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April 30, 1970 letter from DIA Minister Chretien to Prime Minister Trudeau on long-term implementation of 1969 White Paper on Indian Policy.
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, I F yA Jmlf K-04) y a x c - c - * 6 o s C o ~ - - y*LL A- C l d d * n C J .a PLpCa- 7 + i f /
7hls S-~M~Y y 1~ kuhS 4 td7- d
do&&& *
A p r i l 30, 1971.
I , l v . , .., ?. l'iq!?t ! ! o n o u z ~ b l e Ticrrc E l l i o t t Trurfoau, a .- . -.-. ; ,I..., :-;Fr,ister of Canacla,
04.,. . . , - - . , Ontzr io .
?ry Lz2. r Prime Miaister: , ' . d
T ~ I E purFose of t h i s l e t t e r is t o ?ro<idc you wi th a b r i e f r e v i c c : of Zr.?ian a f f a i r s , t o ide:~.:ify c e r t a i r . new t r e n d s t h a t a r c c r ? r : i n ~ , an2 t o s u g g e s t a ncw l i n e of approech towarc , thz 2 - ;zxssion of Indian gr ievances .
~ j ! c ...; ro?osa l s ~2 advance2 in Junc 1969, whi le widely . . c r i ~ : c ~ z c ? by I n s i a n opinion r.aver.theless blare no t w i t h o u t
-- bcnc f 1 r i a l ef feet. They genera ted a tremendous amount of pub1 : zlty 221 c x p s e 2 f o r o9cn 2 i s c u s s i o n a number of f t t n c - . - = n t e l issues t h c t haC no t h i t h e r t o been thoroughly considered. ay s t i m u l a t i n g p o l i t i c c . 1 r e a c t i o n s they hs lped t o d;.-:clo; 31-crter involvement by the Ind i an people i n t h e i r 0.c-1 a f f a i r s , s t r z n g t h e n e d t ! ~ e i r de tcm. in= t ion t o ach i eve : c o l i t i c a l pc\.:er er.2 sharpened t h e d i a logue no t on ly within A L ~ c Izr'iar! car-z.cni.ty b u t h c r w c e n 'Indian l e e d e r s and t h e P c d c r a i Sovern~ent. S o ~ e cf t h a t p o l i t i c a i power and dic loqc- shoved ~ r , a t the 1 9 5 0 3oetj.r.g i n t h e Railway Committee Roon l a s t Junc 4 t h . T h i s was a t u r n i ~ g p o i n t . The assurancs you s a v c t h z t t nc Gcvrri.n~ent: \:as no t going t o force a s o l u t i o r . on then and they c e u l 2 take t h e i r t . i m e , r e l i e v e ? much of the t c n s i o n . E c t tile r o o t s of In3ic:l a t t i t u S c ? s reach hack many ycn rs en2 t h e ir,l?rir.ts of t h e ?as'; remain cleer and frcsh for many an2 c c . ~ x o t 5c disccznLc:?. . . T h e S i a logue , r ~ ~ - . ~ r t h e l c s s , i s p r o c e e d i n g a t t h e fe8era1, r o v i r ? c l c l 2nd ken2 l cvc l s and ge~zraily speaking, the rapport i s much i v r o v e c l I n compsriscn x i 4 h 2 year ago. Consultation has Seen nuch fuller ~5 t h e I n d i a c s r ~ c o g n i z e t h a t the C O V C Z ~ T ~ . Z ~ ~ i s znxlous t o c?zvslo? mzchcnj.srns wl~icl l w i l l permit In2ic.n views to 32 ~ X ~ ~ C S S C ~ .
I -- ~ F c c 2 l e s s t o say there nay be d ~ l a y s i n concluding t h e kind = e m % , o n s ~ l t a t i v c al=chznisia t.?hich C a b i n e t a~l . t t ior izcd m e to
d h c z s s w i t h t h e S a t i o n c l Inciiarr Brotherhoocl. Basicelly , I n q i z n 2tti:udes E r e no!: cnanj.:cour, nor are t h e s i t u a t i o n s i n
-. ,-,'qScfi thcy f i n d t h e n s c l v c s i C c n t l c a l th rou . j l~cu t the countr jr . It scy n o t be t o o sur?risirly, t-herefore, t h a t son^ of t h e fur.c?c,.;.,ental d i f f c r c n c c s rr~img 1ndii:ns which 1-rcre t c m p o r a r i l y i~ cc l iysc are now once rnxc coiaing t o t h c fore). Thc picture w i l l he c l e a r e r If t h e Zcvcloping situation i s rcviewcd so t h a t forces at \tor% nay br: pro?=r ly assessed.
A t t h e n e t i o 2 e l l e v e l thcrc: \rzs a brcak i n c o n t i n u i t y lnst f n l i t . - i k h t!:-r: clcc'; j.orl of Gzorge :l;:nucl a!; th.2 ncw Pi-cs idcnt oL t : ? ~ ::atior.;.' f ndizn EroLhr-.r!~ooJ. M r . bianusl, f xom C r i t j . sh Col::r.bi ?. , \ICL one t i ~ c - . an Incfi2.n A f f a i r s Cov~~!uni t y Dzvc lop- :?!!!: ::~c::c:: an? l n t t ' r (I f u l l - k i r ! : ~ o f f i c c r of t h c Xndj.t?n Assnc:r;!jio- 0: i\lbcrt;:. !iz. Ma-ucl has takar. n ntron~ line
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mCtke or thu a s s o c i a t i o n s have ac i? icvcd f u l l LiOI1 L;, the I n d i a n p c o p l e i n thcir own r e g i o n or are
,,> J vi th t h e N a t i o n a l n r o t h f r h o o d , t h c y gcnera1l.y j z
r:,o ..,. a ,?rowing d c s i r e t o d e v e l o p a work ing r e l a t i o n s h i p i,,..-crnlr~n.-. T h i s ):ZS been f o s t e r e d by t h e l?zpart;aent,
I,aVC at t h e sane t i m e t a k e n a d v a n t a g e of any oppos tun-
it have a r i s e n t o encourage p r o v i n c i a l g o v e r n n ~ c n t s t;o L:. more d i r e c t l y invol-vi 'd. The a s s o c i a ' s i o n s have ace n i7rl,cq!;t m D r e c l o s e l y i n t o t h e p r o c e s s o f p l a c n i n g 2nd <.- .- : n(i oh j c c t i v e s ior Acpar tn lcn ta l programs.; a n 6 a joint eor.7;lttcc s t r u c t u r e i n v o l v i n g t h e p r o v i n c e , t h e I n d i a n
:;,,=i ;';ion r-nd t h e F e d e r a l Governmen$ i s irr active o p e r a t i o n i n ; , lbcr t r , Mani toba and Quebec, and i n . t h e . f c r m a t i v e stage i:; ::ova s c o t i a . Indim r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s are s i t t i n , as full r.2~Jjcrs of p u b l i c Service Commissior. s e l e c t i o n b o a r d s f o r C i 2 l d ap?oin tments i n my Department , and w h i l e t h i s process js n o t w i t h o u t i t s p r o b l e m s , the g e n e r a l effect has been
g e n e r a l l y c o o p e r a t i v e a t t i t u d e now p r e v a i l i n g , while .
-- t>xovicling a c l ima te c o n d u c i v e t o j o i n t e f f o r t s t o solve hros lcms f a c i n g I n d i a n c o m u n i t i e s , d o e s n o t mssn t h e r e i s 3 i ) : r l y t o be any marked and i m . c d i a t e s t e p t a k c n by the p r o . J l r c c s t o assume r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s f o r p r o g r a m a2d s c r v l r e s , o r of: w i l l i n g n e s s on t h e p a r t o f t h e Indians and I=S~L-.:JS t o r e l i n q u i s h fedsral t ies .
.. S o x zdvances are b c i n ~ made. I n s e v e r a l i n s t a n c e s r e c e n t l y , p r o v i n c e s have announced e s p e c i a l l y t h a t t h e y have i n c l u d e d - I n d i a n r e s e r v e s i n p r o v i n c i a l s e a s o a a l works programs. p r o v i n c i a l m i n i s t e r s and o f f i c i a l s have had much more f i r s t - hand c o n t a c t v i r h I n d i a n s t h a n e v e r b c f o r e and t r c now nmre ir\.iarc o f t h e coin7lex pro'slcms of I n d i a n a f f a i r s . E?everthelcss, t i to v r o v i n c i a l g o v e z n n e n t s b y a n d l a r g e s t i l l n a i n t a i n t h e ' position of 1oo::ing u?on I n d i a n s a s p r i m a r i l y z f'edcrnl r c ? z p o n s i b i l i t y iln? w i l i wait f o r a p p r o a c h e s f rom t h e goi . -crxtcnt I n d i c r . stl?>ort b e f o r ? c x t e n d i n y b a s i c services, c~c1 t h e n v i r t c a > l y only oil a 1 C O Z zos t bzsis, an*. t h e y c x ? h a s i z c more t h a n e v e r t h a t any e x t e n s i o n oT t h e p r o v i n c i a l rolc is c o n d i t i c m a l upan t h e willingness ezd e x p r e s s e d dcsire of t h e I n d i a n s .
I n e s s e n c c , t h e n
no;? ~ n ? ~ a r k e d the long- te rm
rspcc i f i c
1 On t h c I n d i a n s i d e , thcxo i s l i t t l c d o a b t t h a t t h e p ~ o p l e arc s e e k i n g a w i d e n i n g r a n g e of o p p o r t u n i t i e s and of avenGes by which t h e s e may be b r o u g h t a b o u t t h r o u g h a p p r o a c h e s t o . many Lcdcra l departments znb a l s o p r o v i n c i a l and o u t s i d e s o u r c e s . The commitments t h e y seek from government -are based on thc " c h a r h a r i g h t s " 02 I n d i r n s , r i g h t s which I n d i a n s f cc l "dcrivo f ron h i s t o r y and l o n g respect". Phc d e f i n i t i o n i c vague b u t t l l s y h o l d i t t o i n c l u d e n o t o n l y o b v i o u s t ra r l i t . iona1 . p r i v - i l r p c s such a!; hr ln t i -q r i q h t s , b u t a l s o marc recent: enancin- t i o n s . s u c h as t a x cr~;;~ptians. Tt has even bean ecpnnciccl t o i n c l u c k aJ.1 r;crviccr; nor: rcccj.vcc1 f r o a t h e fodoral cjovcrn;aont.
-
1~ i:; L;t;.i.l]. ijc.inq ~ L i l t c d , as it was l a s t J u n e , t h a t ill' ... . i,:;.:;i,,:~,n to the nnrl;iaJ. rights anit du'iics o f c i t i z e n s h i p , i ; , i j ; , , , : ; i i l s o !?osscSS c e r t a i n r i g h t s sim2ly by v i r t u f o f being . . , I , cil tj1j.s p o i n t , t h e r e is a growing consensus alnong :::: i ... ;: . . .?c:l::or; s thc c o u n t r y .
L~~J!),:. . : n v ! pj. ;:I] c:~ltn?'rl i d e n t i t y has grow3 apace. T I I ~ proposals . . ,... :j, ::,:, ;~rv:srd i r o n w i t h i n t h e I n d i a n conununity for
(.:., 7 . . . - : .. _ ,. ... . . . i ? ~ ~ c ~ L i o i > a X c e n t r e s r e f l e c t t h e impor t ance which .... i:,-lc;;31c a t t a c h t o f i n d i n g ,ways t o improve t h e i r self-
ir.;,7r:.-: i y r . ~ s c n s c o f p e r s o n a l wor th by f o c u s i n g on t h e i r ci:! t L.,-.ll. hcrL tage . :!, I:c::.:~al, the t r e n d m o n g many l e a d i n g I n d i a n s across the c r 7 ! l : - , t ~ l . is ta s e e k more r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , t o assume a g r e a t e r voj c,: J !I pclicy anC dec is ion-making , and t o i n s i s t ,on s e c u r i n g
si.r-cn!rtnc.ni.rr9 ,+ s p e c i a l p o s i t i o n f o r I n d i a n s i n Canad ian . ~ h c y seel: t h s t r a n s i t i o n f r o m Z i r e c t f e d e r a l govern- ~.:r~::t. ; .~anagzri?nt of v a r i o u s programs t o management u n d e r I n d i a n c o ; r t r o l and u n d e r fund ing a r r a n g e a e n t s w i t h t h e government . #ie!;is i s g o i n q fo rward a t a n a c c e l e r a t i n g r a t e -
-\. I ; t ~ . ~ ~ O C C S S o f t r a n s f e r r i n g r e s p o n s i b i l i t y far a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . . .
0: scrvS.cos end proyralns i s eccompcnied by d i f f i c u l t i e s which \:.ill n o t be c a s i l y o r i n e x p e n s i v e l y surmounted. I n 1971-72, i o r , inc1.uding h e a l t h , w i l l consume o v e r $ 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 . - 05 f c d c r a l maney. T h i s f i g u r e i n c l u d e s a l a r g e percentage o f v i r t u z l l y u n c o n t r o l l a b l e c o s t s , an5 t h e t o t a l may w z l 1 be c?o;~?>led or t r j - p l e d hefurs nany y c a r s have p a s s c d , w h e t h e r the cx:>cndi . tu res arc: mac le l a r g e l y by d i r ec t f e d e r a l payments or a rc d i s b u r s e d t h r o u ~ h p r o v i n c i a l governments .
>.:, ~ : ; ( l i a n s i n c r e a s i n g l y t a k e o v e r t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of their . c::n c~;.tr.~cnFties t h e r e k r i l l be s u b s t a n t i a l a d d i t i o ~ s i n adminis- t r z t i v c cosJ:s. I n e v j - t c b l y the f c r t h e r e n t r y o f I n d i a n s into poliLical o r adr i , in ic i ; rn t ive r c s ~ o n s i b i l i t y w i b l lead t o i n l c n s i . f i c a t i o n o f p r e s s u r e s f o r b e t t e r s c r v i c c s , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n those a r e c s , a l l t o o many o f t ' n e r n , where b a s i c Cacili t ies c ~ c h as h o u s i n g , sewage, r o a d s , uater and e l e c t r i c i t y are inadeguatc .
, . Thus thc n a t i o ~ a l awaksning which w e have proirbptsd among the lncl ians i s c e r t a i n l y g o i n y t o be f i n a n c i a l l y c o s t l y . I t i s a l s o g o i n g t o place s p e c i a l dcman6s on government o f f i c i a l s who CTC p n r t i c i p c t i n g i n t h e p r o e c s s o f t r a n s f e r r i n g ndnl in i s - t r r a t i v c f u n c t i o n s . I t i s a l r e a d y c l e a r t h a t i n the next few . yccrs mitny ~ u b l i c : s e r v a r . t s k r i l l becor~ie r c d u n h n t t o t h e needs o: t h i s L>-zgnrtrt~crlt - )lotrcver, t h e aggregate of 11ldian band -em?loyeas ancl c l s ~ n r t n ~ n t a l employees may i n c r e a 6 e f o r a time: it. i s n o t f e r z i l l e t o phase o u t t h e qovernmsnt w o r k e r s u n t i l thc I n d i a n s have b e c n t r a i n & and h a v e gained e x p e r i e n c e . . T: tc t r a n s i t i o n , i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h y o v e r n a z n t policy, must be at the Indians' own p a c e . Tnc process of d i s e n g a g c x c n t will r c q ~ i r e Tr.33t c a r c z u l p lannj .nq t o e n s u r e thati services t o l n d i a n con;:l:unities clo n o t s u f f e r from a t o o hasty t r a n s f e r , and e q u a l l y that 'ihc p t i b 3 . i ~ s e r v a n t s wlrose j o b s arc 3.a1)si.n~~ r e c e i v e the triij .ni ncj i..rir? o t h c r a s e i stance n e c e s s a r y to re- e s t a b l i s h t l remse lvgs e l s e w h e r e . Tnc Treasury E ~ i i r c ' and t h e . I ' cb l i c S c r v i c i . C o m i r : s i o n arc w o r k i n g c l o s c l y with my Dzpart- t.;c:nt: on t h i s problem.
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unc?c-stcrf. D r . T3zLrS2r sllgczsC=f, t h a t ir :ras open to him, . . - . L: pclrsut.aq ;.ls s C " ; l C 5 . tC ile3z c i a i m s an6 gricvirnccs \ ~ h i c l l
' 9
b2l;ozi- ts;ros= Z ; ~ Z F ~ I C Z I J ; ? 1:.2;=ci~r?sd in nis tcrms of ----- , , :, ,. cr.ce. T~nothcr V J ~ : J of expressing the sari? thou;ht would 52 - - a y that he ;r,igi:t do reseazzi: in the sari:e range of s u n - - r : ; as is bcirig covered hy the N a t i o n e l Indian Comittce ::.: : , , . ~ t s an? Trcaties.
A statemant to tt.is ef f2st, to be nade by you, or if you would prcfcr , by aysclf, would be well received i n the indiar. c a ; ; ~ ~ i ; ; l i t y , and n i q h t r e l i eve soin0 o f - t h e F r u s t r ~ t l ~ l i now - - . 5 ~ l i l e l r . y up. I dc r , D t t5ir.k L t ;-:ozLa .la\-c 2 Gdist~rbing c f fec : , in kk.2 se:lse zf r=.~*lv-iz5 3 d o r z a i ~ t issue. I t would be a x i s t a k e LO assyxr.e t h a t t h ~ r i g h t s i s s u e w i l l fade away . - ri l z z t to itself.
SucFI a s t a t e n e n t \:oulE bt c a l c u l a t e d to enable Dr. Barber t o - n s s c z t , for the foreseeable future, a predominantly research role parallel to c h a t of ';he National Zndian. Committee. There is muct, to 52 said for the Comnissioner and t h e Nat ional Indian C .,orL:;ctee c o n p l e ~ e n t i n g ccch o t l ~ e r ' s research. The i n t e r e s t s of 1r.dia;ls t ~ o u l d n o t be prejudiced i f a l i n k were established . *
between the t w o bodies and their work. IJe should have a much better idea of = h a t - t h e Indians are preparing to subait. And a new star-.: could 52 nade on a great deal of inportant reseazch whicn r e m a i n s to be ?.oze on behalf of the govern- ment Fn this vnol. f i ~ i d . . If t>.is ~ ? ? z c ~ c h seeye3 feasible to yau, w e could have private talks in advance with Indian leaders, i n v o l v i n g D r . BarSsr, i n order to ts:;t their reaction. In return they might ask t h a t the resu1t .s of Cr. Zarber's s t u d i e s should be p r o c c s s c d i n a w a y that would e n a b l e Indians to comment.. If this w c r e t h e i r r e a c t i o n , w e r L : 3 u l d , I think, be ycrcrcd t.0 c o ~ s i d a r scnz sui table i rrengemect eicner throuqh the X a t i o n n i InCizn Corni~tse on R i g k c s ezC T r c z t i c s 3 r tnc p ~ ~ ? o : i c z n c r i o n a l . . c c r . s u k t ~ t i = n ~ e c k z n l r ~ '.:'.=n L Z co;r.=s Izto being. . If, of c o u r s e ,
. o u r ssa>dir,qs s.-.r,.-.L t?.et t S i s approach was no t acceptable t o the X ~ d i c n s , ue shauld have t o review t h e situation again.
. . 1 should be ver:? g r a t e f u l for yaur r c a c t i o n s to these ideas and f would, of course, be 5 lad to d i s c u s s them w i t h you.
Yours sincerely,
a
Jean Chrbtien.