6. Sjogren - Sensing Surveillance

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Sensing Surveillance & Navigation16 March 2011

Dr. Jon SjogrenProgram Manager

AFOSR/RSE

Air Force Office of Scientific Research

AFOSR

Distribution A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 88ABW-2011-0754


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The culture of signals engineering and mathematics are historicallyintertwined, should reinforce each other all the more in future

We introduce prominent mathematicians to cutting-edge

problems/issues from engineering, and acquaint talentedengineers with abstract mathematical methodologies

Engineering researchers of exceptional mathematical talent:

B. Yazici (RPI)

the school of A. Willsky (MIT, BAE Alphatech inter alia)

R. Baraniuk (Rice), M. Zoltowski (Purdue)

will receive concrete encouragement

As counterpoint to increasing specialization, we promote aCulture of technology advancement, based on the flexibleunderstanding of foundational Concepts/Principles

The Shape of Signals/Sensing to Come


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PORTFOLIO OVERVIEW

Fully Adaptive Radar and Waveform Design Payoff: Spectral Dominance, enhanced Radar resolution

Operator Formalism to Represent Image-from-DataProcess

Payoff: Novel Mathematical Imaging Solutions to Facilitate a Variety ofSensing Modalities and Geometry

Sensing in Target Identification: Analysis/Synthesisof Invariants

Payoff: Fast classification of objects with high dependability

Non GPS-based Navigation and Geo-location Payoff: Navigation, location and targeting anywhere, with GPS

precision


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Surveillance and Target Imaging/Target Recognition

FY 2010 Initiations

Multi-Dimensional Diverse Waveform Design for Multi-Antenna Sensing &

Surveillance Systems (Purdue University)Develop a set of tools for matrix treatment of MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) radar waveformswhich enable performance gains through jointly adaptive transmit and receive diversity.Systematic design of Barker phase-coded sequences of length > 13 is due for a breakthrough.

Hybrid Camera Array for Tracking with Low Light (YIP Univ of Delaware)

Joint Information- and Differential-geometric Approachin Automated Target Recognition (YIP Univ of Florida)

Noise Radar Implementing Compressive Sensing (Penn State University)Improved radar resolution results from application of noise-like transmit wave-forms, and information-

theoretic reconstruction principles , leading to a method superior to classical ambiguity function. This

method permits a stronger measure of statistical dependence between random processes, generalizing

matched filters in a way that treats the case of non-linear dependencies, and higher-order correlation.

Thermal Light Ghost Imaging (Univ of Maryland, Baltimore Campus)The phenomenon of ghost- imaging is well understood where the illumination is coherent. Classical

explanations have been given for the case of thermal light. Experimental paradigms are proposed that

should enable a definitive decision on whether quantum optics are inherent. Reconstituting obscured

objects from an image point of view lends a critical edge to defense/attack and surveillance capabilities.


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Real-Time Combat Navigation System and Virtual Battlespace (Univ of Cincinnati)

Five echelons to achieve high performance under feedback control system along with anadvanced fused multi-sensor navigation system.

Joint Signal Design/Processing to Achieve Information Dominance with Networking Sensors(Lehigh Univ)

Realization of design advantages, taking into account the various standard protocol layers ofwireless sensor network with standard/innovative processing.

Performance Analysis of Sensor and Communications Networks under Dynamic HighInterference (Illinois Institute of Technology)

Multiple jammers and sensors will constitute a combined electronic proactive ability andelectronic protection system. previous work allows a single electronic interferer a capability toanalyze over both Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing configuration, as well as MultipleInput Multiple Output.

Efficient Spectrum Management in Cognitive RF/Sensor Networks: Game-Theoretic Analysis(LSU)

On-the-fly dynamic algorithms for on-line power-band (spectra) allocation.

High-Accuracy Satellite Signal Parameter Estimation Algorithms (Miami of Ohio)The contrast between potentially strong interference and the weak GPS signal renders difficult

precision navigation under conditions ofionospheric scintillation. It is critical to acquire large

amounts of high quality data under various ionospheric conditions.

Networking, Navigation, CovertCommunicationsFY2010 Initiations


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Multi-Antenna Diverse Transmit and Distributed Receive Sensing

Geometric (Invariant) Analysis of Data in High Dimensions

Mathematical Innovation in Passive and Opportunistic Radar

Surveillance through Coupling of Viewing and Navigating Functions

Classical Pattern-matching in Target Identification

Satellite Resource OptimizationDual-frequency Spatial Light Modulator Adaptive Optics

SENSING SURVEILLANCE

PORTFOLIO INVESTMENT TRENDS

National 6.1 Context: ATR + SSA + 3-D modeling:ARO/ARL concentration on landmine detection (work at Adelphi, Maryland, Site)

Navy ongoing interest in acoustical target recognition

ONR concentration in statistical Signal Processing, mathematical techniquessuch as reversed Heat Equation

DARPA: FOPEN project ran 6 years, now DARPA ATR is in Pause Mode

3-D Urbanscape/URGENT and parallel Visi-building

SSA: Chinese satellite incident and N Korean ICBM tests drive Navy TheaterDefense (THAD)


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6.1 LABORATORY TASKS

S.V. Amphay (RWGI): Azimuth-Scanning SAR Signal Processing, Imaging Strategies

B. Himed(RYAP): Radar Waveform Optimization

G. Arnold (RYAT): Model-based ATR for Air Force Missions, Invariance-based ATR

M. Rangaswamy (RYAP): Novel Waveform Design and Sensor Fusion for Integrated C4ISR

L. Perlovsky (RYHE): Theoretical Foundations of Multi-Platform Systems, Layered Sensing

J. Malas (RYAS): Characterization of System Uncertainties within a Sensor Information Channel

Sensing Surveillance

Covert Communications, NavigationD. Hughes (RIGE): Optical Wireless Covert Communications

Lab Prospects 2011-2015

Integrated GPS and Inertial Navigation; Novel Geo-location and TimekeepingRYMN is the AFRL Standard-bearer (DeVilbiss, Pujara)

Electronic Warfare & CountermeasuresRYWE (Chakravarthy)


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Designed-In Waveform Diversityfor spectral dominance

Rapidly Dwindling Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum Challenging Environments Multi-path Rich Scenarios

Waveform Optimization

Designed Waveforms for

Transmit AdaptivityInterference Suppression

System Constraints

SAR

MTI

Multitasks

Comm.

Available bandwidth

F

0B

0B1B

Simultaneous Multi-Function

Spectrally Efficient Waveform

Design Enabled Multi-mission

Capability

Joint Adaptivity on Transmitand Receive

Frequency Diverse Array

Adaptive RangeDependent Beam-patterns

Electronic Steering withFrequency Offsets

Inherent CountermeasureCapability

Why?

W1(t) W2(t) W3(t) .Wn(t)


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Transmit

ResourceChannel Receiver

Controller

Tracker

Classifier

Resource Allocator Scheduler

A prioriInformation

Fully Adaptive Radar (FAR)


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Number of PhD students supported 45

Number of MS students supported 3

Number of US students put into

science/engineering program

8

Number of plenary talks 16Special issues in journals 3

Number of peer reviewed journal

papers

80

Special sessions in conferences 20

Number of conference papers 150

Arye Nehorai (Team Leader) Washington University in St. LouisDanilo Erricolo (co-Leader) University of Illinois at Chicago

Antonia Papandreou-Suppappola and Darryl Morrell Arizona State UniversityNavin Khaneja Harvard University

John Benedetto University of MarylandWilliam Moran University of MelbourneRobert Calderbank Princeton University

Mark R. Bell and Michael Zoltowski Purdue University

Harry Schmitt Raytheon Missile Systems

MURI: Adaptive Waveform Design for Full SpectralDominance (2005-2010)


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MURI: Adaptive Waveform Design for Full Spectral Dominance

Technology Transition/Transfer

Originator Transition Topic Recipient

MURI Team

Adaptive waveform design for detecting low-

grazing-angle and small-RCS targets NRLMURI Team Waveform adaptivity for radar AFRL, AFIT

Benedetto CAZAC software AFRL

Benedetto Bjrk CAZAC

ambiguity function constructions Northrop-Grumman, MITRE

Calderbank, Howard and Moran Instantaneous radar polarimetry MITRE

Calderbank and Howard Passive radar using DVB-T signals DSTO

Howard and Moran Adaptive radar testbed development AFRL

Moran Radar-on-a-chip project for automotive applications Victorian State Government, Australia

Moran Small portable weather radars Australian research council discovery

Erricolo Radio frequency tomography AFRL

Khaneja

RF pulse sequences/waveforms in magnetic

resonance applications

TUM, Aarhus, Harvard Medical School,

MIT

Nehorai OFDM MIMO radar for low-grazing angle tracking Raytheon

Nehorai MIMO radar for target tracking GTRI

Nehorai Adaptive polarimetric and OFDM radar AFRL

Nehorai Applying sparsity based algorithms to radar

estimation and tracking

AFRL

Nehorai Biologically inspired antenna array design AFRL

Papandreou and Morrell Waveform-agile tracking in urban terrain Lockheed Martin

Papandreou

Waveform-agile design algorithms in multi-modal

sensing applications AFRL

Papandreou

Waveform-agile design algorithms in structural

health management of aerospace systems AFRL


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Exploiting multipath reflectionsimproves detection

performance, as shown in thisROC plot.

Exploiting multipath componentsincreases the spatial diversityand provides nonzero Dopplereven in LOS scenario.

Exploiting multipath reflections improves the target detection performance

GOAL:Detect a moving target in the presence of

multipath reflections.

APPROACH:Employ a wideband OFDM signal to resolve

and exploit the multipath propagations.

Develop a generalized likelihood ratio (GLR)test for detecting the target.

Adaptively design the OFDM signal toprovide better detection performance bymatching with the operational scenario.

RESULTS:Exploiting multipath components improves

the target detection performance.

Optimization of the spectral components ofthe OFDM waveform further improves theperformance.

Limited LOS returns in multipathscenarios, e.g., urban environments

Future Challenges:

Develop realistic modelsincorporating physical

effects, such asdiffractions, refractions andattenuations.

Expand the detection overmultiple range cells.

Adaptive OFDM Radar for

Target Detection

Target Detection in Multipath Scenarios

A. Nehorai, WUSTL


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SAR Wish List

Multi-function, robust, agile, adaptive system with performance guarantees

operate in complex, rapidly varying environments

achieve multiple, dynamically changing objectives

Persistent, wide area coverage

Guaranteed global access to cooperative and non-cooperative domains

Tailored performance information driven sensing Timeliness Efficient access to relevant information

Move-Stop-MoveVehicle Tracking

GOTCHA R d


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3-D Imaging requires coherent processing ofphase data

Geo-location of the Platform is Everything!High resolution requires extreme precision

Improvements on Autofocus (post-processingphase correction) algorithms withoutGPS

GOTCHA takes a stride toward availability ofMulti-Modal radar with adjustable

SAR mode/Doppler mode

GOTCHA Radarmultiple-pass SAR (persistent staring)

RYASC

Operation & Capability

Science/Tech Challenges Impact of Basic Research

20 Km

Spot

Continual CAT Scan of Area

of Interest

Global Hawk Completes Circle~ Every 9 Minutes

An advance on 2-Pass Coherent Change Detect Filter out trivial changes (swaying trees): use

angular diversity

Research will be stimulated through availability ofCoherent Change Detection data sent to academic

investigators, and archiving of Phase Histories

Move toward operational capability like an AngelFire in Radio-Frequency Mode (Deadly Dwell)

Correct application of compressivesensing: exploit Data Sparseness

Correlate composite scattering phenomena:This leads to use of diverse/multiple orbits

Invariance methods have bolsteredrobust location strategies (Texas A&M)

Non-uniform fast Fourier methods (Yale)enables theory of wide-angle imaging

Applications of random signals

propagation (Rensselaer Poly, Stanford)


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Electro-Optic Stare (and later SAR)

Micro-local Analysis: A Toolbox to Make SAR Effective

B. Yazici, RPI

Provides imaging and detection methods in complex

environments and agile and diverse sensing scenarios Arbitrary or diverse trajectories, flexible transmitted waveforms

Radar Geometries: MIMO, multi-static, bi-static, passive sensing,Signal of Opportunity (or Hitchhiker)

Complex environments involving multiple scattering, clutter


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Synthetic Aperture Radar Modalities

Mono-static SAR

Bi-static SAR

Multi-static SAR (Fully) Passive SAR *(Opportunistic Sensing, Hitchhiker)

Inverse SAR (ISAR)

Interferometric SAR (IfSAR or InSAR)*

Polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) Moving target imaging SAR

Ultra-narrowband SAR *

3D SAR * * architecture motivated by FIO formulation

M-L analysis leads to original and novel SAR imagingparadigms


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Wave-front set Composed of (x0 , )

Singularity at x0 The function is not smooth at x0

Direction - The function varies rapidly in the directionof

Start with Wave-front Set of a Function:

Edge

Small Point


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Bi-static Synthetic Aperture Radar

Bi-static SAR Transmitter and receiver are far apart

Bi-static SAR Imaging

Iso-range surfaces = Ellipsoids

Iso-range contours = Intersection of ellipsoids

with topography

Flat topography Ellipses


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Micro-local Image Formation for Bi-static SAR

Micro-local reconstruction Back-propagate ellipsoidalwaves and compensate for their attenuation Micro-local technique recovers

visible singularities/edgesat the intersection of bi-static

iso-range and iso-Doppler contours

IsoDoppler contours (Red)+ IsoRange contours (Blue)

Flat topography

and fixed altitude

Bistatic Range

Bistatic Doppler

B. Yazici & M. Cheney, RPI


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Non GPS-based Navigation: Achieve DependablePrecision Navigation and Timing (PNT)

in support of sensing, surveillance, guidance/control in caves,

tunnels, under interference

(Laser) Scanning for Assured 3-D Navigation of UAV

3D Navigation:

Tight integration of Ladar data with Inertial Measurements,

Use IMU for data association; Ladar for IMU calibration

Assurance:

Measured solution covariance (position and attitude)enables the implementation of an integrity function,

UAV Design:

Hovering sensor platform with a 10-lb payload(platform functions as sensor gimbal)

F. Van Graas, M. u.d. Haag, Ohio Univ


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Design Optimized for Sensing Payload

360 DegreeLaser Scanner

IMU andController Board

Flying Sensor Platform


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Ionosphere Error:The Most Variable GPS Error Sources

Ionosphere

Troposphere

Multipath

Many error sources in GPS:

SV orbit errorSV clock errorReceiver clock errorReceiver noiseHardware bias

Antenna phase center offset.

Widespread Myth:Dual frequency GPS receivers eliminate all

ionosphere error

Facts:Higher order ionosphere Error (up to 10s cm)

remains in dual frequency measurementsHigher order ionosphere error is difficult to access

because its similarity with multipath error features


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Ionosphere Scintillation Effect on GPS

Wave front:

uniform phase uniform amplitude

Incident wave

Ionosphere

Ground

Diffraction/interference pattern

SV velocity vs Ionosphere irregularities cause

wave diffraction and scatteringReceiver experience fading and/orrapid phase fluctuations

Navigation solution error increasesand receiver may lose lock

Wave emerging frombelow irregularities:

non-uniform phase non-uniform amplitude

Figure from Inside GNSS

J. Y-T. Morton, Miami of Ohio

Secure Communications Using Electromagnetism


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Air Force goal is high-rate, ultra-high security in data transmission (both in RF andoptical regime) and secret key generation process (eg, a modified LFSR).

Key generation has employed mathematical methods such as trap-door functions;a stronger method is physically to build-in a layer of covertness. (Standard RSA is

vulnerable to cracking through quantum computing and other methods.)

In-house AFRL work is achieving high-rate quantum data encryption, interoperablewith existing networks both in fiber and in free space.

Enhanced Air-to-Ground Lasercom System (EAGLS) experiment in free space, mobilequantum communications, has demonstrated 2.5 Gb/s quantum-encrypted transport

between a fixed ground node and an aircraft at up to 20 kilometers.

This demonstration has used varying phase states of coherent light, in which quantumnoise provides the physical randomness to the cipher-text, i.e. absolute covertness.

Secure Communications Using ElectromagnetismMobile Quantum Communications

RIGE: D. Hughes, J. Malowicki

Stockbridge ,NY Test Site,

with Campbell, California

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6. Sjogren - Sensing Surveillance