Cours Ecoconception

Eco-conception et dveloppement durableEmmanuel Caillaud

1lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Plan du cours Dveloppement durable Mthodes de conception et co-conception

lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Eco-conception et nergie Eco-conception et matriaux Eco-conception et procds Eco-conception et logistique

Analyse du cycle de vie Eco-innovation Exemples2

Evaluation de lUE Dates 10 octobre : validation du sujet 14 novembre : validation du plan dtaill 16 dcembre : rapport dnitif Rapport de 20 pages avec rsum etrfrences bibliographiques.3lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Dveloppement durable ?


dveloppement qui rpond au besoin de Source : commission mondiale Dveloppement soutenable5lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Dveloppement durable : dnition

la gnration prsente sans compromettre la possibilit de dveloppement des gnrations futures (Brundtland, 1987) sur lenvironnement et le dveloppement (dite commission Brundtland)

Dveloppement durable : Avenir quilibr Socit Economie Environnement6lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Socit


Economie


Environnement


Accidents industriels Bhopal, Seveso, Tchernobyl, AZF, ... Exxon Valdez, Erika


Accidents climatiques Disparition mer dAral Ouragans et Tsunamis (Katrina, ...) Monte du niveau de la mer Rchauffement climatique






Historique 1972 : confrence de Stockholm 1992 : confrence de Rio de Janeiro 1997 : protocole de Kyoto 2007 : Grenelle de lenvironnement 2009 : confrence de Copenhague 2010 : confrence de Nagoya14lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Sommet de la terre Rio, 1992180 pays Prise de conscience mondiale traduite par 27 principes Agenda 21

Programme politique sur la base du principe de prcaution et sous la responsabilit de chaque tat pour relever les ds du 21me sicle en termes de DD. Dclin nationalement, rgionalement, localement.15


Protocole de Kyoto, 1997172 pays signataires (pas USA, Chine et Inde) 3 mcanismes

permis dmission (march des droits mettre mise en oeuvre conjointe (bnce des crdits dmission dinvestissements raliss ltranger) mcanisme de dveloppement propre (bnce des crdits dmission dinvestissements raliss dans un pays en voie de dveloppement)16


Confrence de Copenhague 2009


Confrence de Copenhague 2009


Confrence de Nagoya 2010 Accord sur la biodiversit de plus de 190 pays (pas USA) 20 points pour 2020

Augmentation de la surface protge des terres (17% de la surface totale /13% en 2010) Augmentation de la surface protge des ocans (10% /1% en 2010) Rduction des subventions nfastes Gestion des stocks de poissons de manire durable


Partage des bnces tirs par industrie pharmaceutique et cosmtique (APA : Accs et Partage des Avantages) Pas de contraintes ...

19


Enjeux environnementauxLeau Lair Les sols La biodiversit Lnergie Les nuisances Les dchets20

Eau Fleuves, mers, nappes phratiques, ... Eau douce : 0,5% des rserves deau Consommation > capacit de rgnration 70% : Consommation pour agriculture Distribution non homogne21lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Eau


Eau Disponibilits en eau potable diminuent ! En 2025, un quart de la population mondiale en manquera Origines de cette pnurie :

agriculture intensive augmentation de la population.23


Eau Disponibilits en eau potable diminuent ! En 2025, un quart de la population mondiale en manquera Origines de cette pnurie :

agriculture intensive augmentation de la population.24


Air Qualit de lair Composs Organiques Volatils (COV) Poussires Particules cancrignes Gaz effet de serre25lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Air Qualit de lair Composs Organiques Volatils (COV) Poussires Particules cancrignes Gaz effet de serre26lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Sols Pollution des sols Agriculture Nappes phratiques


Sols Pollution des sols Agriculture Nappes phratiques


Biodiversit diversit biologique, Thomas Lovejoy, biologiste amricain, en 1980. biodiversit lui-mme a t invent en 1985, lors de la prparation du National Forum on Biological Diversity, organis par le National Research Council en 1986. premire dnition du terme diversit biologique dans la convention sur la diversit biologique (CDB), premire convention internationale, ratie par 190 pays ce jour. biodiversit : ensemble des milieux naturels et des formes de vie (plantes, animaux, champignons, bactries, virus) ainsi que toutes les relations et interactions qui existent, dune part, entre les organismes vivants eux-mmes, dautre part, entre ces organismes et leurs milieux de vie.29lundi 5 dcembre 2011

BiodiversitComplexit de trois niveaux interdpendants

la diversit des milieux de vie toutes les chelles: des ocans, prairies, forts au contenu des cellules (mare au fond de son jardin ou encore les espaces vgtaliss en ville); la diversit des espces (dont lespce humaine) qui vivent dans ces milieux, qui interagissent entre elles (prdation, coopration, symbiose) et qui interagissent avec leur milieu de vie; la diversit des individus au sein de chaque espce (nous sommes tous diffrents!) : diversit gntique.30


Biodiversit Environ 1,8 million despces animales et vgtales diffrentes ont t dcrites la surface de notre plante... La moiti des espces vivantes que nous connaissons pourrait disparatre dici un sicle Rythme actuel de leur disparition: 100 1000 fois suprieur au taux naturel dextinction! Acclration rosion exclusivement lie aux activits humaines. Consquences conomiques

fourniture de biens irremplaables et indispensables notre survie (nourriture, oxygne, matires premires), espces (insectes, chauves-souris, oiseaux) assurant la pollinisation des vgtaux (sans pollinisation, nos fruits et lgumes disparatront des talages) milieux naturels contribuant une puration naturelle de leau, la prvention des inondations, la structuration des paysages et lamlioration de notre cadre de vie31


Biodiversit Daprs UICN (Union Internationale pourla Conservation de la Nature)

1 plante sur 5 menace de disparition 1 amphibien sur 3, un oiseau sur 8, un Cause humaine pour 80%32lundi 5 dcembre 2011

mammifre sur 5 menacs dextinction.

BiodiversitCinq causes majeures:

fragmentation et destruction des milieux naturels (urbanisation croissante et expansion des terres agricoles) surexploitation despces sauvages (surpche, dforestation, braconnage); introduction despces exotiques envahissantes (ragondin, le vison damrique); pollutions (dorigine industrielle, agricole); changement climatique (effet direct ou indirect sur la biodiversit).


BiodiversitCinq causes majeures:

fragmentation et destruction des milieux naturels (urbanisation croissante et expansion des terres agricoles) surexploitation despces sauvages (surpche, dforestation, braconnage); introduction despces exotiques envahissantes (ragondin, le vison damrique); pollutions (dorigine industrielle, agricole); changement climatique (effet direct ou indirect sur la biodiversit).


Energie Surconsommation dnergie fossile (nonrenouvelable) : charbon, ptrole, gaz 100 ans pour gaz, 500 ans pour charbon ?)

Rserves limites (50 ans pour ptrole, Emission de gaz effet de serre contribuant llvation de la temprature35lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Nuisances Sonores Visuelles Olfactives36lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Dchets Diminution des quantits et des volumes Nocivit Recyclage et valorisation37lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Rchauffement climatique : consquences Elvation de la temprature des continents Fonte des glaciers aux ples do lvationdu niveau de la mer

Augmentation de la dsertication Augmentation des phnomnesmtorologiques violents38lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Rchauffement climatique : consquences Modication conomique Modication des conditions de vie Modication de la biodiversit Rfugis climatique ? Guerre pour leau ?39lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Empreinte cologique Indice du poids quun individu fait peser surlenvironnement = surface productive pour assurer le maintien de son niveau de vie niveau de vie dun europen,

4 plantes seraient ncessaires suivant le 8 pour les amricains, 0,5 avec le niveau de vie moyen desafricains ...40lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Consquence Les systmes de production doivent tre10 fois plus co-efcients !!!

Changer dapproche ?


Enjeux conomiques Intgrer les cots de n de vie des produitset les cots de pollution

Diminution des cots matire premire, taxes et impts cologiques, Assurances, Dchets et rejets42lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Principe de prcaution Face lincertitude dun risque, il fautprendre une attitude responsable et proactive pour ne pas subir et faire subir aux gnrations futures des dommages graves et irrversibles. scurit alimentaire

Applications : environnement, sant,43lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Principe de prcaution Evaluation du risque Suivant le niveau de connaissances Actions Proportionnelles au risque Rvisables44lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Effet de serre Effet de serre = rchauffement de la terrepar effet des gaz dans latmosphre (sans effet de serre la temprature de la terre proche de -18C)


Effet de serre Temprature moyenne de la terreaugmente de 0,5C depuis 1800

Principales causes gaz effet de serre : nergie fossile (Dioxyde de carbone) levage (Mthane) +1% de CO2 dans latmosphre => +1 6C dans 100 ans ...46lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Gaz effet de serre Gaz Effet de Serre inue sur le rchauffement climatique. Protocole de Kyoto de 1998

lutte seulement contre CO2 tats-Unis (25% du GES) non signataires Grand nombre de pays en dveloppement pas concerns par le DD (conomie dabord !)47


Gaz effet de serre Gaz carbonique (C02) Combustion des nergies fossiles etdforestation

Mthane (CH4) levage des ruminants, culture du riz,dcharges dordures mnagres, exploitations ptrolires et gazires48lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Gaz effet de serre Gaz carbonique (C02) Combustion des nergies fossiles etdforestation

Mthane (CH4) levage des ruminants, culture du riz,dcharges dordures mnagres, exploitations ptrolires et gazires49lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Gaz effet de serre Halocarbures (HFC, CFC et PFC) gaz rfrigrants pour climatisations, gazpropulseurs darosols

Protoxyde dazote (N2O) engrais azots et procds chimiques50lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Gaz effet de serre Hexauorure de soufre (SF6) transformateurs lectriques


Durable ? Pas daction compromettant lquilibre dessystmes lchelle de la terre (limite de rsilience de la terre). (ressources non renouvelables, biodiversit).

Pas dappauvrissement du capital naturel


Actions pour le dveloppement durable Optimisation Amlioration Renouvellement53lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Eco-conception


Eco-conception Intgration des aspects environnementaux Mthode de conception pour dnir lesdans la conception et le dveloppement des produits (biens et services). produits et les services en rduisant les impacts environnementaux ngatifs au long de leur cycle de vie, tout en prservant/ amliorant la qualit dusage.55lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Domaine tudi Eco-conception : valide pour tout type de

produit ou de systme (btiment, ville, ...). (produits ou procds) industrial design

Dans ce cours : co-conception industrielle


Approche end-of-pipe Traitement des dchets pour limiter lesimpacts ngatifs

Prise en compte de lenvironnement

Re-conception des produits et des procdspour les rendre propres Clean technologies ou Clean-Tech procds propres

Conception et utilisation de produits et57lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Eco-conception de produits et de procds

Solutions technologiques

Contraintes cologiques


Cycles biologiques et technologiquesRessources biologiques Ressources technologiques

Bio-compatible

Isol des ressources biologiques


Re-conception de systmes Prise en compte du cycle de vie du systmepour amliorer lefcience environnementale (eco-efciency) du point de vue

Matriaux Energie.60lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Concevoir de nouveaux produits et services Prise en compte des impactsenvironnementaux sur tout le cycle de vie du produit (Life Cycle Design) : prproduction, production, distribution, utilisation, dchets.


Concevoir de nouveaux systmes (eco-innovation) Prise en compte du besoin et concevoir denouvelles solutions favorables pour lenvironnement en prenant en compte son intgration dans lenvironnement.


Cycle de vie


Diffrentes stratgies lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Minimiser la consommation de matires premires et dnergie Choisir des ressources et des procds de faible impact Utiliser des ressources nergtiques non-toxiques et sans danger Optimiser la dure de vie des produits Etendre la dure de vie des matriaux Faciliter le dsassemblage64

Minimiser la consommation de matires premires et dnergie

Dmatrialiser Diminuer les quantits de matire Diminuer les pertes Diminuer les emballages Minimiser les consommations de matiredurant lutilisation65lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Minimiser la consommation de matires premires et dnergie


Choisir des ressources et des procds de faible impact

Choisir des matriaux non-toxiques(Ecoindicator 99)

Impact sur tout le cycle de vie (extraction, Attention aux matriaux utiliss pour67lundi 5 dcembre 2011

production, transformation, distribution, n de vie) amliorer la productivit ou qualit des produits dans les procds !

Choisir des ressources et des procds de faible impact


Utiliser des matriaux renouvelables ou bio-compatibles

Matriaux renouvelables Bois pas toujours la bonne solution(certains arbres en danger !)

Utilisation de matriaux bio-compatibles Mater-B : polymre biodgradable69lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Vlo bambou

Utiliser des ressources nergtiques non toxiques et sans danger

Utiliser lnergie mcanique ? Electricit ? Production ? Batteries ? Fin de vie ?70lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Optimiser la dure de vie des produits lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Dure de vie des produits : ordinateurs 2-6 ans, petit lectromnager 3-4 ans, gros lectromnager 5-15 ans) Augmenter la dure de vie des produits a un impact positif sur l'environnement (sil nest pas remplac). Logique dusage et non de possession est positive. Concevoir pour la abilit. Concevoir pour lvolution du produit.

71

Etendre la dure de vie des matriaux lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Recyclage

Utilisation au mme niveau ? Mmes proprits ? Impact environnemental du procd de recyclage ?

Eviter les matriaux composites (pas de matriaux incompatibles avec le recyclage) Identier les matriaux dans les produits Intgrer la logistique de recyclage (volumes des dchets ?)72

Etendre la dure de vie des matriaux


Faciliter le dsassemblage Concevoir pour le Dsassemblage (DesignFor Disassembly) dsassemblage

Rduire et faciliter les oprations de Utiliser des assemblages non permanents ouaiss dmonter

Utiliser des matriaux qui peuvent sesparer facilement74lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Outils pour lcoconception LAnalyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV) LEvaluation Simplie et Qualitative duCycle de Vie (ESQCV)

Les Check-lists Les guides Les logiciels75lundi 5 dcembre 2011

LCA-Evaluation des impacts environnementaux (Jollain, 2004)matire, nergie matire, nergie matire, nergie matire, nergie matire, nergie

Fabrication des Extraction des matires premires produits intermdiaires

Transport Fabrication du produit

Transport

Utilisation du produit

Transport Fin de vie

dchets Rejets dchets matire, nergie

Rejets dchets

Rejets dchets

Rejets dchets

Rutilisation Recyclage


Checks-lists Check-lists spciques une catgorie de produitsdonns

Intgrent les aspects qualitatifs etquantitatifs de ltude.77lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Guides des documents

Guides dcoconception

visant sensibiliser lco-conception une lire industrielle

Spciques un domaine Exemple : Lco-conception pour les78lundi 5 dcembre 2011

mcaniciens publi par le CETIM.

Logiciels gnralistes Ecodesign Pilot : Outil dvelopp par lUniversit des technologies de Vienne (Autriche), en collaboration avec lADEME

http://www.ecodesign.at/pilot http://www.ecodis.org/ http://www.pre.nl/default.htm

EDIT (Eco-Design Interactive Tool) : trs gnraliste Eco-it Design for plastic recycling, MMU indexes, REStar, DFE, RONDA, RECREATION, RECOVERY, IDEmat79


Logiciels pour la lire lectriqueEIME (Environmental Impact and Management Explorer) : logiciel dvaluation des risques environnementaux et de gestion des opportunits adapt la lire lectrique

www.codde.fr

TEAM (Tool for Environmental Analysis and Management) : logiciel dvaluation des risques environnementaux et de gestion des opportunits adapt la lire lectrique


www.ecobilan.com80

Impacts daprs EIMEClasse Sous-classe Echelle gographique Impact d EIME Epuisement des ressources naturelles Globale ou rgionale Consommation dnergie Consommation deau Effet de serre Dgradation de la couche d ozone Globale Effet de serre Dgradation de la couche dozone Cration photochimique dozone Toxicit Locale Toxicit de lair Toxicit de leau Toxicit et cotoxicit Production de dchets risques Production de dchet fin de vie Acidification Eutrophisation Rgionale Locale Acidification de lair Eutrophisation de leau Raw Material Depletion Energie Depletion Water Depletion Global Warming Ozone Depletion Photochemical Ozone Creation Air Toxicity Water Toxicity Hazardous Waste Production End Of Life Waste production Air Acidification Water Eutrophication RMD ED WD GW OD POC AT WT HWP EOLW AA WE Epuisement des rserves naturelles Globale

Nuisance

Bruit Odeur Visuel

Locale Locale Locale Locale ou rgionale

Altration physique des cosystmes


Rsultats EIMEImpact Environnemental100

EIME%

75

50

25

0

Fabrication

Utilisation

Fin de Vie


Exemple co-conception (Jollain, 2004)Disjoncteur de puissance Schneider Masterpact (800 A - 1300 A)

Rduction de la consommation de matires premires de 20% 50% Rduction de la consommation lectrique de 20 % Marquage laser / marquage par encre et tiquettes Amlioration dmontabilit (rduction du nombre de liens mcaniques)


Evaluation simplie et qualitative du cycle de vie (ESQCV)

Mthode dco-conception fonde sur unevaluation qualitative des impacts

Questionnaire balayant les diffrentscritres pralablement slectionns


Axes de travail Matire Production Emballage Transport Utilisation Recyclage85lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Matire Choix des matriaux respectueux delenvironnement (renouvelables, recyclables, durables...)

Rduction des matires premires utilises Utilisation des sous-produits Privilgier les fournisseurs engags dansune dmarche de dveloppement durable86lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Production Amlioration des rendements Procd dmontable, recyclable Rduction de la consommation dnergie87lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Emballage Rduction des quantits et volumes(transport)

Matriaux demballage respectueux delenvironnement lenvironnement

Procds demballage respectueux de88lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Transport Lieux dapprovisionnement proches du lieudutilisation

Choix du mode de transport


Utilisation Produits ncessitant peu dnergie pourfonctionner

Produits faciles utiliser, entretenir,rparer, recycler


Recyclage Prvoir, organiser la collecte et le recyclage Eviter les mlanges de matriaux et lesassemblages xes pour le recyclage


Eco-conception lchelle de lentreprise


Directives europennes Directive 2005/32/CE du 6 juillet 2005 :

cadre pour la xation dexigences en matire dcoconception

Directive 2002/95/CE du 27 janvier 2003 dite RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances) : interdiction compter du 1er juillet 2006 lutilisation de certaines substances dangereuses

Directive 2002/96/CE du 27 janvier 2003 dite WEEE (Waste of Electric And Electronic Equipments, DEEE en franais): collecte, le traitement et la valorisation de tous les dchets ( partir du 13 aot 2005 pour les dchets grand public)


Normes ISO Entreprise ISO 14004, 14061

Stratgie de management environnemental (lignes directrices) Stratgie de management environnemental (spcications) Audit environnemental Evaluation des performances environnementales

ISO 14001 Srie ISO 14010 Srie ISO 14030 :


Normes ISO produit XP ISO/TR 14062 Prise en compte de lenvironnement enconception

Srie ISO 14040 Analyse du cycle de vie Srie ISO 14020 Etiquetage environnemental95lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Normalisation et certicationI SO 8000 (respect des droits fondamentaux des travailleurs) I SO 14001 (systme de management environnemental) EMAS (Eco-Management & Audit Scheme), norme volontaire propre l'Union Europenne, du type ISO 14001 mais, avec obligation de publication des objectifs et rsultats obtenus. SD 21000 (guide de bonnes pratiques ncessaires pour mettre lentreprise en phase avec les exigences du DD, Afnor) OHSAS 18001 (Occupational Health & Safety Assessment Series), gestion rigoureuse et efcace de la sant et de la scurit au travail. Global Compact (10 principes que l'entreprise devrait appliquer sur 4 volets: droits de l'homme, normes du travail, environnement, lutte contre la corruption, ONU)


Evaluation des entreprises Organisme de notation VIGEO Indices

ASPI Eurozone (Advanced Sustainability Performance Index) Ethibel sustainability DJSI (Dow Jones Sustainability Index) FTSE4 Good DSKI World CLI (Climat Leadership Index) Carbon Leader Europe Index SAM (Sustainability Asset Management) HEI (Humanix Ethical Index)


Conclusion coconception Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Regulate Logique de faire moins pire ... Aller plus loin ?98lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Dmarche dcoconception Dmarche DTU


Teaching material by: Tim McAloone, DTU Niki Bey, IPU

Environmental improvement through product developmentIntroduction


About this materialThis approach to environmental product improvement is one of the results of a project funded by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency and conducted in collaboration with the Confederation of Danish Industry (DI), IPU and the Technical University of Denmark (DTU). The material is primarily aimed at product developers, as a help to building environmental thinking into the product development process - and thus into products.Authors: Tim McAloone, DTU Management Engineering Niki Bey, IPU Product Development Ulla Ringbk, Danish Environmental Protection Agency Bjarne Palstrm, Confederation of Danish Industry Kristian Stokbro, Confederation of Danish Industry Tina Sternest, Confederation of Danish Industry Coloplast A/S Fritz Hansen A/S Gabriel A/S Grundfos Management A/S LEGO Group A/S

Editors:

Case companies:

Environmental improvement through product development. A project funded by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency.lundi 5 dcembre 2011

IntroductionCompanies in Denmark and abroad are working increasingly to reduce human impacts on the environment and nature. At the same time there must be a sustained focus on the creation of value for customers and consumers. This development gives rise to a huge potential for companies to create new business opportunities, where sustainable development and value creation are integrated early in the design of new products and services. There is a great opportunity for businesses to create a new and positive agenda, where the focus is on all the good that companies can do for the environment, society and economic growth. Such an agenda must, of course, be based on a high involvement of the competencies of the companies own employees, as well as those of partners in the value chain.


Accepting the environmental challengeTaking a systematic approach to understanding where and why a product has environmental impacts in its lifetime also leads to competitive advantages for the company as processes and relations become transparent. For instance, around 90% of the waste that can be attributed to many of the products that we meet in our daily lives, has been created before the end-user even gets their hands on the products. There is therefore a need to create environmentally improved alternatives to existing technologies, materials and procedures. The company, its customers and its suppliers should all be made aware of the fact, that sustainable development is a collective responsibility, which has consequences for all parties.


Why think environment into product development?There are benefits to be reaped from environmental stewardship. It has been demonstrated, for instance, that environmental thinking in product development leads to efficient products, which are both economically viable to produce, cheaper to operate and maintain, and more robust over their lifetimes. Systematic environmental thinking in product development leads to products that live up to the demands of legislation and standards, and which customers are increasingly demanding. By taking a systematic approach to the environmental design task, environmental product improve-ments can often be equated to increased product quality.


The product developer has the greatest challengeEnvironmental impacts are caused in all stages of a product's life, and different products give rise to different types of environmental profiles. But regardless of the nature, size and time of occurrence of environmental impacts for a product, the vast majority of these have been decided in the early phases of product development. Approx. 80% of a product's environmental profile is fixed under concept creation in product development The product developer has therefore a great influence on the products life cycle and also on the subsequently occurring environmental impacts.

Approx. 80% of a product's environmental profile is fixed under concept creation in product development


Revealing the products life cycleGood and systematic environmental improvement can only be created on the basis of a solid and deep insight into the product's life cycle. By forming a picture of the whole life cycle for the product, we can ensure that each stage in the products life becomes as environmentally benign as possible. This activity is called product life thinking. Product life thinking involves an active and systematic charting of every product life stage, together with the various stakeholders and situations that the product is likely to meet during its lifetime. This broad approach to product development gives the company important insight into life cycle stages such as the products use stage, early on in the project. It is important to visualise the product's life cycle, based on a conception of the various situations and stakeholders that the product will meet throughout its lifetime. Each product life stage ought to describe both the product and all related activities, in order to create a picture of resource consumption and the root causes of environmental impacts.


Revealing the products life cycle

Example: Mapping the product life cycle for a scaffold. Potential environmental causes are indicated in red. Environmental improvement through product development. A project funded by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency.lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Environmental improvements in 7 stepsWHY A 7-STEP APPROACH? Many companies that have had environment on the agenda for some years will righteously be able to claim that they have a good grip on the more eco-analytical tasks and on environmental documentation and reporting. But in contrast, there is often far less focus on the creation of completely new environmental solutions. The method developed for this approach to environmental improvement in product development will lead you through a 7-step, solution-oriented process, towards environmental improvement. The 7 steps are simple, inspiring and different from your ordinary product development tasks. The approach creates space for innovation by focusing solely on environmental issues.


Environmental improvements in 7 stepsGET A GRIP ON THE ENVIRONMENT The following 7-step approach is built up to aid you to: get an overview of your product's environmental effects provide insight into important details concerning the products environmental impacts, its use and its users create solutions and concepts that lead to environmental improvements, and create foresighted proposals for the creation of an environmental strategy for product development.


Environmental improvements in 7 stepsTHE METHOD BEHIND THE APPROACH The 7-step approach is designed as a chain of exercises that ought to be completed from start to finish. It is important, for example, that the products life cycle and environmental impacts are charted, before commencing with the creation of solutions. The approach requires that a product is chosen in advance, as the object for environmental improvement. The product can be either an already marketed product, which will serve as a reference product, or a product that is currently under development. The first case is the easiest, as it is easier to identify data about the products life cycle. The first 6 steps of the 7-step approach isolate the environmental task and focus on identifying environmental effects. Subsequently improvement proposals are created. Step 7 provides a framework for an action plan and the basis for systematic integration of the proposed environmental improvements into the product development process. * Try in each step to define five key environmental priorities that later can be used to begin a final prioritisation! Mark these priorities with a red *


Environmental improvements in 7 stepsWHO SHOULD PARTICIPATE? The target audience for this approach is all the staff who play an active role in the areas of the company, which may be linked to the products environmental impacts. It is best if the participants represent a wide range of disciplines, from mechanical engineers, through environmental specialists, industrial designers and materials specialists, to the factory manager.


Environmental improvements in 7 stepsPREPARATION FOR THE APPROACH The approach is executed as a physical meeting, lasting at least one working day. In addition, one should reserve sufficient time for preparation and follow-up work. Active participation from the delegates is a must. Reporting is carried out as a part of the process and environmental improvements are created as the principal outcome. The following considerations will contribute to a successful workshop:Prepare each step carefully beforehand, so the methodology and the necessary practical preparations are ensured. Participants should prepare themselves by collecting as much knowledge about the product as possible. A coordinator must be identified (either the companys own environmental champion or an external consultant). The coordinator organises and facilitates the process, as well as motivating the participants to come prepared for meetings. At least two examples of the reference product should be provided; one assembled and one disassembled (if the product is suited for this). Prepare a working space so as to enable and encourage group discussions and with plenty of wall space for posters. A series of posters should be prepared, to facilitate the process and ensure reporting. Create groups of up to 7 people. If there are more than 7 people, then create more groups, which can compete against each other for the good ideas!


Environmental improvements in 7 stepsStep 1 Use context How is the product used? By whom? For how long? The central issue here is to uncover the environmental impacts related to the products functionality for the user. Step 2 Overview We expand our view to the life cycle. How is the product manufactured, distributed, and disposed of? Which environmental impacts does this lead to? Step 3 Eco-prole The environmental impacts shall be split into four categories so they can be compared. What are the origins of the environmental impacts? Step 4 Stakeholder- network Put figures on the products environmental impacts. Create scenarios for alternative processes, materials and life cycles. Consider the likelihood of the scenarios. Draw a network of all stakeholders who come into contact with the product. Plot the connections between these, and identify environmental impacts. Step 5 Quan?ca?on Step 6 Try to remove or reduce the environmental impacts by creating solutions towards product- or life cycle changes. Use the ecodesign principles provided and sketch eco-concepts. Steps 1-6 are an innovative, environmental-oriented experiment. Extract your experiences from these steps and make a generalised plan for your companys environmental strategy: Make an action plan for the environmental efforts for your company, especially for product development. Conceptualisa?on

Step 7 Eco-strategy


Environmental improvement through product developmentTeaching material by: Tim McAloone, DTU Niki Bey, IPU

Step 1: Describe the use context


Step 1: Describe the use contextBACKGROUND As the very first exercise, it is important to reach a common understanding of the product and its value contribution under use. This provides a common starting point for discussions about the environmental improvement possibilities for the product, which you will need later in the process, in order to create product alternatives. It is important that the product alternatives meet the same requirements for the customer. Redundant product attributes should be considered as waste, both from an environmental and a customer perspective. Step 1 is therefore intended to reach a description of the product's functionality to the user. This description provides the benchmark for all subsequent decisions and can also be used when, for example, alternative concepts shall be compared. The use context can be described by answering the following questions: What should the product be used for? What does the product do?For whom? How long? How often? Where in the world?


Step 1: Describe the use contextBACKGROUND What should the product be used for? leads to a description of the basic task that the product must carry out for the user. What does the product do? allows for a description of the product's functionality, including the technological principle and the features that the product must possess in order to deliver the service to the user. Sub-functions may, for example, be "to stick to the skin" or "to turn electrical energy into rotary motion". ... For whom? leads to a description of the main user or user group. ... How long? and ... how often? lead to a definition of the time frames and use patterns in which the product must operate. ... Where in the world? leads to a definition of the geographical area in which the product must operate and probably will be disposed of. All in all, these responses lead to a clear description of the product in the form of the value contribution that the product delivers to the user.Environmental improvement through product development. A project funded by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency.lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Step 1: Describe the use contextSTEP-BY-STEP APPROACH Write the questions on a large piece of paper. Answer the questions in your group, based on your knowledge of the product and insight into users' use of the product. Some of the questions can be answered by looking at the product specification (or the business specification, if the product has not yet been developed). The exercise is complete when the group has obtained a detailed picture of the product's functions and raison d'tre, seen from the users viewpoint.

Using this poster (electronic version available) discuss the product and its use context Environmental improvement through product development. A project funded by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency.lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Step 1: Describe the use context


Step 1: Describe the use contextWHY CARRY OUT THIS EXERCISE? Despite the fact that all group members already have their own understanding of the product, its use and use context, it is beneficial to carry out this initial discussion of the product's use context in order to agree on a common frame of reference. There are often several versions of the product and various markets (possibly worldwide). It is therefore important in this initial exercise to define a typical product to be used for the rest of the process. It is crucial that the answers to the six questions in this step form a documented description that the project team agrees upon, and which is sufficiently detailed to allow comparisons with the alternative concepts later on in the process.



Step 2: Create an overview of the environmental impacts


Step 2: Overview of the environmental impactsBACKGROUND A product life cycle typically consists of five main stages: Raw materials covers materials extraction and manufacturing (e.g. plastic granules from crude oil) and semi-finished products (e.g. steel profiles from iron ore), etc. Manufacture includes the purchase of components, plus the manufacturing and assembly processes, both at suppliers and in in-house production facilities. Transport covers the entire logistics chain, from suppliers to the end-user and beyond, including distribution activities by ships, trains, planes, trucks, vans and cars. Use includes the actual usage and possible ancillary products that are necessary for the product to perform its function (e.g. paper filters for a coffee maker). The use stage also includes installation and possible maintenance activities. Disposal includes reuse/recycling, incineration and landfill. The actual distribution of these disposal options depends on many factors, including regulatory requirements where the product is disposed of, who disposes of the product (an individual or a company), etc. It is obviously difficult to predict how the product will be disposed of, as this stage is typically far in the future.


Step 2: Overview of the environmental impactsSTEP-BY-STEP APPROACH Draw five boxes that correspond to the main product life stages on a large piece of paper. Carry out a brainstorming exercise in which everyone in the group writes all relevant environmental impacts, they can think of. Organise these environmental impacts in relation to the five product life stages. Write everything you think of, regardless of whether you know that an environmental impact is relevant for the product, or whether you just have an idea about its relevance. Use post-it notes, as these will be moved around a little later. Write only one environmental impact per post-it note! The exercise is complete, when the group cannot produce any more ideas. Tidy the poster by removing any duplicates.

Using this poster (electronic version available) discuss the product and its use context


Step 2: Overview of the environmental impacts


Step 2: Overview of the environmental impactsWHY CARRY OUT THIS EXERCISE? This exercise is carried out as a brainstorm, in order to allow everyone in the group to contribute with their own experiences and insights. It will quickly become apparent, that although each individual group member did not have the total overview of all the products environmental impacts, the group as a whole could quickly create a fairly complete overview. When you afterwards look at the product life rsum that has just been created, various patterns can be identified. Maybe one particular product life stage is dominant, as it clearly contains the vast majority of the environmental impacts? Since the product life rsum shows the environ-mental aspects, distributed over product life stages, it is easy to quickly identify environmental focus areas.



Step 3: Create your environmental profile and find root causes


Step 3: Environmental profile and root causesBACKGROUND After having created an overview of the products main life stages and environmental impacts in Step 2, this step will lead you through an organisation of the environmental impacts, according to their type. Subsequently you will make a note of the possible causes for the environmental impacts emergence. The idea here is to create a more transparent picture of the physical relationships that underpin each environmental focus area. A number of focus areas will then be prioritised, based on your consideration of the need for action. The already identified environmental impacts will now be organised into one of four categories: Materials, Energy, Chemicals or Other.


Step 3: Environmental profile and root causesBACKGROUND Materials: This includes resource and disposal aspects of each life cycle stage, i.e. whether a material is based on a scarce resource, whether it can be easily recycled, or whether it must be landfilled, etc. Remember also to consider whether ancillary materials are used, particularly in the use phase, such as paper filters for coffee makers. Energy: This includes energy sources and energy aspects in the product life stages. There can, for example, be large differences in energy consumption for material processing, depending on whether one takes new or recycled raw materials into consideration. Remember also to consider component suppliers. The transport and use-related energy consumption is also recorded under this category. Chemicals: This includes chemical consumption and chemical-related emissions of each life cycle stage, such as toxic chemicals used in manufacture or in the materials. Other: In this category all other aspects are noted, that one has chosen to consider. For example, health and safety in own (or suppliers) manufacturing plants, aspects related to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), or general economical concerns. This categorisation of the environmental impacts is created in a so-called MECO-matrix.Environmental improvement through product development. A project funded by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency.lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Step 3: Environmental profile and root causesSTEP-BY-STEP APPROACH Draw a MECO-matrix directly under the product life rsum from Step 2. The MECO-matrix should be a 4x5 matrix with space for the post-it notes, which are currently distributed on the product life rsum. In dialogue with your group, move the post-it notes from the product life rsum, down to the MECO-matrix. Consider each environmental impact in turn, placing them in the most relevant MECO-field.Materials Manufacture Transport

If an environmental impact covers two or more MECO-fields, copy the post-it note and then place one in each relevant field. The first part of this exercise is complete when all the post-it notes have been moved down to MECO-matrix.Energifor brug under produkt udvikling

Materials Energy Chemicals Other

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Using this poster (electronic version available) move the post-it notes down into the MECO categories and then find five * priorities


Step 3: Environmental profile and root causesExample: Comparison of energy-saving bulb with incandescent bulb Life cycle data:

Home-use work lamp, 5 years life time Comparison: Lamp with regular bulbs vs. energy-saving bulbs Functional Unit/Service provided: Provision of light ( 400 lu) for home workplaces for 5 years (i.e. 10,000 hrs. light) in Denmark Materials Lamp, 1kg: Steel (sheets, springs, tubes, screws), various polymers, copper Regular bulb, 60 W, 33g: Glass, nickel-coated tin, cardboard Energy-saving bulb, 11 W, 80g: Glass, polymers, electronics (PWB) Production: Manufacture and assembly in China Transport: 7,200 km transport to Denmark, i.e. 450 kgkm vs. 600 kgkm Use: 5 regular bulbs & 300 kWh vs. 1 energy-saving bulb & 55 kWh End-of-life: Household waste in Denmark


Step 3: Environmental profile and root causes MECO (for incandescent bulb)Materials stage Production stage (very low amounts of ancillary substances) Incl. overhead 450 kgkm 90% Estimated total: ship, 10% truck, 12 MJ i.e. 0,06 MJ 300 kWh electricity, i.e. 2700 MJ Transport stage Use stage Disposal stage

Materials

Steel: 750g (net: 700g) Plastics: 200g (net: 170g) Glass: 30g (net: 25g) Cu: 25g (net: 20g)

In household waste: 1 whole lamp; 5 regular bulbs (5x 33g, mostly glass) (very low, if at all from plastics incineration)

Energy

Steel: 20 MJ Plastics: 16 MJ Glass: 0,3 MJ Cu: 2 MJ In total: 38 MJ The List Of Undesirable Substances [LOUS, DK EPA 2004]: flame retardants socket? Global material sourcing

Chemicals

The LOUS: E.g. Degreasing agents for painting proc. Manufacturing in China: E.g. Safe working environment? Storage & handling in China: E.g. Safe working environment?

Other

If incinerated, potential dioxin formation from brominated flame retardants


Step 3: Environmental profile and root causes MECO (for energy-saving bulb)Materials stage Production stage (very low amounts of ancillary substances) Transport stage Use stage Disposal stage

Materials

Steel: 750g (net: 700g) Plastics: 220g (net: 190g) Glass: 60g (net: 50g) Cu: 25g (net: 20g)

In household waste: 1 whole lamp; 1 energy-saving bulb (mostly glass, plastics) 55 kWh electricity, i.e. 495 MJ (very low, if at all from plastics incineration)

Energy

Chemicals

Steel: 20 MJ Plastics: 18 MJ Glass: 0,6 MJ Cu: 2 MJ In total: 41 MJ The List Of Undesirable Substances [LOUS, DK EPA 2004]: Brominated flame retardants (in plastic socket)? Subst. related to electronics? Global material sourcing

Incl. overhead 600 kgkm 90% Estimated total: ship, 10% truck, 14 MJ i.e. 0,8 MJ

The LOUS: E.g. Degreasing agents for painting proc.

If incinerated, potential dioxin formation from brominated flame retardants Storage & handling in China: E.g. Safe working environment?

Other

Manufacturing in China: E.g. Safe working environment?


Step 3: Environmental profile and root causes


Step 3: Environmental profile and root causesWHY CARRY OUT THIS EXERCISE? In principle, you could have started the whole environmental profiling process by filling in the MECO-matrix, i.e. skipping steps 1 and 2. But experience shows that there is a tendency to try to fill the entire MECO-matrix, even though there may not be relevant environmental impacts in every single field of the MECO-matrix. If the product's use context has not previously been discussed, and if the group has not first had the opportunity to carry out the slightly more unstructured exercise in step 2, confusion can arise with respect to where the environmental impacts actually are in the product.



Step 4: Sketch the stakeholder-network


Step 4: Sketch the stakeholder-networkBACKGROUND Classic environmental efforts in companies take their point of departure in a product or a technology, directing special attention towards the improvement of the products life cycle performance. A weakness of this approach, is that it is built on a large series of assumptions, because there would otherwise be too many uncertainties to be able to make plausible assessment of the products environmental goodness. It is therefore important to identify the various stakeholders who are connected to a particular set of activities within which the product plays a role.


Step 4: Sketch the stakeholder-networkBACKGROUND Environmental impacts often occur in the exchanges between stakeholders, e.g. in negotiations along the supply chain and/or as a result of lack of overview of the roles and responsibilities in the products so-called stakeholder-network. A stakeholder-network consists of several types of stakeholder, for example, the manufacturing company, a component supplier, an external designer, a freight forwarder, the authorities, customers, users, a disposal company, and so on. To supplement our understanding of the product's environmental impacts, it is important to sketch the stakeholder-network for the product. Sketching the stakeholder-network gives an insight into which stakeholders influence certain environmental impacts. To clarify the relationship between stakeholders and the impacts that occur, one can outline information exchanges, material flows and the resulting environmental impacts.


Step 4: Sketch the stakeholder-networkSTEP-BY-STEP APPROACH


Step 4: Sketch the stakeholder-networkSTEP-BY-STEP APPROACH

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Case exampleIdentification of environmental impacts through the stakeholdernetwork exercise at Coloplast A/SColoplast places a large emphasis on the environment throughout the product life cycle. Since Coloplasts products are medical devices, environmental considerations must share first place with safety and hygiene. Furthermore Coloplasts products are not very environmentally burdening in the actual use stage, seen in relation to the rest of the product life cycle. Coloplast benefitted greatly from the stakeholder-network game, gaining new insights into environmental prioritisation during the development, use and disposal of an ostomy bag.

Example of stakeholder-network at Coloplast, where important environmental impacts have been prioritised, using *. Environmental improvement through product development. A project funded by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency.lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Step 4: Sketch the stakeholder-network


Step 4: Sketch the stakeholder-networkWHY CARRY OUT THIS EXERCISE? The point of the stakeholder-network exercise is to create an overview of environmental problems root causes and improvement potentials. By creating an overview of which stakeholders are connected to the product throughout its life cycle it becomes apparent, which stakeholders should be considered in connection with environmental improvements or alternatively, which stakeholders should by no means be involved in the environmental task, thus ensuring relevant and likely environmental improvements.

The stakeholder-network exercise gave a good overview of the many stakeholders that we are dealing with. The graphical exercise was good for us to identify not only environmental impacts, but also their initiators. The exercise could not, however, have been carried out in isolation; it was a natural consequence of the previous exercises, which were necessary for us to create an overview of the product's actual environmental impacts. [Helle Nystrup, Grundfos Management A/S]



Step 5: Quantify the environmental impacts


Step 5: Quantify the environmental impactsBACKGROUND Many decisions about the products environmental profile can be taken on the basis of experience, dialogue and scenario-building. But it is inevitable that some judgments and choices in product development must be based on hard numbers and quantitative assessments. The fifth step in the 7-step approach is to quantify the environmental impacts, with the help of a quantitative life cycle assessment technique. The figures created in this exercise will be used to carry out an internal comparison of product alternatives and visualisation of the orders of magnitude between the impacts of the product manufacturing processes and materials, activities in the product life cycle stages and alternative life cycles. SIMPLIFIED METHODS Life cycle assessment tools are used to quantify the environmental impacts of products and systems. For the busy product developer, there are a number of simplified life cycle tools, such as: Life Cycle Check and Ecodesignguide from Denmark; the Austrian Ecodesign PILOT; the Dutch Eco-Indicator 99 and ECO-it; or the Swedish EPS.


Step 5: Quantify the environmental impactsBACKGROUND Choice of method depends on: who will apply the method (a product developer, an industrial designer or an environmental specialist?) how much one knows about the product at the time of the use of the method, and whether one wishes to use a computer tool, or whether a pocket calculator would suffice, and so on. The outcome always depends on three factors: the model one uses (for example, the processes one chooses to include in a life cycle phase, and possibly their presentation in a computer tool) the data one bases the calculations on (general or specific data, self-collected data or data from literature, older or newer data, etc.) the method itself (for example, inherent decisions connected to the procedure). Common for all methods is that one must define the product life rsum and model this within the framework of the method. Some methods include data on materials and processes, which ease the quantification task, especially if the method is software-based.


Step 5: Quantify the environmental impactsFOR INTERNAL USE ONLY! Be aware that results can vary depending on the combination and content of the three factors: model, data and methodology. And you should not take the result for more than it is merely a quick and general estimation. If you wish to use quantified environmental figures in connection with external communication to customers and suppliers (for example, in environmental reporting), you must make full life cycle calculations according to ISO standards and have these reviewed by a third party. Simplified methods are not sufficient for external communication.

However, simplified methods are often both sufficient and the most useful choice for daily product development work especially after they have been used a few times in the company, to both learn the technique and to tailor the databases and the model.


Step 5: Quantify the environmental impactsSTEP-BY-STEP APPROACH Choose a method for assessing the environmental impacts of your product. Use the results from Step 1 to 4 to describe the product and its life cycle. Work step-by-step through the method and record underway the different assumptions, you have to make. The method typically requires data on product name, functional unit, materials, manufacturing processes, transport, use scenarios and disposal scenarios. The exercise is complete when the product's life cycle can be modelled in relation to its environmental impacts, and some environmental focus areas can be identified, which the method has helped to reveal. Prepare a presentation of the results from the exercise and then identify five environmental focus areas ('*').Environmental improvement through product development. A project funded by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency.lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Step 5: Quantify the environmental impactsLCA results are usually complexExample of an LCA result Four product alternatives compared in 5 impact categories


Step 5: Quantify the environmental impactsTools for simplified LCAs: e.g. ECO-itEco-indicator & ECO-it

[Download fra www.pre.nl] Environmental improvement through product development. A project funded by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency.lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Step 5: Quantify the environmental impactsEnvironmental impact reduced to a single indicatorEco-indicator & ECO-it

[http://www.pre.nl]


Step 5: Quantify the environmental impactsExample of using ECO-itAbridged LCA of a citrus press, using ECO-it


Step 5: Quantify the environmental impactsAssumptions during the assessmentMaterials stage

What product version is chosen representative? Which parts does it consist of? (incl. motor) Which types & weights of materials? (gross/net) Which processes are involved? (incl. overheads)

Production

Transport stage

Which distances will be covered? With which means of transport?

Use stage

How often will the citrus press be used (and cleaned)? and where?

End-of-Life/Disposal stage

What is/are the most likely disposal way/s?


Step 5: Quantify the environmental impactsResults ECO-it results in the different life cycle stages


Step 5: Quantify the environmental impactsQuantify the environmental effects

Use an abridged LCA tool, such as ECO-it, to model your products life cycle

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Step 5: Quantify the environmental impacts


Step 5: Quantify the environmental impactsWHY CARRY OUT THIS EXERCISE? The quantitative environmental exercise provides another entry point to the environmental improvement task, based on highly simplified assessment methods. The limitations of these tools are clear; many assumptions must be made and the results are only as reliable as the data and model underlying the calculations. But even with these limitations, these simplified methods give a quick overview of a product's environmental profile. In addition, you can use the tools to create scenarios where, for example, alternative processes or materials are compared. The figure shows results from the ECO-it tool, which in this example shows that the products environmental impact in the use stage is 20 times larger than the manufacturing stage, and even higher than in the disposal stage.



Step 6: Create environmental concepts


Step 6: Create environmental conceptsBACKGROUND In this task you will create solutions for the product and the product's life cycle, which can lead to environmental improvements. Based on the series of environmental insights that you have gained during the previous five steps, it is now time to start creating environmental concepts for the product. There are various tools available to aid this task: Those, which you have always used in product development - brainstorming, brainwriting, sketching, etc. There are checklists and negative checklists, which prompt environmental thinking. You can create future scenarios (e.g. Outline the world's least energy-consuming house, which can be realised in the year 2020) in order to make a leap forward and perhaps find radical environmental concepts. The largest help is most likely to be gained by identifying relevant ecodesign principles that can inspire and guide the environmental conceptualisation process.Environmental improvement through product development. A project funded by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency.lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Step 6: Create environmental conceptsECODESIGN PRINCIPLES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Reduce the material intensity of the product or service Reduce the energy intensity of the product or service Reduce the dispersion of harmful substances through the product Increase the amount of recycled and recyclable materials in the product Optimise the products durability Incorporate environmental features into the product

7. Signal the products environmental features through the physical design 8. 9. Maximise the use of sustainable resources and supply chains Optimise the products service intensity

10. Design the life cycle first and then the productEnvironmental improvement through product development. A project funded by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency.lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Step 6: Create environmental conceptsCreate ideal conceptsCREATE IDEAL CONCEPTS An ideal concept is a solution proposal, which is exclusively focused on a single optimisation parameter. The aforementioned ecodesign principles can be used to create a number of ideal concepts that, for example, are optimised towards: Minimum material content in the product Minimum energy use throughout the product's life cycle Minimum content of toxic substances Optimal reusability Optimal durability Inbuilt environmental functions in the product Clarification of the environmental characteristics of the product Use an hour on each of the above optimisation proposals (you could also add some of your own) and produce a poster for each concept with brief explanations for specific characteristics, etc. The posters will show how far each ecodesign principle can be stretched for the current product. Good sub-solutions can then be chosen from ideal concepts, in order to construct one or more concrete and realistic environmental product concepts.


Step 6: Create environmental conceptsCreate ideal conceptsCREATE IDEAL CONCEPTS One of the ways in which to proceed with environmental improvements is to create so-called ideal concepts. An ideal concept is created with focus on one particular aspect, conceptualised in a vacuum, with respect to all other constraints.

Adventure mobile phone

Fun mobile phone [Baxter]


Step 6: Create environmental conceptsIdeal concept principle

Recyclable materials Energy intensitySolution space

Durability

Environmental features

Service intensity

Sustainable resources Sustainable supply chains


Step 6: Create environmental conceptsIdeal concept principle - example

Sustainable materials (low weight)

Energy intensity

Solution space


Step 6: Create environmental conceptsCreate ideal concepts - exampleEcodesign principle Apply the following ecodesign principle to create one or more new product concepts which have a radically improved environmental prole. Ecodesign principle #2:

Reduce the energy intensity the product or service As energy supply today is not based on 100% renewable sources, and as fuels often are fossile, the consumption of energy typically leads to environmental loads that can be reduced by changing the design.

Exercise: Try to apply this ecodesign principle to the product you are working on, and see where, throughout the products lifecycle, the principle can be applied.


Step 6: Create environmental conceptsNegative brainstormingBREAK DOWN THE MENTAL BARRIERS Despite the logical approach behind using certain ecodesign principles, one can often meet a barrier when attempting to create significant environmental improvements. The more one focuses on the need for good solutions, the harder it can be to find them. Humans seem actually to be designed in such a way that it is easier for us to imagine all the ways in which to make the product environmentally worse, and not the opposite! A negative brainstorm is therefore always easy (and fun) to perform, because it is the negative aspects that we want to move away from (and the negative aspects, which disturb the process of environmental concept generation). The task is therefore to imagine the world's most environmentally polluting product.


Step 6: Create environmental conceptsNegative brainstormingSTEP-BY-STEP APPROACH Use 5-10 minutes in groups, brainstorming all the ways in which the environmental profile of your product can be made to be as bad as possible! Write your ideas down on post-its (one idea per post-it). Remember that brainstorm rules apply! When all the negative ideas have emerged, they must be categorised in relation to the ecodesign principles. The next step is to turn every negative idea into one or more positive ideas. For example, the idea The pump is always on - no way of turning on/off is addressing the ecodesign principle regarding energy and can be contradicted with various positive environmental ideas, such as The pump has automatic flow regulation. The exercise is complete when all the negative ideas have been created, categorised and countered with a list of positive ideas. Finally, identify five key environmental focus areas by putting a * by the relevant environmental impacts.

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Step 6: Create environmental conceptsNegative brainstorming


Step 6: Create environmental conceptsWHY CARRY OUT THIS EXERCISE? You create environmental concepts in this exercise by focusing on a selected number of environmental focus areas and developing approaches that eliminate the actual problem. The many technical professions represented in the workshop group should give high chances of creating target-worthy solutions. Using the environmental principles helps to create guiding stars which help the conceptualisation process. The negative brainstorm exercise is suitable for a workshop setting, as the whole group can contribute and because there is not much time in a workshop for detailed conceptualisation. The negative brainstorm exercise may initially seem unserious; but more often than not, the exercise helps to produce far more new and innovative ideas, than if one had systematically followed a traditional improvement strategy. The many new ideas that were generated by the negative ones, can now be prioritised and built into the product development task for further development. The creation of the ideal concepts helps to pan out the solution space for new environmental concepts.


THE PROCESS THAT YOU HAVE NOW COMPLETED IN STEPS 1 TO 6 HAS BEEN A CREATIVE PROCESS WITH A SOLE FOCUS ON THE ENVIRONMENT. NOW IS THE TIME TO REFLECT: HOW SHOULD THE EXPERIENCES FROM THIS PROCESS SHAPE THE COMPANY'S STRATEGY AND POLICY? HOW SHOULD SUCH ACTIVITIES BE BUILT INTO THE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS IN THE FUTURE?



Step 7: Develop an environmental strategy


Step 7: Develop an environmental strategyBACKGROUND For environmental efforts, ideas and requirements to become rooted in the organisation, a strategy and prioritisation of efforts is required. The previous 6 steps in the 7-step approach have helped to develop ideas for environmental improvement by changing the product and its life cycle. If you have completed these steps carefully, you should now have a long list of environmental priorities and ideas! The last task in this approach is to use your groups experience, inspiration and opportunities to decide on an environmental strategy. You hereby leave the reference product you have been working on, in order to attempt a generalisation of the environmental product development effort for the whole company. As a result of the first 6 steps of this approach, you now have 4 x 5 sets of environmental focus areas *. The task is now to consolidate these 20 environmental focus areas through dialogue within the group, into a smaller, more manageable number of environmental focus areas (choose, for example, the top 10). Targets must then be set for the degree of improvement expected for each environmental focus area.



Corporate values Environmental policy and strategy

Environmental focus areas

Environment in product development

Ecodesign guidelines and acAons

[McAloone]


Step 7: Develop an environmental strategySTEP-BY-STEP APPROACH For this task you should draw a radar plot, on which each of your chosen 10 environmental priorities are assigned an axis. Choose an appropriate unit of measurement for each axis of the radar plot (e.g. kg, %, mg, J, km, number of years, or mPt). Then use two colours to represent current status and future goal. Assign responsibilities within the organisation, i.e. point to people who can take on the coordination of the task of creating the environmental improvements within each focus area. When this exercise is carried out in a workshop setting it is often the case that, even if appropriate units have been selected for each environmental priority, it is not possible to commit to absolute and quantified improvements for each focus area. Therefore, one can instead begin by operating with stepwise goals (e.g. a scale of 0-4) or relative improvements (e.g. factor 2, 3, 4 or 50% reduction). These units can be adjusted later.


Step 7: Develop an environmental strategySTEP-BY-STEP APPROACH When the strategy proposals are in place, it is important to define the implementation task, so that the coordinators of each focus area can put deadlines on their activities and begin to make individual action plans for their tasks. The task after this step is to work through the results of step 7, putting real numbers onto the units of each axis of the radar plot and then developing a comprehensive environmental action plan.

Use this poster (electronic version available) to plot out an environmental strategy Environmental improvement through product development. A project funded by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency.lundi 5 dcembre 2011




Ensuring implementation in the company


Ensuring implementation in the companyIt is a challenging process after the workshop to ensure that the ideas, priorities and tools find a place in the company. As indicated in Step 7, the environmental considerations should be aligned to the company's overall development. Objectives, strategies and action plans should therefore be coordinated with other initiatives. The selection of one or more dedicated coordinators is the first step in this process. In relation to the company management, the coordinator has the major task of communicating and mediating the environmental effort with the company's other objectives and strategies. If the resources can be devoted to the positive and systematic environmental improvement in the company, it is certain that the investment will pay off in several areas: Meeting the company's social obligations Prevention in relation to future environmental concerns and requirements Demonstrating the company's environmental stance Improved view of and influence over the product life cycle A service-oriented view of the product Robust and innovative product concepts.


Ensuring implementation in the company


For further information

Tim McAloone DTU Management Engineering Engineering Design and Product Development Building 426, Produktionstorvet, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark Telephone Homepage Email (+45) 4525 6270 www.kp.man.dtu.dk/english/research/areas/ecodesign/guide [email protected]


Mthodes de conception


Thorie de la conception (H.A. Simon, 1969)Evaluation

Thorie de l'valuation Aide au choix de solutions (optimisation et heuristiques) Logique formelle de la conception Recherche de heuristique de solutions Allocation de ressources Structure et organisation de la conception Reprsentation des problmes de conception

Recherche de solutions


Importance phase de conception (1)250 200Production Maintenance

Cot des corrections

150 100 50Cahier de charges Conception Mthodes

Phases de vie dun produit181lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Importance phase de conception (2)Dpenses engages 250 200 150 100 50Cahier de charges Conception Mthodes Production Maintenance

Dpenses effectues

Phases de vie dun produit182lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Activit de conception tape dcisive dans le cycle de vie dun produit Activit intellectuelle et cognitive trs complexe Activit individuelle/collective Processus de cration et de dnition dune ouplusieurs descriptions dun produit : rpondre aux besoins et satisfaire les contraintes composant lectronique183lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Domaines : dune centrale nuclaire un simple

Conception : pourquoi une activit ?Objectifs Demande, Besoin ? Contraintes Donnes techniques

CONCEVOIR

Acteurs de lingnierie184lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Ressources matrielles et informationnelles

Processus transversal Complexit intrinsque des produits Composition pluritechnologique Perception plurisensorielle du client et delutilisateur

Complexit managriale Pluridisciplinarit de lquipe Complexit et diversit des procds Savoir-faire de lentreprise185lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Complexit Complexit du produit Complexit du processus de conception Complexit du procd Gestion de projet complexe


Complexit Complexit du produit Complexit du processus de conception Complexit du procd Gestion de projet complexe


quipe de conception lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Marketing Commercial Designer Aprs-vente Bureau dtudes Industrialisation Qualit Achats Production Utilisateur188

Connaissance et typologie de conception (daprs Gero, 2001)Espace de solutions de conception crative

Espace de solutions de conception innovante

Espace de solutions de conception routinire


Domaines dapplication des mthodes de conception

Produits Procds Systmes de production Systmes dinformation et daide la dcision 190lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Objectif : satisfaire le clientMthode pour :

Exprimer le besoin Satisfaire le besoin

Besoin Demande Proposition

Besoin compris


Lattente implicite est diffrente de l offre !

191

Exemple


Besoin Besoin latent : besoin de lindividu qui demande tre exprim

Besoin identi : issu dune tude de march Besoin cr : initi par loffre. Exemples : tlvision,tlphone portable

Besoins objectifs. Exemple : performance, poids, Besoins subjectifs. Exemples : mode, confort, 193lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Limites du langage naturel Langage naturel : utilis majoritairement en conception ??? Bruit : lment sans rapport avec le problme Silence : lment non spci Redondance : supplmentairelment napportant pas dinformation Contradiction : lment en opposition avec un autre lment Ambigut : plusieurs interprtations possibles du mme lment194lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Besoin de mthode viter

Incomprhension Oublis Pertes de temps,


Besoin de mthode Objectifs Langage pour communiquer Gain en qualit (exhaustivit, vrication de cohrence, robustesse) Gain en dlai et productivit Rexion conceptuelle Partage du travail (gestion de projet) Maintenance Capitalisation dexprience196lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Gain dutilisation dune mthodedacteurs Gain si complexit grande, nombreimportants, rptition Sans mthode

Cot

Avec mthode

Temps197lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Quest-ce quune mthode ?Une mthode comporte

Un (ou plusieurs) modle conceptuel

Niveau dabstraction lev Modle gnral Reprsentation dtaille Description des fonctions du modle conceptuel Squence de mise en uvre des concepts Rles des interventions humaines

Des outils et des rgles de reprsentation

Une dmarche


Diffrentes approches Approche fonctionnelle Quelles sont les fonctions remplies par lesystme ?

Approche informationnelle Quelles sont les informations changes ? Approche comportementale Que se passe til au cours du temps ?199lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Diffrentes approchesComportementale

Spcication du systme Informationnelle200lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Fonctionnelle

Historique des mthodesAvant 1975

Rseaux de Petri IDEF0

HIPO

SD SADT SA SART Comp Info Fonc

1975-1980

Entit -association1980-2000

Depuis 2000

UML201


Analyse fonctionnelle


Analyse fonctionnelle Fonctions dusage / fonctions destime Recherche intuitive Analyse des squences Analyse des mouvements et des efforts Analyse de lenvironnement Analyse dun produit type Analyse des rglements et des normes203lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Besoin de mthode danalyse fonctionnelle

Pour satisfaire le besoin, il faut le connatre. Pour le connatre, il faut lexprimer en termes defonctions.

Pour identier les fonctions, il faut matriser lesmthodes danalyse.


Modle danalyse fonctionnelle Formaliser les besoins du client Concepts Fonctions de service Formaliser les services remplir Contraintes Formaliser les contraintes respecter205lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Analyse fonctionnelleDmarche qui consiste rechercher, ordonner (les fonctions de service), caractriser (critres), hirarchiser et/ou valoriser les fonctions (poids) du produit attendu par lutilisateur. Afnor NF X 50-151. Les fonctions doivent tre exprimes par leur nalit (rsultats atteindre) solutions (moyens pour satisfaire les fonctions)

Fonction : actions dun produit ou de lun de ses composants exprimes exclusivement en terme de nalit. Afnor


Exemple : assurer le dplacement, rsister aux tractions

206

Cahier des Charges Fonctionnel CdCF

CdCF : document par lequel le demandeur

exprime son besoin en termes de fonctions et de contraintes. contraintes sont dnis avec leur exibilit.

Les critres d'apprciation des fonctions et des CdCF : tape de conception interne ou207lundi 5 dcembre 2011

contractuel pour sous-traiter la conception.

Fonctions Fonctions principales de service : assurer le service attendu par lutilisateur (fonctions dusage et destime).

Exemple : tlphone portable Contraintes : limites dans la libert de conception de produit

Sources : environnement, rglements, normes Fonctions techniques (internes) : fonctions intrinsques au produit. Ce sont des supports pour les fonctions de service.

Exemple : le systme de refroidissement dun moteur.208lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Dmarche intuitive Recherche intuitive : identication de 50% desfonctions !

A quoi sert le produit ? Dans quel systme sintgre til ? A quoi sert le systme ? Est-ce que les besoins produit et systme sontcohrents ?209lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Exemple

Stylo

Tracer des marques correspondre mmoriser transmettre desconnaissances

Systme d'criture

Besoins stylo cohrent avec210lundi 5 dcembre 2011

besoin systme criture ?

Fonctions d'usage/ Fonctions d'estime Fonction d'usage du stylo : tracer des marques Fonction d'estime : plaire esthtique, image de marque

211lundi 5 dcembre

Documents

Cours Ecoconception