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What is PHP?

PHP stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor

PHP is a server-side scripting language, like ASP

PHP scripts are executed on the server

PHP supports many databases (MySQL,Informix, Oracle, Sybase, Solid, PostgreSQL,

Generic ODBC, etc.)

PHP is an open source software PHP is free to download and use

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What is a PHP File?

PHP files can contain text, HTML tags and scripts

PHP files are returned to the browser as plain

HTML

PHP files have a file extension of ".php",".php3", or ".phtml

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What is MySQL?

MySQL is a database server

MySQL is ideal for both small and large

applications

MySQL supports standard SQL MySQL compiles on a number of platforms

MySQL is free to download and use

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PHP + MySQL

PHP combined with MySQL are cross-platform

(you can develop in Windows and serve on a

Unix platform)

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Why PHP?

PHP runs on different platforms (Windows,

Linux, Unix, etc.)

PHP is compatible with almost all servers used

today (Apache, IIS, etc.)

PHP is FREE to download from the official PHP

resource: www.php.net

PHP is easy to learn and runs efficiently on the

server side
http://www.php.net/http://www.php.net/

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Where to Start?

To get access to a web server with PHP support,

you can:

Install Apache (or IIS) on your own server, install

PHP, and MySQL

Or find a web hosting plan with PHP and MySQL

support

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I. Setup PHP Environment

http://sourceforge.net/projects/xampp/files/XAMPP%20Windo

ws/1.7.7/xampp-win32-1.7.7-VC9-installer.exe/download
http://sourceforge.net/projects/xampp/files/XAMPP%20Windows/1.7.7/xampp-win32-1.7.7-VC9-installer.exe/downloadhttp://sourceforge.net/projects/xampp/files/XAMPP%20Windows/1.7.7/xampp-win32-1.7.7-VC9-installer.exe/downloadhttp://sourceforge.net/projects/xampp/files/XAMPP%20Windows/1.7.7/xampp-win32-1.7.7-VC9-installer.exe/downloadhttp://sourceforge.net/projects/xampp/files/XAMPP%20Windows/1.7.7/xampp-win32-1.7.7-VC9-installer.exe/downloadhttp://sourceforge.net/projects/xampp/files/XAMPP%20Windows/1.7.7/xampp-win32-1.7.7-VC9-installer.exe/downloadhttp://sourceforge.net/projects/xampp/files/XAMPP%20Windows/1.7.7/xampp-win32-1.7.7-VC9-installer.exe/downloadhttp://sourceforge.net/projects/xampp/files/XAMPP%20Windows/1.7.7/xampp-win32-1.7.7-VC9-installer.exe/downloadhttp://sourceforge.net/projects/xampp/files/XAMPP%20Windows/1.7.7/xampp-win32-1.7.7-VC9-installer.exe/downloadhttp://sourceforge.net/projects/xampp/files/XAMPP%20Windows/1.7.7/xampp-win32-1.7.7-VC9-installer.exe/downloadhttp://sourceforge.net/projects/xampp/files/XAMPP%20Windows/1.7.7/xampp-win32-1.7.7-VC9-installer.exe/downloadhttp://sourceforge.net/projects/xampp/files/XAMPP%20Windows/1.7.7/xampp-win32-1.7.7-VC9-installer.exe/downloadhttp://sourceforge.net/projects/xampp/files/XAMPP%20Windows/1.7.7/xampp-win32-1.7.7-VC9-installer.exe/download

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II. PHP Syntax

Basic Syntax

1. Comments

2. Data Type

3. Variables

4. Quotes & Special Characters

5. Arrays

6. Operators

7. Conditionals and Loops

8. Functions

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Basic Syntax

Each code line in PHP must end with a semicolon.

The semicolon is a separator and is used to

distinguish one set of instructions from another.

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1. Comments in PHP

The first is by using // to comment out a line.

Here is an example:

If you have a single line comment, another

option is to use a # sign. Here is an example of

this:

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1. Comments in PHP

If you have a longer, multi line comment, the

best way to comment is by using /* */. You can

contain several lines of commenting inside a

block. Here is an example:

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2. Data Type

Seven (6) basic data types you can work with: null

integer numbers

floating point numbers

booleans

Compound Data Types

strings

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2. Data Type - null

First the special cases is Null

Null is a special data type which can have only

one value, which is itself. Which is to say, null is

not only a data type, but also a keyword literal.

A variable of data type null is a variable that has

no value assigned to it.

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2. Data Type - integer numbers

integer: a whole number, a number with no

fractional component. It is a number between -

2,147,483,648 and +2,147,483,647.

decimal: a base ten numbering system

Valid decimal integers:

1

123

+7-1007395

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2. Data Type - integer numbers

octal: a base eight numbering system

Valid octal integers:010123+07

-01007345 hexadecimal: a base sixteen numbering system

Valid hexadecimal integers:0x10xff0x1a3+0x7-0x1ab7345

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2. Data Type - Floating Point

Numbers

floating-point number: numbers with a fractional component.

Some examples of valid floating point numbers include:3.140.001

-1.234

0.314E2 // 31.41.234E-5 // 0.00001234-3.45E-3 // -0.00345

If you want to know if a variable contains a floating-pointnumber, you can use the is_float()

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2. Data Type - Booleans

A Boolean datum can only contain two values: true or false. Generallyspeaking, Booleans are used as the basis for logical operations. Whenconverting data to and fromthe Boolean type, several special rulesapply:

- A number(either integer or floating-point) converted into a Booleanbecomes false if the original value is zero, and true otherwise.

- A string is converted to false only if it isempty or if it contains thesingle character 0.If it contains any other dataeven multiple zerosit is converted to

true.

- When converted to a number or a string, a Boolean becomes 1 if it istrue, and 0 otherwise.

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2. Data Type - Compound Data

Types

In addition to the scalar data type that we have justexamined, PHP supports two compounddata typesso calledbecause they are essentially containers of other data:

Arrays are containers of ordered data elements; an arraycan be used to store and retrieve any other data type,including numbers, Boolean values, strings, objects and evenother arrays. They are discussed in the Arrays chapter.

Objects are containers of both data and code. They form

the basis of Object-oriented Programming, and are alsodiscussed in a separate chapter called Object OrientedProgramming in PHP.

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2. Data Type - Strings

In the minds of many programmers, strings are equivalent totext. While in some languages this is, indeed, the case, inmany others (including PHP), this would be a very limitingand, in some cases, incorrectdescription of this data type.

Stringsare, in fact, ordered collections of binary datathiscould betext, but it could also be the contents of an imagefile, a spreadsheet, or even amusic recording.

PHP provides a vast array of functionality for dealingwithstrings. As such,we have dedicated a whole chapter to thementitled, quite imaginatively, Strings.

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2. Data Type - Converting

Between Data Types

PHP takes care ofconverting between datatypes transparently when a datum is used in anexpression. However, it is still possible to force

the conversion of a value to a specific type usingtype conversion operators.

For example:$x = 10.88;echo (int) $x; // Outputs 10

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3. Variables

Rules for PHP variable names: Variables in PHP starts with a $ sign, followed by the name of

the variable

The variable name must beginwith a letter or the underscore

character

A variable name can only containalpha-numeric characters and

underscores (A-z, 0-9, and_ )

A variable name should not contain spaces

Variable names are case sensitive (y and Y are two differentvariables)

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3. Variables

Creating (Declaring) PHP Variables

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3. Variables

PHP is a Loosely Typed Language In PHP, a variable does not need to be declaredbefore

adding a value to it.

In the example above, notice that we did not have to tell

PHP which data type the variable is.

PHP automatically converts the variable to the correct datatype, depending on its value.

In a strongly typed programming language, you have todeclare (define) the type and name of the variable beforeusing it.

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3. Variables

PHP Variable Scope

The scope of a variable is the portion of the

script in which the variable can be referenced.

PHP has four different variable scopes:

- local- global

- static

- parameter

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3. Variables

Local Scope

A variable declared within a PHP function is

local and can only be accessed within that

function. (the variable has local scope):

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3. Variables

Global Scope Global scope refers to any variable that is defined outside of any

function.

Global variables can be accessed from

any part of the script that is not inside

a function.

To access a global variable from within

a function, use the global keyword:

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3. Variables

Global Scope PHP also stores all global variables in an array called

$GLOBALS[index]. Its index is the name of the variable. This

array is also accessible from within functions and can be used to

update global variables directly.

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3. Variables

Static Scope

When a function is completed, all of its variablesare normally deleted. However, sometimes youwant a local variable to not be deleted. To do this,use the static keyword when you first declare the

variable: static $rememberMe;

Then, each time the function is called, that variable

will still have the information it contained from thelast time the function was called.

Note: The variable is still local to the function.

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3. Variables

Parameters

A parameter is a local variable whose value is

passed to the function by the calling code.

Parameters are declared in a parameter list as

part of the function declaration:

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Single quotes (') & Double quotes (")

Unlike some other languages, these two methods behave

quite differently:

- Single quotes represent simple strings, where almost all

characters are used literally.

- Double quotes, on the other hand, encapsulate complex

strings that allow for special escape sequences (for

example, to insert special characters) and for variable

substitution, which makes it possible to embed the value of

a variable directly in a string, without the need for any

special operator:

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When single quotes are used, as below, the variable isn't

evaluated and is printed on the screen literally as$something.

In the above, using double quotes, the variable

$something is evaluated within the quotes For make it clear, you can encapsulate the variable in

braces {}.

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Removing HTML special characters (including

brackets) PHP has a function called htmlspecialchars which changes some

HTML to special characters, which do not run as a program.

htmlspecialchars changes, for instance, the bracket (

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Escaping with the backslash \

The backslash character (\) can be used to escape quotesand variables. The next example repeats the idea thatthings are evaluated within double quotes:

The program doesn't crash on finding more doublequotes, but understands that these are just to emphasize"is". And the program does not explode $something, butprints it literally, because it is escaped.

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The Heredoc Syntax A third syntax, called heredoc, can be used to declare complex

stringsin general, the functionality it provides is similar to

double quotes.

Start with

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5. Array

In PHP, there are three kind of arrays:

Numeric array- An array with a numeric index

Associative array

- An array where each ID key is associated with a value

Multidimensional array

- An array containing one or more arrays

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5. Array

Numeric Arrays

A numeric array stores each array element with a numeric index.

There are two methods to create a numeric array.

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5. Array

Associative Arrays

An associative array, each ID key is associated with a value.

When storing data about specific named values, a numerical

array is not always the best way to do it.

With associative arrays we can use the values as keys and assign

values to them.

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5. Array

Multidimensional Arrays

In a multidimensional array, each element in the main array canalso be an array. And each element in the sub-array can be an

array, and so on.

i.e. Automatically assigned ID keys:

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5. Array


The array above would look like this if written to the output:

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5. Array


Lets try displaying a single value from the array above:

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6. PHP Operators

The assignment operator = is used to assign values to variables

in PHP. The arithmetic operator + is used to add values together.

There are many types of operators in PHP, those commonly used

are:

- Arithmetic Operators- Assignment Operators

- Incrementing/Decrementing Operators

- Comparison Operators

- Logical Operators

- Array Operators

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6. PHP Operators

Arithmetic Operators

The table below lists the arithmetic operators in PHP:

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6. PHP Operators

Assignment Operators

The basic assignment operator in PHP is "=". It means that theleft operand gets set to the value of the expression on the right.

That is, the value of "$x = 5" is 5.

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6. PHP Operators

Incrementing/Decrementing Operators

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6. PHP Operators

Comparison Operators

Comparison operators allows you to compare two values:

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6. PHP Operators

Logical Operators

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6. PHP Operators

Array Operators

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Conditional Statements In PHP we have the following conditional statements:

if statement - use this statement to execute some code only if aspecified condition is true

if...else statement - use this statement to execute some code if a

condition is true and another code if the condition is false if...elseif....else statement - use this statement to select one of

several blocks of code to be executed

switch statement - use this statement to select one of manyblocks of code to be executed

Ternary Conditionals - Ternary conditionals (sometimes knownas the "trinary operator") are a part of PHP that many simplysteer clear of, despite their usefulness.

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The if Statement

Use the if statement to execute some code only

if a specified condition is true.

Notice that there is no ..else.. in this syntax. Thecode is executed only if the specified condition

is true.

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The if...else Statement

Use the if....else statement to execute some

code if a condition is true and another code if a

condition is false.

Syntax

if(condition)

code to be executed if condition is true;

elsecode to be executed if condition is false;

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The if...elseif....else Statement

Use the if....elseif...else statement to select oneof several blocks of code to be executed.

Syntax

if(condition)code to be executed if condition is true;

elseif(condition)code to be executed if condition is true;

elsecode to be executed if condition is false;

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The PHP Switch Statement Use the switch statement to select one of many blocks of code

to be executed.

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Ternary Conditionals Ternary conditionals (sometimes known as the "trinary

operator") are a part of PHP that many simply steer clear of,

despite their usefulness.

C

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PHP Loops In PHP, we have the following looping statements:

while - loops through a block of code while a specified condition

is true

do...while - loops through a block of code once, and then

repeats the loop as long as a specified condition is true

for - loops through a block of code a specified number of times

foreach - loops through a block of code for each element in an

array

7 C di i l d L

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The while Loop

The while loop executes a block of code while a

condition is true.

Syntax

while (condition) {

code to be executed;

}

7 C diti l d L

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The do...while Statement

The do...while statement will always execute the

block of code once, it will then check the

condition, and repeat the loop while the

condition is true.

Syntax

do {


} while (condition);

7 C diti l d L

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The for Loop

The for loop is used when you know in advance

how many times the script should run.

Syntax

for (init; condition; increment) {


}

7 C diti l d L

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The foreach Loop

The foreach loop is used to loop through arrays.

Syntax

foreach ($arrayas$value) {


}

8 F ti

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8. Functions

Create a PHP Function

A function will be executed by a call to the

function.

Syntax

functionfunctionName()

{


}

8 F ti

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8. Functions

Create a PHP Function

A function will be executed by a call to the

function.

Syntax

functionfunctionName()

{


}

8 F ti

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8. Functions

A simple function that writes my name when it

is called:

8 F ti

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8. Functions

PHP Functions - Adding parameters To add more functionality to a function, we can add parameters.

A parameter is just like

a variable.

Parameters are specified

after the function name,

inside the parentheses.

8 F nctions

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8. Functions

PHP Functions - Return values

To let a function return a value, use the return

statement.

III. PHP LANGUAGE

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CONCEPTS

1. References

2. Including Files

3. File System Basics

1 References

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1. References

A reference in PHP is simply a variable

corresponding to the same zval as anothervariable.

References can be explicitly created using a

special form of the assignment operator with anampersand after the equals sign.

For example:

1 References

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1. References

Passing Arguments by Reference Function arguments can also be passed by reference. This allows

your function to affect external variables:

2 Including Files

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2. Including Files

In PHP, you can insert the content of one PHP file into another

PHP file before the server executes it. The include and require statements are used to insert useful

codes written in other files, in the flow of execution.

2 Including Files

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2. Including Files

Include and require are identical, except upon failure:

require will produce a fatal error (E_COMPILE_ERROR) and stopthe script

include will only produce a warning (E_WARNING) and the script

will continue

So, if you want the execution to go on and show users theoutput, even ifthe include file is missing, use include.

Otherwise, in case ofFrameWork, CMS or a complex PHP

application coding, always use require to include a key file to

the flow of execution. This will help avoid compromising yourapplication's security and integrity, just in-case one key file is

accidentally missing.

3 File System Basics

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PHP provides several different ways to create, read from and

write to files, depending on the type of operation that you needto perform.


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Read a File

Provide the directory nameecho dirname( __FILE__ ) . "
";

Check this file exist within the directory?

file_exists( dirname( __FILE__ ) . "/basic.php" ) ? "yes" : "no";


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Write and Append to a File


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Check End-of-file

The feof() function checks if the "end-of-file" (EOF) has beenreached. The feof() function is useful for looping through data of

unknown length.

Note: You cannot read from files opened in w, a, and x mode!

if (feof($file)) echo "End of file";

The example below reads a file line by line, until the end of file is

reached:


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Reading a File Character by Character

The fgetc() function is used to read a single character from a file.Note: After a call to this function the file pointer moves to the

next character.

Example: The example below reads a file character by character,

until the end of file is reached:

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END OF TOPIC

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END OF TOPIC

Installing XAMPP on Windows Guidehttp://sawmac.com/xampp/

Zend PHP 5 Certification Study Guide book -http://www.mediafire.com/?ogi3rnpabbz6dhy

Easy to learn PHP http://w3schools.com

Find everything in PHP Manual

http://php.net/manual/en/index.php

Thank you for looking my side !

Made by SmartOsc - ManhNV
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2 - PHP basic