Baroque Architecture

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE ARP IIT KHARAGPUR

Baroque Architecture


REPORT BY:

19AR10034- Sharvari Sriram19AR10035- S Sivavel19AR10036- Soumya Tarafdar19AR10037- Sparsh Ruhela19AR10038- T Kavin19AR10040- Tapan Kumar Sabar19AR10041- Udbhav Sinha19AR10042- Yash Saini19AR10043- Yashraj Bagaria

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Baroque ArchitectureBaroque Architecture

aroque style was meant to represent the glory of the Roman Catholic Churches. It was used to emphasise the grandiose of

the churches. Later on, however, it went on to display a more subtle and gentle side rather than its violent and theatrical side. Its evolution portrays how it went from showing the contrast between the ideology of Renaissance amongst both the secular and religious forces, to a more subtle change from god to material exuberance.

As time went by, Baroque style evolved with the changes in colonialism.

Baroque and colonialismEvery colonial power brought in different changes with its own unique perks and styles of architecture. One could diveto understand these colonial psyches, just by looking into their works of architecture.

• Spain controlled much colonial wealth, which is why the Baroque style developed majorly in Spain.

• In France, the colonial money led to the construction of palaces and monarchies by powerful people.

• In Portugal, the Santa Engracia church was constructed by use of the Baroque style. It was designed by architect Joao Antunes.

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WRITTEN BY: Sharvari Sriram, S Sivavel, Soumya Tarafdar, Sparsh Ruhela, T Kavin, Tapan Kumar Sabar, Udbhav Sinha, Yash Saini, Yashraj Bagaria

DESIGNED BY: Sharvari Sriram

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As colonies changed, societies changed. Like any other period of architecture, even Baroque architecture changed according to the society‘s wishes.

Societal Impact

The architecture reflevted the hierarchy and the patriarchial emotions of the society prevalent at that time.

It portrayed the magnificence and the power of the Church and the aristocracy.

It was theatrical and dynamic. Theatrics were used to overwhelm the visitors and bring them into the Church‘s embrace.

Baroque style portrayed a fascination for exotic, precious materials whose need arose due to the Church‘s and the aristocracy‘s wish of showing off their magnificence.

As the society impacted architecture, particular architectural elements changed too. The report ahead notes down the observations made by our group regarding these architectural changes.

Plan Details

The fundamental characteristic of Baroque plan was dynamism (normally a sense of motion). Strong curves, rich decoration, and general complexity are all typical features of Baroque architecture or plans. While the full-blown Baroque style was embraced in southern Western Europe, northern Western Europe struck a classical-Baroque compromise.

Eventually, the age of Baroque was a time when great strides were made in science and mathematics-witnessed the construction of some of the world’s most magnificent buildings.

Most of the plans were derived from basic geometric shapes, an example of which can be seen in the geometrical scheme of Borromini’s Sant ‘Ivo.

PROJECT BY:

Sharvari Sriram, S Sivavel, Soumya Tarafdar, Sparsh Ruhela, T Kavin, Tapan Kumar Sabar,

Udbhav Sinha, Yash Saini, Yashraj Bagaria

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Here, we can see a harmony between the sharp edges and the curves or spheres. And in the other plans too we can see a clustering of oval, circle and rectangles.

While analysing the baroque architecture, we saw that England should also be noted in a discussion of Baroque architecture, for two reasons.

Firstly, this period was featured by Christopher Wren, who was considered as the greatest of all English architects. Wren designed lots of London‘s buildings after the Great Fire,

including, St Paul‘s Cathedral (his masterpiece).Secondly, the Baroque age has witnessed the rise of Palladian style architecture in England, which became massively popular during the subsequent Neoclassical period.

Domes

The Baroque Empire witnesses a huge variety in the look of their domes. Some of the common types of domes are:

• Onion Domes• Oval Domes• Ottoman Domes

Onion Domes:

These domes are shaped in the form of an onion and became a popular element of the Baroque architecture of Central Europe possibly inspired by the finials of minarets in Egypt and Syria. One such example is the Smolney Convent/Cathedral, Russia.

Oval Domes:

Oval plan churches became a type in the

PROJECT BY:

Sharvari Sriram, S Sivavel, Soum

ya Tarafdar, Sparsh Ruhela, T Kavin, Tapan Kum

ar Sabar, Udbhav Sinha, Yash Saini, Yashraj Bagaria

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Renaissance and popular in the Baroque style. Famous example: Santuario di Vicoforte built by Francesco Gallo with major and minor diameters 36 and 25 respectively. This shows the use of perfect square numbers(mathematical precisions) in their architecture.

Ottoman Domes:

The first large Imperial Mosque of Istanbul in the imported Baroque style was the Nuruosmaniye Mosque (1748–1755). The muquarnas along the arches of the mosque are Baroque and major form of decoration. This establishes a relationship that the building stands as an architectural fusion between Islamic architecture and Baroque Architecture.

Illusion

Baroque architecture used tricks and illusions to portray its magnificence. It used visual and theatrical illusions aimed to surprise the viewers.

These illusions were created in the following ways:

• Usage of convex and concave archs, curved walls to give an illusion of increased area.

• Usage of light and shadow to trick the eyes of the users to make them believe that they are looking at a bigger area.

• Through paintings which gave 3D illusion.• Through usage of opulent colour to give

an illusion of magnificence.

Light and shadow

Certain specific characteristics were seen with respect to the use of light and shadow in Baroque architecture:

The use of movement like a curving wall like a fountain with jets of water, a figure portrayed as making a vigorous action; to suggest infinity like a fresco giving the illusion of a boundless sky, a trick of mirrors; light and its effects even through art and the tendency to disregard the boundaries between the various forms of art and to mix together architecture,

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE ARP IIT KHARAGPURPRO

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painting and sculpture.

It meant to emphasise on drama and theatricality by using certain elements of illusion and certain meaning. It played with light and shadow, stairs and columns, paintings, sculptures, materials etc in both the interiors and the exterior. It is interesting to see how the architects then merged illusion with geometry to create fantastic elements within their structure. The geometry was maintained by larger elements such as plans, columns, domes on the exterior and disrupted by different sculptures, paintings etc.

Certain elements of these illusions were discovered by the Greats then, namely Bernini, Borromini, Caravaggio amongst few. One such method used was the Chiaroscuro effect meant to produce high contrast in certain paintings and the materials used in the interiors to maintain the interplay of light and dark. Not only this but the careful positioning of windows and use of glass in areas such as the domes on the roof created geometrical illusions making the naked eye perceive them as structural elements until they changed with the passage of the day.

Other prominent features

Incomplete architectural elements

Incomplete architectural elements, such as frontons with sections missing, were used which caused sections to merge and disoriented the eye.

Ornaments

Ornaments, plaster and marble finishing was given to give it a decorative look.

Naves

The churches of this era, were characterized by oval forms broad naves i.e. the central part of a church where services were held.

Columns and Stairs

Columns in this era were twisted in nature to give it a dynamic feel. Sprial columns give an illusion of motion.

The dynamic rhythm of columns and pilasters , central massing, and the protrusion

and condensed central decoration add complexity to the structure.

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Paintings, frescoes and sculptures

Baroque art reflected the religious tensions of the time, especially the Catholic Church in Rome’s desire to reassert its authority. Baroque painting is associated with the Baroque cultural movement, which began in Italy in the 17th century. It encompasses a great range of styles , as most important and major painting during the period beginning around 1600 and continuing into the early 18th century is identified today as Baroque painting. In its most typical manifestations, Baroque art is characterized by great drama, rich, deep color, and intense light and dark shadows.

Baroque sculpture attempted to capture dynamic movement of human figures, spiraling around an empty central vortex or reaching outwards into the surrounding space Baroque sculpture was meant to be viewed from all angles and displayed centrally, rather than against a wall.Gian Lorenzo Bernini was the most important Italian sculptor during the Baroque Period, both in Rome and throughout Europe.

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE ARP IIT KHARAGPUR BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE ARP IIT KHARAGPUR

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Materials

Since Baroque was an architecture of power, it was often used for religious buildings and royal residences. In English baroque period After the fire in 1666, architect Christopher Wren, took the lead and began to rebuild numerous churches using the Baroque style. Baroque architects decided to cast wood aside and use brick and stone in the construction of new buildings. Limestone and slate were often used for the exteriors, and more noble materials, like red and gray granite, were often used for the interiors. Structure systems were made of red brick, Chilmark stone. Other materials like Portland stone were used to build St Paul’s cathedral.In the period of Russian baroque constructions were made of red brick and abundant white stone embellishments on the facades. Nobel materials were used for interiors. For example, the Elizabethan baroque known for rococo style, golden splendor decorations, the use of two to three shades of color for the facades, the refinement added by their gliding, give the building a particular style. The Elizabethan Baroque style is also found in the works of Muscovite architects of the mid-eighteenth century.

Italian Baroque is a stylistic period in Italian history. Carving was the preferred method of decorative furniture, while walnut was the primary furniture wood, the furniture or art was ornamented and highly detailed, with mermaids, nymphs, cherubs, angels and mirrors

In French baroque period Domes were incorporated in many buildings to emphasise their importance. The dome and dormer windows are clad in copper, which develops a coating of green Verdigris as it weathers. The copper is purely decorative and conceals a reinforced concrete structure.

The chapel by mansard uses a marble tiled floor & a gilded entablature to pop out the plaster ornament. Paintings, Sculptors, columns and other decorations in the Hall of Mirrors were made of using rich marbles, polychrome stone, bronze, Mirrors and gilded stucco. Interior decoration was highly ornamental, with many architectural elements like mouldings in walls and ceilings, wood carvings, brass applications and mirrors. Silk & velvet wall covering along with plaster entablature with both glided & painted ornamentation mimics the style of the French Baroque in Versailles.


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Interior Design

Glamour, luxury, and dramatic impression dominates this interior style. The luxuriousness of Baroque style can be seen in the materials used like gold, silver, ivory color, or any precious stones. Baroque style is also very, very detailed work. We observe that one from the wood carvings, ornaments, curved furniture, carved details, gilding, frame moldings, etc. They use a lot of luxurious textiles like velvet or silk for furniture, floor to ceiling window coverings, even wall coverings. Baroque style also has a lot of natural patterns, like birds or flowers.As a decoration, so often we found crystal chandelier, large mirrors, door knobs, sculpture, large paintings, and hand woven rugs in this style. And the materials which used for the floor is also the high end one like wood or marbles.We can found many buildings, especially houses, that adapt Baroque style in the Europe, especially the Royal Family house. Expensive materials which used to build and decorate Baroque style doesn’t make everyone could adapt this style. Only the noble one who can adapt it very very detailed. Even though many people trying to design their house with Baroque style, the detail isn’t as much shown as the real ‘Baroque’ in its era. They only adapt the shapes, colors, decorations, but doesn’t pay much attention to the materials. They change the materials to the look-alike one to save the budget.characterized by great drama, rich, deep color, and intense light and dark shadows.

Baroque sculpture attempted to capture dynamic movement of human figures, spiraling around an empty central vortex or reaching outwards into the surrounding space Baroque sculpture was meant to be viewed from all angles and displayed centrally, rather than against a wall.Gian Lorenzo Bernini was the most important Italian sculptor during the Baroque Period, both in Rome and throughout Europe.


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Baroque Vs Rococo

The latter part of baroque style of architecture was called Rococo. This part of the report deals with the differences between baroque and rococo style of architecture to understand what makes baroque and rococo style unique.

Baroque style used a lot of curves and theatricals which showed ceremony and formality whereas rococo style represented informality and comfort.


PROJECT BY:

Sharvari Sriram, S Sivavel, Soumya Tarafdar, Sparsh Ruhela, T Kavin, Tapan Kumar Sabar, Udbhav Sinha, Yash Saini, Yashraj Bagaria

Baroque architecture represented boldness which could be seen in its colours, use of light, use of ornamentation and furniture. Whereas rococo was gentler. It can be seen in its soft white, gold and pastel colours, use of light1to make a cozy space, use of asymmetrical ornamentations, and its delicate furniture.

In Baroque style, two story salon was common which showed grandeur. In rococo, a single style salon represented intimacy.


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Documents

Baroque Architecture