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OutlineCyclotrons and SynchrotronsHistory

Compare to Linear AcceleratorsSchematic Views

Theory of Circular Accelerators Development of Synchrotron

Advantages over Cyclotron

Schematic ViewConclusion

Future of Synchrotrons

Applications of Synchrotron Radiation

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History Cyclotron conceived by E.Lawrence in 1929Ions accelerated usingradial magnetic force

Less voltage needed than inlinear accelerators

More compactSynchrocyclotron developedin 1950s

Relativistic mass increaseSynchrotron invented soonthereafter

Varying magnetic field

Cheaper and Easierhttp://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/

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http://www-nsd.lbl.gov/

Linear AcceleratorCompare to a circular accelerator

Much higher voltage neededNot cost-effective

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v

The Cyclotron

Period is independent ofvelocity

Particle steered by magnetMoves in larger circles in equal

amounts of timeGains more & more energy

Accelerates to large energies

without large voltagesEnergy limits- disk size, B-fieldstrength ~~ 100 MeV

B

F= ma

q(v B)= mv 2 / r

For circular orbits,

q(vB)= qvB

r= mv/qB

= v/ r= qB/m

F

cyclotron frequency f= /2 = qB/2 m

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Synchrocyclotron An augmented cyclotronParticles in cyclotrons gainmass due to relativity

Increases period eachrevolution

frequency modulation

http://imglib.lbl.gov/cgi-bin/ImgLib

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universe-review.ca/

Synchrotron

Notice:

particlestravel in a

ring , not

a disk

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Synchrotrons

Magnetic field graduallyincreases as energy

increasesParticles accelerated in aring, not a disk

Allows for cheaperconstruction

http://imglib.lbl.gov/cgi-bin/ImgLib

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ConclusionThe Future of SynchrotronsEnergies up to 1000 GeV

Behavior of the nucleusThe Strong Force

QuarksMatter-antimatter collisions

Synchrotron Radiation

Unwanted byproduct Applications

Surface ImagingSemiconductor manufactureQuicker computer processors http://www.europhysicsnews.com

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Referenceswww.hyperphysics.com http://www-nsd.lbl.gov/ http://universe-review.ca/

http://about-nature.net/synchrotron/ http://synchrotronsbasic.net http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/mvigeant/

http://www.europhysicsnews.com/full/08/article3/ http://imglib.lbl.gov/cgi-bin/ImgLib

http://www.hyperphysics.com/http://www-nsd.lbl.gov/http://about-nature.net/synchrotron/http://synchrotronsbasic.net/http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/mvigeant/http://www.europhysicsnews.com/full/08/article3/article3.htmlhttp://www.europhysicsnews.com/full/08/article3/article3.htmlhttp://imglib.lbl.gov/cgi-bin/ImgLibhttp://imglib.lbl.gov/cgi-bin/ImgLibhttp://imglib.lbl.gov/cgi-bin/ImgLibhttp://imglib.lbl.gov/cgi-bin/ImgLibhttp://www.europhysicsnews.com/full/08/article3/article3.htmlhttp://www.europhysicsnews.com/full/08/article3/article3.htmlhttp://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/mvigeant/http://synchrotronsbasic.net/http://about-nature.net/synchrotron/http://about-nature.net/synchrotron/http://about-nature.net/synchrotron/http://www-nsd.lbl.gov/http://www-nsd.lbl.gov/http://www-nsd.lbl.gov/http://www.hyperphysics.com/