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~"I ~:tt\!5 ,~ "1:s,[.,1 \5ft1;~ ~ <2l<fit~ ~~~~ i' ~t~~~~ \!5t~<I't~t~?:~,\5ftlfJt~<I' "tf'S>~~'1?:'5?:If,'l"lT~~'lfttJ'f o!t~?:'5?:1fI

~ ~ 'l?:ltJ'lt~~~ ci!(~, ~~ "ilh '1~~ 'l~~ I o.!l~'lllJ~sn"ll "if"f0{C~

~ ~9~'1 @'1"1~ <I'~"llt~?:"1~ ~~t~ f;{1f{0{~~ ~tl;?:~ 9ft-em m I

~ f~ o.!lIf''f;I?:~ ~~~ CW.{ "I~"ltatt "'5t~t<.l~ C1'~ <2lffl ~~m?:~ f<t'O{j

'~~<1t~ Ul~ C~PI~' ~f~?:<I'"1~"It~ ~cj~?:Oi ~~f"lPl'l ~fa!~?:~-~I ~~' .

The heavens themselves, the planets, and this centre

Observe degree, priority. and place,Insisture, course, proportion, season, form,Office, and custom, in all line of order:And therefore is the glorious planet Sol

In Boble eminence enthroned and sphered.Amidst the other; whose med'cinable eye,

Corrects all ill aspects of planets evil

And posts, like the commandment of a king,Sans check, to good and bad : but when the planets.

In evil mixture to disorder wander,What plagues, and what portents, what mutiny,

What raging of the sea, shaking of earth,Commotion in the winds, fights, changes, horrors,

Divert and crack, rend and deracinateThe unity and married calm of statesQuite from their fixure! 0, when degree is shaked,

•Which is the ladder to all high designs,The enterprise is sick. How could communities,

Degrees in schools,and brother-hoods in cities,Peaceful commerc\ from dividable shores ,The primogenitive.and due of birth. ,Prerogative of age crowns sceptres laurels, , , ,But by degree, stand in authentic place ?Take but degree away, untune the string,

And ha~k! what discord follows; each thing meets

In mere oppugnancy: the bounded watersShould lift their bosoms higher than the shores,And make a sop of all his solid globe :Strength. should be the lord of i:rnbecility.\ (,.\ Th (..•.. eodore :?pencer-Shakespeare and the Nature of Man. (Macmillan)

1'm"lf~r;-V~t~ 'R~r;~ ~l)~ ~t~ <$It~~ ~fi.., ;rj; ~~., ~~ ~t~~

<2l~'5t~ c1'tr;O{1o.!l1'$N1' ~'\ ~~m \!it~~~ ~ifr.,r.:~ ~"'t<lo{~nl 1'~1 I C<\l~

.,~r.:.,0{ll~Tl)"C~~ '<lr<l~~, C~ ~~~att~ ~5f~~~ ~f<lf;{r.:1l\j",C1'~ f<lf'51l'J'f~

'1t~-fu~, ~~t~ I ~~ Oit~, o.!l~ ~~~~ ~l)zt<.l c~f9tm J'f~?:~ ~

~~ <2l~ ~R;m?:~ I ~':t o.!l~, ~~1 ~~1 '''t~~m~~~?:<l"l1'~t~ '1~

~~~t~ f<ls 011 I

'l"lTr.:.,tH f~?:<l f~~tt~ C~>1~-o.!l~ ( ~ ) ~?:"l1l~ o.!l~~?:OiI ~)

'ltt"l 'Cajtt~ C"I<I'l)f'l/'N?:~ ffl1,{1 ~f;{ ~t~t~ ~~nl <lt~m .,~r;iijOi, "C"l~~

~ "lT0{<l5~i:!j" I ~f;{ ~~ 15ffi"l150\t<.l~~ O\?:~O{I ~~t~ ~?:'ii~c••t~f9t~tt~~ O{m

<M1 ':'l$~1,<{ ~~t<.l ~1)0i1 <I'~1, ~~~'l ~ "if{;{~~ ~'5m J'f~~

~f'l1't<.l Nf;{ <\~?:~~i{: Our aim is to describe the point of VIew tunderlies the frame-work that gave shakespeare his terms andvalues. It is Shakespeare's vision of life we are after, its dependenon contemporary thought, its development through dramatic fo

and its universal truth.C<ft?:;rj<l'R, o.!l'lo{f<l' ~f~t~~, ~~ O\?:~OiI ~~?:<I' 'lOf~~~"ll

1't?:"I,<\tR;r;~ ~ f;{Nz 9fft!?:<\?:"t,$~'\ <I'~?:~~"ll 1~~r.:0i~ llJto{llt~91fit~~ ~~t~ f"'5fur;~ ~~ 1'~?:~ ~ ~1''''t"ll~ I ~~1~ ~R~ ~m~ '1fi

<l'fu~ ~~~"I <2l~?:'l~ R5t~ 1'Q1 "if~<I't<;{f~f;{ 1'~~tR ~\S<;{tf<l~tQ ~?:i:!j9jt

~?:"I0i I ~*~~1' R5t~ ~~?:~ C~"I <2lQj?:'l~<2l?:~t'lOfOi~ ~~~ f'Wtt:

f<ls~ llt~1 ~fu~ ~"I J'f~'lOf~~~, NOi "t~f<l<l' <l~J'f~ ~ ~~ m?:

f;{<\ll;~~m ~~tt~ ~~Oi ~~~ I c~f~t?:<;{Q ~J<l~~ ~m~~'\ Cll '5t~

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NC"lltt~ c-q'lt?:~<;{ $~~tf;{ o.!l~<2lJ'f?:5f'1n1'?:<I' ~~~ 'l~t<.l~ <l'f<;{?;~~~

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'l'l1'tatt~~1 C~ll ~ C'l~ C"f~ '1~m:"ll~C"I1<1'llt~t~1 'lIlJ~~ ~(g>'5ft ~ ~J~10{Cl

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•

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~'1~~0l l,{~~~ '-G~fufii~<l) ~<tS1, 'l"l~ ~~f~~ "ltOl"<\'l"ltt'Si~%l:~~

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~"i~ ~~ ~~ C-ttll"e'1 ~~\S ~~~ ~"lt\§J<~cf~ 'l~\§ ,'O(ri)"<\>;fiC~%l:t<\~

~~l.\1I ~ "llt\{lOl'!\S1, iSi~'t<.l ~~~ 0l~<\S~ '1~ ~m %l:tPl<1",Ni~ \§~~

ItR" ~ ~~\§J"<\"C~~ "llt{ 'l~~~C'IQ ~f\§~~ I c<i%l:l~o11~t~~~~ CiSiRQ\!it~t~

~m ~~m<1" I 9('1J~C<lJ~~t~ '-G<\'C~~1 %l:~<\'t~,c'Si~ <fRl1l1"Ilfilc~~'Sif"l

cq;if~'1 <2l~\§ ~'&t'& ~'lt""C\§ \!it~t~ ~~\S ~~., ~tfff'O('''~Ol 'l~~~ '€ foI:~<1"

f.I~ ~'lI ~~ I <ft~'1 '-G~ "<\Rlitif ~1~1'~ ~"I\§~<.l 19\5~ c1lTlf ~'f!t'1~~ .•.. '5l{ ~~ '-G~t~'1~J. "V'10l %l:11~<lI ''e' m"Olf<l<\S\§~C"lt~ "l(<;t ~f'tC'H

~ fuI1 ~ f"l"'l~~1c~ I

~ ~ ~~I ~"OI<i'Sitf~QR'f~ If"l~~Q l.!l~f<l1tJj-~"I"I,'!Nt~C't~ %l:C~tl)<.l·

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~~ ~~V1 ~~, ~~ ~t~ %l:~f\§~<1" "11 1- •

~" f.1Rg ~9f 9fftl~~ <fftlm~Qf c~~tCOl ~t~ ~f\!ifijji~t~Qf l5(~~t~<iC~

~ t@~'ltC'l~ 'l~~'1i ~~C"Ol I Qt~t~ ~~~ I2lf~ C"Il'"\C'!<I<f,~~~ ~~~~<\S j

~ ~~f~¥tr., ~"OI"lC~QIg~., c<\S~I \!it~ ''if-MC~ 9ft'€~1 ll~ C"\~~tCQQ

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~~ .ir~~tPl<i' "OItT;<f~falQ'<1" ~ j ~Q~"t '-G<\S~ Slt'Sit~ '"\t'l"Olt~C"OI

~"'ll S1t~~9fO\ I f<i'~ ~~ ~t5i"Ol~~SI 199ft~~1"I'lJ,~~ ~1g~tQf %l:NttSi 1c~t~1

'8{ft~ ~<lit'"\ I %l:t~ cVf~C~ 9ft€~1 ~'lJ, <\>;fi"Ol''e'<lJfe.-"lt"lC<lQ~"<\~ Ig9jCl5tt~~

~~ iSm'!, ~t~Q ~Qj"l ~~~ <f~"l~~f~~~ I f~~t<1" ~~SI %l:t'Si'iT~

-rm~<f "It"OlPl<i'<{'4iC"OI~VftJj~ ~~C\!) ~.,tCI5S1 '1Q-c"trn\!i Jj"ltC'Si~~~~ f<i'

iS~ "lC"OIt~t<l~~? '-GC~"~-'-G~~t~tl,[ l.!l-l~~Qf :

A period which loosened all the old ties of society and shattered

all inherited conceptions. The world had suddenly become ten.times bigger j instead of a quadrant of a. hemisphere, the wholeglobe noW lay· before the eyes of the West Europeans, who hastenedto take possession of the other seven quadrants. And along with

narrow barriers of their native land, the thousand year old bar-riers of medieval conventional thought were also broken down.

An infinietely wider horizon opened out both before the outward andinward gaze of man. What mattered the prospects offered byrespectability, or the honourable guild privileges inherited throughgenerations, to the young man tempted by the wealth of India. the,gold and silver mines of Mexico and Potosi.

L

~~tr~ I (~~ ~t~ ~'!<\t.rt 'lt~\§Jf<l:l)ttSi <.5{t$~~, '-G~~~ ~ ~~9f~\§<lJ r

M~Ol&'-G~ ~, C"l~f~tQc<i' c~ <1.,1 ~ f\§~ If"l-!\" "lt~<\~~~Si

f\§~~ ~1"ltOl<l-'-G~ '-G<\S~1'It<\S1 <\SQj1,~C~1 '!-m0l I '-G~l5tC<l~t~t~ C~"ltOl~<\S\§tt" "lt~ Igffi! "ltOl<\~h!i~~ ~9ft~Rl~ <f~1 ~~ I c-tm9tm

~~<fI ~~~ <\Sf<llft~tC<f'-Gc~"\~ <ifaRltt~~, C~<ft<1" 9(t~ "lt~llQ ~f~~tt'!

~~<l: '<{~~~ ~~Q "lC~JIf<l C~~ ~~~"fI.,I '-G~~Q ~~ fu~ 15t<\-Jj!.

~l,[, c\!t9t 'l~,<{~j f<f~iW1 ~t~'Sit~JQ ~<l'lt0l -e i.~1 -tt'!~~'fT~

'-G~ l~-~9ft~~'l~ ~f~tlf <ft~c9( 'l~~ro~~~1 ~tt~ C"l~f9t~~ ~-m<i~C~ I ~f~~ i.~i~1 ~~C<l~ "ltOl~<i'~ <\S~ I ~~1 c\!t'llQ li~~121

~~;;§t<l ~ ~~Ol ~~ f~<1"'l'O(-!\""ltOl<l~'Si~ ~~f\§~ ~~lf:.~I "lt~-12l

~f\§~tt'l ~~ttif~ %l:<l'ift"i'!"9Ir~ ~\;>-8\;>- 'liC., "'It"lJ<lt.rtQ c'<{Wlt"l,[falVl~ %l:~-

The bourgeoisie, historically, has played a most revolutiona

part.The. bourgeoisie, whenever it got the upperhand,· has--put an en

to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations. It haii pitilessly toasunder the motley feudal ties that bound man to his "natura.l supe

iors", and has left no other nexus between man and man than nak

self-interest, than callous "cash payment."The bourgeoisie can not exist without constantly revolutionisin

the means of production, and thereby the relations of productio

and with them the whole relations of society. Conservation of th

old modes of production in unalterd form was, on the contrary, thfirst condition of existence for all earlier industrial classes. Constanrevolutionising of production, uninterrupted disturbance of alsocial conditions, everlasting uncertainty and agitation· distinguis

the bourgeois epoch from all earlier ones. °All fixed and fast-frozerelations, with their train of ancient and, venerable prejudices and

opinions, are swept away, all new-formed ones become antiquatedbefore they can ossify. All that is solid melts into air, all that is

holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sobersens,es his real conditions of life and his relations with his kind.

~(Si5tQf ~tN;'Sit~JQ ~~ ~<\'Sit~ ~~<f<lC~ ~~, ~~<1C~~.~1%~P1"

(2) Shakespear: A Marxist Interpretation. By A. A. Smirnov, Progressive

Forum. Calcutta. G

•

-

\, Nor aught so good but, strained from their fair use,Revolts from true birth, stumbling on abuse j

Virtue itself turns vice, being misapplied j

And vice sometimes by action dignified.. ~~~ <!1~ ~~ ~f~Q 'lf~ \3tm- 9f~D<) ft~ I \3t~Q

f.!~~ ~;ft ~t, C<li!jjtf.!c<liQ ~~11 ~Of m~~

~~~~ C<l~~f~~ ~~J '!{w,ts;rt\S ~ <!1~ 'l~~ I ~~ ~i§ c<t~-<!1~ '!{~Q~~ I ~Q1 ~ ~ftr~Of ~~~Q

\~~ C<l~Of~ ~~~, ,!{<tS~-~~~ <!1~f.!~fii<tS~R 'l~~ C<ll'f ~W <:!j1

~ ~~m~~ I c~f9t~t<;[ <!1~ Qil' ~~~ '!{~'l~C<l ~~~ ~~C~ 9fTOfj I <!1~Jj~~ \3t~Q '!{~Q~ f<lC~") ~~~1 ~~~ I ~t~ ~t~t<;[ ~

~C~ QfW O{'t!;",,~~,\!>, C~ ~~ ~tQ Pl~f~~ ~Jtc~~~~ ~1W~~,9fT~mc~ <!1~fffi~c~ '!{~~ 'l~~tDol1 I <!1~~H ~~, 'fOf\!iJ!f<fi~~C~ 9ftfi<lJfu;-~<lc<f ~., ~:jf~~ 9\iirtt~ C'1~Mm l.jfu~ 9frf~; '!{~fiTC<fi<lt~<l, If-l

c~Nr~ D~~, 'l.,,'s> -rr'&Q '!{9f<lJ<l~tc<;[""~ ~~ 9f~C~~ 9f"lfm~ c9fT~C~C~C1l 'l"ltt~ "'!{cf~ ~.," ~~1 ~~ C<!'tOf<l~Of~~'1w~~~Of1,C1l~ttOf~t~ ~'lJ~9f ~~ ~~ !;t<tSt~ ~to\'fC~ ~~ C~C""N~ c9fT~C~ 9fttQ ~~t~ 'lC~~ <l9fT\Smlft~ "m"lO\ '!{<l<!1C~~" O\t~""O\t!;C"":_

Gold! Yellow, glittering, precious gold! No, gods,I am no idle votarist. Roots, you clear heavens,

Thus much of this will make black white foul fair. , ,Wrong right, base noble, old young, coward valiant.This yellow slave

, l

Will knit and break religions j bless the accurs'd ;Make the hoar leprosy adored; place thieves,And give them title, knee and approbation,With senators on bench. •

"510U\!i 1;~~O\<l~~0{-

All is oblique,There is nothing level in our cursed naturesBut direct villany. Therefore, be abhorredAll feasts, societies. and throngs of men'

His semblable, yea, himself, Timon disdains.Destruction, fang mankind r

. tjOl~~ <!1~~fu'~ ~<lOlnr foI~~ ~tfjO{1 ~~c~\S, <!1~ ~Jftigf~Q ~C"l~f~tQ 1Wc~ lfOl~1:~ Pl'#<ft ~f~c~, ~t~ W~~ <ll~~~. ~t~ ~

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Cl!~tto{ f~f;( '11:"10{:-"But for his prematute death it may be said ofhim, as Newton said of Cotes, that we had known something." *

•

* Collected papers of Srinivas Ramanujan. Edited by G. H. Hardy,Seshu Aiya'r and If- M.Wilson.

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~'1~f;{\! C~o{<l"Jt~~~fui!O,fui!O,~~O{~ca;, "I think it's just natural for ev

human being to want to live, no matter how ill he may be ..• kill yo

self? ~ think a little differently, I sa?, you must find a new W

instead of just dragging on ..• " "\!~O{C~C<l"~~t<f a;tc~, ~~ ~fJO{

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me I could not save you. You must save yourselves. If you want

live, you must find a way ..• " "\!~O{~~ C~C<t a;~1 9ft~ C~, I!J~ O{~"\!''1~

I!l~~ ~t~RifSl ~<l"O{c~tC'fS!"<l"t~CSl!

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ARMIES AND THE ART OF REVOLUTION-M. Charby. 7/-

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