Cours Medecine Info Histologie 2 Epithelium Sensoriel Audition

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    Vie et mort des cellules dans les tissus

    I. L'piderme et son renouvellement par les cellulessouches

    II. pithlium sensorielIII. Voies ariennes et intestin

    IV. Vaisseaux sanguins et cellules endothlialesV. Renouvellement par des cellules souches

    multipotentes : la formation des cellules sanguinesVI. Gense : modulation et rgnration du muscle

    suelettiueVII. Les fi!ro!lastes et leurs transformations : la familledes cellules du tissu con"onctif

    VIII. Ingnierie des cellules souches

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    II # pithlium sensoriel

    $ %utre t&pe dpithlium ui recouvre notre corps$ (ourn vers le monde extrieur$ )ert dorgane des sens

    * +deurs

    * )ons* Images* ,)aveurs* )ensations-

    $ oints communs* /0me origine em!r&ologiue : ecto!laste

    * 1omme la peau* )tructure de !ase commune* Gnes de dveloppement proches* +rganisation pithliale2

    $ 2mais organisation trs diffrente de celle de l'piderme ou desglandes

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    +rganes des sens

    $ +rganes complexes$ Rception dun signal par un dispositif

    la!or$ 3iltration et concentration du signal$ pithlium sensoriel

    $ %rrive au s&stme nerveux

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    pithlium sensoriel

    $ 1omposant cl de lorgane des sens$ etit par rapport 4 lappareil ui le

    soutient$ artie la plus conserve pendant

    lvolution ,vert!rs etinvert!rs-

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    1ellules sensorielles

    $ 1ontenues dans lpithliumsensoriel

    $ )ont des tarnsducteurs$ (ransforment le signal extrieur en

    influx nerveux

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    Les cellules sensorielles

    $ 5e6 : neurones sensoriels olfactifs$ +reille : cellules cilies auditives$ 7il : photorcepteurs$ )ont des neurones ou apparents

    $ %u p8le apical$ )tructure spcialise

    * 9tecte le signal extrieur* 1onvertit le stimulus en potentiel de mem!rane

    * )&napse avec des neurones ui relaientlinformation sensorielle

    4 des structuresspcifiues du cerveau

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    +rganisation des organesdes sens

    %xone

    %xone

    %xone

    %xone

    %xone

    9endrite

    9endrite

    9endrite

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    +rganisation des organes des sens

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    lan

    . +lfaction;. %udition

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    ; * %udition

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    3ig.

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    (he mem!ranous la!&rinth ,!lue- pro"ected onto the !on& la!&rinth. (he arro?sindicate the direction of pressure ?aves in the cochlea.

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    3ig.

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    3ig.

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    3ig.

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    3ig.

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    3ig.

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    3ig.

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    3ig. %

    A, Transmission electron

    micrograph of human

    Type * vestibular hair cell

    $vr' bearing an apicalgroup of stereocilia $st'

    seen in a vertical section

    through the macula. )ote

    that the hair cell is bottle

    shaped, and that much of

    it is enclosed in the

    calyceal ending $c' of anafferent nerve terminal.

    #bbreviation: sc,

    supporting cells.

    B T i i

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    3ig. E

    B, Transmission

    electron

    micrograph of

    human Type **vestibular hair

    cell: a bouton

    type afferentnerve terminal is

    in contact "ith the

    basal part.

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    3ig.

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    $ )canningelectronmicrographsof thesurface of

    an organ of1orti from ahumancochlea.

    $ AF Lo?#

    po?er vie?sho?ing asingle ro?of inner haircells ,left-and three

    ro?s ofouter haircellsF ?ithadditionalro?s inplaces.

    3ig.

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    3ig.

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    3ig.

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    3ig.

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    3ig.

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    3ig.

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    3ig.

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    3ig.

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    3ig.

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    +rgane de 1orti dans loreilleinterne

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    pithlium sensoriel

    $ (issu le plus la!or de tout lorganisme$ +rgane de 1orti

    *Les cellules sensorielles : cellules ciliesauditives*1ellules de soutien

    */em!rana tectoria r8le de protection descellules sensorielles*/em!rane !asilaire

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    /em!rane !asilaire

    $ )pare les deux rampes$ )on modifications de pression

    vi!ration de la mem!rane !asilaire dehaut en !as

    ) h h i l i d

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    )chma ph&siologiue del organe de 1orti

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    1ellules sensorielles

    $ 1ellules auditives cilies$ 1onvertissent le stimulus mcaniue en influx

    nerveux

    $ /icrovillosits gantes ,strocils-* Hn tu&aux dorgue* Remplis de filaments dactine* (rs grande prcision de la hauteur et de la

    disposition des strocils$ en fonction de la localisation de la cellule dans loreille et

    de$ la fruence sonore 4 lauelle elle est sensi!le

    1 ll l diti

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    1ellules auditives$ % # +rgane de 1orti

    * 1ellules auditives* 1ellules de soutien

    * /em!rana tectoria* /em!rane !asilaire ui vi!re

    sous londe sonore

    $ E # /em!rane apicale dunecellule auditive externe* )trocils en tu&aux dorgue* > fois plus nom!reuses ue

    les internes

    * /canisme de feed !ac uirgule le stimulusmcaniue dlivr auxcellules internes

    $ 1ellules auditives internes,

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    +rgane de 1orti schma

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    +rgane de 1orti schma

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    1oupe de l organe de 1orti

    m croscop c v e? o

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    m croscop c v e? oauditor& hair cells in a

    health& inner ear.

    )ensor& surface of the organ of 1orti. (hree ro?s of outer haircells and one ro? of inner hair cells are seen.

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    )canning electron

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    )canning electronmicrographssho?ing a sensor&

    hair cell and a hair!undle

    % surface vie? of the chinchilla organ of 1orti sho?ingF from left to right: the !on& ?allJ spiralligament and stria vascularisJ hair cellsJ tectorial mem!raneJ Reissners mem!raneJ modiolus.

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    g J J J J

    $ /ouvement relatif

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    fig. ;;#;

    $ /ouvement relatifde la mem!ranatectoria !asculedes strocils descellules auditives ouverture oufermeture de canauxioniues mcaniues

    3 ti t d

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    3onctionnement dunecellule cilie sensorielle

    $ 3onctionne comme un transducteur :$ )on vi!ration !alancement de lorgane de 1orti

    !ascule des strocils

    $ traction ,D#; ne?tons- sur le filament tendu dusommet dun strocil 4 son voisin tractionmcaniue sur le canal ioniue du strocil

    $ ouverture de ce canal ,ui !ascule de > nm-influx decharge positive dpolarisation signal lectriue

    $ Li!ration de neurotransmetteur s&napse$ )ensi!ilit stupfiante : le son audi!le le plus fai!le

    allonge le filament de DFD> nm ,K au diamtre dunatome dh&drogne-

    $ 3onctionnement dune

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    fig. ;;# nm-influx de chargepositive dpolarisation signallectriue

    $ elical structure of the tip lin.$ ,%- roposed model for tip#lin

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    igh#resolution structure of

    hair#cell tip linsEechara MacharF /ariannearaalF /auricio MurcF Ni#dong OhaoF and eter G.Gillespie5%) 5ovem!er ;F ;DDD vol.=B no. ;> pp

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    igh#resolution structure of hair#cell

    tip linsEechara MacharF /arianne araalF/auricio MurcF Ni#dong OhaoF andeter G. Gillespie5%) 5ovem!er ;F ;DDD vol. =Bno. ;> pp

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    igh#resolution structure ofhair#cell tip linsEechara MacharF /ariannearaalF /auricio MurcF Ni#dongOhaoF and eter G. Gillespie5%) 5ovem!er ;F ;DDD vol.=B no. ;> pp

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    igh#resolution structure of hair#celltip linsEechara MacharF /arianne araalF/auricio MurcF Ni#dong OhaoF andeter G. Gillespie5%) 5ovem!er ;F ;DDD vol. =Bno. ;> pp

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    igh#resolution structure of hair#cell tip lins

    Eechara MacharF /arianne araalF /auricioMurcF Ni#dong OhaoF and eter G. Gillespie5%) 5ovem!er ;F ;DDD vol. =B no. ;>pp

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    igh resolution structure of hair cell tip linsEechara MacharF /arianne araalF /auricio MurcF Ni#dong OhaoF andeter G. Gillespie5%) 5ovem!er ;F ;DDD vol. =B no. ;> pp

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    Ro!ert 3ettiplace and 1arole /. acne&(he sensor& and motor roles of auditor& hair cells5ature Revie?s 5euroscience BF =#;= ,Wanuar& ;DDA-3IGQRH : (he sound conduction path?a&.

    (he sound conduction path?a&% section through the temporal !one sho?ing the sound conduction path?a& in the mammalian ear. Vi!rations of the eardrum ort&mpanum ,t- are rela&ed via three middle ear !onesF the malleus ,m-F incus ,i- and stapes ,s-F and initiate pressure ?aves in thecochlear fluidsF the pressure !eing relieved at the round ?indo? ,r?-. (he pressure ?aves set in motion the !asilar mem!raneF on ?hichthe organ of 1orti and hair cells ride. (he cochlea is divided into compartments filled ?ith fluids of distinct ionic composition. eril&mph issimilar to extracellular fluidF !ut endol&mphF ?hich is found in the central compartment a!ove the tops of the hair cellsF contains a high MXconcentration and a small amount of ,;D /- 1a;X. (he cochlea is sho?n as straight to illustrate its internal structureF !ut it is normall&coiled as in the inset. 9ifferent sound freuencies differentiall& excite different regions of the cochleaF the specific locations !eing given in

    6 from D. to ;D 6 in humans. 5ote that the freuenc& map is logarithmicF so that each decade occupies an euivalent distance on the!asilar mem!rane. (he components are dra?n roughl& to scale for the human earF in ?hich the cochlea is

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    Ro!ert 3ettiplace and 1arole/. acne&(he sensor& and motor roles

    of auditor& hair cells5ature Revie?s 5euroscienceBF =#;= ,Wanuar& ;DDA-.3IGQRH ; : 1ellular structureof the sound#detecting organ

    of 1orti

    g g

    $ a # (ransverse section through amiddle turn of the cochleaF sho?ingthe organ of 1ortiF an assem!l& ofintricatel& shaped supporting cells andinner and outer hair cells supported !&a flexi!le !asilar mem!rane. (he organof 1orti is @D m ?ide.

    $ ! # Qp?ard displacement of the !asilarmem!rane stimulates the hair cells !&!ending their stereociliar& !undlesagainst the acellular tectorial

    mem!rane. Eecause of the point a!out?hich the !asilar mem!rane hingesFthe inner hair cells must !e stimulatedmainl& !& motion of the tectorialmem!rane. )ignals from each innerhair cell are rela&ed to the !rain via Dto ;D afferent fi!res of the VIIIth

    cranial nerve. +uter hair cells have!oth sensor& and motor capa!ilitiesand possess electromotilit& thatunderlies the cochlear amplifier. (he&have a sparse afferent innervation ,notsho?n- and are contacted mainl& !&efferent nervesF ?hich regulate theelectromotilit& and influence cochlearsensitivit&.

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    Ro!ert 3ettiplace and 1arole /. acne&(he sensor& and motor roles of auditor& hair cells5ature Revie?s 5euroscience BF =#;= ,Wanuar& ;DDA-. 3IGQRH