Compte-rendu intermédiaire T0+30 - Cirad · Compte-rendu intermédiaire T0+30 Référence du formulaire : ANR-FORM-090601-02-02 Projet ANR - 11-AGRO000- 7 SPOP Programme Agrobiosphere

Compte-rendu intermédiaire T0+30

Référence du formulaire : ANR-FORM-090601-02-02

Projet ANR- 11-AGRO-0007

SPOP Programme Agrobiosphere 2011

A IDENTIFICATION .............................................................. 2 B DELIVERABLES AND MILESTONES ............................................ 2 C INTERMEDIARY REPORT ....................................................... 3

C.1 Objectives of the project ......................................................... 3 C.2 Activities and results between t+18 and t+30 ............................ 4 C.3 Encountered difficulties and problems solved ............................. 7 C.4 Key facts and remarkable achievements ................................... 7 C.5 Meetings ............................................................................... 8 C.6 Comments ............................................................................ 8

D PUBLICATIONS AND COMMUNICATIONS ON THE PROJECT AND RESULTS .. 8 D.1 Publications and communications ............................................. 8 D.2 Other diffusion means ............................................................ 9 D.3 Non-permanent personal (except interns) ................................. 9 D.4 Accounting details between T0 & T+30 months ........................ 10

E APPENDICES ................................................................. 12 A.1. MINUTES OF SPOP MEETINGS ........................................... 12

A.2. Report on task 1.1 & 1.4 ......................................................... 18 A.3. Report on task 1.2 ................................................................. 20 A.4. Report on tasks 1.5 & 2.1 ....................................................... 22 A.5. Report on tasks 2.2 & 2.3 ....................................................... 25

Référence du formulaire : ANR-FORM-090601-02-02 2/31

A IDENTIFICATION Acronyme SPOP Title Sustainable Palm Oil Production Coordinators Dr. Cécile Bessou

Dr. Alain Rival Date of project’s start Date of project’s end (conventions)

01/03/2012 29/02/2016

Web page http://spop.cirad.fr/ Report editor Title, First name, Last name Dr., Cécile, Bessou Phone +33 4 67 61 44 87 Email [email protected] Date of writing 15/09/2014

B DELIVERABLES AND MILESTONES

N° Tasks and deliverables Nature Date of delivery Involved parners responsible

Planned Re-planned

Delivered

WP0

Web site Collaborative webpage ANR report at +6, +18 Consultative (formerly Steering) Committee

Web site Web site Reports -

+9 Added +6, +18 +12

- - - -

+9 +9 +6, +18 +18

CIRAD UR34 + all partners

WP1

Task 1.1 : Building the superimposable assessment grids - A review of relevant available agro-

ecological and socio-economic indicators

- A review of palm oil production history and systems in Indonesia

- A methodology to identify the sensitivity of oil palm plantations to global changes, potential room for improvement and adaptation pathways

- Draft of the 3D-assessment grids to be field tested and discussed with stakeholders

- Final 3D-assessment grids

Data Report Tool/ method Tool and data Milestone

+12 Added +12 +12 -

- - +36 - +36

+9 based on WAW indicators- +6 Will be based on the field results and T1.2 results +9 First draft +18 Second draft Field test still ongoing (+36)

CIRAD UR34 & MOISA + INRA + IRD/CIFOR + PT-SMART

Task 1.2 : Analysing the perception of global changes and of new production standards for palm oil sustainability by the local producers - Analysis of oil palm systems and

global changes perceptions: recommendations for adaptation strategies

Report

+36

-

-

CIRAD MOISA & UR34 + INRA + IRD/CIFOR + PT-SMART

Task 1.3: Reflexive workshops to involve stakeholders in the definition and use of the 3D-assessment grids - A review of controversies and

players related to palm oil expansion - A methodology of “hybrid forums”

adapted to palm oil controversies - 3 reflexive workshops=> become 2

reflexive workshops

Report Tool/ method Tool and data

+6 +20 +32

+42 +42 +22, +42

Re-planned Re-planned +22: One workshop held in Indonesia The second one will be held at the end of the Project

CIRAD MOISA & UR34 + INRA + IRD/CIFOR + PT-SMART

http://spop.cirad.fr/


WP1

Task 1.4: Data collection to fill up the assessment grids and characterize various palm oil cropping systems - A typology of diverse oil palm

cropping systems in Sumatra according to their 3D-impacts

- Key strategies for the adaptation of systems to global changes according to their specificities

- Farm gate LCA of the diverse oil

palm cropping systems - Recommendations to the producers

Report Report Report Report

+13 +36 +36 +36

+24 +42 +42 +42

+23 Presentation at ICOPE 2014 Conference - - -

CIRAD UR34 & MOISA + INRA + IRD/CIFOR + PT-SMART

Task 1.5: Comparative analysis of oil palm cropping systems in Indonesia and Cameroon - A description of oil palm cropping

systems in each country

- A comparison of the oil palm development processes in the two countries, which underlines the positive and negative outcomes linked to the specificity of the local and national contexts

- Policy recommendations

Report Report Report

+12 +36 +36

+20 - -

+20 SPOP report, CIFOR occasional paper, OCL article - -

IRD/CIFOR + CIRAD

WP2

Task 2.1: Global scenarios definition - Participatory Prospective Analysis: 3

workshops - Scenarios of evolution of the oil palm

sector depending on a number of variables of influence and defined by the stakeholders

Data Report

+ +30

-

-

IRD/CIFOR + CIRAD + INRA

Task 2.2: Modelling oil palm dynamics in Sumatera - Oil palm suitability maps of the

study area=> become: Typology of industrial and smallholders’ oil palm cropping systems

- Oil palm dynamics model of the study area

Model & Spatialised data

+42

-

-

INRA + IRD/CIFOR + CIRAD

Task 2.3: Land use scenarios - Prospective land use maps of the

study area - General levers for managing oil palm

dynamics

Report Report

+42 +42

- -

- -

INRA + IRD/CIFOR + CIRAD

Parts of several delivered reports will provide the basis for further publications under the framework of SPOP and beyond.

C INTERMEDIARY REPORT

C.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

In a nutshell, the objectives of the Project are: i) to investigate the influence of global changes on the various different oil palm cropping systems, ii) to identify the obstacles, opportunities, and uncertainties for the adaptation of these systems to global constraints, and iii) to elaborate strategies and tools designed to facilitate the transition towards sustainable oil palm cropping systems. The approach developed in the SPOP Project follows three main lines: i) to provide new science-based knowledge and tools in order to ensure the sustainability of existing systems or to implement new sustainable systems, ii) to involve stakeholders in the innovation process by using specific methods all along the project such as multi-agent modeling and participative workshops, and iii) to identify obstacles and bottlenecks then analyze whether they are related to some inherent incapacity of oil palm cropping systems to adapt or/and to insufficient efforts in making knowledge and tools accessible to stakeholders.


C.2 ACTIVITIES AND RESULTS BETWEEN T+18 AND T+30

WP0 - coordination: - The internet webpage (http://spop.cirad.fr/) is frequently updated - 2 Technical Committee meetings were successfully organised in Montpellier gathering most

of the partners (physically or through Skype conferences) (minutes are given in Appendix A.1) and informal discussions between 2 or 3 partners also occurred punctually.

- A Consultative Committee was created, gathering diverse stakeholders from the palm oil commodity chain. No physical meeting could be organised but rather informal inputs were collected. Informal discussions took place in Indonesia during RSPO Round Table n°12 held in Medan in November 2013.

WP1 – 3D-assessment of the systems:

- In 2013-2014, WP1 activities involved all SPOP members, including 2 PhD students and 5 interns (with supervising mission of tutors in the field). Discussions and field work firstly focused on the typology of production system and on assessment grids. During the first field surveys implemented in 2013, the core of the field-applied WAW/FAO “livelihood” approach was first to capture the global rationale of the holdings then to assess the place and part played by oil palm production inside the household economy – including farm and non-farm activities - and in terms of 3-dimensional impacts (3D-impacts: social, economic and environmental). Surveys were based on both oriented and comprehensive question sets. As a whole, 103 oil palm growers were interviewed. For each holding, one to two oil palm plots were included in the survey which showed contrasted levels of management (semi-managed and independent from recommendations of the company estate). The first analysis of such data sets was carried out using Sphinx Software (Sphinx Plus v.5.1.0.7). Through field surveys, we identified a wide range of oil palm production systems – ranging from 2 ha to 110 ha and embedded in a diverse setting of activity systems. This heterogeneity at both holding and households’ levels highlights the rapid social differentiation which can be associated to the spread of income generation through oil palm production development. These evolutions were analysed in the light of potential strategic behaviours of the producers, which allowed us to define 5 different types of structural patterns at the holding level. The performance of each holding type was then assessed following the classical dimensions of sustainable development (3D-impact indicators). While social and economic dimensions were estimated at household level, the environmental dimensions relied more on estimates at plot level. The social performance was estimated through a combination of several components including living standards, education (for the children) and health. Economic performance of the holding was based on an assessment of the total household income including both oil palm and other farm and non-farm activities. Environmental dimension was based on two main indicators relative to the use of chemical fertiliser and herbicides. Results from this field work and subsequent analysis were presented as a paper at ICOPE Conference in Bali in February 2014. We are presently deepening our knowledge: (i) on basic regional data – statistics, review of the available information to better sample our next round of surveys; (ii) on a wider sample in order to better address the diversity of smallholders. Further field surveys are planned for end of 2014-beginning of 2015.

- In parallel, another approach aimed at assessing the diversity of palm oil production systems focused on agricultural practices associated with oil palm cropping systems within the production system. The objective of this approach was to define homogeneous groups of oil palm plots characterised by similar agricultural practices across varying

http://spop.cirad.fr/


production systems. A three-step statistical analysis using R software was carried out in order to identify the critical practices that may be correlated to the specific origin of the plots -independent or plasma- within production systems. The first step – Khi2 test (V0*Each agricultural practice) – showed that plot type is correlated to most agricultural practices alone. Such agricultural practices were correlated to one another and should be considered as combinations. The second step – based on Multiple Component Analysis (MCA) with 11 active variables – showed that the applied quantities per year of N, P and K fertilisers best represented the diversity of the plot management. Finally, the third step – a Hierarchical Ascending Classification (HAC) (4 first dimensions: 41,8% of total cumulative variance) – yielded 3 clusters of crossed management and plot types. Such clusters only partly reflect the plasma-independent plots partition; plasma and independent plots are distributed in the 3 clusters with a dominancy of plasma plots in cluster 2 and a dominancy of independent plots in clusters 1 and 3. The diversity of agricultural practices may be greater among independent plots. However, the apparent homogeneity of plasma agricultural practices may be linked to the weak representation of plasma plots within the sample. The usual classification of oil palm plots between plasma and independent doesn’t seem to be the only driver of agricultural management, a result which is consistent with the original typology analysis based on strategic behaviours. Other drivers from different scales (e.g. the farm holding) may be stronger drivers and must be further investigated with a cross-analysis of the first proposed typology. Hence both typologies are being further field tested and improved. Their results will be then compared in order to get a third information layer and a robust assessment methodology. The consolidated results of the two field campaign and cross-analysis will be soon published in an article.

- The cross-analysis of the perception of global changes by macro- and micro-actors was started in order to better understand the decision making processes of oil palm producers affecting their systems’ performances. Macro-actors include downstream actors such as retailers, NGOs or end-users covering various supply actors and interest groups dispersed or radiating at the international scale, whereas micro-actors represent the upstream producers at the local production area scale. Macro-actors are by definition connected to various activity or interest groups worldwide and therefore potentially more aware of global changes as defined at the international level (UN conferences, international certifications sustainability standards such as RSPO etc.). They may also be less connected to the local scale, where recommendations, which might be their own, are to be implemented in the field. The aim of this study is to find out i) whether global changes and sustainability are perceived in similar ways by macro- and micro-actors in terms of both nature and content, uncertainty and given importance; ii) whether there is a mismatch or not between those perceptions and how it may influence the efficiency and effectiveness of sustainable standards and recommendations. The ultimate goal is to improve recommendations for adaptation strategies towards sustainable systems by reconnecting concerns and control levers at both local and global scale. The first field work campaign took place in Jambi Province (Sumatra, Indonesia) in 2013 by an intern’s work on visual sociology. Visual sociology is the use of visual support such as videos or photographs to undertake social sciences research. During interviews, our SPOP trainee used visual supports such as plantation pictures or material from environmental NGO campaigns to interact with the local populations. The interview material has been collected and it is presently being analysed based on four hypotheses that were generated during the first year of the project. Hypothesis 1: the relationship between living place and its environment is different for “trans-migrant” people or native people living here for several generations. The sampling strategy for such field work hence


needed to include both indigenous and trans-migrant producers. Hypothesis 2: The concept of sustainability -that was exogenously defined by macro-actors as consisting of three pillars - is locally intrinsically integrated, i.e. the three dimensions do not have a segregated essence. This makes it difficult in particular to consider the environment apart from its economic or social imbrications (e.g. nature conservation is weighted by local needs and can hardly be considered as an aim by itself or disconnected from the livelihood environment). The “three bottom-lines” theory isolates the problems of the local actors who, in reality, have to face them all at the same time. We can hence assume that these diverging conceptions of the dimensions of sustainability may induce diverging perceptions of the global changes and challenges. Hypothesis 3: At the local scale, the social dimension is fundamentally related to solidarity within the community, whereas at the global scale (macro-actors in international bodies) it is more correlated to individuals in terms of civic rights and equities (children rights, gender issues, ethnic equal opportunities…). Approaches and indicators may hence not be adapted nor complete. Hypothesis 4: Differentiation between local and global scales in defining and implementing strategies towards sustainability is also crucial in terms of time scale. Macro-actors tend to target actions in a short timeframe for immediate results, while local populations plan their actions and strategies over a lifetime. Results of this field work will be confronted to the outcomes from ongoing interviews with macro-actors.

WP2 – Modelling palm oil development: - In 2013-2014, activities within WP2 involved all SPOP members, including 1 PhD student

and 2 interns (with supervising missions from tutors). A large part of sustainability issues regarding palm oil arises with the development of new plantations. As the diversity of palm oil cropping systems is important, the debate on landscape design to deal with palm plantation development, conservation areas or other land uses must be further fed with specific elements on the spatial dynamics of the oil palm cropping systems. Indeed the study of the spatial dynamics and co-dynamics of such production systems must be deeply explored and formalised. The approach proposed in SPOP project is aimed at combining top-down and bottom-up approaches in order to embrace bio-physical as well as socio-economical driving forces. Once the land use change processes are understood and formalised in the study area, our goal is to build scenarios in order to assess the impacts on land use of palm oil cropping systems and adaptation scenarios. First field work hence started with the aim of understanding land use change processes and socio-economic driving factors in the study area. The analysis of these factors was closely related to that of cropping systems and holdings’ structures previously mentioned and will serve as a base for the simulation model. The top-down approach based on the use of remote sensing techniques to assess the spatial organisation of biophysical factors may finally not be applicable under SPOP framework. Scenarios can be defined as a scientific approach to characterise possible futures of a defined system. In the SPOP project, our strategy was to involve stakeholders in the scenario approach in order to ensure the appropriation of the results. Two types of workshop were designed. First, workshops on participatory prospective analysis (PPA) were organised in September 2013 in the Bungo district in Jambi Province. They were held in two villages for four working days in each village and brought together various stakeholders from the palm oil sector. One of the main outputs of the workshop was the desire from local populations to get technical support from public services to improve their production systems; indeed they tend to be sceptical about technical support provided by the private companies.

- Based on the same approach as the PPA organized in 2013 in Indonesia, 3 further PPA


workshops were organized in 2014 in Cameroon, in villages from 3 different palm oil production areas. These 3 areas were the same as those studied during Raymond’s PhD work and results from PPA could feed the task 1.5. Overall conclusions were that the organization of smallholders in Associations is a strong prerequisite for efficient partnerships between growers and industries. A good information flow between these actors is also essential and could be facilitated by a dedicated intermediary from the industry appointed as the contact person to install dialogue with representative from Associations.

- In parallel, a reflexive workshop was organized as a side-event of the ICOPE Conference in February 2014. During this workshop, gathering mostly stakeholders from the macro-level, potential futures of the palm oil sector and plantation development in Indonesia were discussed along the macro-, meso- and micro-declinations of socio-economic and environmental constraints within a global context of combined varying capacities to mitigate or adapt to climate change. Further work is still needed to complement scenarios and to connect them with outputs from PPA workshops.

- The next step will be to implement the scenarios in the palm oil development model. As validated during her second PhD Committee (July 2014), Margot Moulin will develop an ABM (agent-based model) based on the survey datasets. This model will represent the oil palm land system composed of oil palm growers, biophysical and topological constraints as well as macro-actors decisions. This model will integrate the strategies of the different types of oil palm growers. A first conceptual model is expected for the end of September 2014 and the computation will begin in October 2014. The first version of the simulation model is expected in January 2015.

Detailed progress of each task is given in Appendix A.2-A.5.

C.3 ENCOUNTERED DIFFICULTIES AND PROBLEMS SOLVED

1. Most of the problems concerning research permits and implementation of field work in Indonesia have been solved and internship could be organised within manageable delays.

2. It was found quite difficult to organise a formal Consultative Committee for SPOP, with scheduled formal meeting. It proved more efficient to informally discuss about SPOP aims at achievements with external stakeholders at each possible opportunity. By this, we were able to collect valuable information and possible input from NBPOL smallholder’s development under way in Papua New Guinea (meeting with Simon Lord and Petra Meekers). This will be continued until the end of Project

C.4 KEY FACTS AND REMARKABLE ACHIEVEMENTS

1. Field work has been successfully implemented and two ongoing PhD Projects are progressing at a satisfactory pace

2. The combination of various different approaches developed under SPOP framework are very exciting and are beginning to bear fruits

3. The organisation of workshops in remote rural villages in Indonesia and Cameroon has been quite demanding in terms of logistics and implementation although they proved very rewarding in terms of information gathered

4. It clearly appeared that a strong organisation of smallholders is a prerequisite for successful partnership with the Industry


C.5 MEETINGS

Date Place Partners present Topic 27.09.2012 Montpellier CIRAD + INRA Technical committee 7: see Appendix 25.06.2013 Montpellier CIRAD + IRD/CIFOR +

INRA (visio-conference) Technical committee 8: see Appendix

C.6 COMMENTS

Comments of the coordinators

NA

Comments from the partner

NA

Questions to ANR

NA

D PUBLICATIONS AND COMMUNICATIONS ON THE PROJECT AND RESULTS

D.1 PUBLICATIONS AND COMMUNICATIONS

Liste des publications multipartenaires depuis le début du projet (résultant d’un travail mené en commun)

International Revues à comité de lecture

1. Raymond N. Nkongho, Laurène Feintrenie, and Patrice Levang. 2014. The strengths and weaknesses of the smallholder oil palm sector in Cameroon. OCL 21(2)D208.

2. Feintrenie L. 2012. Oil palm in Cameroon: risks and opportunities. Nature et Faune, 26 (2): 23-27.

3. Nkongho RN. et al. 2014. Less oil but more money! Artisanal palm oil milling in Cameroon. African Journal of Agricultural Research 9(20): 1586-1596.

Ouvrages ou chapitres d’ouvrage

4. Hoyle D., and Levang P. 2012. Oil palm development in Cameroon. An ad hoc working paper prepared by David Hoyle (WWF) and Patrice Levang (IRD/CIFOR), 16 p.

5. Ndjogui T.E. et al. 2014. Historique du secteur palmier à huile au Cameroun. Occasional Paper 109. 102 p., CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia.

6. Nkongho RN. et al. 2014. The Non-Industrial Palm Oil Sector in Cameroon. CIFOR. Working paper 139. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia.

Communications (conférence)

7. Feintrenie L, Levang P, Ngom E. 2012. Transfer of the Asian model of oil palm development: from Indonesia to Cameroon. World Bank conference on land and poverty, Washington DC, USA, 23-26 April.

8. Feintrenie L. and Rafflegeau S. 2012. Oil palm development: risks and opportunities based on lessons learnt from Cameroon and Indonesia. 17e Conferencia Internacional sobre Palma de Aceite. 2012-09-25/2012-09-28, Carthagena, Colombia.

9. Feintrenie L. 2013. Différents modèles d’organisation du secteur palmier dans le monde (Afrique Centrale, Asie du Sud-Est, Amérique Latine). 4ème Conférence Internationale sur les biocarburants/bioénergies en Afrique, 21-23 novembre 2013 à Ouagadougou, au Burkina Faso.

10. Baudoin A. et al. 2014. Towards a multidimensional assessment grid of smallholders’ oil palm plantations: a preliminary proposal from SPOP Project. Oral presentation and paper in the proceedings, ICOPE 2014, Bali.

11. Moulin M. et al. 2014. Oil palm dreams and disillusions: smallholders’ plantations in a context of poor access to agricultural inputs. Poster at ICOPE 2014, Bali.

12. Moulin M. et al. 2014 Understanding the drivers of land use changes: the case of oil palm managements in Sumatra (Indonesia). Poster at 2nd GLP Meeting 2014, Berlin.

13. Cheyns E. et Escobar M. 2014. Les ONG, entrepreneurs de la critique des entreprises: entre marché et politisation de la durabilité. Le cas de l’huile de palme et du soja. Colloque « Renouveler les approches institutionnalistes sur l’agriculture et l’alimentation : la « grande transformation » 20 ans après ». June 16th 2014, Montpellier.

Actions de diffusion

Divers

1. Cirad 2011 Defining indicators to certify sustainable palm oil production. Annual Report Cirad 2011.

2. Levang P. et Feintrenie L. 2012. Smallholder friendly oil palm


development: lessons from Indonesia. WWF – MINADER Workshop, Yaoundé, Dec12-13, 2012

3. Levang P. et Feintrenie L. 2012. Développement des plantations villageoises de palmiers à huile: les leçons de l'exemple indonésien. Atelier de renforcement des capacités des acteurs sur les standards RSPO en vue d'un développement durable du palmier à huile au Cameroun. Proforest, Minader, WWF. Kribi, 12 - 14 Juin 2012.

4. Levang P. 2012. Elites et accaparement des terres au Cameroun : l'exemple du palmier à huile. IRD et CIFOR. Yaoundé, 15 février 2012

5. Levang P. 2012. Etat des lieux du développement du palmier à huile au Cameroun et mesures de durabilité existantes. Dialogue des parties prenantes dans le développement du palmier à huile au Cameroun. MINADER, CIFOR, IRD et WWF. Hôtel Azur, Yaoundé, le 08 mai 2012.

6. Levang P. Et Feintrenie L. 2012. Smallholder friendly oil palm development: lessons from Indonesia. Collaboration in Conservation & Development (Ndian & Kupe Muanenguba Divisions). Workshop organized by SGSOC Herakles Farms, chariot hotel, Buea. Tuesday, 19 - Wednesday, 20 June, 2012

7. Levang P. et Feintrenie L. 2013. Smallholder friendly oil palm development: lessons from Indonesia. WWF – MINADER Workshop, Limbe, Jan 31- Feb 1, 2013

8. Feintrenie L, Mienmany S, Levang P. 2013. First results of Participatory Prospective Analysis workshops in Bungo. BAPPEDA office, Muara Bungo, Indonesia. September, 24th.

9. Nkongho R, Feintrenie L et Levang P. 2014. Oil palm smallholders and agro-industries partnerships in Cameroon. WWF – MINADER Workshop, Douala, Feb 13-14th.

10. Ngom E, Iyabano A, Nkongho R, Djogui E, Levang P, Feintrenie L. 2014. État des lieux de la filière palmier à huile au Cameroun. WWF – MINADER Workshop, Ebolowa, 18-20 juin. Projet SPOP via CRTV 2014: un encart dans le journal radio-diffusé suite aux ateliers d’analyse prospective participative conduits dans la zone des palmeraies au Cameroun (3 ateliers à Ekondo Titi, Muyuka et Eseka).

No monopartner publication

D.2 OTHER DIFFUSION MEANS

NA

D.3 NON-PERMANENT PERSONAL (EXCEPT INTERNS)

Identification Avant le recrutement sur le projet

Recrutement sur le projet

Nom et prénom

Sexe H/F

Adresse email (1)

Date des dernières nouvelles

Dernier diplôme obtenu au moment du recrutement

Lieu d'études (France, UE, hors UE)

Expérience prof. antérieure (ans)

Partenaire ayant embauché la personne

Poste dans le projet (2)

Date de recrutement

Durée missions (mois) (3)

NKONGHO Raymond

H [email protected]

2014.06.25 Master 2 in Botany

Cameroon >7years CIFOR Doctorant May 2011

MOULIN Margot

F [email protected]

2014.07.07 Master 2/ Engineer from ENSAIA

France 0 INRA Doctorant October 2012

mailto:[email protected]







D.4 ACCOUNTING DETAILS BETWEEN T0 & T+30 MONTHS

NB: expenses are given for the 03.2012-08.2014 period. Not all expected expenses to the end of 2014, nor 2016, are listed. Partner Activity Schedule Budget /

expected Remark

CIRAD Cécile Bessou training on web pages management

Ez-publish + Alfresco share

- Paid by Cirad Formation

Chronopost mail to ANR + Partners for signature

2012 <100€ SPOP budget

Meetings café + meals 2012 <200€ SPOP budget Meetings café + meals 2013 <300€ SPOP budget Meetings café + meals 2014 <300€ SPOP budget Coordination meetings Up to July 2014 500€ SPOP budget Fahmuddin Agus: mission for the steering committee

July 2014 1700€ SPOP budget

Alice Baudoin internship Alice Baudoin internship – sub-contracted by INRA

June-August 2012 November 2013 – February 2014

1300€ 2928€

SPOP budget

Pledran O. contribution to a publication

September 2013 69€ SPOP budget

Cynthia Latunussa internship

2013 948€ SPOP budget

RT10 registrations November 2012 1600€ SPOP budget RT11 registrations November 2013 900€ SPOP budget ICOPE registrations February 2014 540€ SPOP budget Cécile Bessou supervising mission to Indonesia Cécile Bessou, mission to RT11 Cécile Bessou, mission for ICOPE 2014 Cécile Bessou, ANR Paris

August 2013 November 2013 May 2014 February 2014

2200€ 3300€ 358€ 3500€

SPOP budget

Raphaël Marichal mission for ICOPE 2014

February 2014

2200€ SPOP budget

Alain Rival, coordination meetings and mission

Up to July 2014 12800€ SPOP budget

Pierre-Marie Bosc supervising mission to Indonesia Pierre-Marie Bosc, missions for ICOPE 2014 Pierre-Marie Bosc, ANR in Paris

August 2013 February 2014 May 2014

2500€ 4193€ 324€

SPOP budget

Emmanuelle Cheyns October November 2013 2500€ SPOP budget Karine Lé internship including mission to Indonesia

May-September 2013

7900€ SPOP budget


Roxanne Houvenaeghel internship including mission to Indonesia

May-September 2013 SPOP budget

Marcel Djama missions to Indonesia and Singapore (RT10)

Singapour - oct 2012 Singapour et JKT - December 2012 Jakarta - June 2013

4000€ SPOP budget

Other expenses: software licences

UR34 up to July 2014 UMR MOISA up to July 2014

700€ 2000€

SPOP budget

INRA Margot Moulin training GIS training Remote sensing training Bahasa Indonesia Spatial statistics training Modelling training (2014)

800 € 900 € 500 € 1350 € 800 €

INRA “Formation Permanente” and ASTER unit has been paying Margot Moulin’s trainings except “Bahasa Indonesia”

Margot Moulin mission in France (Montpellier)

December 2012 January 2013 April 2013 January 2014 July 2014 1 mission in 2015

500 € 500 € 500 € 500 € 300 € 300 €

SPOP budget

Margot Moulin: Long mission to Indonesia Short mission to Indonesia

From May to December 2013 From April to October 2015 February 2014

7000 € 5000 € --

SPOP budget Paid by INRA ASTER unit

Julie Wohlfahrt missions in France (Montpellier)

July 2012 December 2012 April 2013 January 2014 July 2014 1 mission 2015

330 € 330 € 330 € 500 € 300 € 300 €

SPOP budget

Julie Wohlfahrt missions in Indonesia

July 2013 (8 days) August / September 2013 (3 weeks)

1800 € 1500 €

Paid by INRA ASTER unit

Marc Benoît missions in France (Montpellier)

December 2012 April 2013

330 € 240 €

SPOP budget

Other expenses: GPS, computer, softwares, books, satellite images, maps

<2000 € SPOP budget

CIFOR Sub-contract Up to July 2013 49620€ SPOP budget as sub-contracted by Cirad

IRD Workshops Up to July 2014 As planned SPOP budget


E APPENDICES

A.1. MINUTES OF SPOP MEETINGS

SPOP 2014-2016

Technical Committee 13 January 2014 Minutes

Meeting 7 Cécile Bessou, Alain Rival

Participants : Cécile Bessou CB, Pierre-Marie Bosc PMB, Emmanuelle Cheyns EC, Claude Jannot CJ, Raphaël Marichal RM, Margot Moulin MM, Sylvain Rafflegeau SR, Alain Rival AR, Aude Verwilghen AV, Julie Wohlfahrt JW Absents : Marc Benoît MB, Jean-Pierre Caliman JPC, Marc-Philippe Carron MPC, Marcel Djama MD, Laurène Feintrenie LF, Raymond Nkongho RN, Patrice Levang PL, Jean-Marc Roda JMR

Agenda

1. Review of 2013 activities (field work of interns, Ph.D. studies, progress on deliverables, encountered difficulties etc.) 2. Communications at ICOPE 2014, Bali 12-14. February http://www.icope-series.com/conferences_detail/4 3. Preparation of the “Reflexives Workshop” on 14. February (side-event of ICOPE 2014) 4. Activities planned in 2014 5. Miscellaneous

Updates

1. In 2013, 3 interns (Karine Lé, Roxanne Houvenaeghel, Soytavanh Mienmany) worked in the field within the frame of SPOP. The two Ph.D. students continued their field works. At the time of this technical committee, all interns have finished their internships and submitted their reports, except for Roxanne, who is still finishing her report for SPOP. Karine (T.1.1): was in Libo (PT SMART) from April until the beginning of August. She had taken a two-week Bahasa course before getting to the field. PMB, her main supervisor, went to Libo for 10 days in July. His mission appeared to be crucial in order to adjust the questionnaire Karin was using in the field to fit better to the original objective of the internship (the objective was to test a set of indicators allowing for the analysis of the holding structure and their 3D performances). Due to the lack of time, Karine could not treat all the collected data. Therefore, Pierre-Marie hired Alice Baudoin (T.1.1+T.1.4) (2 months) to carry on the data analysis. Alice presented the preliminary results during this technical committee. The SPOP team will present these results as an oral presentation during the next ICOPE conference in February 2014 (12-14). First results indicate a great diversity of farming systems across the smallholders; this diversity concerning essentially the palm oil production systems. Indeed, even external activities often are related to palm oil, e.g. fruit transport. Two trajectories were identified, one towards plasma plot accumulation and productivity, the other one towards more flexibility and diversity with a greater area in independent plots. In between mixed trajectories need to be further investigated to enlighten deeper the diverse production strategies. This first classification needs to be re-evaluated by including the life cycles both of the holdings and the palm plantations. Next, the objective will be 1) to identify drivers and thresholds delineating the diverse strategies with the help of structural indicators (ex. WAW), and 2) to assess the 3D impacts of the diverse production strategies with the help of performance indicators. A statistical data analysis should be carried out in the meantime to comfort results from the analytical approach. Concerns were raised though on the limited sample size in order to come up with significant statistical results. Roxanne (T.1.2): was in Bungo from 18. May to 20. September (total duration of the internship 15. April – 14. October incl. a two-week Bahasa classe). She worked on the perception of global changes by the populations of villages in Bungo and Tanjung Jabung Barat. The aim of the internship was to investigate whether diverse ways in conceiving and perceiving global changes and sustainability at the local scale could influence the efficiency in defining strategies towards sustainability and the propagation of good practices. The corollary was to stress within the constraints faced by local populations which ones may be related or not to the global changes and how both local and global scales might be re-connected. She used the visual sociology, i.e. she made use of visual supports such as videos or pictures to make people react and interact. The baseline assumptions, which will be analysed in the report, are the following: i) migrants and local people do not have the same relation to the land, which implies to include both groups in the sample; ii) the concept of sustainability, that was exogenously defined by macro-actors as consisting of three pillars, is locally intrinsically integrated, i.e. the three dimensions do not have a segregated essence, which makes it difficult in particular to consider the environment apart from its economic or social imbrications (e.g. nature conservation is weighted by local needs and can hardly be considered as a aim by itself); iii) at the local scale, the social dimension is fundamentally related to solidarity within the community, whereas at the global scale (macro-actors in international authorities) it is more correlated to individuals (children, gender issues…). Approaches and indicators may hence not be adapted nor complete; and finally, iv) this differential between local and global scales in defining and implementing strategies towards sustainability is also crucial in terms of temporal scale. Macro-actors tend to target actions in a short time-frame for immediate results, while local populations plan their actions and strategies over a life time. This analysis will be cross-checked with interviews done by EC with macro-actors in Europe and Asia. Soytavanh (T.2.1): was in Bungo from May to end of September. She also took Bahasa classes before going in the field, where she stayed for 3 months. She conducted field interviews of the populations in the villages of Senamat Ulu, Batu Kerbau, and Baru Pelepat in order to draw a complete picture of the palm oil sector in the area and prepare the workshops on participatory prospective analysis (PPA). These workshops were held in two villages for 4 working days in each village in September and brought together various stakeholders from the palm oil sector. The questions raised during the workshops where the following: “What is the main

http://www.icope-series.com/conferences_detail/4


issues regarding oil palm development in Bungo?; “What might be improved and how? “ What are the possible futures of oil palm development in Bungo district of the village? How will livelihoods of the people evolve? What will be the place of oil palm plantations, other crops and forests in the village territory?” After these 2 workshops, the head of each village – who participated in the workshops – came to the district capital city, Muara Bungo, to present the conclusions of this work to representatives of the main public services of the district. For this presentations the head of villages were accompanied by one or two other villagers who participated in the workshops. An interesting discussion took place with direct dialogue between head of villages and the district public services. The first part of the report presents the history of palm oil development in Indonesia and Bungo, as well as the current situation: sector organisation, typology of households and socio-economic performances. Then the results of the PPA workshops are described and analysed. One of the main outputs from the workshop was the desire from local populations to get technical support from public services to improve their production systems; indeed they tend to be skeptical towards technical support provided by the private companies. Margot (T.2.2+T.2.2): presented an update on her field work and thesis plan. She also took bahasa courses. She has conducted numerous field interviews in both Riau and Jambi provinces, more specifically in Siak/Kampar (PT. Smart and surrounding plasmas and areas) and Bungo district (Kec. Bathin III Ulu: Senamat Ulu, Aur Cino, Sungai Telang, Karak); respectively. She also participated in the PPA workshop in Bungo. She also presented her thesis to our local partners (CIFOR, Bapak Daud, Dr. Fahmuddin Agus and University Putra Malaysia). She is now treating the data and presented an overview of preliminary results, as well as the modeling approach she intends to develop. From the discussion, it appeared that further information on the spatial organisation of the supply chain and the palm oil stakeholders might be helpful to build-up the model. As mentioned below (Field work), further field interviews are needed to wider the sample horizons. MM also still need to decide on whether to carry out or not a remote sensing analysis with the help of Valentine Le Bourgeois to be able to extract spatialised information from satellite pictures. Raymond (T.1.5): Thanks to the help of AR, further troubles to get access to the field in Malaysia were avoided. Raymond has produced a comprehensive report on the palm oil production systems in Cameroon; this report is being reviewed, notably by some SPOP people, and should be published in 2014 as a Cifor public report. Raymond is in now working on the comparison of these systems in Cameroon and those in Asia, especially in Indonesia and Malaysia. He spent 3 months in South Easy Asia (Aug. 24 – Nov 20, 2013); three weeks at PT. Musim Mas to study their KKPA model and two weeks in Malaysia investigating the FELDA system.

2. ICOPE 2014 - Two oral presentations and one poster related to SPOP will be presented at ICOPE 2014.

3. Reflexives workshop (T.1.3) A workshop will be held as side-event of ICOPE 2014 (Bali) on Friday 14. February afternoon. The presence of numerous actors from the palm oil supply chain will make it possible to work on the assessment grids: a) the structural indicators for the classification of the “holdings” and b) the performance indicators. It was discussed the possibility to also investigate with the same panel of stakeholders some global scenarios for palm oil development. However, this second part of the reflexives workshop will depend on the presence or not of MM at ICOPE (still under discussion).

4. Agenda of activities in 2014 - MM plans to build-up the model and to write a first scientific article before going back to Indonesia for

further interviews to better assess the oil palm cropping systems spatial distribution and/or to validate the model. She expects to be back in Indonesia in August 2014 until the end of the year 2014. She will present one poster at ICOPE (Bali) in February 2014 and one at the Global Land Project (GLP) in Berlin in March 2014.

- JMR will be in France in March, May, July and October; we might take this opportunity to organise a SPOP meeting and working meetings with MM, JW and MB. MM might also spend some more time in KL with JMR around the time whe goes to Indonesia

- LF: Task 1.5: A final report on the comparison between oil palm production systems in Indonesia and in Cameroon will be written.

- LF: Task 2.1: A synthesis report on the participatory prospective analysis (PPA) conducted in 2013 in Indonesia will be used as the basis for a scientific paper. PPA will be conducted in Cameroon in May and June 2014. The PPA workshops will be conducted in the attraction basin of the main oil palm industries (Socapalm, CDC and Pamol).

- PL: A MSc intern from Dschang University, Sadou Haman, has been hired to report on the 3 Participatory Prospective Analysis workshops to be organized in Cameroon in 2014. Precise locations and dates will be finalized soon.

5. Miscellaneous - Claude Jannot and Aude Verwilghen will be replaced in the project by Raphaël Marichal, a new researcher

hired within UPR34 to work on environmental indicators of oil palm systems. He will be based in Libo, Indonesia from March 2014 onward.

- Recalling: please mention the support of ANR SPOP in all your communications; you may use the following citation: “The author(s) is(are) grateful to ANR (the French National Research Agency) which supported (part of) this research within the framework of the Sustainable Palm Oil Production (SPOP) project ( http://spop.cirad.fr/)”.

- Outputs Nkongho RN, Feintrenie L, and Levang P, 2014. Strengths and weaknesses of the smallholder oil palm

sector in Cameroon. OCL 21(2)

http://spop.cirad.fr/)


Ndjogui TE, Nkongho RN, Rafflegeau S, Feintrenie L, Levang P, 2014. Historique du secteur palmier à huile au Cameroun. To be published as a CIFOR occasional paper (under review).

Nkongho RN, Ndjogui TE, Levang P, 2014. The History of relationship between agro-industries and oil palm smallholders in Cameroon. Draft available.

Nkongho RN, Feintrenie L, and Levang P, 2014. The Non-Industrial Palm Oil Sector in Cameroon. To be published as a CIFOR occasional paper (submitted).

Discussion points

Field work: - Further field interviews are needed in order 1) to increase the sample sizes and test the statistical validity of

preliminary conclusions; 2) to avoid bias due to field access provided by agro-industry or local authorities, especially more smallholders should be interviewed in Riau, and more agro-industry plantations should be surveyed in Jambi; 3) to cover further contrasted situations, especially in Jambi intermediate palm area in between more developed areas (close to road access) and area of pioneer development (remote area); 4) to cover a wider diversity of agro-industrial production systems (Fahmuddin Agus: “not all industrial plantations perform the same”).

- If possible, GPS coordinates should be taken as much as possible when the interviews are conducted in the field, directly at the plantation places.

- Practices to be further investigated: biodiversity within the plantations (especially in terms of perception by the local populations by opposition to biodiversity related to land use change and conservation issue); weed control spatial distribution in the field

- Information on prices/wages to assess the cost of living, the incomes etc. may be collected from the literature as soon as primary data (directly from the interviews) is not available.

- Soil maps are needed: they may be found by asking to Fahmuddin Agus or further participants of the Palminet workshop in Medan, in November 2013.

Decisions

Communication cell: - SPOP web page will be further updated as soon as intern reports and communications

at ICOPE will be made available - Contacts with the Consultative Committee must be re-activated Data collection:

- Complementary field surveys might be conducted by trained Indonesian interns under the co-supervision of SPOP people, including RM and JPC based in Libo, in order to significantly increase the sample size

Next meeting Q2-3 2014

Responsible people/timing CB+ all SPOP people AR + CB

Documents to be uploaded on Alfresco/SPOP web pages: - Reports from interns (non confidential ones) - Publications including those made at ICOPE 2014 - MM Presentation (field work updates and modeling approach)


SPOP 2014-2016

Technical Committee 25 June 2014 Minutes

Meeting 8 Cécile Bessou, Alain Rival

Participants : Cécile Bessou CB, Pierre-Marie Bosc PMB, Emmanuelle Cheyns EC, Laurène Feintrenie LF, Raphaël Marichal RM (skype), Margot Moulin MM (visio), Alain Rival AR, Julie Wohlfahrt JW (visio) Absents : Marc Benoît MB, Jean-Pierre Caliman JPC, Marc-Philippe Carron MPC, Marcel Djama MD, Raymond Nkongho RN (input to the meeting per email), Patrice Levang PL, Sylvain Rafflegeau SR, Jean-Marc Roda JMR

Agenda

1. Quick feedback on the ANR meeting in May by Cécile & Alain 2. Feedback on RSPO Europe meeting by Alain 3. Brief insight on Roxane’s report (T.1.2) by Emmanuelle (more details on July 9.) 4. Feedback from the recent prospective workshop in Cameroun by Laurène (incl. inputs from Patrice) 5. Margot's thesis by Margot and Julie & the synergies between tasks 2.1 and 2.2/3 6. Raymond's thesis (email from Raymond) 7. Flash info on the new thesis ANR SPOP-Cirad 8. Miscellaneous

ATTENTION: next ANR report to be submitted at the end of August 2014. SPOP members should provide the coordinators with the necessary material on realised tasks and expenses before the end of July! It is important to refer to the initial planned deliverables and deadlines in parallel to what has been done.

Updates

6. ANR meeting: On May 16. 2014, a meeting was held in Paris (ANR office) conveying members of six of the seven projects within the Agrobiosphere 2011 call. From SPOP, were present: CB, PMB, AR, JW. The objective was to make the point on the first outcomes of the projects and the difficulties encountered during their first halves (+26/48 months in the case of SPOP). A specific report was submitted to ANR about 10 days ahead to prepare this meeting, although no report between +18 and +30 months was part of the administrative follow-up procedure by ANR. Hence, the delay to gather the information from all the SPOP members and submit the report was short. The exercise ended up to be quite difficult, since we were asked to emphasise on the difficulties but there was very little time to actually discuss the reasons of the difficulties and the solutions that were adopted or that could have been proposed by the commission. The main output was the surprise of the commission regarding the lack of available data on palm oil production systems in Indonesia, “given that Cirad has been working on this topic for several decades”. This surprise illustrated the lack of knowledge from the scientific community on the huge diversity of palm oil production systems and the potential heterogeneity of their performances, which implies a need to compile a lot of field data. Cirad has a long experience in the industrial palm oil sector but few experiences and data sets on the smallholders’ palm oil sector. The latter represents still some 40% of the global oil palm planted area.

7. The second RSPO European Roundtable took place in London on June 4. 2014. AR explained that this second edition was more informative than the first one, which had aimed essentially to introduce RSPO to the European actors. AR attended the parallel session on the smallholders (moderated by Petra from NBPOL) with the topic: how to foster the certification of smallholders’ palm oil production? There may be opportunities nowadays at the European level to grasp some funding from the European Commission to improve the knowledge of smallholders’ performances and the traceability of smallholders’ supply chains. AR has participated in a meeting in Brussels where premises of such opportunities were discussed.

8. Roxane (T.1.2) finished her visual sociology internship on the perceptions of global changes by micro actors last year. However, she has not yet finished writing her report. 3 over 5 chapters were sent to EC, whose main outputs will presented by EC on July 9. EC noticed that students from the same university as Roxane may not be suitable for further research internship at Cirad because the university does not require a scientific report on their internship work. Students are rather asked to conduct an introspective analysis on the impact of the internship on their personal development. There may be a possibility to publish a paper based on Roxane’s results.

9. T.2.1 Based on the same approach as the PPA organized in 2013 in Indonesia, LF, PL and RN (together with a trainee from Dschang University, Sadou Haman) organized 3 workshops in villages from 3 different palm oil supply areas in Cameroon. These 3 supply areas also were the study sites within Raymond’s thesis. The PPA workshops in Indonesia had questioned the populations about their views of the possible developments of the palm oil sector within the next 30 years. The PPA workshops in Cameroon were more targeted, considering as a background the National Palm Oil sustainable Development Strategy, which is being written down under the coordination of the Ministry of Agriculture with the assistant of experts among which are some SPOP members (PL, LF, RN, EN) , as well as people from WWF, ZSL etc. This strategy notably assesses the potential roles of partnerships between agroindustries and smallholders, as individuals or associated, in the national palm oil development. The precise object of each workshop was defined in participatory manner with the participants, and mainly depended on whether smallholders associations already existed or not in the investigated supply areas. The object of the workshop was either ‘partnership between an agro-industry and a group of smallholders’ or ‘partnership between an agro-industry and smallholders’. Partnership was then considered as the framework for the scenario building process. Each workshop last 4 days and conveyed farmers/growers, representatives from palm industries and local authorities. As defined in the PPA process, the first 2 days were used to analyze the palm oil sector and decompose the drivers and control levers underpinning potential developments. The 2 further days were then used to build-up scenarios, with a focus on the required conditions to the establishment of a win-win partnership, and the


contents of a good contract of partnership. In the last workshop in Muyuka, though, the first step was avoided and discussions directly started with scenario building. The idea was to evaluate the PPA method by confronting a similar group of participants with the same objective as in the 2 previous workshops to usual participatory methods for group discussions, and compare results. Over the three workshops, outcomes were:

a. In Eseka (with Socapalm industry), the most important drivers for the growers were the public policies, technical assistance, trust and transparency-based partnership with the industry (including the agreement content), and infrastructures. The percentage of the fresh fruit bunches supplied by smallholders to the industry was among key factors discussed. Some growers would prefer the contract to concern 100% of their productions, provided that the industry agrees to give back some oil for their personal consumption (including relatives’ network). Whereas other growers would rather keep the fruits they need to transform them into oil by themselves. This percentage may be critical since palm fruit price is fixed in the case of a contract with an industry, whereas home-made palm oil price may highly vary depending on seasonal availability. On a general basis, growers agree that they lack organization and that they would gain in negotiation power and action lever if they were better federated.

b. In Ekondo Titi (with Pamol industry), participation was particularly proactive and the dialogue fruitful. In this area, growers already are more organized in associations and cooperatives. In this context, growers see partnerships based on more balanced powers (some even envisaged to be part of some administrative boards of the industry or to enter the industry capital). They want to be informed about the industry choices and give much importance to trust and transparency as baselines for the partnership.

c. In Muyuka (with CDC industry), participation was intense and discussions could get quickly messy and hard to handle. The two-step PPA process proved to be more efficient in order to better decompose the system and anticipate on scenario building in a more structured and constructive way. However, independently from the 1- or 2-step process, participants always gave positive feedback on the workshops.

On a final note, overall conclusions were that the organization of smallholders in associations is a needed preamble to allow for efficient partnerships between growers and industries. A good information flow between these actors is also essential and could be facilitated by a dedicated intermediary within the industry, being the contact person to dialogue with representative from the associations. The existence of such a team dedicated to relationships with smallholders within the industry is also seen by all the actors as key to the success of a partnership. Last but not least, a detailed and well understood contract between the partners is essential.

10. Margot (T.2.2) has finished the analysis of the field data from interviews on growers’ practices in Riau and Jambi; data extracted from the industry flow management software was also used to complete the datasets. Key parameters that allow differentiating growers on their practices are the amounts of nitrogen, phosphate, Paraquat, and Glyphosate applied per plot. Clusters show a significant inter-diversity between industry and smallholders practices, as well as an intra-diversity among smallholders. Further details of her ongoing work will be discussed during her 2nd steering committee being held in Montpellier on July 7.

11. Raymond (T.1.5) has just completed the writing of a report on "The history of partnership schemes between agro-industries and oil palm smallholders to be published as a SPOP report". The other report concerns "The non- industrial palm oil sector in Cameroon", which will be out any time from now as a CIFOR working paper. He is presently developing 2 draft papers, which need to be submitted for publication in the next coming months. After this, he needs to complete the remaining chapters of his thesis, with the defense scheduled for next year 2015.

12. A Ph.D. project on coupling LCA and an N-balance indicator, with a case study on oil palm in Indonesia, will start in September 2014 co-funded by ANR SPOP and Cirad. We are currently selecting a candidate.

13. Miscellaneous - ICOPE 2014: 1 oral presentation and 1 poster on the preliminary results of SPOP were presented at the

ICOPE conference in 2014 (with proceedings). We also organized a Reflexive workshop to discuss with stakeholders the SPOP objectives and method and the building-up of the global scenarios. Unfortunately the timeframe for this workshop was too short; few participants could attend and we lack time to discuss all topics in depth. Nevertheless, the preparatory work on the global scenario building could be used to produce a scientific paper.

- 2nd GLP Open Science Meeting in Berlin: 1 poster presented. - Recalling: please mention the support of ANR SPOP in all your communications; you may use the following

citation: “The author(s) is(are) grateful to ANR (the French National Research Agency) which supported (part of) this research within the framework of the Sustainable Palm Oil Production (SPOP) project ( http://spop.cirad.fr/)”.

- Planned Outputs Scientific paper on Roxane’s study by EC: 2015 Report on cross-analysis of the perceptions of global changes by micro or macro-actors by EC: 2015. Report on smallholders-industry partnerships by RN, PL, LF : 2014 Scientific paper on the methodology of PPA workshops at the village level (never done before) by LF,

PL, Sadou, Soytavanh, RN, MM: 2014/5 Scientific paper on the PPA outputs in Cameroon by LF, PL, RN and Sadou: 2014/5 Scientific paper on the PPA outputs in Indonesia by LF, PL, MM and Soytavanh: 2014/5

http://spop.cirad.fr/)


Scientific paper on the characterisation of the diversity in palm oil smallholders’ practices in order to better adapt recommendations by MM, JW: 2014

Discussion points

- Data on smallholders might be made available to the project by NBPOL. CB or AL may go to the field to check for what would be available.

- A paper on the results from the workshop reflexive on global scenarios (+ potential further inputs) will be submitted to a scientific journal: AR takes the lead on the writing.

- We are in the process of hiring 3 Indonesian students to conduct field interviews under the supervision of RM. It is important to make sure that they have personal motivation to do the internship, since the academic curriculum itself might not really value such internship. It is also crucial to ensure a good supervision in the field, especially when interviewing smallholders in remote villages during several days.

Decisions

Next meeting: July 9. 2014

Responsible people/timing

Documents to be uploaded on SPOP web page: none


A.2. REPORT ON TASK 1.1 & 1.4

BY PIERRE-MARIE BOSC & CÉCILE BESSOU

Task 1.1 & 1.4: Characterisation of the various oil palm cropping systems and their 3D impacts Objective: to assess the 3D impacts of the oil palm plantations Partners involved: leader CIRAD (+ IRD/CIFOR + INRA + PT-SMART) Deliverables:

• a review of relevant available agro-ecological indicators • a review of relevant socio-economic indicators • a methodology to identify the sensitivity of oil palm plantations to global changes, the

room for improvement and adaptation pathways • assessment grids • results of field testing of the assessment grids (involvement of stakeholders + ways of

improvement of the grids) • a typology of the diverse oil palm cropping systems in Sumatra according to their 3D-

impacts • key strategies to adapt the systems to global changes according to their specificities • farm gate LCA of the diverse oil palm cropping systems • recommendations to the producers

In 2012-2014, activities within WP1 involved all SPOP members, 2 Ph.D. students and 5 trainees (with missioned supervisors in the field). Discussions and field works first focused on the assessment grids. As anticipated in the project proposal, we decided to test the comprehensive WAW framework (World Agriculture Watch, FAO, 2012) in the field. This methodology was inspired by the Sustainable Rural Livelihood framework that makes it possible to analyse the links between the farm structure and the performances of the production system. Indeed, socio-economic as well as potential environmental impacts of agricultural productions depend pretty much on the production structures. With the first field surveys in 2013, the core of the field-applied WAW approach was first to capture the global rationale of the holdings and assess the place and role of oil palm production within the household economy – including farm and non-farm activities - and in terms of 3-dimensional impacts (3D-impacts), i.e. social, economic and environmental impacts. SPOP project is focused on Cameroon and Indonesia where development schemes supported the development of oil palm smallholdings in different ways. In Cameroon, oil palm plots were all planted by smallholders who fully manage them. In Indonesia, it’s the same for independent plots, who are fully managed by the smallholders, but different for plasma plots that may be acquired through different development schemes and that can be either semi-managed by smallholders (smallholders start managing the plots after the juvenile phase) or fully managed by the contracting industry. As development schemes induced much more diversity in Indonesia, we chose that country in order to get a greater variability in the smallholders’ production structures. More precisely, we selected the Riau and Jambi provinces in Sumatra. The area surveyed in Riau is characterised by a long palm oil history with a mixed development of oil palm plantations through private or public companies and supervised smallholders. On the other hand, the area surveyed in Jambi is characterised by a recent development of oil palm mostly in traditional villages.


Surveys were based on both oriented and comprehensive question sets. We focused in this first field work campaign on the smallholders’ systems within the supply area of a palm oil company. In total, 103 oil palm growers were interviewed. For each holding, one to two oil palm plots were included in the survey with contrasted levels of management (semi-managed and independent from recommendations of the company estate). As we aim to explore the management diversity between smallholdings, we decided to keep full managed plasma plots out of the plot survey because they are all managed equally and like the contracting industrial plantation. Data were collected in Kampar District, Riau Province, and Bungo District, Jambi Province. The first analysis of these data sets was carried out with the help of the Sphinx Software (Sphinx Plus v.5.1.0.7). Further statistical analyses are on going to complete this preliminary analysis. Through field surveys, we identified a wide range of oil palm productive systems – ranging from 2 ha to 110 ha embedded in a diverse setting of activity systems. This heterogeneity at holding and households’ levels highlights the social rapid differentiation associated with the spread of income generation through oil palm production development. We used a set of structural indicators to analyse the production systems and their various evolutions in terms of the five capitals (natural, physical, financial, human and social) from the “livelihood” methodology FAO (2012). These evolutions were analysed in the light of potential strategic behaviours of the producers, which allowed us to define 5 types of structural patterns at the holding level. The performances of each holding type were then assessed along the classical dimensions of sustainable development (3D-impact indicators). While social and economic dimensions were estimated at household level, the environmental dimensions relied more on estimates at plot level. The social performances were estimated through a combination of several components including living standards, education (for the children) and health. Economic performance of the holding was based on an assessment of the total household income including both oil palm and other farm and nonfarm activities. Environmental dimension was based on two main indicators in relation to the use of chemical fertiliser and herbicides. The results of this field work and subsequent analysis was presented as a paper1 at ICOPE Conference in Bali, February 2014. Following this public presentation the paper has been reworked to fit into the requirements for the proceedings. What is striking and comes out from this first field work is the current lack of validated information on smallholder palm oil production structures. As plantation dynamics are spreading outside the management and control of the large scale plantations, we need to better understand the livelihoods strategies of the smallholders. They appear very diverse in size unlike RSPO that considers that smallholders manage 50 ha as the standard farm size. We are presently deepening our knowledge: (i) on basic regional data – statistics, review of the available information to better sample our next round of surveys; (ii) on a wider sample to better address the diversity of smallholders. Further field surveys are planned at the end of 2014-beginning 2015. The consolidated results of the two field campaign and cross analysis with WP2 will be published in a scientific paper.

1 Towards a multidimensional assessment grid of smallholders’ oil palm plantations: a preliminary proposal from SPOP Project by Alice Baudoin, Pierre-Marie Bosc, Cécile Bessou, Margot Moulin, Julie Wohlfahrt, Claude Jannot, Karine Lé, Sylvain Rafflegeau, Raphaël Marichal, Jean-Pierre Caliman


A.3. REPORT ON TASK 1.2

BY EMMANUELLE CHEYNS

Task 1.2: Analyzing perception of global changes and of new production standards for palm oil sustainability Objective: Analyze the perception of global changes by stakeholders involved in oil palm production standards. Analyze elaboration and perception of the standards relating to the evolution of oil palm cropping system. Partners involved: leader CIRAD (+ CIFOR/IRD + local partners) Deliverable:

● Analysis of oil palm cropping systems and global changes perceptions: recommendations for adaptation strategies.

Deadlines: month 36 Title of the study: ‘Analysis of the diversity of perceptions of global change and sustainability in the palm oil sector’ (Indonesia) Context: The palm oil sector in Indonesia is emblematic of the controversies surrounding the impacts of agricultural production on the environment and societies. It is also the subject of institutional reconstruction of forms of more sustainable production, which integrate social and environmental criteria (creation of public and private standards, ‘multi-stakeholder initiatives’2, etc.). This reconstruction is partly being undertaken by ‘macro-actors’ (international organizations, transnational NGOs, multinationals, etc.) who work on a global scale and are motivated primarily by global issues (‘feeding the planet’, ensuring global food security, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, etc.).

Questions: How are global issues related to palm oil production viewed and addressed by people located locally (local communities, family farmers, local authorities, industrial producers)? Conversely, how do ‘macro-actors’ perceive and deal with local issues? How are these issues expressed or translated? The purpose of the study is to reveal a plurality of perceptions and address the differences between the perceptions of global/local changes by actors involved at a global scale and those who are living these changes at the local level.

1. Follow-up on the supervision of the study by Roxane Houvenaeghel

This study has been partly conducted in Indonesia in Sumatra Province, regarding local actors (especially rural communities, but also local NGOs). Roxane Houvenaeghel had been employed as Master student (M2) to conduct interviews in Indonesia (6 month internship, May to October 2013).

Product to be delivered: Master thesis in French Synthesis of the main results in English

2 www.rspo.org, http://www.sharp-partnership.org/, etc.

http://www.rspo.org/

http://www.sharp-partnership.org/


Potentially a publication (or results to be joined together with the results of the 2nd part (see below).

2. Interviews with « macro-actors » These second part is dedicated to analyze the perception of global/local changes by other stakeholders (especially global one) involved in oil palm production standards (including European stakeholders). First interviews occurred in November 2013 (in Medan and Bogor) by Emmanuelle Cheyns. Communication in : Colloque Renouveler les approches institutionnalistes sur l'agriculture et l'alimentation: la "grande transformation" 20 ans après. 16 et 16 juin 2014, Montpellier Titre : Les ONG, entrepreneurs de la critique des entreprises : entre marché et politisation de la durabilité. Le cas de l’huile de palme et du soja. Summary NGOs have gained an increasingly central role in the definition and resolution of social and environmental concerns related to global industries. By portraying issues of public concern in certain ways they shape societal views on corporate social responsibility, and at a greater extent they influence decision-making processes of business groups- mostly on aspects such as brand reputation, risk management and sourcing decisions. To prompt changes in global production regimes and consumer choices, NGOs deploy a wide variety of tactics, ranging from confrontational approaches to more collaborative ones. However, while these NGO strategies towards businesses have been thoroughly categorized in business literature, further research is needed to understand the ways they influence each other when taking place simultaneously in specific industries. In this communication, we undertake an assessment of campaigns and private agreements led by three international environmental NGOs; WWF, Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth throughout a period of 10 years in the oil palm sector. In analytical terms, the communication describe the distinctive arguments advanced by the organizations reframing politic issues on sustainability, (2) assesses the nature of their strategies and tactics, and (3) analyzes the resulting relations entertained between NGOs and the challenged corporate actors. Product to be delivered: A publication in a Journal based on those results, to be joined with results from next works to be done (August 2014-August 2015).


A.4. REPORT ON TASKS 1.5 & 2.1

BY LAURÈNE FEINTRENIE & PATRICE LEVANG

Task 1.5: Comparative analysis of oil palm production systems in Indonesia and Cameroon Task 1.5: Description A comparative analysis of oil palm production systems in the two countries will underline the positive and negative outcomes linked to the specificity of the local and national contexts, and generate policy recommendations to promote sustainable production systems. This task is coordinated by Patrice Levang (CIFOR/IRD) and Laurène Feintrenie (CIRAD). The research team also includes a Cameroonian PhD student, Raymond Nkongho. The activities of his task 1.5 should run from January 2013 to December 2014. Deliverables:

● A description of oil palm production systems in each country. ● A comparison of the oil palm development processes in the two countries, which

underlines the positive and negative outcomes linked to the specificity of the local and national contexts.

● Policy recommendations Task 1.5: Raymond Nkongho’s PhD Raymond’s PhD title: ‘Conditions to sustainably develop the smallholder oil palm sector in Cameroon)’. Raymond has just completed the writing of a report on "The history of partnership schemes between agro-industries and oil palm smallholders to be published as a SPOP report". The other report concerns "The non- industrial palm oil sector in Cameroon", which will be out any time from now as a CIFOR working paper. He is presently developing 2 draft papers, which need to be submitted for publication in the coming months. After this, he needs to complete the remaining chapters of his thesis, with the defense scheduled for next year 2015.


Task 2.1: Global scenarios definition Task 2.1: Description This task aims at defining scenarios of evolution of the oil palm sector - including the production systems, the trade chain and the governance of this economical sector by public authorities - with the stakeholders of the sector, at various scales. To achieve this goal we will conduct a Participatory Prospective Analysis (PPA), as developed by Bourgeois and Jésus (20043). This method is based on a succession of workshops with stakeholders to define a system - here the oil palm sector, the variables which may influence on this system, their interactions, and finally scenarios of evolution of the system depending on the evolution of the variables. This research will be conducted in one district in Indonesia and one in Cameroon. PPA workshops will be conducted in 2 villages in Indonesia and in 2 or 3 industrial sites in Cameroon, on a 5 days basis. Participants will be selected previously to the workshops, and will be either local experts of the oil palm sector (farmers, millers, brokers…), or representatives of stakeholders involved in oil palm development at local scale (local authorities, NGOs, public extension services). There will be about 10 participants to each village workshop. Deliverables: Village/industrial site PPA workshops will deliver narratives of scenarios of oil palm development at the local scale. Several scenarios will be described, with the conditions that led to each scenario and the consequences on livelihoods, economy and the environment. Recommendations and strategies of action will be drawn to achieve the preferred scenario of the participants. Based on the same approach as the PPA organized in 2013 in Indonesia, Laurène Feintrenie, Patrice Levang and Raymond Nkongho (together with a trainee from Dschang University, Sadou Haman) organized 3 workshops in villages from 3 different palm oil supply areas in Cameroon. These 3 supply areas also were the study sites within Raymond’s thesis. The PPA workshops in Indonesia had questioned the populations about their views of the possible developments of the palm oil sector within the next 30 years. The PPA workshops in Cameroon were more targeted, considering as a background the National Palm Oil sustainable Development Strategy, which is being written down under the coordination of the Ministry of Agriculture with the assistant of experts among which are some SPOP members (PL, LF, RN, EN) , as well as people from WWF, ZSL etc. This strategy notably assesses the potential roles of partnerships between agroindustries and smallholders, as individuals or associated, in the national palm oil development. The precise object of each workshop was defined in participatory manner with the participants, and mainly depended on whether smallholders associations already existed or not in the investigated supply areas. The object of the workshop was either ‘partnership between an agro-industry and a group of smallholders’ or ‘partnership between an agro-industry and smallholders’. Partnership was then considered as the framework for the scenario building process. Each workshop last 4 days and conveyed farmers/growers, representatives from palm industries and local authorities. As defined in the PPA process, the first 2 days were used to analyze the palm oil sector and decompose the drivers and control levers underpinning potential developments. The 2 further days were then used to build-up scenarios, with a focus on the required conditions to the establishment of a win- 3 Bourgeois, R., F., Jésus. 2004. Participatory prospective analysis, exploring and anticipating challenges with stakeholders. Bogor, Indonésie: UNESCAP-CASPA. 90 p.


win partnership, and the contents of a good contract of partnership. In the last workshop in Muyuka, though, the first step was avoided and discussions directly started with scenario building. The idea was to evaluate the PPA method by confronting a similar group of participants with the same objective as in the 2 previous workshops to usual participatory methods for group discussions, and compare results. Over the three workshops, outcomes were:

a. In Eseka (with Socapalm industry), the most important drivers for the growers were the public policies, technical assistance, trust and transparency-based partnership with the industry (including the agreement content), and infrastructures. The percentage of the fresh fruit bunches supplied by smallholders to the industry was among key factors discussed. Some growers would prefer the contract to concern 100% of their productions, provided that the industry agrees to give back some oil for their personal consumption (including relatives’ network). Whereas other growers would rather keep the fruits they need to transform them into oil by themselves. This percentage may be critical since palm fruit price is fixed in the case of a contract with an industry, whereas home-made palm oil price may highly vary depending on seasonal availability. On a general basis, growers agree that they lack organization and that they would gain in negotiation power and action lever if they were better federated.

b. In Ekondo Titi (with Pamol industry), participation was particularly proactive and the dialogue fruitful. In this area, growers already are more organized in associations and cooperatives. In this context, growers see partnerships based on more balanced powers (some even envisaged to be part of some administrative boards of the industry or to enter the industry capital). They want to be informed about the industry choices and give much importance to trust and transparency as baselines for the partnership.

c. In Muyuka (with CDC industry), participation was intense and discussions could get quickly messy and hard to handle. The two-step PPA process proved to be more efficient in order to better decompose the system and anticipate on scenario building in a more structured and constructive way. However, independently from the 1- or 2-step process, participants always gave positive feedback on the workshops.

On a final note, overall conclusions were that the organization of smallholders in associations is a needed preamble to allow for efficient partnerships between growers and industries. A good information flow between these actors is also essential and could be facilitated by a dedicated intermediary within the industry, being the contact person to dialogue with representative from the associations. The existence of such a team dedicated to relationships with smallholders within the industry is also seen by all the actors as key to the success of a partnership. Last but not least, a detailed and well understood contract between the partners is essential.


A.5. REPORT ON TASKS 2.2 & 2.3

BY JULIE WOHLFAHRT

Objective of the tasks 2.2. and 2.3 of WP2 : The aim of the WP2 is to assess future developments of oil palm plantations. This will be done by (i) establishing global palm oil evolution scenarios and (ii) developing a land use change model based on the stakeholders decision system and spatial analysis to assess territorial re-organizations regarding oil palm potential futures (tasks 2.2. and 2.3.). Tasks 2.2. and 2.3. will be achieved during a PhD work. Deliverables : Deliverable 1: oil palm suitability maps of the study area Replaced by: Typology of industrial and smallholders’ oil palm cropping systems Deliverable 2: Oil palm dynamics model of the study area Deliverable 3: Prospective land use maps of the study area Deliverable 4: General levers for managing oil palm dynamics Margot Moulin field work: Surveys (May to December 2013): The aim this first field work was to collect data on oil palm agricultural practices and their drivers. Data on smallholders and industrial practices were collected (see table 1). Regarding smallholders’ practices: a common questionnaire was developed in collaboration with task 1.1. in order to optimize the data collection. To approach oil palm practices drivers, several open questions were introduced in the interviews. Each interview lasted between 3 and 4 hours due to the length of the questionnaire and language issues (presence of a translator in the Libo area, self-translation in the Jambi area). Margot Moulin carried out this survey, in collaboration with Karin Lé (task 1.1. intern), in the Siak and Kampar districts (around SMART Research Insitute, Riau, Indonesia). She also carried out the same survey in villages in the Bungo district, Jambi province (see figure 1). She managed to gather 89 interviews (30 in the Libo area and 59 in the Jambi province). Regarding industrial oil palm practices, our partner SMARTRI gave us access to their management databases and GIS data for several plantations in Sumatra.


Figure 1: Survey areas: (a) Riau and Jambi provinces location, (b) survey area in Siak and Kampar districts, (c) survey area in Bungo district


Table 1: Smallholder survey summary:

Study sites Siak and Kampar growers Bungo growers

Number of respondents

See Table 2 for more details

30 usable answers 59 usable answers

Plot part

Location (village, blok number, and sometimes GPS) Location (village and sketches of the landscape) Topography Soil types

Fertilizers annual rates for the year 2012 Pesticides annual rates for the year 2012

Annual yields Planting year

Seedlings origins Previous land use

Farm holding part (SRL 5

assets adaption)

Residence Gender

Place of birth Ethnic origin and year of arrival in the area

Reason to come here Status

Parents activities and residence Oil palm training number

Household description (active people, children…) House state, electricity type…

Historic of the holding and the farmer

Number of oil palm plot, area, scheme type Other agricultural plots

Livestock

Farm holding part (strategy

part)

Reason to start oil palm cultivation Willingness to extend oil palm cultivation and where

Stated preference for different scenarios:

- Increase in workers’ wages, fertilizers prices - Increase/decrease of palm oil price - High decrease of fertilizers prices

Stated plausibility of these scenarios

Preference for oil palm or rubber and reason Oil palm location choice and reason

Preference for oil palm expansion or intensification and reason

Fertilizers and pesticides inputs evolution perspectives and reason

Prospective workshop: Margot Moulin attended the PPA (Participatory Prospective Analysis) workshops organized by task 2.1. in September 2013 in the Bungo district. Tasks 2.2. and 2.3 results Oil palm agricultural practices typology Oil palm cropping system diversity is currently only characterize through global management types (independent, plasma or industrial). In order to improve knowledge on the actual diversity of oil palm agricultural practices and better identify the levers of action toward more sustainable oil palm, we built a typology of oil palm cropping systems based on N, P2O5, Glyphosate and Paraquat applied rates declared by the oil palm growers. The objective of this approach is then to define homogeneous groups of oil palm plots characterized by similar agricultural practices. A statistical analysis using R software was carried out based on the survey data. We performed two Principal Component Analysis (ACP) followed by a hierarchical clustering analysis (CAH on Ward criteria) on each dataset (the smallholders practices dataset and the industrial practices dataset). On the stallholders’ agricultural practices dataset, the analysis yielded 5 clusters. These clusters only partly reflect the plasma-independent plots partition; plasma and independent plots are distributed in the 5 clusters. Common oil palm systems classification between plasma and independent doesn’t seem to be the only driver of agricultural management. On the industrial


agricultural practices dataset, the analysis yielded 7 clusters. To explain the diversity yielded by the clustering, we then analyzed the clusters distribution regarding biophysical and locations variables. A poster dealing with a preliminary version of this work has been presented at the GLP 2nd open science meeting in March 2014 (see poster attached). A scientific paper issued from this work will be submitted at the end of August. Other drivers from different scales (e.g. the farm holding) may be stronger drivers and must be further investigated. A cross-analysis between this agricultural practice based typology and the strategy based typology (task 1.1.) will tested. Global scenarios of palm oil sector evolution Understanding and anticipating land changes linked to oil palm implies forecasting future land conditions. This will be done in the SPOP project by simulating prospective scenarios with a land change model. An important step is then to define global scenarios to be modelled. Based on the IPCC storylines (Kriegler et al., 12)4 we defined 4 global scenarios according to mitigation and adaptation challenges. These global scenarios are developed to set different global contexts for the land changes simulations and are declined from the global to the local scales in order to characterized specific behaviors and/or local contexts linked to these global contexts. This declination of the scenarios has been done specifically for the palm oil sector and more precisely to anticipate palm oil futures in Indonesia. For each scenario, we defined the decisions taken by macro-actors (e.g.: RSPO, Sate) and the reactions of the different micro-actors (e.g.: growers) regarding the oil palm agricultural practices and their location. The global scenarios characterizations as well as their local declination were done according to oil palm expert knowledge. Several members of the SPOP project (from CIRAD, SMART, IRD and CIFOR) were associated to this work. A first version of these scenarios was presented during the reflexive workshop held in Bali in February 2014 and gathering macro-actors from the palm oil sector. During this workshop, potential futures of the palm oil sector and plantation development in Indonesia were discussed. Further work is still needed to complete these scenarios and to connect them with outputs from PPA workshops (task 2.1). Task 2.2 and 2.3 publications International Conferences: Moulin, M. Feintrenie, L., Bessou, C., Wohlfahrt, J. Oil palm dreams and disillusions: smallholders’ plantation in a context of low inputs agricultural practices in indonesia. International Conference on Oil Palm and Environment (ICOPE). February 12-14, 2014, Bali, Indonesia. (Poster) Moulin, M., Bessou, C., Wohlfahrt, J. Understanding the drivers of land use chages: the case of oil palm managements in Sumatra. 2014. Global Land Project (eds), 2014. Proceedings of the Global Land Project 2nd Open Science Meeting, Berlin, March 19-21, 2014. Amsterdam/Berlin/Sao Paulo, p.403. (Poster)

4 Kriegler, E., O’Neill, B. C., Hallegatte, S., Kram, T., Lempert, R. J., Moss, R. H. and Wilbanks, T. 2012. The need for and use of socio-economic scenarios for climate change analysis: A new approach based on shared socio-economic pathways. Global Environmental Change. 22(4), 807-822


Scientific paper in preparation: Stepping up sustainability of oil palm production: multivariate analysis of real agricultural practices. Moulin, M., Bessou, C., Caliman, J.P., Wohlfahrt, J. In prep – target journal: Agriculture for Sustainable Development. Difficulties and solutions

- Remote sensing and the global lack of data: One of the challenges of task 2.2 was to find spatial data dealing with actual oil palm plantation location on the study sites. As we mentioned it in the last report, between October 2012 and April 2013, we tried to use remote sensing methods to identify oil palm in the study regions. This work was not successful as we did not manage to identify smaller oil palm plantation than industrial ones. As the SPOP project is largely focused on oil palm smallholders systems, we decided to abandon the recognition of oil palm by remote sensing. Moreover, there is a current lack of spatialized data in the study regions and more generally in Indonesia (e.g.: geographical data, infrastructure maps, agricultural spatialized statistics) which induce scarce possibilities to identify oil palm plantation locations or even assess oil palm development in the study regions. We did not anticipate this problem enough as it is quite unusual to conduct medium (regional) scale assessment in developing countries, and more especially in Indonesia. Our Indonesian partner (SMARTRI and CIFOR) are not familiar with the approach or the scale of analysis of task 2.2. and 2.3 of the SPOP project. SMARTRI works almost exclusively on industrial plantations and at the tree to the field scale. CIFOR expertise is more on ecological issues at large scales. Establishing the availability or non-availability of data at a province scale was then quite an important task and could not have been done before the beginning of the project. The prospective modelling may then be based on the description of local landscapes (direct digitalization), the use of available statistics and/or virtual landscapes. The first deliverable announced for task 2.2. is “oil palm suitability maps of the study area”. Due to this impossibility of detecting different oil palm systems in the study area and to the lack of fine spatialized data (soil maps, elevation, infrastructure, etc.) we would like to change this deliverable for the typology of oil palm cropping systems which took a great importance in this task. As a matter of fact, we did not fully anticipate the gap between actual oil palm cropping systems and currently used oil palm systems typology (industrial, plasma, independent). The construction of this oil palm cropping system typology is then of great interest for prospective modelling purposes but also to identify non-sustainable agricultural practices and to better target agricultural council audience. PhD steering Committee: Margot Moulin’s PhD second steering committee has been held in Montpellier on the 7th of July 2014. Short term perspectives As validated by Margot Moulin PhD steering committee, we will develop an ABM (agent-based model) based on the survey datasets. This model will represent the oil palm land system composed of oil palm growers, biophysical and topological constraints as well as macro-actors


decisions. This model will integrate the strategies of the different types of oil palm growers. First a conceptual model is expected for the end of September 2014 and the computation will begin in October 2014. The first version of the simulation model is expected in January 2015.

- Planning and status of research activities for T2.2. and T2.3.: Date Activity Status – 08/14 Remarks September 2012 First review of

available spatial data Done

October 2012 Beginning of the PhD

Done

October 2012 – April 2013

Literature review on production system dynamics and oil palm production dynamics

Done See attached steering committee report attached

Spatialized data collection and preliminary spatial regularities identification

On-going This activity is delayed due to the difficulty of identifying oil palm by remote sensing

First steering committee of the PhD

Done (04/02/13)

April 2013 to December 2013

First field work: survey, data collection

Done

January 2014 to August 2014

First formalization of the palm oil cropping systems in Riau and Jambi

Done

Deliverable 1: oil palm suitability maps of the study area Replaced by: Typology of industrial and smallholders’ oil palm cropping systems

Expected September 2014

Global scenarios of palm oil futures development

Done These scenarios were presented to palm oil expert at the ICOPE conference (02/14)

Second steerring committee

Done (7/7/14)

First scientific article Expected in August 2014

September 2014 to Development of the First version


January 2015 oil palm system location dynamic model

expected in January 2015

Second scientific article

February 2015 – April 2015

Second field work: model and scenarios validation

April 2015-June 2015 Third steering committee

June 2015 – October 2015

Writing of the PhD Deliverable 2 : Oil palm dynamics model of the study area

Deliverable 3: Prospective land use maps of the study area

Deliverable 4: General levers for managing oil palm dynamics