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CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS

AND HARBOUR

ENGINEERING5th Semester

B.E. Civil Engineering

June 2014 – Nov 2014

N.Chenthil Kumari, APC!"!#S#AEC

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12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS

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Railway Engineering



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Elements of Railway tracks

Element !" R#$l%#& t'#()

$he tra%& on a rail'a( or railroa), also &no'n as the*ermanent 'a(, is the stru%ture %onsisting o+ the rails,+asteners, slee*ers an) allast -or sla tra%&, *lus theun)erl(ing su gra)e.

/or %larit( it is o+ten re+erre) to as rail'a( tra%& orr a i l r o a) t r a%&. B#ll#t

sihaul:deIJ

3

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Track FormationT*e +'+!e !" t'#() $ t! t'#n"e' t'#$n l!#- t! t*e "!'m#t$!n.

Re$'ement "!' C*!!$n # T'#() S&tem

T'#$n 'nn$n !n T'#() -! n!t (#e e(e$e en$'!nment#l +!llt$!n $n

t*e "!'m !" n!$e #n- '!n- $'#t$!n.

1. 5#$nten#n(e *!l- e l!% #n- # $ne+en$e # +!$le

2. C!t !" t*e t!t#l e'$(e l$"e !" t*e t'#() mt e # l!% # +!$le.

6#'ell$$n$

.. ' / ....... Sfeeper

Subgrade Subgrade

4

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lsleeper

T*e l!#- t'#n"e' %!') !n t*e +'$n($+le !" t'e 'e-(t$!n 7 l#&e' &

l#&e'.

1. $he greatest stress o%%urset'een 'heel an) railan) is in the or)er o+ 0

Ale P 8 200 kN

W*eel Q = 100 l)9

~~-~~

5e#n t'e#'e# Ileel (under '#$l :50 %)

AH 8 1 em: W*ee;'#$l :Ott 8 :100000 IN/em:

&N%m2 - 00 Pa.

2. Bet'een rail an) slee*erthe stress is t'o or)erssmaller an) )iminisheset'een slee*er an)

allast e) )o'n to aout0 N%m2.

. /inall( the stress on the

9 8 200 em: R#$;'#$ll+#- ,#l$$ 8 2 INlem?l#e+l#te

~::':::::::=~:::,9:S

8;

7

I50

~e-

m-

:-

B#e+l#te :Ot.. 8 @0

IiIlcm'

:A! = 9

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Type of Railway System1. ran 5ail'a( $ransit6

Urban rail transit is an all-encompassing term for varioustypes of local rail systems providing passenger servicewithin and around urban or older suburban areas.

T&+e #> T'#m Trams are systems that run mainly or completely along streets, with low

capacity and frequent stops. Passengers usually board at street- or curb-level

> L$*t Rail : Light rail is a relatively new term, as an outgrowth of trams/streetcars.Speeds are usually higher, and articulated vehicles may be used to increasecapacity.

(> R#+$- T'#n$t rapid transit , underground , subway , tube, elevated , ormetro(politan) system is a railway!usually in an urban area!with a high capacity and frequency of service, and grade separation from other traffic.

d" #ono Rail: Monorail is a metro or railroad with a trac$ consisting of a single rail %actually a beam", as opposed to the traditional trac$ with two parallel rail s. #onorail vehicles are wider than the beam they run on. 12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS

AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_trackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_trackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_tracks

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Type of Railway System1. S'#n/R'#l R#$l%#& Suburb m!tl& 'e"e' t! # 'e$-ent$#l

#'e#. T*e& m#& e t*e 'e$-ent$#l #'e# !" # ($t&, !' e+#'#te 'e$-ent$#l(!mmn$t$e %$t*$n (!mmt$n -$t#n(e !" # ($t&.

T&+e a) Regional/Commuter Rail &ommuter rail, also called suburban rail, is a passenger

rail transport service between a city center, and outer suburbs and commuter townsor other locations that draw large numbers of commuters!people who travel on adaily basis. Re$!n#l '#$l !' (!mmte' '#$l 'n !n t'#()#e !"ten *#'e- %$t*$nte'($t& '#$l #n- "'e$*t t'#$n

b) Intercity Rail: 'nter-city rail services are e(press passenger train services that cover longer distances than commuter or regional trains.

c) Freight Trains: freight train or goods train is a group of freight cars %)S" or goods wagons % )'& " hauled by one or more locomotives on a railway,ultimately

transporting cargo between two points as part of 1t 2h/2e/20l 1o4gisCt Eic 23s03c Rh AaILi Wn A.YS,AIRPORTS

AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING @

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Railwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Railwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Railways

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1. 5ails2. Con%rete Slee*ers

. /astenings

4.S'it%hes 7 Crossings -$urnouts

Permanent Way Materials12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS


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Bll He#-e-

R#$l

Rnn$n S'"#(e

6$el- C!'ne' R#$l C'!%n

Re$!n&Il # 9G#e .C!'ne'

77:777 ... Re$!n

6$el- 6#(e HeadG#eC!'ne' G#e 6#(e

Running Rails

7... IHe#-lWe 7..7.77

T'#n$t$!n I

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T!+ !" 6!!t I~-----()"-

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B!tt!m !" 6!!t ICent'e L$ne

T!e

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A. /ish Plate Joints

B. /lash Butt 8el)ing

C5.e(A*#lunm$(#il

nRo#$$l

hF!

e$

nrtm

it 8el)ing

9. !nsulate) 5ail Joints

R#$l me(*#n$(#l !$nt *#e een e- $n t*e '#$l%#& $n-t'& t! $m+'!et*e l#te'#l #n- e't$(#l #l$nment !" t*e '#$l #t t*e$' en-.

Rail oints

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A. 6$* Pl#te F!$nt

A $llt'#te- $n t*e 6$'e, t*e n!'m#l '#$l !$nt (!n$t !" "$*+l#te t*#t #'e

!lte- #t t*e '#$l en- t*'!* # nme' !" !lt *!le =e$t*e' t%! !' t*'ee

!' m!'e> t*#t *#e een -'$lle- ne#' t*e net'#l #$ $n t*e '#$l %e.

B!lt

Rail oints6$*+l#te 12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS


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B. Inl#te- R#$l F!$nt

1. B!n-e- $nl#te- !$nt $n '#$l e+#'#te

ele(t'$( ($'($t $n t'#() #n- t'n!t.Inl#t$!n

2. T! +'!$-e t'#() ement $!l#t$!n "!' t*e t'#()

($'($t'& +#e- t*'!* t*e '#$l t*$ ($'($t'& $

e- t! $-ent$"& t'#$n l!(#t$!n #n- t! (!nt'!l

$n#ll$n.6$*+l#te

B!lt

Rail oints12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS

AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING12

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C. Alm$n! T*e'm$t Wel-$n1. In t*$ +'!(e, t*e *$*l& e!t*e'm$( 'e#(t$!n

et%een #lm$n$m #n- $'!n !$-e 'elt $n

t*e +'!-(t$!n !" m!lten teel %*$(* $ +!'e-

$nt! # m!l- #'!n- t*e #+ t! e %el-e-.H ER!"-re-Sto#l

THER5IT77teel

THER5I:7:7A($e' E$R%-iegel

Sinle-use rusi#lereuse $Je"#le

Riegelform&tuk

di*ererplu +"rm par

r"+le

2. #ermitJ $ t*e t'#-e n#me "!' !ne !" t*e

'#nl#' m$t'e !" #lm$n$m met#l #n-

+!%-e'e- "e''$( !$-e. In$t$!n !" t*e T*e'm$t $

#ll& (#''$e- !t & l$*t$n # m#ne$m

'$!n !' +#')le'.

Rail oints12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS

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Rail ointsD. 6l#* Btt Wel-$n

Mo!ile Flash Butt Welding "roup is )e)i%ate) to*er+orming high :ualit( 'el)s an) to meet all the %lientnee)s. Alstom;s latest arrival moile 'el)er, the S%hlatterAS100 series that has een e:ui**e) 'ith the ne' state<o+

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Rail oints

I n7T'#() R#$l Wel-$n =Tnnel> K C$'(le L$ne P'! e(t, S$n#+!'e

R#$l #'e %el-e- t!et*e' t! 'e(l#$m 1m !" '#$l $nt! l!ne' lent* t'$+.

T*$ (#n #$t t*e t'#() %el-$n +'!-(t$!n %$t* greater produ'ti(ity gain&

CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING

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A railway &leeper $ # 'e(t#nl#' !e(t e- # # #e "!' '# $ l' ! #- t'#(). T$e #'e meme' ene'#ll& l#$- t'#ne'e t! t*e '#$l, !n %*$(* t*e '#$l #'e++!'te- #n- "$e-, t! t'#n"e' t*e l!#- "'!m '#$l t! t*e #ll#t #n-'#-e, #n- t! *!l- t*e '#$l t! t*e (!''e(t #e.

ype& of Sleeper&

Steel Slee+e'

S lWe!!e-epn Seleer+es' C!n('ete Slee+e' 12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_trackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_trackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_trackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_tracks

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*r e -Str e & & ed Con'r e te Sle e per& A 'on'rete &leeper $ # '#$l'!#- t$e

m#-e !t !" teel 'e$n"!'(e-

(!n('ete.

Sleepers12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS

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T*e fa&tening of rail& i& u&ually t#)en (#'e !" & t*e "#tene' $me--e- $nt! t*e (!n('ete.

I!T"LL#$

%&!ITI& oe Inl#lO"

Cl$+I

S*Ol-e'

Fastenings12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS


1

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I

Inte'e(t!n +!$ nl&l~mpin I=M*eell>

"l$"$O$l$l$t !" t'n!t

St!() l'#$:l

S%,$t-* +!$ nt

S%,L-* l#-e

Rellll' !" ,iIJl maul

Tl*''!* I'.#$$l

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~ &. $". 0$- - - $ . $$ ~$ $- ---/'5 ;; $$!':

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L

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R8 m

t n

Switches $ %rossings &Turnouts'

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Rail "auge $ra%& gauge or rail gauge is the )istan%e et'een theinner si)es o+ the hea)s o+ the t'o loa) earing rails thatma&e u* a single rail'a( line.

Si>t( *er%ent o+ the 'orl)?s rail'a(s use a stan)ar)

gauge o+ 1,43 mm -4 +t @ in. 8i)er gauges are %alle)roa) gauge smaller gauges, narro' gauge. Brea&

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Types of "auges The standard gauge -also name) the Ste*henson gauge a+tereorge Ste*henson, or normal gauge is a 'i)el(imatel( D0 o+ the 'orl)?s e>isting rail'a( lines areuilt to this gauge.

E>%e*t +or 5ussia an) /inlan), all high

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9i++erent gauges, +rom le+t6 143mm,1000mm an) D00mm, on )is*la( at Chinese5ail'a(s useum.< The most widely used narrow gauges are

< 1,0DG mm - +t D in Ca*e gauge< 1,000 mm - +t F@ in meter gauge

< GD2 mm -2 +t D in

8hen a rail'a( line o+ one gauge meets a line o+ anothergauge there is a !reak of gauge. A rea& o+ gauge

a))s %ost an) in%onvenien%e to tra++i% that *asses +romone s(stem to another.(ual gauge allo's trains o+ )i++erent gauges to share the

same tra%&



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Railway Sleepers

9e*en)ing u*on the *osition in a rail'a( tra%&, slee*ers ma( e%lassi+ie) as6 $hese are the earl( +orm o+ slee*ers 'hi%h are not %ommonl(

use) no'a)a(s

Longitudinal Sleepers6 !t %onsists o+ slas o+ stones or *ie%es o+ 'oo)s *la%e) *arallel to an) un)erneath the rails. $o maintain%orre%t gauge o+ the tra%&, %ross *ie%es are *rovi)e) at regularintervals.

At *resent this t(*e o+ slee*ers are )is%ar)e) mainl( e%ause o+ the+ollo'ing reasons. 5unning o+ the train is not smooth 'hen this t(*e o+ slee*ers is use). Noise %reate) ( the tra%& is %onsi)erale.

Cost is high.

Trans#erse Sleepers) $ransverse slee*ers intro)u%e) in 1@3 an)sin%e then the( are universall( use). $imer'oo)en slee*ers Steel slee*ers Cast !ron Slee*ers Con%rete Slee*ers



m er eepers

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m er eepers $he timer slee*ers nearl( +ul+ille) all the re:uirements o+ i)eal slee*ers

an) hen%e the( are universall( use). $he 'oo) use) ma( e li&e tea&, salet% or it ma( e %oni+erous li&e *ine. $he salient +eatures o+ timer'oo)en slee*ers 'ith a)vantages an) )isa)vantages.

*d#antages of Tim!er Sleepers

$he( are mu%h use+ul +or heav( loa)s an) high s*ee)s $he( have long li+e o+ 10*ensive )a( ( )a( #i+e is shorter %om*are to others



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(isad#antages of Tim!er Sleepers

#iale to e atta%&e) ( vermin so, the( must e *ro*erl(treate) e+ore use

#iale to %at%h +ire

$he( )o not resist %ree*

$he( are a++e%te) ( )r( an) 'et rot

Be%ome e>*ensive )a( ( )a(

#i+e is shorter %om*are to others


AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING 2<

ee s eeper's

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ee s eeper' s

$he( are in the +orm o+ steel trough inverte) on 'hi%h railsare +i>e) )ire%tl( ( &e(s or nuts an) olts an) use) alongsu++i%ient length o+ tra%&s.

*d#antages of Steel Sleepers

Have a use+ul li+e o+ 20

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the &e(s are over )riven

er as there is not %ushion

12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,

AND HARBOUR EN

(isad#antages of Steel sleepers

#iale to %orrosion ( moisture an) shoul) not e%ause in salt(regions

oo) insulators an) hen%e %annot e use) in tra%& %ir%uite)

regions Cannot e use) +or all se%tions o+ rails an) gauges

Shoul) not e lai) 'ith an( other t(*es o+ allast e>%e*t store

"er( %ostl(

Can a)l( )amage) un)er )erailments

8a( gauge is otaine) i+

$he rail seat is 'ea&er

Having goo) sho%& asor et'een rail+oot an) allast

AIRPORTS

GINEERING 2@

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$he( %onsist o+ t'o *ots or *lates 'ith ri an) %onne%te) (

'rought iron tie ar o+ se%tion o+ aout 2I I ea%h *ot or *late is*la%e) elo' ea%h rail. $he *ot is oval in sha*e 'ith larger)iameter 2?

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! n ( 'e e slleeeep+eer's

5.C.C an) *re

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9isa)vantages Con%rete Slee*ersL 9i++i%ult to e han)le)

L 9i++i%ult to e manu+a%ture) in )i++erent sies thus

%annot e use) in ri)ges an) %rossingL Can e )amage) easil( 'hile loa)ing an) unloa)ing



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) g r a)e.

)s.

E2303 RAILW AYS,AIRPO RT S

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Ballast

(efinition)

!t is a la(er o+ ro&en stones, gravel or an( othersu%h gritt( material lai) an) *a%&e) elo' an)aroun) slee*ers.

/unctions of !allast)$o )istriute the loa)s uni+orml( over thesugra)e.

$o *rovi)e goo) )rainage +or the tra%& stru%ture.$o *rovi)e elasti%it( an) resilien%e to tra%& +or

getting *ro*er ri)ing %om+ort.

$o hel) the tra%& stru%ture to line an$o re)u%e )ust.

$o *revent gro'th o+ rush an) 'ee

12/2/2014 C

A

A goo) allast shoul) e strong har)

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A goo) allast shoul) e strong, har) 'earing, stale,)rainale, eas( to %lean, 'or&ale, resistant to)e+ormation, easil( availale, an) reasonal( %hea* to*ur%hase.

Earl( rail'a( engineers )i) not un)erstan) theim*ortan%e o+ :ualit( tra%& allast the( 'oul) use %hea*

an) easil(es. !t 'as soon %lear that goo)

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( %ur v e , 'ith

14 CE2303 RAILW AYS,AIRPO RT S

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Ra roa sw tc

A railroa) s'it%h, turnout or Mset o+ *oints is a me%hani%alinstallation enaling rail'a( trains to e gui)e) +rom onetra%& to another, su%h as at a rail'a( =un%tion or 'here a

s*ur or si)ing ran%hes o++.

A s'it%h generall( has a straight IthroughI tra%& -su%h asthe main

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Single Track and (ou!le Track

A )oule

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+irport !arking& , Sign&

!ntro)u%ing Sur+a%e ovementui)an%e 7 Con12/2t

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l/2r01o4 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING 3<

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A+I"RRP*O%RR

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2LA+ND"ING,3 %ORR T+ A4I"I"NG..

TYPES 6OUND ON AIRPORTS INCLUDE

5ANDATORY SIGNS

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LOCATION SIGNS

DIRECTION SIGNS

DESTINATION SIGNS SPECIAL IN6OR5ATION SIGNS



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WHITE INSCRIPTIONS ON A RED BACGROUND

REUIRES CLEARANCE BE6ORE ENTERING =DUE

CAUTION AT UNCONTROLLED AIRPORTS>

!+N+%R5 S"NS12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS


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! c$

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++****RR%%++CCHH %%RR

EE**++RR$$RREE

+ ARREE A+ HH%O2LD

CONTROLLED AIRPORT 77 HOLD WHEN

INSTRUCTED

NONCONTROLLED AIRPORT 77 PROCEED WHEN

NO TRA66IC CON6LICT EISTS

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"N"N""CC++EESS

++NN "2ILSS

CCIRR """CC++22

++RREE++

HOLD WHEN INSTRUCTED BY ATC WHEN

APPROACHES ARE BEING 5ADE WITH

;ISIBILITY LESS THAN 2 5ILES OR CEILING

LESS THAN 00 6EET

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""NN""'CC++EESS

++RREE++SS

WWHHEERREE

++""RRCCRR++11 + AIRREE 11%%RR66""'EEN%

"EEINEERR

DO NOT ENTER

IDENTI6IES PA;ED AREAS WHERE AIRCRA6T

ENTRY IS PROHIBITED

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H$US:7,:.:,?U?,1C"N"CC+

+EESS

HH

S

S--7

I,: I$ . I

I? I

I . .

I , $: 1 ? I

1 ,,: I

LAND AND HOLD SHORT POINT 6OR OTHER

THAN INTERSECTING RUNWAYS

AS INSTRUCTED BY ATC

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2L%OCC+ AEED %0 N THEE R$NW+5

22

IDENTI6IES RUNWAY ON WHICH AIRCRA6TIS LOCATED

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AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING 4<

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22%%CC++EEID

++

HEE EEEE %%11

*PRRO%TEECCEED ++RREE++ 16%O:RR

RR U$NW+'A 5Y

IDENTI6IES THE BOUNDARY O6 THE RUNWAY

PROTECTED AREA ON CONTROLLED AIRPORTS

IT IS INTENDED THAT PILOTS EITING THIS AREA WOULD USE THIS SIGN AS A GUIDETO FUDGE WHEN THE AIRCRA6T IS CLEARO6 THE PROTECTED AREA


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22%%CC++EE

++ HEEEEEE

%O:16 HHEE ""22SSCCRR"""CC++22

++RREE++

IDENTI6IES THE BOUNDARY O6 THE ILSCRITICAL AREA ON CONTROLLED

AIRPORTS

IT IS INTENDED THAT PILOTS EITING THIS AREA WOULD USE THIS SIGN AS A GUIDE TO

FUDGE WHEN THE AIRCRA6T IS CLEAR O6 THE

ILS CRITICAL AREA

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"REC"%N S"NS

BLAC INSCRIPTIONS ON A YELLOW

BACGROUND =ALWAYS HAS AN ARROW>

PRO;IDES DIRECTIONAL IN6OR5ATION



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2LO%CC A+T

EED %ONN

T+ A4I"WW

A+Y 5

THHEE

PRO;IDES GENERAL TAIING DIRECTION TONA5ED RUNWAY

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SI5ILAR TO DIRECTION SIGNS ECEPT THAT THEY

POINT TOWARD A GENERAL LOCATION SUCH AS

APRON 6UEL TER5

CI;IL 5IL PA

CARGO INT 6BO

A DOT => IS READ AS ANDJ

ES"N+"%N S"NS12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS


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SUCH AS NOISE ABATE5ENT PROCEDURES 77

HA;E BLAC INSCRIPTIONS ON A

YELLOW BACGROUND

DISTANCE RE5AINING SIGNS HA;E A SINGLE

WHITE NU5BER ON A BLAC BACGROUND 20

TO @< 6EET 6RO5 THE PA;E5ENT EDGE,

DEPENDING UPON THE SIVE O6 THE SIGN

S*EC"+2 "N1%R!+"%N S"INS12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS


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2L%OCC+ AEE.

D %0 N HEER$NW+5

PRO;IDES RE5AINING RUNWAY LENGTH IN

1,000 6OOT INCRE5ENTS


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APPLIES TO BOTH AIR CREW AND ;EHICLE

OPERATORS

TAI ROUTES TO AND 6RO5 THE S5GCSRUNWAY 5UST BE DESIGNATED AND

DISPLAYED ON A S5GCS LOW ;ISIBILITY

TAI

ROUTE CHART

S!CS 8'ont.)

12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS AIRPORTS

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(

STOP BAR LIGHTS

RUNWAY GUARD LIGHTS

TAIWAY CENTERLINE LIGHTING

GEOGRAPHIC POSITION 5ARINGS

CLEARANCE BAR LIGHTSS!CS 1E+$RES "NC2$E



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S%* 6+R

2"HS

REUIRED AT INTERSECTIONS O6 AN ILLU5INATED

=CENTERLINE LIGHTED> TAIWAY AND AN ACTI;E

RUNWAY 6OR OPERATIONS LESS THAN 00 6EETR;R

CONSIST O6 A ROW O6 RED UNIDIRECTIONAL, IN7

PA;E5ENT LIGHTS INSTALLED ALONG THEHOLDING POSITION 5ARING



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S%* 6+R 2"HS 8'ont.)

WHEN TURNED O66 BY THE CONTROLLER,THEY CON6IR5 CLEARANCE 6OR THE PILOT OR

;EHICLE TO ENTER THE RUNWAY

OPERATE IN CONFUNCTION WITH GREENCENTERLINE LEADON LIGHTS



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NE;ER CROSS ANILLU5INATED

W+RREDN"SNT

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OP BAR12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS


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••I

WILL BE INSTALLED AT ALL TAIWAYSWHICH PRO;IDE ACCESS TO AN ACTI;E

RUNWAY

ALTERNATELY 6LASHING YELLOW LIGHTS

USED TO DENOTE BOTH THE PRESENCE O6 AN ACTI;E RUNWAY AND IDENTI6Y THELOCATION O6 A RUNWAY HOLDINGPOSITION 5ARING

R$NW+5 $+R 2"HITS12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS


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+4"W+5 CENER2"INE

2"H"N

GUIDE GROUND TRA66IC UNDER LOW

;ISIBILITY CONDITIONS AND DURINGDARNESS

CONSIST O6 GREEN INPA;E5ENT LIGHTS



:

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..,H:19 -

l

-!'$

6OR POSITION REPORTING

E%R+*H"C *%S""%N .?99

:T7:

..9.

..

') .l. :_=:.Jt

!+R"NSt..9

G.... -.:

+$$ ' 33

:9 $$$$

A PIN SPOTJ OUTLINED WITH A BLAC AND

WHITE CIRCLE AND DESIGNATED WITH A

NU5BER AND/OR LETTER

ATC WILL ;ERI6Y THE POSITION O6

AIRCRA6T AND ;EHICLES USING

GEOGRAPHIC POSITION 5ARINGS

CAN BE USED EITHER AS HOLD POINTS OR



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C2E+R+NCE 6+R

2"HS

THREE YELLOW IN7PA;E5ENT CLEARANCE

BAR LIGHTS

USED TO DENOTE HOLDING POSITIONS 6OR

AIRCRA6T AND ;EHICLES

CO7LOCATED WITH GEOGRAPHIC POSITION5ARINGS WHEN USED 6OR HOLD POINTS



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6OR ADDITIONAL S5GCS IN6OR5ATION

RE6ER TO THE AERONAUTICAL

IN6OR5ATION 5ANUAL OR THE

PARTICULAR AIRPORTS

S5GCS LOW ;ISIBILITY TAI ROUTE CHART

S!5

GCCS A+I"RRP*O%RTS !5+ A 5Y

N%OT

HH+ A0;EE

+2LL2 %O16 HHEESEE

16EE+ U$R EES

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16EE+ 9U$R EES12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS


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-%E. /01

+ntroduction to -cean $ %oastal Engineering

Coastal Pro%esses 7 Stru%turesJun Ohang

Ju n < h a n gta m u .e)u



mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]

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-~~-~~~

6ea'# *rofile 1ig. =-73 pp7?@

~4~ Blll1ff "$~E,t.arpmem"-'i3!-~~~ ----- S'arp



Con&eAuen'e& of Coa&tal *ro'e&&e&

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Con&eAuen'e& of Coa&tal *ro'e&&e&

6ea'# ero&ion 8Natural or !an-!adeCau&e&)

T#le 471 ++104 =!l- E. ++1>

6ea'# *rote'tion , Nouriment-(!#t#l t'(t'e


AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING @0

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%oastal Erosion


C!#t#l E'!$!n

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H%& @Te# C!#t

In"'#t'(t'e P'!+e't&

En$'!nment12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS


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Beach .ourishment



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Economic#alue of Beaches

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AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING @<

%oastal Processes

Se-$ment T'#n+!'t

W$n- #n- W#e

Coa&tal Stru'ture&

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Coa&tal Stru'ture&6reak water& 8rubble mound3 eet pile3 &tone

a&p#alt3 olo&3 'on'rete 'a&&ion&3 floating&tru'ture&

8'oa&tal , offore))

Bettie& , roin& 8normal to t#e oreline&)

Sea wall&

6ulk#ead&3 Re(etment&3 -tube&

Sand 6ypa&&ing 8'ontinue t#e littoral pro'e&&

pa&&i(e and a'ti(e)12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS


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Breakwaters

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Breakwaters

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6reakwater

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Waterway

.a#igation

Bettie&



limi%: "+ ,a*e .%m2Jl5

6esin mh ,'a%%er

Se""ndar7

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R$662E

!%$N6RE+-

Arm"ur

l$~8'e+

W+ER+'~ure91 .u##le: ;"and B=eml"#:e' in 6e~p ,'a%%er

(a+%er

0ER"C+2 6RE+W+ER 1"$RES

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0ER"C+2 6RE+W+ER 1"$RES

a) Berical aiss"n #) "mp"sie >rea?@aer c) Arm"ured aiss"n



#

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97

a(&

$$+US$G$7T,(e?UUUU

a) Slidin #) &*erurnin

Slip Sur+ace

e&ignCon&ideration

&

c) Selemen +"ll"@ed & slip+ailure and sea@ard il

e)

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Shore Protection Pro2ects3 "roins

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2------------C20102222 ----------- $$-$22$$$$

NOTE D$men$!n, !n- -el!$l " 4.

deermined & p"ricul"r lit. 'ondition&.

PRO6ILE

are S"ne lQu"rr Aun I

0.1. 2 ,3.0

CROSS SECTION




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Shore Protection Pro2ects3 Re#etments

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O!''&t!ne

Un$"!'m7IXe-

( ''n!' ~~"ne' "r '#-e- 'l+'(+

B#

D$L D

In

1' $are! r"unded"$el- t!ne!'m('

G#$!n

I-~' - ---

9777R!(7"$lle-

($!n #)et

"ncree Bee%a%i"nen- ,+l#n-

+e($e (4!3e t*e

$n9e't$==F1 X!ne

7:, t..1'l'* +e($e $n

~e $nten$-!l X!ne



ifferent ind& of olo&

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Con'rete , Reinfor'ed Con'rete

P#'#llele+$+e-*')

D~ed (e=Anl$'e' t>:+e>

Tet'#+!- H#'!C!



olo&

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'''us'n''ion at inl+ttoc$ing #""e(t



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Seawalls

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C!nt'(t$!n !" G#let!n e#%#ll 9 10212/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS


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Ports and 4ar!ors

4

Sand 6ypa&& 1a'ility

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New Sout# Wale& andDu

12/2

e/201

e4 n

CE2

&303

lRA

aILW

n AYS

d,AIRP 3

u&tra AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING

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Bettie& at t#e

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entran'e of

weed Ri(er

%utlet of t#e &and pump



La!oratory Research

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La!oratory Research

Ree#'(* E+e'$en(

"!' Un-e''#-#te

=REU> P'!'#m


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nes %oastal Engineeringoratory

12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRP

4ay

La!ORTS


Wa(e Refra'tion3 iffra'tion , Refle'tio

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K

θ θ

θ

Wa(e Refra'tion T*e -$'e(t$!n !" %#e

m#& (*#ne %*en t*e& ente' "'!m -ee+ t!*#ll!% %#te' !' "'!m *#ll!% t! -ee+ %#te'.

S n e lls la

@ :

s i nθ

=C K

s i n θ2!

C 2

C is %h e p h a s e * e l" c i%7

S#allow-@ K

eep-@

K

eep-7 12/2/2014

CE2303 RAILWASYS#,AaIRlPlOoRwTS-7 AN

2D HARBOUR ENGINEERING

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Wa(e dire'tion i& normal to t#e wa(e

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're&t line

EFample& of Wa(e refra'tion in t#e

'o&tal ;one3 &ee pp 77G 1ig =-@7 8old

Edition pp ? 1ig. =-7@).

Wa(e dire'tion i& normal to ore line.

"n ot#er word&3 wa(e 're&t-line i&

parallel to t#e ore line.



W#e front

Wa(e Refra'tion

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I

Wa(e Refra'tion

"W'#(t$n (l&9- #~2 me-uQIl

%$t* t*e land #n- e# !-

6ea'#Re"'#(t$!n %!l- le#- t! l!n*!'e

-'$"t #n- e#(* e'!$!n $n t*$ #'e#



*#enomena of wa(e oaling 8wa(e enter&

from deep water to allow water)

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from deep water to allow water)

Wa(e refra'tionWa(e lengt# be'ome& orter

Wa(e group (elo'ity i& redu'ed

Wa(e be'ome& &teeper3 w#i'# lead& to

wa(e breaking. Wa(e breaking lead& to t#egeneration of long-ore 'urrent.

efinition of t#e &urf ;one from t#e fir&t

breaker 8due to water dept#) to t#e ore

line.



eneral Refra'tion +naly&i&

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R a y L in

e

- A l" n a r a lin e ! @ a * e d ir e c i" n is a l@ a 7 s

p a r a lle l " i " r @ a * e c r e a lin e is n " r m a l " i$

, a * e e n e r d e n s i - A * e r a e @ a * e e n e r p e r u n i le n h

E = ρ g H

KL = ρ g A

KL K

, a * e r " u p ( e n e r 7 ) * e

l" c i ω 2 kh In in e r m e d ia e @ a e r d e p h

C g=

+

= n C

In d e e p @ ae r ω C

C g = = ! k K s in h K

k h 2

n =K k K K

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=

K k K K

In s h a ll" @ @ a

e r

C g= g h = C

!

n12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS


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, a * e e n e r +lu N

=C

g E

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=

< e n e r c " n s e r * a i" n ( n " @ a * e # r e a ? in )

C g 0

E 0b0 = C

g 2 E 2b

2

S u # s c r ip '0 ' d e n " e si a %

2

d e e p w a t e r

C g 0

= C p 0

K E 2 C g 0b0= =

C p 0

b0

E 0 C g 2 b2 K C g 2b2

H2=

E 2

H E

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H0

E 0 12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING 10<

H2

E 2K K

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2= = K

S K

R

H0

K R

=

K s=

E 0

b

0

b2

C p 0

! ? n " @ n a s h e r e +r a c i" n c " e

++$

! ? n " @ n a s h e s h " a lin c " e ++$

K C g 2



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pp77G-77> 8old edition pp7-@)


Wa(e iffra'tion W*en %#e ene'& $

t'#n"e''e- l#te'#ll& t! %#e -$'e(t$!n t*$

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++3>. =$nte'net e#m+le>

t'#n"e''e- l#te'#ll& t! %#e -$'e(t$!n, t*$

+*en!men!n $ )n!%n # %#e -$""'#(t$!n.

W#e -$""'#(t$!n !((' %*en %#e

+#$n & # &urfa'e pier'ing body. It

m#& !((' $n -ee+ !' *#ll!% %#te'.

An e#m+le $n *#ll!% %#te' $ %#e

-$""'#(t$!n e*$n- # 'e#)e' %#te'. See 6$.4722 #t ++11 =!l- e-$t$!n 6$. 4713 #t



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iure -24$ Ac-rial p#&~4p# &',4B~ dl++racd"+l at luumeJ I$ land $HliIr# r #rea?@aer in C#U'9ml#..12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS

.eprined 1i$ p~rmissii"n (r"m 9 AtBI &&50%'110 $n rlneenl (' eE A

l.N

2D

9H

? A

1

SR

hB

% O 4f1

URPf

E6

Nre

Gd

I /

Nl"

En

ERING 10#an/iol. =6U ell6. n 'e"e'enee>,

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W a ( e Refl e 't ion a n d ran & m i& & io n %*en

t*e %#te' -e+t* --enl& (*#ne +#'t !" t*e

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t*e %#te' -e+t* --enl& (*#ne, +#'t !" t*e

$n($-ent %#e ene'& $ 'e"le(te- $n t*e

-$'e(t$!n !++!$te t! t*e $n($-ent %#e

-$'e(t$!n, +#'t ene'& (!nt$ne t! +'!+##te

=t'#nm$t> $n t*e $n($-ent %#e -$'e(t$!n.

Hi: in c id e n @ a * e h e

i h %;

Hr: r e +le c % e d @ a * e h e

i h %

Ht: %r a n s m i%%e d @ a * e h e i h %

H . e +le c %i" n " e ++$

Cr=

r;

Hi

H r a n s m is s i" n " e ++$ C t =

H

t 12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING 10

H

8/19/2019 CE2303 ppt

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Hi

. e +le c %i" n " e ++$ " + a p la n e s l" p e

%a n β

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S u r f p a r a m e te r

ξ =

%a n β

@ h e re

β is %h e s l" p e

Hi

L L0

Hi

is %h e in c id e n @ a * e h e i h %

L0

is %h e @ a * e le n h in d e e p @ a %e r$

U$n 6$ 4723 #t ++ 120 =!l- e-$t$!n 6$. 4714

#t ++ 4>, &! m#& -ete'm$ne t*e 'e"le(t$!n

(!e""$($ent #e- +!n t*e '" +#'#mete'.



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Wa(e Runup

W#e 'n+ $ $m+!'t#nt t! t*e -e$n !"

8/19/2019 CE2303 ppt

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0

+ +

t*e *e$*t !" (!#t#l t'(t'e, (* #

e#%#ll #n- 'e#)%#te'.

E u n (2 9 5 9 )

R

= ξ =a n

θ +" r a nθ > 0 $2

H H L L

@ h e

re

R is h e @ a * e ru n u p $

H is h e @ a * e h e i h

s e e i $ -K (p 2 K 2 )

(" ld e d i i" n i $ -2 5 (p 912/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING 111

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Sediment ran&port

γ g4

8/19/2019 CE2303 ppt

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= γ g

> u " a n c in de N :

s

− 2 s

γ ν K

@ h e

r es

%h e s p e c i+ic @ e i h " + a s p h e r e

γ %h e s p e c i+ic @ e i h " + + lu id

s

%h e d ia m e %e r " + s p h e r e

ν %h e ? in e m a ic * is c " s i " + + lu id $

> e c a u s e %h e d ia m e %e r " + %h e s e d im e n is n " %u n i+" r m !

s

is r e p la c e #

5 0

! @ h ic h is %h e

m e d ia n d ia m e %e r " + %h e s e d im e n %$

B is n " n -d im e n s i" n12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS


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a l$

Sediment ran&port

4

8/19/2019 CE2303 ppt

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=

s

γ g4

> u " a n c in de N :

s

− 2

s

γ ν K

γ In e n e ra

l!

s

γ

> 2! %h a is ! %h e s e d im e n p a r %ic le is

h e a * ie r %h a n @ a %e r$ H h e s u # m e r e d @ e i h " + %he

p a r %ic le is p r" p " r %i" n a l "4 a n d %h e +a l lin * e l" c i%

d e c re a s e s @ ih %h e in c re a s e in * is c " s i " + @ a % e

r$

E e n c e ! s m a lle r # u " a n c in d e N in d ic a %e s s m a lle

r +a llin * e l" c i a n d la r e r # u " a n c in d e N re s u l

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149/153

r +a llin * e l" c i a n d la r e r # u " a n c in d e N re s u l

s in la r e r 12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING 113

+a llin * e l" c i%$

> a s e d " n %h e # u " 7a n c in d e N ! %h e +a llin * e l" c i

8/19/2019 CE2303 ppt

150/153

i

(a ls " ? n " @ n a s %e rm in a l * e l" c i) c a n # e

c " m p u %e d u s in

8/19/2019 CE2303 ppt

151/153

e

* e l" c i! %h e m " * e m e n " + %h e p a r%ic le i n %h e h " r iM " n %a l d ire c %i" n c a n # e c " m p u %e d $ 12/2/2014 CE2303

RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING 114

8/19/2019 CE2303 ppt

152/153

redging

Reading +&&ignment

Sediment ran&port , S'our

2ittoral ran&port 8&ediment tran&port in

'oa&tal or littoral ;one)

Coa&tal Stru'ture 8

8/19/2019 CE2303 ppt

153/153

Reading +&&ignment

Sediment ran&port , S'our

2ittoral ran&port 8&ediment tran&port in 'oa&tal or littoral ;one)

Coa&tal Stru'ture 8

Documents

CE2303 ppt