Bactériologie (version 1)

7/23/2019 Bactriologie (version 1)

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Igmre`geheagf 2 ; @bmtrgeheagf ; Mlbpgtrf 2

Fxbifj ; 34& @bmtrgeheagf 2 sfuh fxbifj ,phusgfurs qufstgejs'

>4& Fumbryetfs / vgreheagf 0 fxbifjs ,2 meurs Fumbryetf / 2 ^N Sgreheagf'

Hgvrfs ;

+ Tlysgeheagf nf hb mfhhuhf `bmtrgfjjf ujf bppremlf iehmuhbgrf

Jfgnlbrnt CM( Gjarblbi KH bjn ]mlbfmltfr I ,2776'

IB]]EJ( Tbrgs

+ Igmre`geheagf

Trfsmett H I( Lbrhfy KT( Ohfgj NB 0if fngtgej crbjbgsf

Nf @efmo

Mlbpgtrf 2 ; Gjtrenumtgej*

G* Trbi`uhf*

2* Trsfjtbtgej nf hfjsfgajfifjt*

Hf iejnf `bmtrgfj fst fxtrififjt vbstf ft vbrg ; ngvfrsgt*

Mfs `bmtrgfs sejt prsfjtfs pbrteut sur teutf hb phbjtf*

Tljeijf nbnbptb`ghgt nu iejnf `bmtrgfj* Hfs `bmtrgfs ejt vehu peur rsgstfr bux

ngvfrs typfs nfjvgrejjfifjts*

0* Ncgjgtgejs*

Igmre`geheagf ;

+ mfst hb smgfjmf qug tungf hfs igmre`fs ,9 erabjgsif gjvgsg`hf hgh ju( igmre`f 8

2ii'* Fxfiphfs nf igmre`fs ; `bmtrgfs( brmlfs( vgrus( fumbryetfs gjcrgfurs( mlbipgajejs

ujgmfhhuhbgrfs ,Cujag'( hfvurfs( pretgstfs*

+ Itleneheagfs meiiujfs ; trbvbgh ngsehfifjt fj muhturf purf*

GG* Lgstergquf*

2* Igsf fj vgnfjmf*

+ Hfs prmursfurs*

Humrfmf fj 64 ft Crbsmbtere fj 264 sejt hfs prfigfrs bvegr mrgt qugh fxgstf nfs

erabjgsifs gjvgsg`hfs hgh ju* Ghs jejt kbibgs russg hf niejtrfr*

Bu 21if sgmhf( hgjvfjtgej nu igmresmepf*

2306 ; ]tfhhutg( smgfjtgcgquf ngsmgphf nf Abhghf( b nvfhepp hfs hujfttfs bstrejeigqufs ft sfj

fst sfrvg hfjvfrs peur rfabrnfr hgjcgjgifjt pftgt*

2336 ; Pe`frt Leeof ; Bjahbgs pbssgejj nf igmresmepgf( gh b hgnf quf mf qugh rfabrnf sejt

nfs mfhhuhfs ft sejt nejm nfs erabjgsifs vgvbjts* Gh cbgt pbrtgf nf hb semgt reybhf nf Hejnrfs

qug hb pbrtgmuhbrgt ntrf hb 2rf semgt strf gjtrfssf hb igmre`geheagf* Gh vb hgrf ft

rfmejjbtrf hfs mrgturfs nuj butrf smgfjtgcgquf ; Bjtejgf Sbj Hffwfjlefo*

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Mfhug)mg( nvfheppf sfs preprfs eutghs igmresmepgqufs* Gh e`sfrvf hfs 2 rfs `bmtrgfs e`sfrvfs

pbr uj trf luibgj ft fj cbgt nf trs `ejs nfssgjs* Gh jeiif mfs erabjgsifs vgvbjts ;

bjgibhmuhfs*

Mfs trbvbux vejt pfrifttrf nf sgjtrfssfr hb ajrbtgej spejtbjf*

0* Ajrbtgej spejtbjf*

Nfpugs hejatfips( ej pfjsf quf hb vgf prevgfjt nf hb ibtgrf erabjgquf mn nf ajrbtgej

spejtbjf*

2364 ; Pfng prfjn = pets e gh ift nf hb vgbjnf( e gh npesf sur uj nf hb eubtf( sur hbutrf nu

pbpgfr( ft uj sbjs rgfj* ]ur mfhug hbgr hg`rf sf nvfheppf nfs ieumlfs* Gh nmeuvrf nfs ucs

nf ieumlfs( gh ngt quuj gjsfmtf fst vfju pejnrf mfs ucs* Mfttf nmeuvfrtf ift uj tfrif

hgnf nf ajrbtgej spejtbjf*

+ Mejtrevfrsf*

Mfttf mejtrevfrsf sf cbgt fjtrf hfs pres ft hfs bjtgs ajrbtgej spejtbjf*

21>< ; Jffnlbj( gh cbgt `eughhgr uj hgqugnf pugs hf hbgssf pesfr ft gh sf rftreuvf mejtbigj gh

ngt quf mfst hb ajrbtgej spejtbjf*

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rfspejsb`hf nf sb ibhbngf* Gh rfegt hf prgx Je`fh fj 2746 peur Iyme`bmtfrgui ^u`frmehgs(

hbafjt rfspejsb`hf nf hb ^u`frmuhesf*

Hf pestuhbt nf Pe`frt Oeml ;

2* Hf igmre)erabjgsif negt trf prsfjt nbjs mlbquf mbs nf ibhbngf ibgs pbs nbjs hfs

erabjgsifs sbgjs*

0* Hf igmre)erabjgsif negt peuvegr trf gseh ft muhtgv fj muhturf purf*

=* Hb ibhbngf negt sf nvfheppfr hersquf hf igmre)erabjgsif fst gjemuh uj erabjgsif sbgj*

>* Mf iif igmre)erabjgsif negt fjmerf peuvegr trf gseh pbrtgr nf mft butrf ibhbnf*

+ Hfs gjvfjtgejs tfmljgqufs*

Meiifjt gsehfr nfs erabjgsifs fj muhturf purf 5

Hfs `bmtrgfs( fj muhturf sehgnf( cejt nfs mehejgfs*

Oeml fst hf prfigfr cbgrf nfs fssbgs nf muhturf sehgnf* Gh cbgt nfs fssbgs sur hb peiif nf tfrrf*

Gh npesf nfs bafjts sur ujf peiif nf tfrrf mugtf ibgs hf rsuhtbt jfst pbs tfrrg`hf*

Gh ift bhers nf hb ahbtgjf sur hb peiif nf tfrrf ibgs fhhf cejn 0


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=* Hfs butrfs bpperts nf hb igmre`geheagf*

Chfigja b nmeuvfrt quf hb Tjgmghhgjf fst uj bjtg`bmtrgfj pugssbjt ft qufhhf pfut trf

bnigjgstrf nfs ibhbnfs peur hfs segajfr*

Iuhhgs b nmeuvfrt hb TMP* BNJ pehyirbsf ; ^bq ,9 ^lfrius bqubtgmus'*

>* Hfs ngccrfjts neibgjfs*

+ Hb igmre`geheagf ingmbhf ,mhgjgquf'*

+ Igmre`geheagf gjnustrgfhhf ft barebhgifjtbgrf*

Cb`rgmbtgej nf igmre)erabjgsifs* Vtghgsbtgej nf stbrtfr* Igsf bu pegjt nf seumlfs*

Fx ; hf `getlbjeh( `gephbstgqufs ,TLB9 phbstgqufs lypebhhfrajgqufs'*

+ Igmre`geheagf cejnbifjtbhf*

Fx ; utghgsbtgej nfs `bmtrgfs psymlreplghf ; eptgiui nf mregssbjmf tfiprbturf trs `bssf*

Tfrift nf rfspfmtfr ujf mlbgjf nf cregn nbjs hbarebhgifjtbgrf*

Hfssgvf ; pfrift nf hbvfr cregn*

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Mlbpgtrf 0 ; Hb mfhhuhf `bmtrgfjjf*

Vjf mfhhuhf fumbryetf b ujf tbghhf vbrgb`hf ~244 i nf ngbitrf*

@bmtrgf ~ 2 = i nf ngbitrf*

G* Hfs strumturfs e`hgabtegrfs*

2* Hfjvfheppf*

b* Hfjvfheppf mfhhuhbgrf*

Fhhf fst meipesf nuj mytephbsif nhgigt pbr ujf ifi`rbjf mfhhuhbgrf* Mfttf ifi`rbjf

mfhhuhbgrf fst meipesf nujf `gmeumlf nf plesplehgpgnfs mf qug pfrift nf ncgjgr hb

strumturbtgej sugvbjtf ; 0 ttfs bpehbgrfs qug sf cejt cbmf ,lynreple`f' ft heppes 0 ttfs

pehbgrfs* Bu trbvfrs nf mfttf `gmeumlf( mf jfst pbs rgagnf mbr ej y treuvf nfs pretgjfs

fjmlssfs eu bjmrfs jetgej nf iesbquf chugnf ,pfrift hf nphbmfifjt nfs pretgjfs'*

Ej treuvf fxmhusgvfifjt nfs plesplehgpgnfs nbjs mfttf ifi`rbjf ,pbs nf mlehfstreh'*

Cejmtgej ;

) `brrgrf plysgquf qug meipbrtgifjtf hb mfhhuhf( pfrift ujf ngccusgej shfmtgvf

,pfrib`ghgt shfmtgvf'

) hgigtf plysgquf nf hb mfhhuhf

) trbjspert ,chux itb`ehgqufs'

Meherbtgej Arbi ;

Trgjmgpf ; rsgstbjmf nfs Arbi pesgtgvfs hb nmeherbtgej pbr hbhmeeh*

Tretemehf ;

) meherbtgej bu vgehft Mrystbh ,/ cgxbtgej bu huaeh' nu mytephbsif nfs Arbi pesgtgvf ft Arbi

jabtgvf

) nmeherbtgej meurtf ft `rutbhf hpbgssf pbreg nf pfptgneahymbjf

,vegr ^N0'

^eutfs hfs `bmtrgfs su`gssfjt mfttf meherbtgej nf Arbi peur sbvegr sg fhhfs sejt Arbi / eu

Arbi)*

Hfs Arbi jabtgcs ;,]f nmeherf / vgtf'

Mlfz mfs Arbi)( ej b vu hfxgstfjmf nujf 0if ifi`rbjf ; hb ifi`rbjf fxtfrjf*

Meipesf nujf `gmeumlf plesplehgpgngquf ibgs uj pfu pbrtgmuhgrf ;

) cfughhft fxtfrjf meipes nu HT] 9 hgpepehysbmmlbrgnf

) cfughhft gjtfrjf ; plesplehgpgnf ,jeribh'

Hb HT] fst ujf iehmuhf `gpehbgrf*

Hb HT] fst meipesf nf ;

) Hb crbmtgej hgpgngquf 9 vb mejstgtufr hf cfughhft fxtfrjf nf hb ifi`rbjf fxtfrjf*

) Hb crbmtgej ehgaesbmmlbrgngquf*

Segr smlib `bmtrgf Arbi)

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Iehmuhf fxtrififjt rbmtgvf ft uj rhf trs giiujebmtgc*

555

Gh y b `fbumeup nf pergjfs nbjs hb ifi`rbjf fxtfrjf*

Tergjf ; perf nfjtrf nf hb iehmuhf( cbmghgtf hfs mlbjafs fjtrf hfspbmf fjtrf hfs 0

ifi`rbjfs ft hgjtrgfur nf hb `bmtrgf*

Mfttf pergjf fst ujf pretgjf*

Trgphbsif ;

) zejf fjtrf hb ifi`rbjf fxtfrjf ft hb ifi`rbjf mfhhuhbgrf

) ]B] nfjtrf

) [ejf nf mejmfjtrbtgej ft nfjzyif ngvfrs fjtrf hgjtrgfur ft hfxtrgfur nf hb `bmtrgf*

Nbjs mf prgphbsif( ej treuvf hf pfptgneahymbjf 9 pehyirf mejstgtu nesbigjfs / pfptgjfs*

Mf pfptgneahymbjf fst uj fxesqufhfttf ;

) strumturf qug pfrift hb `bmtrgf nbvegr ujf mfrtbgjf rgagngt*

) strumturf pretfmtrgmf nf hb mfhhuhf*

]g ej ift nf hfbu nbjs hb mfhhuhf( hfbu fjtrf hgjtrgfur ft hfjvfheppf mfhhuhbgrf vb vfjgr sf

mehhfr bu pfptgneahymbjf mf qug fipmlf hf aejchfifjt ft hb hysf nf hb mfhhuhf*

Hb hgpepretgjf nf @rbui ;

) sf treuvf fjtrf hf pfptgneahymbjf ft hb ifi`rbjf fxtfrjf

) uj pbrtgf nf mfttf pretgjf pfrift uj fjmrbaf

) 2%= nf mfs pretgjfs sejt hgfs bu pfptgneahymbjf

Hfs `bmtrgfs Arbi pesgtgc ;

,]f nmeherf iegjs vgtf'

Gh jy b pbs nf 0if i` mejtrbgrfifjt bu Arbi)"

Hf pfptgneahymbjf jfst pbs cgj( mfst ujf vrgtb`hf mreutf hfxtrgfur nf hb ifi`rbjf

mfhhuhbgrf*

Mf pfptgneahymbjf bssurf ujf rgagngt*

Ej treuvf nfs H^B 9 bmgnf hgpetgmlegquf ft ^B 9 bmgnf tgmlegquf*

Mfs H^B jf sejt pbs uj mejstgtubjt ibkfur*

) fjmrbaf nbjs hb ifi`rbjf mfhhuhbgrf

) mlbrafs iegjs

^B ; bjmr nf cbej mevbhfjtf bu pfptgneahymbjf*

0* Hf mytephbsif*

Nbjs hf mytephbsif nujf `bmtrgf( ej jf treuvf pbs nerabjgtfs mfhhuhbgrfs ,pbs nf

igtemlejnrgfs( nbppbrfgh nf Aehag'*

+ Jumhetgnf( mlreieseif ft rphgmbtgej*

Hfs `bmtrgfs ;

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) jf pessnfjt quuj mlreieseif bppfh ; mlreiejif*

) sejt nejm lbphenfs

) jejt pbs nf jeybu( hBNJ fst ngccus nbjs hb mfhhuhf `bmtrgfjjf

) hBNJ ngccus fj pfribjfjmf bu mejtbmt nfs rgèseifs

) nejm pbs nf meipbrtgifjtbtgej nfs bmtgvgts ajtgqufs ; trbjsmrgptgej ft trbnumtgej sejt

sgiuhtbjfs

) hb rphgmbtgej sf cbgt ngrfmtfifjt nbjs uj mlreieseif( pbs nf cbgsmfbu nf ngvgsgej( nf

igmretuùhfs

) pbs ngjtrejs ; hgjtarbhgt nu ajeif fst menbjtf( uj ajf nejjf ujf pretgjf

) rgèseif ; ihbjaf nf pretgjfs / BPJ mlreieseigquf* Hf rgèseif b uj mefccgmgfjt nf

sngifjtbtgej nf ;

) mlfz hfs fumbryetfs ; 4]

) mlfz hfs `bmtrgfs ; 14] 64] / =4]

GG* Hfs strumturfs cbmuhtbtgvfs*

2* Hfs strumturfs fxtfrjfs*

b* Hb meumlf ]*

) strumturf sf treuvbjt hfxtrgfur nf hfjvfheppf `bmtrgfjjf*

) sf treuvf mlfz Arbi) ft Arbi/

) pehyirf ajrbhfifjt pretgquf ,ft pbrcegs ahymepretgqufs'

) cerif buteur nf hb mfhhuhf `bmtrgfjjf ujf vrgtb`hf mugrbssf ,mettf nf ibghhf'

) rhf nf pretfmtgej ibgs qug jf hgigtf pbs meiphtfifjt hb ngccusgej iehmuhbgrf

`* Hb mbpsuhf eu Fxepehysbmmlbrgnfs ,9FT]'*

) pehyirf ibkergtbgrfifjt pehysbmmlbrgngquf

) sf treuvf hfxtrgfur nf hb mfhhuhf `bmtrgfjjf*

) jfst pbs trs `gfj erabjgs

) rhf ; rtfjtgej nfbu 9 mbpbmgt nf rftfjgr hfbu fj sf aerafbjt nfbu

) rsgstbjmf bux plbafs

) mbieuchbaf

Ngccrfjmf fjtrf mbpsuhf ft Fxepehysbmmlbrgnfs ;

) hb mbpsuhf fst hgf nf cbej mevbhfjtf hb mfhhuhf `bmtrgfjjf*

) hFT] fst hg nf cbej gejgquf hb mfhhuhfs `bmtrgfjjf*

m* Hfs cgi`rgbf ,eu pghg'

) strumturf cghbifjtfusf sf treuvbjt hfxtrgfur nf hb mfhhuhf `bmtrgfjjf ; nejjf ujf mfrtbgjf

pghesgt hb `bmtrgf

) pehyirf pretgquf cghbifjtfux

) pghgjf ; pretgjf nf pftgt pegns iehmuhbgrf( ejt ujf bssemgbtgej cghbifjtfusf bvfm hb mfhhuhf

) sf treuvf mlfz Arbi/ ft Arbi)

) pesgtgej 0 pessg`ghgts ;

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) sgiphfifjt bssemg hb ifi`rbjf fxtfrjf nf hb mfhhuhf `bmtrgfjjf

) bjmr hb ifi`rbjf mfhhuhbgrf ft trbvfrsf hb ifi`rbjf fxtfrjf 9 bjmrbaf uslfr

) sejt rgagnfs typf G eu seuphfs 9 murhg

) rhf nbnlsgej , nfs mfhhuhfs( hb ibtrgmf fxtrbmfhhuhbgrf( suppert b`getgqufs( barabtgej'

Segr smlib cgi`rgbf

) peur quuj ihf C/ rfjmejtrf ujf cfifhhf C)( sf cerif uj pghg)sfxufh

n* Hfs chbafhhfs*

) Chbafhhf 9 bjtgajf L

) ietghgt 9 armf bu chbafhhf( hfs `bmtrgfs sejt mbpb`hfs nf sf ieuvegr

) pehyirf cghbifjtfux ,`fbumeup / ares quuj pghg' nujf seus ujgt pretgquf 9 hb chbafhhgjf

,bafjmfifjt lhgmenbhf'

) mbpb`hf nf sf ngrgafr vfrs qufhquf mlesf eu nf cugr

0* Hfs ]trumturfs gjtfrjfs*

b* Hfs phbsignfs*

Vj phbsignf fst uj crbaifjt nBNJ ajrbhfifjt mgrmuhbgrf rphgmbtgej butejeif*

Hb `bmtrgf pfut nejm ienuhfr sb qubjtgt nf phbsignf fj cejmtgej nu `fsegj*

^rbjscfrt nf ajfs nf vgruhfjmf( nf ajf nf rsgstbjmf bjtg`getgquf*

GGG* Ngccrfjmfs bvfm hfs Fumbryetfs ft hfs Brmlfs*

2* Hfs Fumbryetfs*

Hfs fumbryetfs pessnfjt `fbumeup nerabjgtfs tfhs quf hfs igtemlejnrgfs qug pfrifttfjt nf

rfspgrfr

Hfs `bmtrgfs( fhhfs( jejt bumuj erabjgsif* ^eut hf ibtrgfh jmfssbgrf hfur vgf sf treuvf

nbjs hb ifi`rbjf mfhhuhbgrf*

0* Hfs Brmlfs*

Qefsf b cbgt ujf mhbssgcgmbtgej ft b niejtr quf hfs brmlfs jf sejt pbs nfs `bmtrgfs*

Brmlfs lypfrtlfrieplghf pessnf ujf strumturf ;

) tlfr hgpgnf qug pfrift nf rsgstfr ujf lbutf tfiprbturf

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Igmre`geheagf 2 ; @bmtrgeheagf ; Mlbpgtrf =

Mlbpgtrf = ; Gjchufjmf nf hfjvgrejjfifjt*

G* Hb ierpleheagf nfs `bmtrgfs* ,peur hb muhturf ajrbhf( pbs sbvegr'

2* Hb tbghhf*

Ieyfjjf ahe`bhf nf 2 =i ;

) hb phus pftgtf ; Iymephbsib pjfuiejbf cbgt 4(= i nf ngbitrf* Fhhf fst tfhhfifjt

pftgtf ft ncerib`hf qufhhf pbssf trbvfrs nu cghtrf b`sehu pesf nfs pre`hifs*

) hb phus arbjnf ; ^lgeibrabrgtb jbig`gfjsgs cbgt >44 i nf ngbitrf* Fhhf fst vgsg`hf

hgh ju*

0* Cerifs mfhhuhbgrfs*

0 cerifs ;

) hfs `bmtrgfs rejnfs ; hfs mequfs

) hfs `bmtrgfs / bhhejafs ; hfs @bmghhfs

+ Hfs mequfs*

]ghs sejt gsehs 9

]ghs sejt pbr 0 9 ngphemequfs* Fx ; Jfgssfrgb aejerlefbf*

^trbmequfs ; fx ; Nfgjememmus rbngenurbjs ,rfsgstbjtf nf certfs rbngbtgejs'

]trfptemequfs ; @

mequf fj mlbjfttf

]tbplyhemequfs ; burfus 9 `bmtrgf nf hb pfbu

fj bibs( fj arbppf

+ Hfs `bmghhfs ,`tejjfts'*

Cerif phutt bhhejaf*

Gsehfs eu pbr 0 ; Fx ; mhestrgngui tftbjg eu mhestrgngui `etuhgjui

Fj mlbjfttf ; Fx @bmghhus fjtlrbmgs eu @bmghhus tlurgjagfjsgs ,mrystbh'

Sgrauhf eu gjmurvs ; Fx Sg`rge mlehfrbf

@gcgnfs ; `gcgne`bmtrgui hejaui

]trumturf igmfhhbgrfs ; ]trfpteiymfs argsfus ; `bmtrgfs fxtrififjt gipertbjtfs mbr fhhfs cejtpbrtgfs nf hluius rhf nbjs hf rfmymhbaf nf hb IE* Fhhfs ejt n nvfheppfr nfs

bjtg`getgqufs peur mei`bttrf nbutrfs `bmtrgfs* Fhhfs pfrifttfjt nf cb`rgqufr hb Tjgmghhgjf*

+ Hfs spgrbhfs*

Gh fxgstf 0 typfs nf spgrbhfs ;

) Hfs spgrghhfs qug sejt rgagnfs*

) Hfs spgremltfs qug sejt seuphfs* Fx ; ^rfpejfib pfhhgnui ; `bmtrgf rfspejsb`hf nf hb

]yplghgs*

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+ @eurafej( Tnejmuhfs*

Mgrmuhe`bmtfr Mrfsmfjsus ; `bmtrgf pnejmuhf( 0 cerifs nf vgf ; ujf bttbmlf uj suppert

,armf quf pnejmuhf'* Hersquf hb `bmtrgf sf ngvgsf( fhhf hf cbgt teukeurs fj tbjt bttbml uj

suppert*

+ Mbrr*

Lbhequbnrbtui Qbhs`y ; mfst ujf brmlf* Brmlf gjtrfssbjtf mbr fhhf fst mbrrf*

+ Theierplfs*

@gcgne`bmtfrui `gcgnui* @bmtrgf qug prsfjtf ujf cerif `gcgnf eu `bmghhf eu igmghhf sfhej

hfjvgrejjfifjt*

=* Hfs cerifs mehejgbhfs*

Hb ngccrfjmf nf strumturf npfjn nf hb cbej nf sf nvfheppfr fj mehejgf pbr rbppert bu

suppert( bu su`strbt*

Hfs mehejgfs pfuvfjt bvegr nfs bspfmts trs ngccrfjts* Hbspfmt trgngifjsgejjfh nf hb `bmtrgf

pbrtgmgpf mfs vbrgbtgejs nf cerifs mehejgbhfs*

GG* Hfs pbrbitrfs plysgmemlgigqufs*

Mfs ngccrfjts pbrbitrfs vejt prenugrf nfs mejngtgejs eptgibhfs nf mregssbjmf eu jej peur

uj igmre)erabjgsif*

Nbjs hfs mejngtgejs eptgibhfs nf mregssbjmf( hb vgtfssf nfs ngvgsgejs fst ibxgibhf*Nbjs hfs mejngtgejs igjgibhfs ft ibxgibhfs nf mregssbjmf( gh jy b pbs nf ngvgsgej*

2* Hb tfiprbturf*

Hfs `bmtrgfs sejt sfuhs eu gsehfs( fhhfs sejt gjnpfjnbjtf nfs mejngtgejs fjvgrejjfifjtbhfs

peur hfur mregssbjmf*

Vjf buaifjtbtgej nf 24M nf hb tfiprbturf iuhtgphgf pbr 0 hb vgtfssf nf ngvgsgej nfs

`bmtrgfs*

Vjf tfiprbturf trep hfvf ijf rbpgnfifjt hb iert mfhhuhbgrf*

Segr smlib 2*

^eus hfs erabjgsifs ejt / eu =4M buteur nf hb tfiprbturf eptgibhf*

Hfs `bmtrgfs qug ejt ujf ceurmlfttf phus cbg`hfs sejt bppfhfs ]tfjetlfrif*

Fx ; J aejerlefbf qug ujf ceurmlfttf nf _=4M =>MY

Gh fxgstf 6 arbjns areupfs ;) Hfs Tsymlreplghfs*

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) Hfs Tsymlretreplfs*

) Hfs Iseplghfs*

) Hfs ^lfrieplghfs*

) Hfs Lypfrtlfrieplghfs*

+ Hfs psymlreplghfs ;

^ Eptgibhf ; 26M

^ Igjgibhf ; )6M

^ Ibxgibhf ; 04M

Fhhfs sejt mbpb`hfs nf abrnfr ujf bmtgvgt nbjs nfs ighgfux mrgstbhhgjs*

Hb ifi`rbjf fst mejstgtuf nbmgnfs arbs pehygjsbturfs seuphfssf*

Mf sejt nfs `bmtrgfs fssfjtgfhhfifjt ibrgjfs*

+ Hfs Tsymlretreplfs*

Fhhfs prcrfjt sf iuhtgphgfr cbg`hf tfiprbturf*

^ Eptgibhf 9 06M

^ Igjgibhf 9 EM

^ Ibxgibhf 9 =6M

^fiprbturf eptgibhf phutt hfvf*

Ej y treuvf `fbumeup nf `bmtrgfs hgfs hb mlbjf nu cregn mbr iif cbg`hf tfiprbturf(

fhhfs abrnfjt ujf vgtfssf nf ngvgsgej phutt rbpgnf* Fx ; Hgstfrgb iejemyteafjfs*

+ Hfs Iseplghfs ;

^ Eptgibhf 9 =6 ) =1M^ igjgibhf 9 26M

^ Ibxgibhf 9 >6M

Ej y treuvf teus hfs pbtleajfs nfs bjgibux sbja mlbun* Hfur eptgiui nf tfiprbturf sf

treuvf fjvgrej hb tfiprbturf nu merps luibgj*

Hb peussf nf cgvrf hgigtf hb prehgcrbtgej nf mfs `bmmtrgfs*

+ Hfs ^lfrieplghfs ;

^ Eptgibhf 9 36M

^ Igjgibhf 9 >6M

^ Ibxgibhf 9


12/32


^ Ibxgibhf 9 246M

Fhhfs vgvfjt nbjs nfs seurmfs nfbu fxtrififjt mlbunfs* Fhhfs sejt premlfs eu nbjs hfs

vehmbjs*

B 74& fhhfs jf sejt pbs nfs `bmtrgfs ibgs nfs brmlfs*

Hb prsfjmf ntlfr hgpgnf pfrift nf abrnfr ujf arbjnf melsgej hb ifi`rbjf*

0* Hb prfssgej*

Hfjvgrejjfifjt qug jeus fjteurf fst nf hernrf nf 2 bti*

Hb prfssgej buaifjtf bvfm hb precejnfur* Hb hgigtf nf hb prfssgej bqubtgquf fst nf 064 bti*

Ej y b treuv nfs `bmtrgfs mbpb`hfs nf rsgstfr ujf tfhhf prfssgej* Ej hfs bppfhhf hfs

@breplghfs*

Vjf buaifjtbtgej nf hb tfiprbturf nf hfbu( buaifjtf abhfifjt hb prfssgej*

=* Hexyajf*

Hfs sfuhs erabjgsifs tfrrfstrfs mbpb`hfs nf vgvrf sbjs exyajf sejt hfs `bmtrgfs*

Ej ngstgjauf 6 typfs rfspgrbtegrfs ;

) Hfs bre`gfs strgmts*

) Hfs bjbre`gfs cbmuhtbtgcs*

) Hfs bjbre`gfs bretehrbjtfs*

) Hfs bjbre`gfs strgmts*

) Hfs igmrebreplghfs*

+ Hfs bre`gfs strgmts*

HE0 fst jmfssbgrf hfur vgf mbr hE0 fst hbmmfptfur cgjbh nhfmtrejs qug mejnugt hb

ceribtgej nfbu*

+ Hfs bjbre`gfs cbmuhtbtgcs*

Fhhfs pfuvfjt utghgsfr hE0 ibgs jfj ejt pbs jmfssbgrfifjt `fsegj*

]g hE0 fst prsfjt( fhhfs sfj sfrvfjt meiif bmmfptfur cgjbh nhfmtrejs* Fhhfs ejt bhers ujf

mregssbjmf / rbpgnf*

]gjej fhhfs utghgsfjt hf ]E>0) eu JE=

)*

Mfrtbgjfs sejt mbpb`hfs nf cbgrf nf hb rfspgrbtgej bjbre`gf*

Hb ibkergt fst mbpb`hf nf cbgrf hb cfrifjtbtgej*

+ Hfs bjbre`gfs bretehrbjtfs*

Fhhfs jutghgsfjt kbibgs nE0*

Fhhfs cejt qubsg fxmhusgvfifjt nf hb cfrifjtbtgej*

Hb prsfjmf nE0 nbjs hfjvgrejjfifjt jfst pbs texgquf peur hb `bmtrgf*

+ Hfs bjbre`gfs strgmts*

Fhhfs jf cejt quf hb cfrifjtbtgej*

Hb prsfjmf nE0 fst texgquf*Fx ; @bmtfregnfs qug rfprsfjtfjt =4& nf hb cherf gjtfstgjbhf*

>


13/32


+ Hfs igmrebreplghfs*

Hbgr bi`gbjt fst mejstgtu 02& nE0* Mfttf mejmfjtrbtgej btiesplrgquf nE0 fst texgquf

peur mfs `bmtrgfs* Fhhfs sf ngvgsfjt `gfj hersquf hb mejmfjtrbtgej fj E0 fst nf hernrf nf 24&*

Fhhfs utghgsfjt hE0 meiif bmmfptfur nhfmtrejs*

Ej hfs treuvf nbjs hfs fjvgrejjfifjts bqufux mbr gh y b iegjs n4 0 nbjs hfbu* Fhhfs jf sejt

pbs premlfs nf hb surcbmf mbr gh y rfstf ujf arbjnf prsfjmf nE0*

+ ^exgmgt nf hexyajf*

Mfttf texgmgt fst hg sb mbpbmgt rbmtgvf ft nejm brrbmlfr nfs hfmtrejs nfs iehmuhfs

erabjgqufs mf qug nejjf hgfu nfs cerifs bmtgvfs nf hE0*

Cerifs bmtgvfs nf hE0 ;

) Pbngmbh supfrexynf ; E0 / f) E0

) +

) hf pfrexynf nlynreajf ; E0) + / f) / 0 L/ L0E0

) Pbngmbh lynrexynf ; L0E0 / f) / L/ L0E / EL) +

^eus hfs erabjgsifs vgvbjts cb`rgqufjt nfs fjzyifs nf ntexgcgmbtgej peur mei`bttrf mfs

cerifs bmtgvfs nf hE0 qug jeus sejt texgqufs*

Fjzyifs nf ntexgcgmbtgej ;

) ]EN ; supfrexynf ngsiutbsf

0 E0) + / 0 L/ E0 / L0E0

) Mbtbhbsf ; 0 L0E0 0 L0E / E0

) Tfrexynbsf ; L0E0 / JBNL / L/ 0 L0E / JBN

Mejtfju fjzyibtgquf ;

BE ; / ]EN / mbtbhbsf

BC ; / ]EN / mbtbhbsf

BB ; / ]EN Mbtbhbsf

B] ; ) ]EN Mbtbhbsf

Igmrebreplghfs ; / ]EN /%) Mbtbhbsf

>* Hf pL*

Gh y b uj eptgiui nf pL buqufh hb mregssbjmf `bmtrgfjjf fst ibxgibhf*

Ej ngstgjauf = typfs ngccrfjts ;

) Hfs Bmgneplghfs ; _2 6(6Y

) Hfs Jfutreplghfs ; _6(6


14/32


6* Hbmtgvgt nf hfbu ,bw'*

êutf sehutgej mejtfjbjt nfs sehuts mejtgfjt ;

) ujf pbrtgf nf hfbu hgf bu sehut*

) ujf pbrtgf nf hfbu hg`rf*

T igh 9 prfssgej nf hb vbpfur nfbu hgf nbjs uj ighgfu nejjf

T fbu purf 9 Trfssgej nf hb vbpfur nfbu hg`rf

bw 9 , T igh ' % , T fbu purf'

bw fbu purf 9 2

bw 9 prenugt nslynrbt

bw fbu nf ifr 9 E(7 areupfs pbr rbppert mfttf jutrgtgej*

=* Hfs > typfs jutrgtgejjfhs*

b* Butetreplfs pletehgtletreplfs*

Ghs ejt teus hb pessg`ghgt nutghgsfr hf ME0 meiif seurmf nf `bsf nf mbrèjf*

Hjfragf prevgfjt nf hb huigrf*

Hb seurmf nf nejjfur nhfmtrejs sejt nfs iehmuhfs igjrbhfs rnugtfs* ,L 04( L0( L0]'

Ej y treuvf teus hfs vatbux*

`* Hfs butetreplfs mlgigehgtletreplfs*

êutf hb ibtgrf erabjgquf fst prenugtf pbrtgf nu ME0*

Exynbtgej nujf iehmuhf igjrbhf rnugtf prenugt hjfragf*

Nejjfur nhfmtrej ; Iehmuhf igjrbhf*

Hb seurmf nf hjfragf ft nf nejjfur nhfmtrejs sejt hg*

m* Hfs ltretreplfs pleteerabjetreplfs*

]eurmf nf mbrèjf ; iehmuhf erabjgquf*

Mfttf iif iehmuhf erabjgquf sfrt nf seurmf nhfmtrejs*

Vtghgsf hjfragf huigjfusf peur brrbmlfr hfs hfmtrejs hb iehmuhf erabjgquf hb `bsf

nfs rbmtgejs nexyne rnumtgej*

Ej y treuvf hLeiif*

n* Hfs ltretreplfs mlgigeerabjetreplfs*

]eurmf nf mbrèjf( njfragf ft nhfmtrej fst ujf iehmuhf erabjgquf rnugtf*

f* Hfs igxetrelpfs*

1


16/32


Gh b hb mbppgs ntrf hb cegs nbjs 0 mbtaergfs*

Gh fst mbpb`hf ntrf pbr fxfiphf ;

Ltretreplf pleteerabjetreplfs hf keur ft ltretreplfs mlgigeerabjetreplfs hb jugt*

Ieyfjs ijietfmljgqufs peur rftfjgr hfs ngvfrs areupfs ;

]G ej fst butetreplfs( ej fst cermifjt hgtletreplf*

plete eu mlgige*

]g ej fst Ltretreplf( ej fst cermifjt earbjetreplf*

Tlete eu mlgige*


17/32

Igmre`geheagf 2 ; @bmtrgeheagf ; Mlbpgtrf >

Mlbpgtrf > ; Bnbptbtgej bu strfss ft cerifs nf vgf*

G* Psgstbjmf bu strfss*

]trfss ; Sbrgbtgej `rutbhf nujf mejngtgej fjvgrejjfifjtbhf ft plysgquf*Erabjgsif ; ]yjnreif ajrbh nbnbptbtgej*

Ncgjgtgej nu strfss ;

]fhej hfs `geheagstfs( mfst ujf rpejsf nf herabjgsif ujf vbrgbtgej `rusquf nf pbrbitrf

ahymemlgigquf peur ibgjtfjgr hqughg`rf `geheagquf nbjs uj tbt cejmtgejjfh*

2* Hf strfss exynbtgc*

Gh fst hg bux cerifs bmtgvfs nf hexyajf ; E0+)( L0E0( EL

+

Mfs cerifs bmtgvfs nf hE0 pfuvfjt bvegr phusgfurs ergagjfs ;

) fjneajf ; hE0 btiesplrgquf fst fj mejtbmt bvfm hb mfhhuhf `bmtrgfjjf E0+)

) fxeajf ; L0E0 ,pfrexynf nlynreajf' gjtfrvgfjt nbjs hb ncfjsf mfhhuhbgrf peur

pretafr hfs `bmtrgfs*

b* Hfs mg`hfs `geheagqufs*

+ ]g hb mg`hf fst ujf pretgjf ;

Mystgjf ; hfxtrigt ]L hg`rf cerif uj ]EL ; sucejyhf* Fhhf sf stb`ghgsf fj ceribjt uj pejt

ngsuhcurf* Mfst texgquf peur hb `bmtrgf qug vb nvfheppfr teut uj systif nf ncfjsf qug

ntfmtf hb prsfjmf nf mfhhuhf ibh mejceri qug vb vgtf bhhfr hfs hgigjfr ,Tretbsf'*

+ ]g hb mg`hf fst hBNJ ;

Hf rbngmbh EL+ su`gt ujf lynrexyhbtgej nfs `bsfs purgqufs ft pyrgigngqufs*

Mfhb mbusf nfs frrfurs nbppbrgfifjt*

Fx ;

Hb `bsf ^ nfvgfjt ujf 6)lynrexyiftlyhurbmghf*

Hb `bsf A nfvgfjt ujf


18/32


0* Hesierauhbtgej*

Ncgjgtgejs ;

Esiehbrgt ,eu prfssgej esietgquf' ; Hb seiif nfs sehuts esietgqufifjt bmtgcs nujf

sehutgej* Tfrift nf ncgjgr hujgt nf `bsf ; esiehf*

Fx ; ]g ej prfjn ujf sehutgej nf sbmmlbresf 4(6 iehbgrf fst 4(6 esieh*

Vjf sehutgej nf JbMh 4(6 iehbgrf ft 2 esieh ,4(6 esieh nf Jb/ ft 4(6 esieh nf Mh)'*

Pfhbtgej fjtrf esiehbrgt ft BQ ;

Buaifjtbtgej nf esiehbrgt 9 ngigjutgej nf BQ*

Esierauhbtgej ; Hfjsfi`hf nfs premfssus leiestbtgqufs qug ibgjtgfjjfjt hesiehbrgt

nuj trf vgvbjt sej jgvfbu ,eu qughg`rf' jeribh*

Mf sejt teus hfs systifs nejt hb `bmtrgf ngspesf peur huttfr mejtrf hf pljeijf jbturfh nf

hesiesf*

Esiesf ; Hfbu sf nphbmf nuj ighgfu lypetejgquf cbg`hf fj sehut vfrs uj ighgfu

lypfrtejgquf cert fj sehut*

b* Phf nf hesiehbrgt*

Fj pfribjfjmf nfs sehuts fj sehutgejs fjtrfjt nbjs hb mfhhuhf `bmtrgfjjf buaifjtbtgejmejstbjtf nf hesiehbrgt nf hb mfhhuhf qug ijf ujf buaifjtbtgej nf prfssgej 9 prfssgej nf

turafsmfjmf* Nf = 24 bti nf prfssgej mejtrf hb pbreg*

Mfttf prfssgej nf turafsmfjmf fst hf ietfur nf hb ngvgsgej mfhhuhbgrf*

`* Sbrgbtgej nf hesiehbrgt*

Ngvfrs mbs nf cgaurf ;

) Buaifjtbtgej `rutbhf nf hesiehbrgt nf hfjvgrejjfifjt hfbu tfjnbjmf jbturfhhfifjt

sertgr nf hb mfhhuhf `bmtrgfjjf* Tljeijf nf phbsiehysf* Mfmg fst texgquf pr hb `bmtrgf ;

brrt nf teus hfs itb`ehgsifs ft ngvgsgej*

) ]g hf strfss fst cbg`hf ,84(6I JbMh'( hb `bmtrgf meipfjsf fj cbgsbjt fjtrfr nfs sfhs fj

pbrtgmuhgfr nfs O/ ft fj iif tfips fjtrf nf ahutbibtf ,MEE)'* Hf ahutbibtf fst prenugt

pbr hb `bmtrgf fhhf)iif*

) ]g hf strfss fst cbg`hf( gh y b syjtlsf eu fjtrf nesiepretfmtfurs ,bb( sumrfs( nrgvs

nbb'*

Hb ahymgjf `tbjf ,trgiftlyhbigjf ahymgjf' fst uj nfs esiepretfmtfurs*

Mfs esiepretfmtfurs sejt stemos fj arbjnf qubjtgt mbr ghs sejt fxtrififjt sehu`hf

,344a%H'*

) Vjf ngigjutgej `rutbhf nf hesiehbrgt nf hfjvgrejjfifjt hfbu tfjnbjmfjbturfhhfifjt fjtrfr nbjs hb mfhhuhf `bmtrgfjjf* Tljeijf nf turafsmfjmf* Mfmg fst

0


19/32


texgquf peur hb `bmtrgf ; brrt nf teus hfs itbèhgsifs ft ngvgsgej* Fhhf fssbg nf meipfjsfr

nf ngvfrs cbejs ;

) Euvfrturf nfs bqubpergjfs ; mbjbux qug pfrifttfjt hb sertgf nfbu*

) Hfs mbjbux imbjesfjsg`hfs ; hersquf hb prfssgej nf turafsmfjmf buaifjtf( mfs

mbjbux seuvrfjt peur hbgssfr sertgr hfs sehuts nf hb mfhhuhf `bmtrgfjjf*

) Hfs mbjbux spmgcgqufs

Fx ; Hf mbjbh IsmI mlfz F* Mehg( sugtf uj mlem esietgquf heuvfrturf fj 044isfm cbgt

sertgr 2I nf ahymgjf `tbjf*

GG* Cerifs nf vgf*

2* Jetgej nmeheagf igmre`gfjjf*

b* Thbjmtejgquf*

Vjf mfhhuhf phbjmtejgquf fst ujf mfhhuhf gjngvgnubhgsf fj ighgfu hgqugnf*

B hb `bsf nf hb igmre`geheagf( ej tung teutfs hfs `bmtrgfs nbjs uj fjvgrejjfifjt

phbjmtejgquf* Hfs `bmtrgfs jf sejt pbs prsfjtf fj ibkergt nbjs uj fjvgrejjfifjt

phbjmtejgquf* Fj fccft( fhhf fst seuvfjt fj mehejgf ft jej gjngvgnubhgsf*

`* Mehejgfs*

@gecghi `bmtrgfj*

Vjf `bmtrgf fj mehejgf sur ujf ètf nf ptrg fst rpbrtg nf ibjgrf ltreajf*

Hfs `bmtrgfs fj mehejgfs cerifjt ujf èuhf* Hfs `bmtrgfs fj surcbmf fj mejtbmt bvfm hE 0

jburejt pbs hb iif strumturf quujf `bmtrgf sgtuf bu mfjtrf nf mfttf èuhf * Hfs`bmtrgfs jf suppertbjt pbs hE0 sf rftreuvfrejt nejm( fj tbjt bu mfjtrf nf mfttf èuhf(

pretas pbr hfs butrfs `bmtrgfs*

0* Hf `gecghi `bmtrgfj*

Hb cerif phbjmtejgquf fst ujf cerif nf ngssigjbtgej peur pbssfr nuj `gecghi uj butrf*

Hb cerif jbturfhhf nf vgf jeribhf nujf `bmtrgf fst hb mehejgf*

b* Ncgjgtgej*

Fmesystifs mejstgtus nf pepuhbtgejs nf igmre)erabjgsifs bssemg hfs ujs bux butrfs( gjmhus

nbjs ujf ibtrgmf nfxepehyirfs ft ajrbhfifjt bssemgs nfs tgssus( nfs ibtrgbux

b`getgqufs eu nfs gjtfrcbmfs*

Mfttf ncgjgtgej gjmhus ;

) hfs strumturfs nf typfs barabts ft chemuhbts

) hfs mehejgfs sur ighgfux ahess ,ètf nf Tftrg'

) hfs `bmtrgfs cgxfs nbjs nfs gjtfrstgmfs nf ighgfux perfux

) hfs pfhhgmuhfs `bmtrgfjjfs mejtbigjbjt hfs `geibtrgbux giphbjts nbjs herabjgsif

eu mehejgsbjt hb surcbmf nfs tgssus fumbryetfs ltfs) hfs chfurs nfbu ,`heei'

=


20/32


`* Mgjtgquf nf mehejgsbtgej*

Hernrf nf mehejgsbtgej nfs supperts pbs hb `bmtrgf*

Ej b ujf surcbmf hg`rf giifraf nbjs uj ighgfu bqufux*

+ Jetgej nf cghi mejngtgejjbjt ; giifrsgej nuj suppert nbjs uj ighgfu bqufux hf suppert

sf rfmeuvrf giingbtfifjt nfs iehmuhfs sgtufs nbjs hf ighgfu bqufux* Gh y b / nf ibtgrf

erabjgquf bu jgvfbu nu suppert quf nbjs hf ighgfu bqufux mfst peurqueg hfs `bmtrgfs

vgfjjfjt sf mehhfr bu suppert*

+ Mehejgsbtgej prfigrf ; Fhhf fst rvfrsg`hf( mfrtbgjfs `bmtrgfs sbmmremlfjt%nmremlfjt*

+ Pagif hbigjbgrf eu turùhfjt ; Vjf `bmtrgf jfst pbs cermifjt nbjs uj ighgfu bqufux

trs stb`hf*

Fx ; Pagif hbigjbgrf 9 vfrrf nfbu

Pagif turùhfjt 9 hfbu nuj terrfjt

Gjtfrbmtgej nf hfjvfheppf `bmtrgfjjf bvfm hb surcbmf* Mf mejtbmt pfut trf veuhu eu jej*

]g hb `bmtrgf treuvf uj fjvgrejjfifjt cbverb`hf sur hf suppert( fhhf vb sy cgxfr

ncgjgtgvfifjt*

+ Mehejgsbtgej sfmejnbgrf ; Grrvfrsg hf( mlbjafifjt meiphft nu itbèhgsif* Fhhf sf cgxf

ncgjgtgvfifjt bu suppert* Fhhf prenugt nfs Bnlsgjfs gjngspfjsb`hfs hb cgxbtgej bu suppert*Hersquf hfs `bmtrgfs sf cgxfjt ncgjgtgvfifjt bu suppert( fhhfs meiifjmfjt sf iuhtgphgfr*

Hfs mfhhuhfs cghhfs rfstfjt fj mejtbmt nf hb mfhhuhf irf*

+ ]yjtlsf nFxepehyirfs ; Gh y b syjtlsf nujf abjauf qug fjteurf hb mehejgf nf `bmtrgfs*

Igmre)mehejgfs ; `bmtrgfs fjteurfs nujf abjauf*

@gecghi 9 bssemgbtgej nfs igmre)mehejgfs*

vegr pehy ; mgjtgquf nf nvfheppfifjt

m* ]trumturf trgngifjsgejjfhhf*

+ Cerifs nfs `gecghis ;

Nfs chux vgfjjfjt bpperts nf hb ibtgrf erabjgquf qug sf mehhf fj mejtbmtf nf hb abjauf

nfxepehyirfs*

Hb abjauf nfxepehyirf ujf cerif nf mlbipgajej *

Hbssemgbtgej nfs igmre)mehejgfs fj mlbipgajej mrf ujf vrgtb`hf vbsmuhbrgsbtgej qug pfrift

hf pbssbaf nfbu*

Hf `gecghi cghtrf hb ngccusgej*

Hfs `bmtrgfs fj `gecghis sejt phus rsgstbjtfs bux bjtg getgqufs quf hfs `bmtrgfs

phbjmtejgqufs mbr hb ngccusgej nfs bjtg`getgqufs hgjtrgfur nu cghi fst rbhfjtgt*

>


21/32


]mlib 2*

+ Fvehutgej nfs `gecghis ;

Hb mbrfjmf fj hifjts jutrgtgcs ijf hb iert nfs `bmtrgfs* Bgjsg hfs `gecghis ngspbrbgssfjt*

Nfs mejtrbgjtfs plysgqufs pfuvfjt `hequfr hvehutgej nfs `gecghis* Meiif hb prsfjmf nuj

fjvgrejjfifjt tur`uhfjt* Hb mehejgf vb nfvegr bnbptfr ujf cerif bnbptf hfjvgrejjfifjt*

Fx ; Bnbptfr ujf cerif pyrbignbhf bu hgfu nujf cerif nf `tejjft qug sfrrbgt iegjs sehgnf

cbmf bu meurbjt*

Mejtrbgjtf plysgquf nf hfjvgrejjfifjt*

]mlib 0*

Fvehutgej jbturfhhf ;

Fj pfribjfjmf hf `gecghi pfut vehufr fj hg rbjt ft fj gjtfrjbjt nfs `bmtrgfs

gjngvgnubhgsfs*

6


22/32


Mlbpgtrf 6 ; Hfs itbèhgsifs*

G* Hb ceurjgturf njfragf*

2* Pbppfh*

b* ]eurmf njfragf*

Hb huigrf fst hb seurmf njfragf* Fhhf pfrift hb mbsmbnf nf rbmtgej nexynernumtgej*

Hexynbtgej nf iehmuhfs erabjgqufs eu nf iehmuhfs igjrbhfs fst hergagjf nf hb

prenumtgej njfragf*

`* Nejjfur nhfmtrejs*

Mf sejt segt ;

) nfs iehmuhfs erabjgqufs rnugtfs ,sumrfs( hgpgnfs( pretgjfs'

) nfs iehmuhfs igjrbhfs rnugtfs ,L0E( L0( L0]'

m* Bmmfptfurs nhfmtrejs*

Ej pbrt nuj nejjfur nf) ft pbr ujf mbsmbnf nf rbmtgej nexynernumtgej ej brrgvf

hbmmfptfur cgjbh nf)*

Mfst hbmmfptfur cgjbh nf) qug tb`hgt hb vegf itbèhgquf*

Hfs ngccrfjtfs vegfs itbèhgqufs sejt ;

) rfspgrbtgej ;

) bre`gf bmmfptfur cgjbh nf) 9 E0

) bjbre`gf bmmfptfur cgjbh nf) 9 butrf iehmuhf quf hE0 ,Cf=/( JE=

)( ]E>0)(

ÎBE'*

Mfs iehmuhfs sejt nbjs teus hfs mbs fxeajfs*

) cfrifjtbtgej ;

Hb iehmuhf bmmfptrgmf nhfmtrejs fst cermifjt fjneajf* Mfttf iehmuhf fst uj

gjtfringbgrf itbèhgquf*

) pletesyjtlsf ;

Hbmmfptfur cgjbh nf) fst ujf iehmuhf fjneajf* Bmmfptfur cgjbh nf) 9 JBNL*

He`kfmtgc cgjbh fst nf trbjscr hfs pretejs nf mft JBNL fjtrf butrf peur cerifr nf hb ibtgrferabjgquf*

ME0 / L/ _ML0EYj

n* ]eurmf nf mbrèjf*

Butetreplf ; ME0 ,jf pfut pbs cbgrf hb cfrifjtbtgej'

Ltretreplf ; iehmuhf erabjgquf

f* Hfs typfs jutrgtgejjfhs*

2


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) Butetreplfs ; pletehgtletreplfs*

ME0( huigrf igjrbhf JBNL

) Butetreplfs mlgighgtletreplfs ;

]eurmf nf M ; ME0* Sb nfvegr exynfr nfs i igjrbhfs* Hf trbjscfrt nf) nf mfs i igjrbhfs

sf cbgt pbr exynbtgej*

Hb sfuhfs vegf itb`ehgquf utghgsb`hf fst hb rfspgrbtgej*

) Ltretreplfs pleteerabjetreplfs ;

]eurmf nf M ft nejjfur nf) 9 iehmuhf erabjgquf*

Vtghgsf hjfragf huigjfusf peur prenugrf hb mbsmbnf nexynernumtgej*

Fx ; Plenespgrghhui sp* Fst mbpb`hf nf cbgrf hb pletesyjtlsf( hb rfspgrbtgej ft hb

cfrifjtbtgej*

) Ltretreplfs mlgigeerabjetreplfs ;

]eurmf nf M( njfragf ft nejjfur nf) 9 iehmuhf erabjgquf rnugtf*

Segf itb`ehgquf ; rfspgrbtgej eu cfrifjtbtgej peur utghgsfr mfs iehmuhfs erabjgqufs nbjs

hfs vegfs nexynernumtgej*

c* Exynernumtgej*

Vjf rbmtgej nexynernumtgej sf nmeupf fj 0 nfig)rbmtgejs ;

) ujf rbmtgej nexynbtgej nujf i rnugtf qug vb nejm mnfr mfs f) ft L/*

Fx ; L0 0 L/ / 0 f)

) ujf rbmtgej nf rnumtgej( abgj nf) ft nf L/*Fx ; E0 / 0 L/ / 0 f) L0E*

@ghbj ; L0 / E0 L0E*

Meuphfs rfnex ;

0 L/ % L0 ; ) 4(>02 S

E0 % L0E ; / 4(


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Nbjs hb pletesyjtlsf exyajgquf( hf pegjt nf npbrt nf hb mbsmbnf nexynernumtgej fst

L0E*

L0E fst uj nejjfur cbg`hf( hjfragf huigjfusf mbssf mfttf i nL0E peur nejjfr nf hE0

qug fst uj bmmfptfur cert*

Pfibrquf 0 ; Hb cfrifjtbtgej*

Hb cfrifjtbtgej b peur pegjt nf npbrt ujf i erabjgquf ft hbmmfptfur cgjbh nf) fst ujf butrf

i erabjgquf 9 uj gjtfringbgrf itbèhgquf* Tbr ncgjgtgej mfs i vejt trf premlf nu pegjt

nf vu petfjtgfh rnex* Mfst peurqueg hb cfrifjtbtgej hg`rf pfu njfragf*

Pfibrquf = ; Mbtbèhgsif*

Mbtbèhgsif 9 mit ej narbnf ujf i peur prenugrf nf hJPK*

Bjbèhgsif 9 cb`rgmbtgej nf i erabjgquf

Itbèhgsif 9 Mbtbèhgsif / Bjbèhgsif

0* Trenumtgej njfragf ; hfs ngccrfjts mbs*

]mlib 2*

Hf pegjt meiiuj nf mfs = vegfs( mfst quf hej vb utghgsfr nu JBNL*

b* Phf nu JBN/ % JBNL( L/*

JBNL 9 Jgmetgjbignf bnjgjf ngjumhetgnf*

,eu JBNT%JBTL'*Ruf hej pbrhf nf 9 qugvbhfjt JBNL

Tetfjtgfh rnumtfur gjtrbmfhhuhbgrf ;

Teur hf meuphf JBN/%JBNL( L/( JBN/ fst prsfjt fj teutf pftgtf qubjtgt nbjs hb mfhhuhf*

]mlib 0*

Mfttf tbpf sbssemgf e`hgabtegrfifjt pbr hb rnumtgej nu JBN/ fj JBNL( L/*

_JBN/Y fst hgigt nejm gh cbut rfmymhfr mf petfjtgfh rnumtfur bu cur ft ifsurf nfs

itbèhgsifs*

=* Exynbtgej nf iehmuhfs erabjgqufs rnugtfs*

Gh y fj b phfgj nf pessg`hfs*

Ibgs ej jf vegt quf hf mbs ajrbh ;

Bssgighbtgej nuj sumrf ; hf ahumesf*

b* Hfs vegfs nexynbtgej*

Hbssgighbtgej nu sumrf pbr hfs `bmtrgfs sf cbgt pbr = vegfs pessg`hfs ;

) vegf nf hb ahymehysf) vegf nfs pfjtesfs plesplbtf

=


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) vegf nfs ONTA

+ Hb ahymehysf ;

Tehy pbaf 0*

Hb vegf nf hb ahymehysf pfut trf nmeupf fj 0 pbrtgfs ;

) Hb vegf lbutf ;

Nbjs mfttf vegf( gh jy b pbs nf rbmtgej nexynernumtgej*

Tbs nf prenumtgej nf JBNL

Fhhf fst meiiujf bux prembryetfs ft fumbryetfs*

2rf tbpf ; Tlespleryhbtgej nu sumrf*

Ahm ,M3' Ahm)3T

Teur rfjtrfr nbjs hb m uj sumrf negt ftrf systibtgqufifjt plesperyh mbr qn gh fst

plespleryh gh jf pfut phu sertgr nf hb m*

smlib =*

Ej mejseiif nf hB^T ; )2 B^T*

Ej cbgt ujf 0if plespleryhbtgej*

M3T 0 M=T

Gh y b nejm fu bu tetbh 0 i nB^T mejseii ft 4 prenugtf*

) Hb vegf `bssf

Ej pbrt nf ;

0 A=T

0 x A=T 0 pyruvbtfM=T M =

Ej b prenugt uj JBNL iuhtgphg pbr 0 mbr gh y b 0 i*

P)ML= : P)MLEL : PMLE : P)MEEL

Pnugt exyn

Hg`rbtgej bu cgjbh nf 0 I nB^T pr brrgvfr bu cgjbh bu pyrgvbtf iuhtgphgfr pbr 0 mbr tkr 0

i*

@ghbj ;

) 0 B^T

/ 0 JBNL

/ > B^T

0 B^T / 0 JBNL prenugt pbr iehmuhf nf ahumesf*

+ Hb vegf nfs pfjtesfs plesplbtfs ;

Mfttf vegf pfut trf nmeupf fj 0 pbrtgfs ;

) vegf lbutf ; M3T Pg`uhesf 6T

>


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Hf rgùuhesf 6 T fst uj itbèhgquf gjtfringbgrf mfjtrbh nbjs hb vegf nf hb syjtlsf nf teus

hfs bmgnfs jumhgqufs*

Ej pbrt )2 B^T mbr hb iehmuhf nf Ahm fst nk plespleryhf*

0 rbmtgejs nexynbtgej vejt sf prenugrf ;

) trbjsceribtgej nu ahm 3 T fj 3 plespleahumeje 5 hbmtejf* ,JBNTL'

) exynbtgej qug sbmmeipbajf nujf nmbrèxyhbtgej

Hg`rbtgej nf JBNTL / ME0*

@ghbj ; ) 2 B^T ft / 0 JBNL

) vegf `bssf

Tegjt nf npbrt ; = M6T

Ej prfjn 0 i ;

smlib >*

@ghbj ; /2 JBNL / 0 B^T

@ghbj ahe`bh ; / 2 B^T / = JBNL ,nejm mejseiibtgej nf = JBN/'

+ Hb vegf nu ONTA ;

Ej nmeupf fj 0 pbrtgfs ;

) Segf lbutf ;

Hb pbrtgf lbutf fst mejcejnuf bvfm hfs pfjtesfs T mn kusqbu 3 plesple ahumejbtf*

) 2 B^T / 2 JBNL

) Segf `bssf ;

M3T ONTA 0 M= 2 M=T ; A=T

2 M= ; pyruvbtf

/ 0 B^T / 2 JBNL

@ghbj ahe`bh ; / 2 B^T / 0 JBNL

@ghbj meipbr pbr iehmuhf nf ahumesf ;

Ahymehysf ; 0 B^T 0 JBNL

Tfjtesf T ; 2 B^T = JBNL

ONTA ; 2 B^T 0 JBNL

`* Hfs cfrifjtbtgejs*

Hb strbtagf fst nf vgtf rajr nu JBN/ ,qug b t trbjsceri fj JBNL' pbrtgr nu

pyruvbtf peur peuvegr rfcbgrf hfs vegfs itbèhgqufs qug sf cejt pbrtgr nu JBN/*

B pbrtgr nu pyruvbtf*Tyruvbtf rnumtgej iehmuhf rnugtf

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JBNL exynbtgej JBN/

Mfst ujf strbtagf meiiujf*

Hfs cfrifjtbtgejs fssfjtgfhhfs sejt ; leie( ltre ft igxtf*

+ Hb cfrifjtbtgej leiehbmtgquf*

Hexyajf jfst kbibgs utghgs nbjs hb cfrifjtbtgej "

Ahm Ahm 3 T ,) 2 B^T' 0A=T0 Tyruvbtf

Mejseiibtgej nf 0 B^T

Trenugt >B^T / 0 JBNL

@ghbj ; 0 B^T / 0 JBNL

Teur rajrfr hf JBN/( rnumtgej nu pyruvbtf ;

HNL

0 Tyruvbtf 0 Hbmtbtf

0JBNL 0 JBN/ ,pnt mfttf rbmtgej'

HNL 9 Hbmtbtf nfslynreajbsf

]trfptememmus tlfrieplghus

Mfrtbgjs hbmte`bmghhfs ; Hbmte`bmghhus nfh`rufmogg ssp `uhabrgmus

Cfrifjtbtgej leiehbmtgquf ; ej pfut mbhmuhfr hf hbmtbtf prenugt*

+ Cfrifjtbtgej ltrehbmtgquf ;

Ej pbrt nu \yhuhesf 6 T*

Bvbjt gh y b fu ;

M3T \yhuhesf 6 T

Bvfm prenumtgej nf 2 M40 ft 0 JBNL*

Hb plesplemtehbsf trbjscerif hf xyhuhesf 6 T fj ; BmtyhT ft Ahymrbhnlynf =T*

HNL

A=T Tyruvbtf hbmtbtf

0 B^T

2 JBNL JBN/

@ghbj ; 2 B^T prenugt*

Bmtyh T Bmtbtf

@ghbj / 2 B^T

Bmtyh T Bmtyh MeB B vegr pehy

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@ghbj ajrbh ;

Hbmtbtf / Bmtbtf ; / ME0 / 0 B^T / 0 JBNL

Hbmtbtf / Ftlbjeh ; / ME0 / 2 B^T

Hfs `bmtrgfs utghgsbjt mfttf cfrifjtbtgej sejt ;

) hb phupbrt nfs hbmte`bmghhfs

) hfumejestem sp

+ Hb cfrifjtbtgej bmgnf igxtf*

Ahm 0A=T 0 pyruvbtf

@ghbj jfratgquf ; 0 B^T / 0 JBNL

B pbrtgr nujf I nf pyruvbtf( 0 i ngccrfjtfs pfuvfjt trf prenugtfs*

0 pyruvbtf 0 Hbmtbtf

Trenumtgej nf JBN/

Hb prenumtgej nf L0 pbr nmbrèxyhbtgej nu pyruvbtf fst uj gjngmbtfur nf mfttf cfrifjtbtgej*

B pbrtgr nf hbmtyh MeB( gh y b 0 pessg`ghgts*

]g hb mfhhuhf pessnf ujf bmteogjbsf( hbmtyhT pfut trf trbjsceri fj bmtbtf*

@ghbj ;

Hbmtbtf( Bmgnf cerigquf( ME0( L0

Tugs bu mlegx ej cbgt nf hbmtbtf eu nf htlbjeh*

]g ej cbvergsf hb ceribtgej nf hbmtbtf( ej b èj uj `ghbj jfratgquf ibgs pfu nf JBNL ;

Trenumtgej nf = B^T / 2 JBNL*

]g ej cbvergsf hb ceribtgej nf htlbjeh( gh y b prenumtgej ;

0 B^T

0 JBNL = JBN/ 9 ) JBN/

Hfs `bmtrgfs qug cejt hb cfrifjtbtgej bmgnf igxtf sejt ibkergtbgrfifjt hfs fjtfre`bmtrgfs ,F*

mehg'*

Hb rbgsej quujf `bmtrgf cbgt tfhhf eu tfhhf cfrifjtbtgej fst sfhej hfs fjzyifs qufhhfs

pessnfjt*

+ Hb cfrifjtbtgej ùtbjfngehgquf*

Ahm 0A=T 0 pyruvbtfs

Trenumtgej ; 0 B^T / 0 JBNL

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Mfs `bmtrgfs ejt ujf fjzyif trs gjtfrfssbjtf ; hbmtehbmtbtf syjtlbsf*

Hb cejmtgej mtejf nf hbmtejf vb trf rfiphbm pbr ujf cejmtgej bhmeeh*

Hf pbssbaf nuj mtejf uj bhmeeh 9 rnumtgej*

@ghbj ;

0 B^T / 2 JBNL

Hfs `bmtrgfs cbgsbjt mfttf cfrifjtbtgej cejt abhfifjt ujf butrf cfrifjtbtgej fj iif tfips

,ajrbhfifjt cfrifjtbtgej bmgnf igxtf'*

Hfs `bmtrgfs cbgsbjt mfttf cfrifjtbtgej sejt mfrtbgjfs fjtfre`bmtrgfs ;

]frrbtgb( Frwgjgb( fjtfre`bmtfr*

+ Hb cfrifjtbtgej nf ]tgmohbjn*

Bu npbrt mf jfst pbs uj sumrf ibgs uj bb*

BB 9 seurmf nf M*

Ej b uj meuphbaf nf rbmtgejs*

Hf petfjtgfh rfnex nf hb m rfstf uj gjtbmt armf mf meuphbaf ;

Exynbtgej nuj BB ft fj iif tfips rnumtgej nuj butrf BB*

Bhbjgjf ; nsbigjbtgej ft exynbtgej sf cejt fj iif tfips*

Hb nmbrèxyhbtgej ijf ujf hgbgsej certf bvfm hf

Teur mejtrf`bhbjmfr mfs rbmtgejs nexynbtgej( gh sf cbgt fj pbrbhhhf nfs rbmtgejs nf

rnumtgej*

2 Bhbjgjf / 0 Ahymgjf = JL= / = bmtbtf / 2 ME0

2 B^T prenugt

@bmtrgfs ; Mhestrgngui sp

+ Hb cfrifjtbtgej ùtlyrgquf*

@bmtrgfs ; M* ùtlyrgmui*

]f rftreuvf nbjs hfs ègtfs nf mejsfrvfs ibhfs strghgsfs*

+ Hb cfrifjtbtgej Bmtejeùtyhgquf*

@bmtrgfs ; M* Bmtejeùtyhgmui*

Ceribtgej nuj bmtejf ft nf ùtbjeh*

+ Hb cfrifjtbtgej prepgejgquf*

]ummgjbtf Trepgejbtf

Bvfm hg`rbtgej nf ME0*


30/32


+ Hb rtrearbnbtgej ibhehbmtgquf*

Mfst uj mbs pbrtgmuhgfr mbr mf jfst pbs ujf cfrifjtbtgej*

Mfst uj nfs hifjts mbpgtbh nf hb cb`rgmbtgej nuj vgj*

Hfvurf ,]bmmlbreiymfs mfrfvgsgbf'*

Fhhf cfrifjtf hfs sumrfs fj tlbjeh*

Fj iif tfips gh y b prenumtgej nf pljeh ,brif'*

Gh y b hg`rbtgej nbmgnf nbjs hf vgj( jetbiifjt nu ibhbtf qug fst uj ngbmgnf*

Ibgs hf pljeh jf suppertf pbs hbmgnf*

Nejm gh cbut hgigtfr mft bmgnf sgjej pbs nbrif*

Ej pbssf nejm nu ibhbtf bu hbmtbtf ngigjutgej nf hbmgngt nu vgj fj trbjsceribjt uj

ngbmgnf fj uj iejebmgnf*

HB^Tbsf ifi`rbjbgrf pfrift nf cbgrf uj arbngfjt nf pretej L/*

Mfst mf arbngfjt nf pretejs L/ qug pfrift hb trbjsceribtgej nu ngbmgnf fj iejebmgnf*

m* Hb rfspgrbtgej*

Hfs `bmtrgfs utghgsbjt hb rfspgrbtgej pfuvfjt rajrfr hf JBN/* Fhhfs exynfjt hf pyruvbtf*

+ Hf mymhf nfs bmgnfs trgmbrèxyhgqufs 9 mymhf nf Orf`s*

Exynbtgej nu pyruvbtf fj BmtyhMeB 9 nmbrèxyhbtgej qug sbmmeipbajf nf hb

trbjsceribtgej nu JBN/ fj JBNL*

]mlib 6

> exynbtgejs ; = JBNL ft 2 CBNL0

B mlbquf teur nf mymhf ; 0 nmbrèxyhbtgejs summssgvfs ft > exynbtgejs summfssgvfs*

@ghbj ;

2 A^T prenugt*

Hf pyruvbtf b tetbhfifjt t exyn fj ME0 qug fts naba*

Tyruvbtf = ME0

6 JBNL ,9 CBNL0' ,hfs > nu mymhf / 2 nu pyruvbtf'

2 B^T ,9 A^T'

+ Mlbjf nf trbjspertfurs nhfmtrejs ft%eu L/*

Hfs `bmtrgfs mbpb`hfs nf prbtgqufr hb rfspgrbtgej ngspesfjt bu jgvfbu nf hb i` MP ujf

mlbgjf nhfmtrej ft%eu pretejs*

smlib 3

Meiifjt trbjspertfr hfs pretejs nu JBNL vfrs hfs butrfs iehmuhfs 5

7


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Mlbgjf nf trbjspertfurs nf) ft nf pretejs pbrtgr nf hexynbtgej nu JBNL* Mfttf mlbgjf

ijf uj bmmfptfur cgjbh ; E0*

Ibgs mfttf mlbjf jf ijf pbs hb prenumtgej nf `fbumeup njfragf*

tlergf mlgigelesietgquf nnf Igtmlfhh*

Gh cbut ujf mlbgjf nf trbjspertfur nf) sfuh ft ujf mlbgjf nf trbjspertfur nf) ft nf L/*

Ej pbssf nuj nejjfur cert ,trs hfmtre jabtgvfifjt mlbra' uj bmmfptfur cert

,hfmtrepesgtgvfifjt mlbra'*

Gh vb y bvegr ujf certf mejmfjtrbtgej fj L/ hfxt nf hb m mf qug vb mrfr uj arbngfjt nf L/*

Hfs L/ vejt bhers rfjtrfr ns hb m vgb hB^Tbsf i`P qug prenugt `mp nJPK*

Hb cermf pretej)ietrgmf vb nejm pfrifttrf nf prenugrf nf hjfragf*

+ Hb rfspgrbtgej bre`gf ;

vegr smlib nf `geml 2* ,bvfm hfs > meiphfxfs'*

Eu pehy*

Mfst hf systif nf trbjspertfur quf hej treuvf nbjs hb igtemlejnrgf*

Hbmmfptfur cgjbh fst hE0*

Hb plespleryhbtgej exynbtgvf ,B^T'*

Meiphfxf G 9 JBNL nfslynreajbsf

Hf meiphfxf e hf JBnL vb sexynfr fj JBN/*

Hf CIJ vb trbjspertfr hfs L/ ft f) ft vb nfvfjgr CIJL0*

CIJ CIJL0CIJ 9 chbvgjf iejejumhetgnf*

Tugs hf meiphfxf fst trbjscrr uj meiphfxf cfr%seucrf*

]fuh hfs f) mej trbjscrfr mf meiphfxf Cf%]*

R 9 qugjejf ; ejt hb mbpbmgt nf R RL0*

Hf 0if meiphfxf bssemgf fst hf meiphfxf GG 9 summgjbtf nfslynreajbsf*

CBN CBNL0

CBN 9 Chbvgjf bnjgjf ngjumhetgnf*

CBN CBNL0

]ummgjbtf Cuibrbtf

E0 / 0f) / 0L/ L0E

JBNL / L/ JBN/ / 0L/ / 0f)

JBNL / L/ / L0E0 JBN/ / L0E / B^T

0 typfs nf i gjtfrvgfjjfjt nbjs hb mlbgjf nf trbjspertfurs nf f) ft L/ ;

) nejjfur%bmmfptfur ; f)

24


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Mytemlreifs ; b( `( m( n( e* Bu mfjtrf nf mfs iehmuhfs( gh y b ujf bssemgbtgej bvfm uj

itbh bssemg ,svt Cf0/ eu Cf=/'* Mfst hf jeybu perplyrgjf qug mejtgfjt mf itbh* Gh y b uj

veybaf nf) Cf0/ Cf=/ / 2f)

Meiphfxf Cf%] ; Cf0%]0 eu Cf>%]>*

Hf cfr fst hf mecbmtfur mfjtrbh nfs trbjscfrt nf)*

) Nejjfur % bmmfptfur nf pretejs L/ ft f) ;

Chbvgjf ,Cp' ,rg`echbvgjf'

CIJ ; Chbvgjf iejejumhetgnf % CIJL0

CBN ; Chbvgjf Bnjgjf ngjumhetgnf ; CBN / 0L/ / 0f) CBNL0

Mefjzyif R 24 ; V`gqugjejf ,nrgvf nf vgtbigjf'

VR / 0f) / 0L/ VRL0

Gh y b ujf summfssgej nf > meiphfxfs summfssgcs ;

) meiphfxf G ; JBNL nslynreajbsf ;

) 2 meiphfxf CIJ

) 00 06 meiphfxfs Cf%]

JBNL / L/ JBN/ / 0f) / 0L/

CIJ CIJL0

vegr cfughhf nf meurs*

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Bactériologie (version 1)