial

Near to the midline of the body

(On the Inner side of) e.g. the

chest is medial to the arms

MedialLateralLateral


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Directional Terms

Superficial Vs. Deep

Towards or at the body surface

e.g. The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles

Superficial

Deep

Away from the body surface ( more internal)

e.g. The skeletal muscles are deep to the skin

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anterior posterior lateral

posterior

cephalic

superior

cranial

inferior

caudal medial

lateral proximal

distal

Directional Terms

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Flexion vs. Extension

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Joints movement Terms

Flexion :

Decrease in the angle of a joint by

bending

Extension:

Increase in the angle of joint or

straightening of a joint

Note : Hyper flexion is over flexion while hyper extension is extension beyond normal limits


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Inversion vs. Eversion

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Inversion :

Turning of foot inward at the ankle joint.

Eversion:

Turning of the foot outward at the ankle

joint.


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Pronation vs. Supination

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Pronation :

Turning the hand so that the palm is

down or onto one's stomach

Supination:

Turning the hand so the palm is facing

upward or turning onto one's back.


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Body Position Terms

Describe the overall placement of the body in the desired

position.

Erect "upright"

Position when the Sagittal and coronal planes of the

body are perpendicular to the horizon

Recumbent "lying down"

Position when the transverse plane of the body is perpendicular to the horizon

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Decubitus vs. Recumbent

general meanings are the same "LYING DOWN"

but in radiography, decubitus has a special meaning

DECUBITUS

patient is lying down & the x-ray beam is parallel to the horizon

Body Position Terms

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Oblique (Erect or Recumbent)

Position when the body is rotated so thatthe MS plane is neither nor to the film

but at an angle

Exact position is indicated by the surface

closest to the film and the angle of rotation May be erect or recumbent

abbreviations:

RPO, LPO, RAO, LAO 45RPO

Body Position Terms

^

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Decubitus Positions

Ventral decubitus

patient is prone ,Cassette (IR) is vertical & a

horizontal beam is used

Dorsal decubitus

patient is supine ,Cassette (IR) is vertical & a

horizontal beam is used

Lateral decubitus ( Right or Left)

patient lying on the left lateral side ,Cassette

(IR) is vertical & a horizontal beam is used

Body Position Terms

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Erect Positions

Surface of body closest to the film used to givea more specific description

Examples:

Posterior erect -- patient is standing withthe posterior surface of the body next to the

cassette

Left lateral erect -- patient is standing withthe left side of the body next to the cassette

Unit III

Left lateral

erect position

Body Position Terms

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Sim's Position

A near lateral Left anterior oblique ( Left Sim's ) OR right anterior oblique with the top

leg in front the lower leg.

Unit III

Body Position Terms

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Projection

Refers to the path the x-ray beam takes

through part

Anteroposterior projection (AP)

Beam enters the front surface and

exits the back surface of the part

Posteroanterior projection (PA)

Beam enters the back and exits the

front of the partAP projection in supine position

Positioning Terms

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Lateral Projections

Torso (Trunk) and head

Right to left lateral projection

Left to right lateral projection

Extremities (Limbs)

Mediolateral projection

Lateromedial projection

Note:

Normally the positioning terminology is

used rather than projection.

Left lateral erect position

R to L lateral projection

Positioning Terms

X-ray

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Classification of Body Habitus

HypersthenicDeep broad thorax

Short thoracic cavity

Short wide heart

Elevated diaphragm

Stomach and GB very high

Colon high and wide

Unit III

Sthenic

Lightly longer and shallow thorax

Ribs more vertical

Heart narrow and longer

Thoracic cavity longer

Diaphragm is not as high

Colon slightly lower and more

centrally located.

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Unit III 32

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