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Odocoileus hemionus

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TaxonomyAssessment InformationGeographic RangePopulationHabitat and EcologyThreatsConservation Actions

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Taxonomy [top] Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family

ANIMALIA CHORDATA MAMMALIA CETARTIODACTYLA CERVIDAE

Scientific Name:  Odocoileus hemionus  

Species Authority: (Rafinesque, 1817)

Common Name/s: 

English  – Mule Deer, Black-tailed Deer, Cedros Island Black-tailed Deer, Cedros Island Mule Deer

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Spanish  – Bura, Venado Mulo(a)

Taxonomic Notes: A number of subspecies have been identified (Anderson and Wallmo 1984):O. h. californicus (Caton, 1876)  – California Mule Deer;O. h. cerrosensis Merriam, 1898  – Cedros Island Deer;O. h. columbianus (Richardson, 1829)  – Columbian Black-tailed Deer;O. h. crooki (Mearns, 1897) (eremicus Mearns and canus Merriam are synonyms),

Heffelfinger (2000) considered O. h. eremicus as the correct name for Desert MuleDeer, because the specimen type of this subspecies is a hybrid of Mule Deer and White-tailed Deer;O. h. fuliginatus Cowan, 1933  – Southern Mule Deer;O. h. hemionus (Rafinesque, 1817)  – Rocky Mountain Mule Deer;O. h. inyoensis Cowan, 1933 (the validity is questionable)  – Inyo Mule Deer;O. h. peninsulae (Lydekker, 1898)  – Peninsula Mule Deer;O. h. sheldoni Goldman, 1939  – Tiburon Island Mule Deer;O. h. sitkensis Merriam, 1898  – Sitka Black-tailed Deer.

Assessment Information [top] 

Red List Category &

Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1 

Year Assessed: 2008

Assessor/s Sanchez Rojas, G. & Gallina Tessaro, S.

Reviewer/s: Black, P. & Gonzalez, S. (Deer Red List Authority)

Contributor/s: 

Justification: This species is considered to be Least Concern in light of its adaptability to a wide range of habitats, largepopulations, occurrence in numerous protected areas, and populations seem to be relatively stable.

History:  1996  – Lower Risk/least concern

Geographic Range [top] 

Range

Description: Odocoileus hemionus occurs throughout western North America from Alaska and WesternCanada through the Rocky Mountains and Western Plains States of the United States

south to the Peninsula of Baja California, Cedro Island, Tiburon Island and NorthwesternMexico. The southernmost distribution reaches central Mexico, but the historical boundaryis not very clear (Sanchez- Rojas and Gallina 2007)

Countries:  e:da (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Yukon); Mexico (BajaCalifornia, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Sonora, Tamaulipas); United States(Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaiian Is. - Introduced, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas,Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, SouthDakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wyoming)

duced:ntina

Range Map: (click map to view full version)

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Population [top] 

Population: Where they occur mule deer populations are typically managed by federal, state andprovincial agencies that monitor abundance and trends in order to set speciesmanagement objectives. As a result mule deer remain abundant throughout much oftheir native range and are not currently in urgent need of further conservation action, butsome evidence in the United State and Canada has shown declines in somepopulations (Bellard et al . 2001). Additionally in Mexico some data show local extinctionof some populations in the Chihuahuan desert region of Coahuila and Nuevo LeónMexico (Martínez-Muñoz et al . 2002), and in some populations we found evidence ofmetapopulation dynamics for this specie (Sanchez- Rojas and Gallina 2000).

Population Trend:  Stable

Habitat and Ecology [top] 

Habitat and

Ecology: Mule deer are well adapted to a variety of habitats including temperate forest, desertand semidesert, open range, grassland, field and scrub habitats as well as Mountainousareas.

Systems: Terrestrial

Threats [top] 

Major Threat(s): Today the most urgent threat to mule deer in the wild is the spread of Chronic WastingDisease (CWD) a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE). Currently CWD ismore prominent at the local or regional level. CWD has currently been diagnosed inmule deer in the Rocky Mountains region of the United States and other mid-western

states. Other threats include: high predator populations (including feral dogs),competition with livestock grazing, human habitat alterations and other anthropogenicforces. Although most of the subspecies are not threatened, the Cedro Islandsubspecies (O. h. cerrocensis ) maybe maintained as Vulnerable (IUCN 1988) becausethe low number and the high predation by feral dogs and poaching.

Conservation Actions [top] 

Conservation

Actions: The species occurs in several protected areas across its distribution, some subspeciesthat live on islands are endangered.

Citation:  Sanchez Rojas, G. & Gallina Tessaro, S. 2008. Odocoileus hemionus . In: IUCN

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2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4.<www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 22 February 2011.

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Bibliography [top] 

Citations:  Ballard, W. B., Lutz, D., Keegan, T. W., Carpenter, L. H., deVos Jr., J. C. 2001. Deer-Predator Relationships: A Review of Recent North American Studies with Emphasis onMule and Black-Tailed Deer. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29: 99-115.Heffelfinger J. 2000. Status of the name Odocoileus hemionus crooki (Mammalia:Cervidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 113: 319-333.IUCN. 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Available at:http://www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 5 October 2008).Martinez-Muñoz, A., Hewitt, D. G., Valenzuela, S., Uvalle, J. I, Estrada, A. E.,Avendaño, J. J. and Aranda, R. 2003. Habitat and population status of desert mule deerin Mexico. Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft 49: 14-24.Sánchez-Rojas, G. and Gallina, S. 2000. Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus ) density in alandscape elements of the Chihuahuan desert, Mexico. Journal of Arid Environments  44: 357-368.

Citation:  Sanchez Rojas, G. & Gallina Tessaro, S. 2008. Odocoileus hemionus . In: IUCN2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4.<www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 22 February 2011.