{d. g. Im§S>oH$a M[aÌ · 2018. 12. 3. · {d. g. Im§S>oH$a M[aÌ/4 YS>nS>rV {d. g. Im§S>oH$a M[aÌmMo Zdo n¡by CbJS>bo. H$mhr Zdo g§X^© hmVr Ambo. Ë`m_wio M[aÌmMr gwYm[aV

{d. g. Im§S>oH$a M[aÌ

S>m°. gwZrbHw$_ma bdQ>o

{d. g. Im§S>oH$a M[aÌ/2

{d. g. Im§S>oH$a M[aÌ(M[aÌ)S>m°. gwZrbHw$_ma bdQ>o

g§nH©$"{Zem§Hw$a', A`moÜ`m H$m°bZr,amOrd Jm§Yr [a¨J amoS>, gwd}ZJaOdi,nmoñQ-> H$i§~m, H$moëhmnya- 416 007_mo. Z§. 98 81 25 00 [email protected]

{Vgar Amd¥Îmr 2018

© S>m°. gwZrbHw$_ma bdQ>o

àH$meH$Aja XmcZ,2141, ~r dm°S>©, _§Jidma noR>,

H$moëhmnya. \$moZ : 0231-2646424email- [email protected]

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Aja OwiUrgm¡. {eënm namJ Hw$bH$Uu

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"{d. g. Im§S>oH$a M[aÌ' _yi ê$nmV gßQ>|o~a, 2012 _Üò l{_H$à{VîR>mZ, H$moëhmnyaÀ`m "M[aÌ J«§W_mbm'À`m àW_ g§MmV àH$m{eVH$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. Am°ŠQ>mo~a, 2013 _Üò Ë`mMo nwZ_w©ÐU H$aÊ`mVAmbo hmoVo. ho M[aÌ àW_ àH$m{eV Pmbo Voìhm Ë`mg S>m°. AZ§V d bVmbm^goQ>dma àÝ`mg, ZmJnya Am{U bm^goQ>dma à{VîR>mZ, A_o[aH$mMoé. 25000/- Mo AW©gmhmæ` bm^bo hmoVo. AmVm Aja XmbZ,H$moëhmnyaV\}$ Ë`mMr gwYm[aV {Vgar Amd¥Îmr òVo Amho, Ë`m~Ôb AmZ§XAgyZ `m M[aÌ àH$meZmg doimodoir gmhmæ` H$aUmè`m§Mo àma§^rM _rAm^ma _mZVmo.

_amR>r gm{hË`mV `mnydu {d. g. Im§S>oH$a M[aÌmÀ`m AZwf§JmZo dm.{e. AmnQ>o, dm. am. T>dio, _m. H$m. Xoenm§S>o, O`m XS>H$a, à ¥̂Vr_mÝ`dam§Zr {b{hbo Amho. AbrH$S>À`m H$mimV _r {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§À`mg_J« Ag§H${bV, AàH$m{eV gm{hË` àH$meZmMm Omo àH$ën hmVrKoVbm, Ë`mV H$mX§~ar, H$Wmg§J«h, ê$nH$ H$Wmg§J«h, bKw{Z~§Yg§J«h,_wbmIVg§J«h, d¡Mm[aH$ boIg§J««h, ì`pŠVboIg§J«h, nQ>H$Wmg§J«hAmË_H$WZna boIg§J«h Aer drg nwñVHo$ àH$m{eV Ho$br AmhoV. AmUIrH$mX§~ar, àñVmdZmg§J«h, g_rjmg§J«h, d¡ZVò boIg§J«h, {dZmoXr boIg§J«h,ZmQ>çN>Q>m Aer S>PZâ nwñVHo$ àVr{jV AmhoV. n¡H$s {Zå_r àH$meZmYrZAgyZ {Zå_r à{H«$`mYrZ AmhoV. Xaå`mZÀ`m H$mimV {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§MrXmoZ ñ_¥Vr g§J«hmb ò C^maÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`m§V g§H$ënZm, g§emoYZ, gmYZg§J«hH$aÊ`mMo H$m`© _r Ho$bo. hr g§J«hmbò {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, {d. g.Im§S>oH$a ^mfm ^dZ, H$moëhmnya d {d. g. Im§S>oH$a {dÚm à{VîR>mZ,{eamoS>o, Vm. d|Jwbm©, {O. qgYwXwJ© òWo AmnUmg nmhVm òVrb. `m gd©


YS>nS>rV {d. g. Im§S>oH$a M[aÌmMo Zdo n¡by CbJS>bo. H$mhr Zdo g§X ©̂hmVr Ambo. Ë`m_wio M[aÌmMr gwYm[aV Amd¥Îmr àH$m{eV H$aUo Amdí`H$MZmhr Va A{Zdm ©̀ Pmbr hmoVr. ̀ m H$mimV {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§Mo nwZ_y©ë`m§H$ZPmbo hmoVo `m AZwf§JmZo _r AZoH$ d¥ÎmnÌo, {Z`VH$m{bH$m§_YyZ doimodoir{b{hbo hmoVo. AmH$medmUr, H$moëhmnyahÿZ H$mhr ì`m»`mZo hr àjo{nVPmbr hmoVr. Ë`m gdmªMm gwYm[aV Amd¥ÎmrV g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV AmbmAmho. Ë`m_wio {Okmgy dmMH$, Aä`mgH$, g§emoYH$m§gmR>r ho nwñVH$åhUOo AÚVZ g§X ©̂gmYZ ~Zob, Agm _bm {dídmg dmQ>Vmo.

_yi M[aÌ {b{hbo Voìhm VéU dmMH$dJ© _mÂ`mg_moa hmoVm.nwZ_y©ë`m§H$Z àH$aUmV Oo gmV-AmR> boI A§V ŷ©V H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV,Ë`mV H$mhr {R>H$mUr nwñVH$mH$mamV {ÛéŠVr dmQ>br Var Ë`m Ë`m àH$aUmMrJaO åhUyZ Vr Amho VerM R>odbr Amho. g§nmXZmV Vo Q>miUo Iao VaeŠ` hmoVo, nU _J {VWo CUrd ^mgy bmJVo, {df`{dñVma d {ddoMZmVAnwaonU `oVo. Ë`m_wio VwQ>H$ g§X ©̂ n[anyU© hmoÊ`mg gmhmæ`hr hmoVo AgodmQ>ë`mdê$Z _yi boImVrb _OHy$a VgmM R>odbm Amho.

"{d. g. Im§S>oH$a M[aÌ'Mo Oo ê$n AmH$mambm Ambo Amho, Ë`m_wioIm§S>oH$am§M§ OrdZ, H$m`©, {dMma, _yë`, gm{hË`, ÑpîQ>H$moZ BË`mXr{df`rEH$ ì`mnH$ ÑîQ>r d AmH$bZ {dH${gV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Im§S>oH$a ho Ho$di_amR>r gm{hpË`H$ Z amhVm "Am§Va^maVr' ê$nmZo "^maVr` gm{hpË`H$'~ZyZ nwT>o `oVmV. ^maVr` kmZnrR>mZo _amR>rMm n{hbm nwañH$ma gZ 1974gmR>r Amnë`m XeH$nyVuÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo ~hmb H$ê$Z _moR>o Am¡{MË` gmYboAmho. {d. g. Im§S>oH$a "_mUyg' åhUyZ {OVHo$ _moR>o hmoVo {VVHo$M Ë`m§Mogm{hË` "_mZdY_u' hmoVo. _mZdr OrdZmÀ`m {d{dY àíZ d g_ñ`m§MmD$hmnmoh H$aVmZm Im§S>oH$a Oo {dMma ì`ŠV H$aVmV, Ë`m§Mo Vo qMVZ_mZdOmVrÀ`m A§{V_ H$ë`mUmMo A_a ^mî` ~ZyZ OmVo. `m gm{hË`mMo{Ma§VZËd `m AOam_a qMVZmV gm_mdbobo Amho. Vo ì`ŠV H$aVmZmIm§S>oH$a Á`m Cn_m, CËàojm, ê$nH$m§Mm à`moJ H$aVmV, ^m{fH$ gm¢X`m©MmOmo gmO MT>{dVmV, Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo gm{hË` EH$mM doir b{bV, _Zmohad {dMmamoÎmoOH$ ~ZV AgVo. Ë`m_wio Vo dmMH$mda Amnë`m eãX gm¢X`©d {dMma gm_Ï`m©Mr _mo{hZr KmbV Ë`mbm A§V_w©I H$aVo. Ë`m_wio {d.g. Im§S>oH$a gm{hË`mMo dmMZ {eimoß`mMm CÚmoJ Z hmoVm gOJ n[adV©ZmMo


gmYZ ~ZyZ nwT>o ̀ oVo. _`m©Xm§gh Vo _amR>r gm{hË`mMm AZ_mob R>odm ~ZVo.ho M[aÌ Im§S>oH$am§À`m Aem AmH$bZmMo ì`pŠVn[aMm`H$ d gm{hË`_yë`m§H$ZmMo _mÜ`_ ~Zmdo åhUyZ Ho$bobm hm IQ>mQ>mon. dmMH$m§MrIm§S>oH$am§{df`rMr AmOdaMr g_O {dñVmaV gImobnUo Ë`m§À`m OrdZ,gm{hË`, {dMma AmñdmXmg ho M[aÌ àoaUm XoB©b, Aer _bm Amem Amho.

11 OyZ, 2017 S>m°. gwZrbHw$_ma bdQ>ogmZo JwéOr ñ_¥{V{XZ


AZwH«$_{UH$m

1. {d. g. Im§S>oH$a OrdZnQ> … {V{_amVwZr VoOmH$S>o/72. g_J« gm{hpË`H$ Im§S>oH$a … A§VarMo ~mob/333. nQ>H$WmH$ma Im§S>oH$a … _amR>rMo _°pŠP_ Jm°H$s©/624. g_mOqMVH$ Im§S>oH$a … _mUygnUmMm emoY/925. {d. g. Im§S>oH$a … nwZ_y©ë`m§H$Z

A. {d. g. Im§S>oH$a … g§{já g_J« _yë`m§H$Z/103Am. {d. g. Im§S>oH$a … EH$ Vnñdr {ejH$/109B. {d. g. Im§S>oH$a … gmd©H$m{bH$ gm{hpË`H$/114B©. {d. g. Im§S>oH$a … Am§Va^maVr gm{hpË`H$/119C. {d. g. Im§S>oH$a … AM{M©V b{bV gm{hË`/124D$. {d. g. Im§S>oH$a … AídËWmå`mMr OI_/135E. {d. g. Im§S>oH$a gm{hË`mMr àñVwVVm/142Eo. {d. g. Im§S>oH$a ñ_¥Vr g§J«hmb` … àoaUm Am{U ÑîQ>r/146

6. Cng§hma/159* n[a{eîQ>o

1. {d. g. Im§S>oH$a … nwZ_y©ë`m§H$Z boI nyd©à{gÕr gyMr/1622. {d. g. Im§S>oH$a … OrdZnQ>/1633. {d. g. Im§S>oH$a … _mZ-gÝ_mZ/nwañH$ma/1674. {d. g. Im§S>oH$a … gm{hË`g§nXm/1685. {d. g. Im§S>oH$a … {MÌnQ> gyMr/1766. {d. g. Im§S>oH$a … ^mfm§V[aV gm{hË`gyMr/1787. {d. g. Im§S>oH$a … g§X ©̂J«§W gyMr/182


àH$aU n{hbo{d. g. Im§S>oH$a OrdZnQ> … {V{_amVwZr VoOmH$S>o

^maVr` gm{hË`mda _amR>r ^mfoMr ZmX_wÐm CR>{dUmao n{hbo _amR>rgm{hpË`H$ åhUyZ {d. g. Im§S>oH$a Im§S>oH$am§Zm AmoiIb§ OmV§. {dgmì`meVH$mV ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, ~§YwVm, Y_©{Zanoj Am{U bmoH$emhr ̀ m n§MerbVÎdm§Zm ~m§Yrb amhÿZ Ë`m§Zr boIZ Ho$bo. Y_mªYVm, Om{V ôX, ñÌr-nwéfAg_mZVm, A§YlÕm, Xm[aÐç, AkmZ BË`mXr Ë`m eVH$mVrb àíZm§Zmà_mU _mZyZ Ë`m§Zr Ë`m§Mr CH$b gm{hË`mÛmao à^mdrnUo Ho$br. `mgmR>r{d. g. Im§S>oH$a ho g_mOerb gm{hpË`H$ åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVmV.Ë`m§Zr H$Wm, H$mX§~ar, ê$nH$H$Wm, bKw{Z~§Y, ZmQ>H$, H$mì`, nÌ,g_rjm, AZwdmX, g§nmXZ, ì`pŠV{MÌU, nQ>H$Wm boIZ BË`mXrgm{hË`àH$mam§V Ho$di âM KmVbr, Ago Zìho. Ë`m§Zr ê$nH$H$Wm,bKw{Z~§Y `m gm{hË`àH$mam§Mo OZH$Ëd nobbo. ^mfm d e¡brÀ`m àm§Vm§VAb§H$mamMo gm¢X`© d e¡brMo gw^m{fV _mX©d Ë`m§Zr {dH${gV Ho$bo. `mJwUd¡{eîQ>çm§_wio Ë`m§À`m g_J« gm{hË`mg gm_m{OH$ qMVZmMo ê$nbm^bo. {nT>çm KS>{dÊ`mMo H$m`© H$aUmè`m _moOŠ`m gm{hpË`H$m§V {d.g. Im§S>oH$am§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo, Vmo `m `moJXmZm_wio. Ë`m§Zr Amnë`mgm{hË`mVyZ am_mÙ, _hm^maV, n§MV§Ì, nwamU BË`mXt_Yrb {_WH$m§MmÐîQ>m Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoVbm. BVHo$M Zmhr, Va Ë`mMm g_H$mbrZ n[apñWVrerAÝd` bmdyZ Ë`mMm Zdm AW© gm§{JVbm. "``m{V' H$mX§~ar ho Ë`mMo~mobHo$ CXmhaU hmo`. `m_wio {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§Mo gm{hË` Ho$di _amR>rd _hmamîQ´>r` Z amhVm Vo ^maVr` Am{U d¡pídH$ ~Zbo. `m Ë`m§À`mgm{hË`mÀ`m A{ÔmV H$gmoQ>r d H$m¡eë`m_wioM Ë`m§À`m gm{hË` d{MÌnQ>m§Mo AZwdmX qhXr, V{_i, VobJy_Üò Pmbo. JwOamVr, V{_i,_ë`mi_² `m ^mfm§V Va Ë`m§Mo g_J« gm{hË` AZwdm{XV Pmë`mZo Ë`m


^m{fH$m§Zm Im§S>oH$a Amnë`mM ^mfoVrb boIH$ dmQ>VmV. _amR>r ^mfm dgm{hË`mg kmZnrR> nm[aVmo{fH$ n{hë`m§Xm {_idyZ XoD$Z Im§S>oH$am§ZrAmnë`m gm{hË`mMo amîQ´>r`Ëd {gÕ Ho$bo. Aem Im§S>oH$am§Mo g_J«, gw~moYOrdZM[aÌ hr _amR>r gm{hË`mVrb nmoH$ir hmoVr. Vr ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mMmà`ËZ hr H$mimMr JaO hmoVr. ho M[aÌ åhUOo Im§S>oH$a ì`ŠVr Am{UdmL²>_`mMm AÝd`mW© hmò .nyd©O

~id§Vamd Im§S>oH$a ho Im§S>oH$a Hw$Qw>§~mMo kmV nyd©O hmoV. Ë`m§Mo EH$^mD$hr hmoVo. {dîUwemñÌr Ë`m§Mo Zmd. ho Hw$Qw>§~ _yiMo gmd§VdmS>rMo.{VWë`m ^Q>dmS>rV AmOhr Ë`m Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m a{hdmgmÀ`m nmD$bIwUmñWmdamÀ`m ê$nmV gmj XoVmV. n¡H$s ~id§Vamd Im§S>oH$a ho d{H$brH$aÊ`mgmR>r åhUyZ H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb hþ~ir òWo Jobo d ñWm{`H$ Pmbo.Ë`m§Zm EH$ _wbJm d XmoZ _wbr hmoË`m. _wbmMo Zmd AmË_mam_. Vmo n§Yam-gmoim dfmªMm AgVmZm H$m°bè`mZo Ë`mÀ`m d{S>bm§Mo åhUOo ~id§Vamdm§Mo{ZYZ Pmbo. ì`dgm`m{edm` {VWo `m Hw$Qw>§~mMr {_iH$V Zgë`mZoAmË_mam_ Amnë`mgh XmoZ AZmW ~{hUtZm KoD$Z n¡V¥H$ Jmdr gmd§VdmS>rgAmbm. {VWo naVë`mda Amnë`m H$mH$m§er åhUOo {dîUwemñÌter g§nÎmrÀ`mhŠH$mdê$Z Ë`mMo _V ôX Pmbo. Vmo âë`m nmZmdê$Z CR>bm {Z VS>H$gm§Jbrg Ambm. Ë`m H$mir gm§Jbr, H$moëhmnya ̀ m VËH$mbrZ KmQ>_mÏ`mdanéioH$a, ~mdS>oH$am§gmaIr Hw$Qw>§~o H$moH$UmVyZ òD$Z pñWamdbr hmoVr.H$moH$UmV òUmè`m§Mo Vo AmYma ~ZV. B§J«Or Mm§Jbo AgUmè`m§Zm bJoMZmoH$è`m {_iV. H$moëhmnya, gm§Jbr, {_aO, Hw$é§XdmS>, O_I§S>r BË`mXrg§ñWm{ZH$m§À`m amOYmZrV Ë`m doir nmo{b{Q>H$b EO§Q>g²À`m H$Moè`mAgV. Ë`m§Zm gZXr H$m_mgmR>r _wÝg\$ bmJm`Mo. AmË_mam_ gm§JbrgòD$Z AmoiIrÀ`m AmYmamda {eH$bm, dH$sb Pmbm d _wÝg\$ ~Zbm.

Vmo H$mi 1857 À`m ~§S>mZ§VaMm hmoVm. gm§Jbr g§ñWmZmV VmË`mgmho~nQ>dY©Zm§Mo amÁ` hmoVo. ~m~mH$mH$m _mB©UH$a ho Xa~mar nwam{UH$ hmoVo. `mg§ñWmZmMo JUnVr XodñWmZ hmoVo. Ë`mMr nyOm-AMm© _mB©UH$am§H$S>o hmoVr.Vo XodimbJVM amhV. Ë`m§Mr gdmªV YmH$Q>r H$Ý`m hmoVr gw§Xar. Vr CndahmoVmM g§ñWmZmVrb AmË_mam_n§V `m C_Úm _wÝg\$mMo ñWi `mo½` dmQy>ZË`m§Mm {ddmh Pmbm. b½ZmZ§Va dYyMo Zmd a_m~mB© R>odbo. AmË_mam_n§Vd a_m~mB© `§mMo Hw$Qw>§~ gwImdbo. Ë`m§Zm VrZ _wbo Pmbr. ~id§V, JUoeAm{U e§H$a. n¡H$s JUoe AmË_mam_ Im§S>oH$a d`mÀ`m AR>amì`m dfu


Amnë`m H$mH$m§Zm, gImam_ Im§S>oH$a `m§Zm, XÎmH$ Joë`mZo {dîUy gImam_Im§S>oH$a Pmbm. Vmo XÎmH$ _wbJm åhUOoM _amR>rVrb gw{d»`mV gm{hpË`H${d. g. Im§S>oH$a hmoV.OÝ_ d ~mbnU

{d. g. Im§S>oH$am§Mm OÝ_ 11 OmZodmar, 1898 amoOr gm§Jbr `oWoË`m§À`m AmOmoir Pmbm. JUnVrÀ`m XodimVM Ë`m§Mo Ka hmoVo. {VWo OÝ_Pmbm åhUyZ Ë`m§Mo Zmd JUoe R>odbo Jobo. Vo Amnë`m d{S>bm§Zm XmXmåhUV. dS>rb _wÝg\$ hmoVo. ZmoH$arV {\$aVr Agm`Mr. Ë`m doir gm§JbrVAmboë`m EH$m A°S>{_{ZñQ´>oQ>aer Ë`m§M§ {~Zgbo. _wÝg\$mMr ZmoH$ar gmoSy>ZVo g~a{OñQ´>ma Pmbo. Ë`m§Mo Ka gwIdñVy hmoVo. H$nS>m-bÎmm, IoiUr,ImD$ {_imbm Zmhr, Ago H$Yr Pmbo Zmhr. Kar _mobH$arU, ñd`§nmH$sUhmoVr. d{S>bm§Mr Wmoam-_moR>çm§V D$R>~g hmoVr. Ë`m§Mr _wbm§da _m`mhmoVr.

JUoe eoOmaÀ`mM _§S>B©_mJrb emioV OmD$ bmJbm. {VgarV JobmAm{U Ë`mMm ImoS>H$anUm H$_r Pmbm. Vmo Aä`mg H$ê$ bmJbm. Mm¡WrVXþgè`m H«$_m§H$mMr VrZ én`m§Mr {eî`d¥Îmr nQ>H$mdyZ Ë`mZo Amnë`m~wÕrMr MwUyH$ XmI{dbr. Ë`mbm H$sV©Z-nwamUm§Mm ZmX hmoVm. hm XodimVKa Agë`mMm n[aUm_. Vmo ~mam-Voam dfmªMm Pmbm Agob (gZ 1911)VmoM Ë`mbm dmMZ d {H«$Ho$Q>Mm N>§X OS>bm. Kar dS>rb AmOmar AgV.Ë`m§Mr ewlyfm Vmo _ZmnmgyZ H$am`Mm. Ë`m AmOmamVM d{S>bm§Mo {ZYZ11 Am°ŠQ>mo~a, 1911 amoOr Pmbo. nmoaHo$nUmVyZ Ë`mbm ZmQ>H$mMo doS>bmJbo. Ë`m H$mir gm§Jbr g§ñWmZmV ZmQ>H$mMo _moR>o doS>> hmoVo. {dîUwXmg^mdo, JmoqdX ~ëbmi Xodb, H¥$îUmOr à^mH$a Im{S>bH$am§gma»`mZmQ>H$H$mam§Mr hr ZJar, _hmamîQ́>mMr ZmQ>çn§T>arM _mZbr Om`Mr. "emaXm',"^mD$~§XH$s',"gdmB© _mYdamdm§Mm _¥Ë`y'gmaIr ZmQ>Ho$ JUoeZr ~mbnUrMnm{hbr. "emng§̂ «_', "emaXm'_Yrb nXo Ë`mbm Vm|S>nmR> hmoVr. EH$Xm VrXodbm§Zm åhUyZ XmIdyZ Ë`mZo Ë`m§Mr em~mgH$shr {_i{dbr hmoVr.

JUoe n§Yam dfmªMm Agob. Aä`mgmV hþema Va hmoVmM; nUAä`mgmnojm dmMZmMo doS> _moR>o. "Aa~r ^mfoVrb gwag d M_ËH$m[aH$JmoîQ>r', Xm^moiH$a J«§W_mboVrb ñnoÝga, {_b BË`mXr, h[a^mD$ AmnQ>o`m§À`m H$mX§~è`m, e{Z_hmËå`, ZdZrV, dm_Z n§{S>V, _moamon§V `m§MoH$mì`, Ho$edgwVm§Mr H${dVm, Ë`mZo Aënd`mVM dmMë`m. dmMZmMrË`mMr ^yH$ ~H$mgwamgmaIr hmoVr. Ë`mMo dmMZ dmdQ>irgmaIo hmoVo.


X¡{ZH$, {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mo dmMZhr {Z`{_V hmoVo. MVwaó dmMZm_wio boIZmMrD$_u hmoUo ñdm^m{dH$ hmoVo.{ejU

gZ 1907 _Üò gm§Jbr hm`ñHy$b_Üò B§J«Or n{hbrV àdoeKoVë`mnmgyZ Ë`mÀ`m embo` àJVrV CÎmamoÎma dmT>M hmoV Jobr. emioVrb{ejH$ lrnmXemñÌr XodYa, e§H$aeoR> Ho$iH$a, _wXJb JwéOr `m§MmË`mÀ`mda bmo^ hmoVm {Z daXhñVhr. _°{Q´>H$_Üò AgVmZm am. Zm. Omoer,Jmo. dm. Ho$iH$a, ~. am. Hw$bH$Uu ho Ë`mMo dJ©{_Ì hmoVo. Ë`mdoirgm§Jbrbm _°{Q´>H$Mo H|$Ð Zgë`m_wio Amnë`m dJ©gmo~Ë`m§~amo~a Ë`mZo~oiJmd H|$Ð {ZdS>bo. Ë`mMo MwbV _m_m dmgyZmZm Ë`m doir ~oiJmd-ehmnya g§ñWmZmV hmoVo. Vo H§o$Ð {ZdS>Ê`mMo hohr EH$ H$maU hmoV§.

Ë`m doir emim OmZodmarV gwê$ hmoV. narjm§Mo {ZH$mb {S>g|~a_ÜòbmJV. {S>g|~a, 1913 À`m eodQ>À`m AmR>dS>çmV _°{Q´>H$Mm {ZH$mbbmJbm. JUoe AmË_mam_ Im§S>oH$a Ah_Xm~mX, ~oiJmd d _w§~B© H|$Ðm§_YyZCÎmrU© {dÚmÏ`mªV ~mamì`m H«$_m§H$mV Aìdb Ambm. _hmamîQ´>mVrb (_w§~B©BbmIm) {dÚmÏ`mªV Vmo AmR>dm hmoVm. Ë`mbm 575 n¡H$s 403 JwÊm{_imbo hmoVo. Vmo _°{Q´>H$bm OmVmM KaÀ`m _m_m§Zr Ë`mbm narjm g§nVmMnmoñQ>mV {MH$Q>dm`Mr Ib~Vo gwê$ Ho$br Agë`mZo Cƒ {ejUm~ÔbBÀN>m AgyZhr Vmo gme§H$M Agm`Mm; nÊm _moR>m ̂ mD$ ~id§V Ë`mÀ`mnydu_°{Q́>H$ hmoD$Z nwÊ`mÀ`m \$½ ẁ©gZ _hm{dÚmb`mV {eH$Ê`mgmR>r Jobm Agë`mZoAmem hmoVr. _°{Q´>H$Mo df© JUoeÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo YH$mYH$sMo hmoVo. d{S>bm§À`mOmÊ`mZo AmOmo~m, _m_m§da gmar {^ñV hmoVr. XþnmaMo OodU XodimVAgm`Mo. AmOmo~m§À`m ~Xbr OodUmZo emiobm Cera ìhm`Mm. amÌrH$Yr-H$Yr nmoøm§daM {Z^dm`bm bmJm`Mo. d{S>bm§À`m OmÊ`mZo Ambob§nmoaHo$nU, \$mQ>Ho$ H$nS>o, \$s Z {_iU§, nwñVHo$ XþamnmñV. JUoe Kar _XVìhmdr åhUyZ g§ñH¥$V, J{UVmÀ`m {eH$dÊ`m H$am`Mm. énò-AmR> AmUo{_iH$V; nU Vr _moR>r dmQ>m`Mo Vo {Xdg! Aem {Xì`mVyZ Ë`mM§_°{Q´>H$bm {_imbobo è dmImUÊ`mgmaIo hmoVo. Xþ…I§ {dgam`Mm EH$MCnm` hmoVm - dmMZ Am{U Aä`mg. Ë`mVyZ doi {_imbm H$s, H¥$îUmH$mR>rOmD$Z Vmo EH$m§V g§dmX AZw^dm`Mm.

{ZH$mb bmJbm Voìhm JUoe dmgyZmZm§H$S>o ~oiJmdbm hmoVm. gm§JbrhÿZdH$sb Pmboë`m MwbV _m_m {dZwXmXmMo nÌ Amb§. Ë`mV \$½`w©gZbmnmR>dm`Mr AmZ§XmMr ~mV_r hmoVr. Ë`m nÌmZo JUoeÀ`m _ZmV ñdßZm§Mr


Zdr nhmQ>, Zdr _ZmoaWo KoD$Z Ambr. S>m°ŠQ>a, àmÜ`mnH$ hmoÊ`mMr ñdßZoVmo aMy bmJbm. `m ñdßZa§OZmV Ë`mZo gm§Jbr Ho$ìhm JmR>br Vo Ë`mMoË`mbmM H$ibo Zmhr. gm§JbrV òVmM Vmo nwÊ`mÀ`m V`marbm bmJbm.

OmZodmar, 1914 _Üò JUoeZr \$½`w©gZ _hm{dÚmb`, nwUo òWoàW_ dfm©gmR>r àdoe KoVbm. nwÊ`mVrb embyH$a ~moimV Agboë`mgm§JbrH$a dmS>çmV Ë`mMm _wŠH$m_ hmoVm. H$m°boOmV Joë`mda gbm_rbmMË`mZo "CfmñdßZ'da AmYm[aV "ñdßZ g§J_' _hmH$mì` {bhm`bm KoVbo.hm Ë`mMm boIZmMm n{hbm à`ËZ hmoVm. fmoS²>edfu` ñdßZm§À`m Yw§XrMoVo {Xdg hmoVo. H$m°boObm Amë`mda B§J«Or àmÜ`mnH$ dmgwXodamd nQ>dY©Zm§À`mà^mdm_wio _amR>r dmMZmMr OmJm B§J«OrZo KoVbr. dmT>Ë`m dmMZmZ§Mm{ierMr XoUJr {_imbr. Mî_m Ambm. ~mbnUmnmgyZ JUoeMr ÑîQ>rVer AYyM hmoVr. COdm -10, Va S>mdm - 12 Z§~aMm Mî_m. Ë`mZoJUoebm ñH$m°ba ~Z{dbo Iao! Saint's Agne's Eve, Golden Treasury,Deserted Village gma»`m aMZm§Zr Ë`mMo ^md{díd ~Xbbo. am_ JUoeJS>H$ar `m§Mo "ào_g§Ý`mg' Am{Êm H$moëhQ>H$am§À`m "_{V{dH$ma' ZmQ>H$m§ZrË`m§À`mda Jmê$S> Ho$bo.

`mM H$mimV {_Ì ~Ý`m~mny H$_VZyaH$am§_wio Ë`m§Mm am_ JUoeJS>H$ar `m§À`mer n[aM` Pmbm. n[aM`mMo ê$nm§Va ñZohmV Pmbo. amoOgm{hpË`H$m§Mm ghdmg, gm{hpË`H$ MMm©, dmX{ddmX `m§_wio `wdH$Im§S>oH$aMr gm{hpË`H$ OmU àJë^ hmoV Jobr. JS>H$ar Ë`§mZm dmMZmMo_mJ©Xe©Z H$arV. JS>H$è`m§À`m gm§JÊ`mdê$ZM Im§S>oH$am§Zr `m H$mimVH$dr {Jare, AaqdX, ~mbH$dr ̀ m§Mr H$mì ò dmMbr. ào_emoYZ, _mZmn_mZ`m§gmaIr ZmQ>Ho$ dmMyZ, JS>H$è`m§~amo~a Vr {H$bm}ñH$a {WEQ>a_Üò nmhÿZdmX PS>Uo AmVm {ZË`mMoM Pmbobo. BãgoZ, MoH$m°ìh, {nam§Xobmo, `wOoZ,AmoZrb, Q>oZogr, {d{b`_, AmW©a, {_ba à ¥̂VtÀ`m gm{hË`H¥$VtMr nmamÙo`mM Yw§XrÀ`m {XdgmVrb. World Classics, Everyman Library gr[aO_YrbAZoH$ J«§Wm§À`m dmMZmMm hmM H$mi. {VH$S>o bmoH$_mÝ` {Q>iH$m§Mm"Ho$gar', "_amR>m'gmaIr d¥ÎmnÌo amOH$s` d gm_m{OH$ àíZm§Mr OmU{dH${gV H$arV hmoVo. Im§S>oH$am§gmR>r hm H$mi dmMZ d {dMmam§À`m_emJVrMm hmoVm. `m H$mimV Im§S>oH$a H${dVm H$arV. JS>H$è`m§Zr Ë`m§ZmHo$edgwVm§À`m H${dVm dmMÊ`mg {Xë`m. Ë`m_wio Im§S>oH$am§Zm Amnë`mH${dVoVrb VmoH$S>onUm bjmV Ambm. Ë`m§Zr JS>H$è`m§À`m gm§JÊ`mdê$ZAmnë`m H${dVm OmiyZ Q>mH$ë`m d ZdboIZ gwê$ Ho$bo.


gZ 1915 _Üò e¡j{UH$ dfm©_Üò ~Xb H$ê$Z OmZodmar Vo{S>g|~aEodOr Vo OyZ Vo E{àb H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`m_wio Im§S>oH$am§Zm gŠVrMrghm _{hÝ`m§Mr gwÅ>r {_imbr. `m gwÅ>rMm \$m`Xm KoD$Z Im§S>oH$am§Zr"a_UraËZ' ZmQ>H$ aMbo. gm§JbrVrb `m gwÅ>rÀ`m H$mimV dmgwXodemñÌrIao `m§Zm {_aOoV Ë`m§À`m Kar ho ZmQ>H$ `Wmgm§J dmMyZ XmI{dÊ`mVAmbo. Iao emñÌtMm `m ZmQ>H$mdaMm A{^àm` ~mobH$m hmoVm. Vo åhUmbo,""nmoam, VwPo d` bhmZ Amho. ho ZmQ>H$ Vy {b{hbo `mda ZmQ>H$dmbo{dídmg R>odUma ZmhrV.'' `m ZmQ>H$mda H$moëhQ>H$a, JS>H$ar `m§À`mH$moQ>çm§Mm à^md ñnîQ> hmoVm. Vo boIZ åhUOo nyd©gyatM§ A§YmZwH$aU hmoV§.ho ZmQ>H$ {b{hÊ`m_mJo Im§S>oH$am§Mo EH$ ^m~S>o ñdßZ hmoVo. ZmQ>H$ EImÚmH§$nZrbm {dH$m`M§ d H$m°boO {ejUmgmR>r n¡go O_dm`Mo; nU IaoemñÌtÀ`m darb A{^àm`m_wio Vo ~mgZmV Jw§S>miyZ R>odbo Jobo.

OyZ, 1915 bm Im§S>oH$am§Zr B§Q>aÀ`m dJm©gmR>r \$½ ẁ©gZ _hm{dÚmb`mVàdoe KoVbm Iam; nU Ë`m§Mr _Z…pñWVr R>rH$ ZìhVr. n¡emMr MUMU,ZmQ>H$m§Mo PnmQ>bonU, dmMZdoS> `m gdmªV {da§Jwim Am{U AmYma hmoVmVmo am_ JUoe JS>H$ar `m§À`m ghdmgmMm. Ë`m doir JS>H$ar Ý`y B§p½beñHy$b_Üò {ejH$ hmoVo. AgoM EHo$ {Xder Vo JS>H$ar `m§À`m~amo~a J§Yd©_§S>itÀ`m {~èhmS>r Jobo hmoVo. ~mbJ§YdmªZr JS>H$è`m§À`m gmo~V Im§S>oH$am§ZmnmhÿZ "_mñVa, hm ~amo~aMm _wbJm H$moU?' åhUyZ {dMmaUm Ho$br. VoìhmJS>H$ar _mñVa åhUmbo, "hm H$moëhQ>H$am§À`m JmXrMm dmag Amho.' `mdmŠ`mZo Im§S>oH$am§_Üò gm{hpË`H$ hmoÊ`mMo ~rOmamonUM Pmbo.XÎmH$ {dYmZ

AemVM EH$ {Xdg AMmZH$ {S>g|~a, 1915 _Üò nmoñQ>_mñVaAgboë`m _m_m§Mr Vma Im§S>oH$am§À`m hmVmV nS>br. Ë`mV {b{hbo hmoVo,"Vm~S>Vmo~ {ZKm. gmd§VdmS>rbm Om`Mo Amho, XÎmH$ hmoÊ`mgmR>r.' `mVmaoZo Im§S>oH$a MH«$mdyZ Jobo. AmnUmg Z {dMmaVm XÎmH$mMm KmQ>KmVë`m~Ôb EH$sH$S>o amJ hmoVm, Va XþgarH$S>o XÎmH$m_wio Am{W©H$ A[aîQ>g§nob, Aer Amemhr hmoVr; nU Vo «̂_mV ZìhVo. d{S>bm§À`m OmÊ`mZoAmboë`m nmoaŠ`m OrdZmV d`mÀ`m Zdì`m-Xhmì`m dfm©nmgyZ Im§S>oam§ZrOJmV ào_, H$éUm, ghmZw ŷVr `m JmoîQ>r {H$Vr Xþ_ui AgVmV, `mMmAZw^d KoVbm hmoVm. ZmË`m§À`m amoO VmUV {ZKmboë`m {dUrVyZ VoAmH$memVrb H$moaS>o T>J AmoiIyZ hmoVo. dS>rb Joë`mZ§Va Im§S>oH$am§ZrAmnë`m H$mH$m§Zm _XVrMo nÌ _m_m§À`m gm§JÊ`mdê$Z {b{hbo hmoVo. Ë`mMo


gmY§ CÎma Z nmR>{dUmè`m H$mH$m§Zm - EH$m {ZX©̀ r _Zwî`mbm AmnU XÎmH$OmUma, `m H$ënZoMo H$mhÿa `m `wdH$mÀ`m _ZmV Km|KmdV hmoVo. Amem-{ZameoÀ`m bn§S>mdmV H$ibo H$s, AmnU Á`m§Zm XÎmH$ OmUma AmhmoV,Ë`m gImam_ H$mH$m§Zm 14 AnË`o Pmbr hmoVr. EH$ {dYdm _wbJrdmaUmŠH$m dJiVm gd© {ZdV©brV. H$mH$m AË`dñW {ñWVrV A§WéUmbm{IiyZ AmhoV. gmd§VdmS>rnmgyZ gmV-AmR> _¡bm§da Agboë`m ZmUobrJmdr Ë`m§Mm _moR>m O_rZ-Ow_bm Amho. Vmo gm§^miÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm dmaghdm`. {edm` Vo A§YlÕ hmoVo. ^wVmIoVm§da Ë`m§Mm {dídmg hmoVm.Amnë`m ~moH$m§S>r ~gbobm g_§Y ( ŷV, {nemM) CVam`Mm Va Va§Jm§Zr(Jwad) gm§{JVë`mà_mUo XÎmH$mg n`m©` Z am{hë`mZo Vo V`ma Pmbo dXÎmH$ {dYr 13 OmZodmar, 1916 amoOr gmd§VdmS>rVrb d{S>bm{O©V Karnma nSy>Z Vo "{dîUy gImam_ Im§S>oH$a' Pmbo.

XÎmH$ {dYmZ nyU© Pmë`mda Im§S>oH$a nwÊ`mg {ejU KoÊ`mgmR>råhUyZ naVbo. naVVmZm XÎmH$ d{S>bm§Zr dmQ>IM© XoÊ`mMohr Am¡Xm`©XmI{dbo Zmhr. nwÊ`mV CVabo Voìhm Q>m§½`mZo OmÊ`mBVnVhr n¡go Ë`m§À`m{IemV ZìhVo. AmVm Ë`m§Mr pñWVr "Z Ka H$m, Zm KmQ> H$m' AerCno{jV Pmbr hmoVr. XÎmH$ dS>rb ñnîQ>> hmoVo. XÎmH$ _wbmZ§ {ejU gmoSy>ZeoVr, gmdH$mar nmhmdr Aer Ë`m§Mr Anojm hmoVr. {VH$S>o AmOmoirAmOmo~m d¥Õ Pmë`mZo Ë`m§Mm hmV AmIS>bm hmoVm. Vo AmB© d ^mD$e§H$aMm gm§̂ mi H$am`Mo. ̀ m O~m~Xmar_wio Vo XÎmH$nwÌ Pmë`mZo AmOmoirnaHo$ Pmbo hmoVo. AmOmoiÀ`m _mUgm§Mr Anojm hmoVr H$s, AmVm XÎmH$KamZ§ _mP§ nmhmd§.

Im§S>oH$a {d{MÌ H$mÌrV gmnS>bo hmoVo. XÎmH$ {dYmZmZ§Va n[apñWVrA{YH$ {~H$Q> Pmbr. Aä`mgmVrb bj CS>mbo. narjobm Z ~gë`mZo Q>_©~wS>mbr. _Z a_{dÊ`mgmR>r dmMZ d ZmQ>H$ nmhUoM hmVr hmoVo. `mH$mimV Im§S>oH$am§Zr lrnmX H¥$îU H$moëhQ>H$am§Mo "draVZ`' ZmQ>H$ nm{hbo.`moJm`moJmZo à`moJmÀ`m doir JS>H$ar ôQ>bo. Ë`m§Zm Im§S>oH$a narjobm Z~gë`mMo H$iVmM Vo amJmdbo. Ë`m_wio Im§S>oH$am§Zr nwUo gmoS>Ê`mMm{ZU©̀ KoVbm. Ë`m doir _w§~B©_mJ} H$moH$UmV OmUo {H$\$m`Vera hmoVo.^mD$À`m YŠŠ`mdê$Z ~moQ>rZo Vo d|Jwë`m©bm Ambo. VoWyZ gmadQ> JmS>rZoË`m§Zr gmd§VdmS>r JmR>br.

XÎmH$ Kar H$mH$sMr- ~`md{hZrMr hþHw$_V Mmbm`Mr; nU {VZoH$Yr d¡a^md Ho$bm Zmhr. Zdo Jmd, {_Ì ZìhVo. "nwñVH$ _mPm gIm'


åhUV Im§S>oH$am§Zr `m H$mimV "_yH$Zm`H$', "gwXmå`mMo nmoho', eoaoS>ZMrZmQ>Ho$ dmMbr. _moVr Vbmd, Za|Ð S>m|Ja, {Mdma Q>oH$S>r, AmHo$arMo _oQ>,_iJmdMo _oQ> hr {ZgJ©ñWio Im§S>oH$am§gmR>r {da§Jwim ~Zbr. gmd§VdmS>rÀ`mlram_ dmMZmb`mV dV©_mZnÌo, _m{gHo$ dmMUo OrdZH«$_mMm ^mJ hmoD$ZJobm hmoVm. {Xdg H§$R>Uo H$R>rU Pmbo Var ZmUobr `m XÎmH$ JmdmhÿZgm§Jmdm H$mhr ̀ oB©Zm. _{hZm CbQy>Z Joë`mda _mÌ XÎmH$ AmB© d ~{hUrMm{Zdm©UrMm {Zamon Ambm. ZmUobrg Im§S>oH$am§Mo OmUo AmJrVyZ \w$\$mQ>çmVOmÊ`mgmaIoM hmoVo; nU XÎmH$ ~hrU dmaUmAmŠH$mÀ`m _mòZo gmao{Z^mdyZ OmD$ bmJbo. {VÀ`m "^mD$' nwH$maUrZo Im§S>oH$am§Mo nmoaHo$nUgabo d OrUo gwgø hmoV Jobo.

BÀN>o{déÕ OJUo, {dMma H$aUo, _Z Z bmJUo `m gdmªMr n[aUVr{hdVmnmV Pmbr Am{U Im§S>oH$a nwaVo JmaX Pmbo. ZmUobrÀ`m dmñVì`mVBWb§ Xm[aÐç, AkmZ, A§YlÕm, BË`mXr JmoîQ>rhr YŠH$m XoUmè`m R>aë`m.nwÊ`mÀ`m dmñVì`mV Wmoam_moR>çm§Mo gm{ÞÜ`, ghdmg bm^ë`mbo gwYmaH$_Zmg ho gmao Zdo hmoVo. IoS>çmMo ho Xe©Z {d\$b H$aUmao hmoVo. "Xm[aÐçmVhrMmVwd©Ê`© Amho. qH$~hþZm MmVwd©Ê`m©nbrH$S>Mm n§M_ dJ© Amho', `mOm{UdoZo Vo gVV AñdñW AgV.

WmoS>o ~ao dmQ>VmM am{hbobr Q>_© nyU© H$aÊ`mH$[aVm åhUyZ Im§S>oH$anaV nwÊ`mV Ambo; nU àH¥$Vr AñdmñÏ`mZo Ë`m§Zm naVUo ^mJ nS>bo.1917, 18 hr XmoZ df} àH¥$VrÀ`m Hw$a~warVM Jobr. `m H$mimV ~m§~wiròWo Im§S>oH$am§Mm _wŠH$m_ hmoVm. gmo~V XÎmH$ ~{hUrMr gmdbr hmoVr.àH¥$Vrg CVma nS>mdm åhUyZ ̀ oWrb ~«÷oída _§{XamV d«V-d¡H$ë ò, AZwîR>mZohmoV. Im§S>oH$am§Mm Ë`mda {dídmg ZìhVm. Ho$di KaÀ`m§À`m _mònmoQ>r Vogmao {Z_yQ>nUo H$arV. 1918 gmb gaVm-gaVm àH¥$VrV ~amM \$aH$nS>bm.gm{hË` g¥OZma§̂

gZ 1919 df© COmS>bo; nU Im§S>oH$am§Mm AmamÜ` gy`© _mdibm.23 OmZodmarbm am_ JUoe JS>H$ar ̀ m§M§ Xþ…IX {ZYZ Pmbo. Im§S>oH$am§À`mAm`wî`mVrb nmoH$ir amoO `m Zm Ë`m H$maUmZo dmT>VM {ZKmbr hmoVr.doi Kmb{dÊ`mgmR>r n[agamVrb _wbm§Zm KaÀ`m gmoß`mda Vo B§J«Or{eH$dy bmJbo. Im§S>oH$am§Zr `mM H$mimV ^Q>dmS>rV N>moQ>ogo dmMZmb`gwê$ Ho$b§. Ë`m_m\©$V g^m, ^mfU§ Ago bwQy>nwQy>Mo g_mOH$m`© Ë`m§Zr gwê$Ho$bo. `mM H$mimV _oKem_ {eamoS>H$am§gmaIm Üò̀ doS>m {_Ì ôQ>bm.


AmoiI ñZohmV ~Xbbr. dmMZmVyZ V`ma Pmbobo gwYmaH$ _Z d ̂ modVmbMrnma§n[aH$ d¥Îmr d ì`dhmamÀ`m {dg§JVrZo Im§S>oH$a gVV ~oM¡Z AgV.EH$Xm Ë`m§Zr `m {dg§JVrda ~moQ> R>odV {bhm`M§ _Zmda KoVbo. Xaå`mZ"Zd`wJ' _m{gH$mV àH$m{eV Pmbobm J. Í`§. _mS>ImobH$a {b{IV boI"Ho$edgwVm§Mm g§àXm`' Im§S>oH$am§À`m dmMZmV Ambm. Ë`mV _mS>ImobH$am§ZrJmoqdXmJ«O (JS>H$ar) `m§À`m "Xgam' H${dVoda H$moaS>o AmoT>bo hmoVo. Ë`m§MoAmamon ImoSy>Z H$mT>Umam EH$ boI Im§S>oH$am§Zr {b{hbm. "VwVmar dmL²>_` dXgam' Ago Ë`mM§ erf©H$ hmoVo; H$maU _yi boImV _mS>ImobH$am§Zr "XgamH${dVm åhUOo Ho$edgwVm§À`m "VwVmar'Mo AY_ "AZwH$aU' Agë`mMo{dYmZ Ho$bo hmoVo. boImgmo~V Amnbr Zda{MV H${dVm "hmoir', "AmXe©'`m Q>monUZmdmda nmR>{dbr hmoVr. XmoÝhr aMZm "Zd`wJ'_Ü`o àH$m{eVPmë`m. `mM Xaå`mZ ~aoM {Xdg _ZmV IXIXV Agboë`m doJù`m{dg§JVrda Im§S>oH$am§Zr EH$ boI_mbm {bhm`Mo R>adyZ Ë`mMr n{hbr Ion"CÚmZ' _m{gH$mH$S>o YmS>br. Vr àH$m{eV Pmbr. _J boIZ, àH$meZ{ZË`mMo Pmbo. "CÚmZ'Mo g§nmXH$ J. {d. Hw$bH$Uu `m§À`m àmoËgmhZm_wio"lr_ËH$m{bnwamU' boI_mbm Mm§Jbr Mmbbr. `m gXamV àH$m{eV boI"_hmË_m ~m~m' JmObm, Vmo gmd§VdmS>r hm`ñHy$bMo _w»`mÜ`mnH$ ~m~m~mH«o$ `m§Zr Ho$boë`m A~«wZwH$gmZrÀ`m {\$`m©Xr_wio. `m àH$aUmMm EH$\$m`Xm Pmbm. Oar Vo {bImU "AmXe©' Q>monUZmdmZo hmoV Agbo Var Ë`mMoboIH$ ^Q>dmS>rVrb {d. g. Im§S>oH$a hmoV, ho OJOmhra hmoVo. `m MM}ZoboIH$ åhUyZ {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§Mo Zmd gd©Vmo_wIr Pmbo hmoVo.{eamoS>çmÀ`m emioV

E{àb, 1920 Mr JmoîQ> Agob. gmd§VdmS>rnmgyZ drg-n§Mdrg{H$bmo_rQ>a A§Vamdarb {eamoS>çmhÿZ KZí`m_ AmOJmdH$a ZmdmMo {ejH$EH$ {Xdg {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§À`m ^Q>dmS>rVrb KamV XÎm Pmbo. Ë`m§ZmEH$m {ejH$mMr JaO hmoVr. Vo {eamoS>çmbm "Q>çwQ>mo[a`b B§p½be ñHy$b'Mmb{dV. {derVbm hm VéU B§J«Or dmMVmo, ì`m»`mZo XoVmo, _m{gH$mV{b{hVmo, ho Vo EoHy$Z hmoVo. VËnydu Im§S>oH$am§Zm _mbdU, d|Jwë`m©hÿZ Aer{Z_§ÌU§ Ambr hmoVr; nU amîQ´>r` Am§XmobZ, bmoH$_mÝ` {Q>iH$m§Mo {dMma,amîQ´>r` {ejUmMm Ü`ò dmX, BË`mXt_wio IoS>çmV Om`Mo Ë`m§Zr `mnyduM{ZpíMV Ho$bo hmoVo. ~m~mH$mH$m§À`m {ZYZmZo gm§JbrMr dmQ> ~§X Pmë`mVO_m hmoVr. {VH$S>o ZmUobrV OmD$Z XÎmH$ dS>rb ~mny§À`m VS>m»`mVyZgwQ>m`Mo hmoVo. {eamoS>o IoS>o Agë`mMr ImÌr H$ê$Z KoVbr. AmŠH$m Am{U


H$mH$s¨À`m g§_VrZo AmOJmdH$a _mñVam§Zm hmoH$ma {Xbm. OrdZmV ñdmV§Í`d ñdmdb§~ZmMm Zdm AÜ`m` gwê$ Ho$bm. {eamoS>çmbm OmUo ho Ë`m§À`mÑîQ>rZ§ Zì`m OrdZmMr, ñdV…À`m Üò`, ñdßZm§Mr Zdr nhmQ> hmoVr.åhUyZ nhmQ>oM Ë`m§Zr {eamoS>çmMm añVm Yabm. _ZmV àíZm§M§ H$mhÿa hmoV§."_mPo BVa gd© OmD$ Xo; nU EH$ ~wÕr VodT>r _mÂ`mnmgyZ OmD$ XoD$ZH$mog. {VMr _bm gmo~V amhÿ Xo.' Ag§ Am`© MmUŠ`mà_mUo _Zmg~OmdV Vo {eamoS>çmbm nmohmoMbo.

{eamoS>o N>moQo IoS>o hmoVo. hOma-n§YameoMr dñVr. Aa~r g_wÐmMm gw§Xa{H$Zmam bm^bob§ VËH$mbrZ aËZm{Jar {OëhçmVb§ Jmd. AmVm Ë`mMmg_mdoe Zì`mZo Pmboë`m qgYwXþJ© {OëhçmV H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. aoS>r,{VamoS>m, AmOJmd, AmadbrgmaIr Jmd§ {_iyZ {eamoS>m n§MH«$moer hmoVo.{VWë`m _wbm§À`m {ejUmMr gmo` ìhmdr åhUyZ A. {d. ~mdS>oH$a `m§Zr1 OmZodmar, 1915 amoOr Q>çwQ>mo[a`b Ý`y B§p½be ñHy$bMr ñWmnZm Ho$brhmoVr. Ad¿`m dfm©M§ Am`wî` Agbobr hr emim Im§S>oH$a Ambo Voìhm~më`mdñWoV hmoVr. 100-125 {dÚmWu hmoVo. ~mdS>oH$a _mñVam§ZrnaJmdr òD$Z gwê$ Ho$bobr hr emim. JmdMr {ejUm{df`r AmñWmAgbobr g. J. à ŷ, Amßnm Zm~a, JOmZZ H$m_V, J. gr. IQ>H$Q>o,AmXr _§S>ir {dÚmWr© O_dm`bm Im§S>oH$am§Zm _XV H$arV. emiobm ñdV…MrB_maV Zgë`mZo Vr VrZ {R>H$mUr âo. _hmXod Zm~am§Mo Ka, H$moQ>Urgm§MoKa, ~mOmamVrb {ZI½`m©Mr _mS>r Aer emioMr {ÌñWir ̀ mÌm Agm`Mr.A. {d. ~mdS>oH$a, K. Am. AmOJmdH$a, {d. g. Im§S>oH$a, e§. n.{eZmar, {^. Zm. Xidr `m Jwê$ n§Mm`Vm§Zr emioMm g§gma Mmbdm`MoR>ab§; nU ~mdS>oH$a _mñVa òD$ Z eH$ë`mZo {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§ZmMemioÀ`m _w»`mÜ`mnH$ nXmMr Ywam gm§^miUo ^mJ nS>bo.

emioV Im§S>oH$a B§J«Or, g§ñH¥$V, ~rOJ{UV {eH${dV. Oo Oo R>mD$H$Amho, Vo Vo gm§Jmd§ `m ^mdZoZo Ë`m§Mo {eH$dUo Agm`Mo. gm§Jbr, nwUoBË`mXr KmQ>mdaMr ehao gmoSy>Z H$moH$UmV Amë`mda ZmUobr, ~m§~wirn[agamVb§ Xþ…I, Xm[aÐç Ë`m§Zr nm{hbo hmoVo. {eamoS>çmMr pñWVr Ë`mnojmdoJir ZìhVr. AR>amnJS> OmVtMm g_mO Ë`m§Zr BW§M òD$Z n{hë`m§XmAZw^dbm ""nm§T>anoem§À`m Mma q^VtÀ`m AmV Am`wî`mVrb n{hbr drgdf©o Joë`m_wio KaQ>çm~mhoa H$Yrhr Z nS>boë`m nmIamÀ`m {nbmgmaIrAmnbr pñWVr Amho, ho `m _wbm§Zm {eH$dVmZm _mÂ`m bjmV òD$bmJb§. g_mOmMm EH$ \$ma _moR>m l_Ordr dJ© H$gm OJVmo, H$gm


amhVmo, Ë`m§Mr gwI-Xþ…Io H$m` AgVmV `mMo àË`j kmZ _bm ZìhVoM;nU ho gmao OrdZ dmL²>_`mV à{Vq~{~V Pmbobo _r nm{hbo ZìhVo. Ë`m_wio_mPo _Z AñdñW Pmbo.' AmnU AJñVr G$fr ^bo Zmhr hmoD$; nU{Q>Q>dr hmoVm Ambo Var nwao, ̀ m AnojoZo Vo H$m_mbm bmJbo. OJ ~Xbm`MmÜ`mg Ë`m§Zr KoVbm.

n{hë`m n§Yam {Xdgm§Mm nJma 20 é. hmVr Ambm. ZmoH$ar åhUyZHo$bobr Vr n{hbr H$_mB© hmoVr. {VWë`m {ZgJm©Z§ Im§S>oH$am§Zm ^waiKmVbr. gwê$Mr ~mJ, {^Ho$ S>m|Jar, _rR>mJa, H$mOr, gma§ nmhVmZmehamVyZ Ambobm hm VéU {ejH$ amo_m§{MV ìhm`Mm. Vm§~S>çm _mVrVa§Jbobo Oo_Vo_ JwS>Ko PmH$Umao YmoVa, YmoVamMm gmOogm Vm§~yg gXam, daOwZm nwamUm H$moQ>, S>moŠ`mda Q>monr, S>moù`m§da Mm§XrÀ`m H$mS>çm§Mm OmS>H$mMoMm Mî_m, EH$m hmVmV N>Ìr, Va Xþgè`m hmVmV {nedr, {nedrVnwñVH§$ Aem doemV Im§S>oH$a _mñVam§Mm gd©Ì g§Mma Agm`Mm.

emiobm ñdV…Mr B_maV ZìhVr. B_maV ~m§YH$m_mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr {ZYrC^mam`bm gwédmV Ho$br. Im§S>oH$a _mñVa, Amßnm Zm~a, AÝ` {ejH$~mOma, OÌm§_YyZ \§$S>mMr noQ>r {\$a{dV. KamoKar OmD$Z Im§S>oH$a àH¥$VrMrndm© Z H$aVm C§~ao {POdy bmJbo. g^m hmoV. OwZm AZw^d bjmV KoD$Z{damoYhr ìhm`Mm; nU Im§S>oH$am§Zm Üò`dmXmZo nN>mS>bo hmoVo. gZ 1925gmbr B_maVrMo ~m§YH$m_ nyU© Pmbo. Ë`m doir {ejH$m§Zm 75-80 énònJma Agm`Mm. Ë`m§ n¡H$s àË`jmV {Zå_mM {_im`Mm. Ë`m H$mimVàËòH$ {ejH$mZo B_maV \§$S>mg 1000 én`m§Mr XoUJr XoD$Z Amnbr{ZîR>m ì`ŠV Ho$br hmoVr. Ë`m H$mimV B_maVrg 25,000 énò IM©Ambm hmoVm. Ë`mMm g{dñVa O_mIM© Im§S>oH$am§À`m hñVmjamV CnbãYAgyZ Vmo H$moëhmnyaÀ`m {edmOr {dÚmnrR>mVrb {d.g. Im§S>oH$a ñ_¥Vrg§J«hmb`mV nmhVmZm Im§S>oH$am§À`m g_n©U d Ë`mJmMr à{MVr Amë`mdmMyZamhV Zmhr.

{ejH$ åhUyZ Im§S>oH$a {dÚmÏ`mªZm AmB©gmaIm Ord bm{dV. Ë`m§À`m{dMmam§à_mUo AmMmamMo g§ñH$mahr {dÚmÏ`mªda KS>V. EH$Xm Im§S>oH$aAmnë`m EH$m {dÚmÏ`m©bm KoD$Z gmd§VdmS>rbm Jobo hmoVo. H$m_ g§non`ªVamÌ Pmbr. gmo~V Im§S>oH$am§Mo ñZohr hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm Kar AmJ«hmZo OodÊ`mgZob§. {_Ì gZmVZr hmoVo. OmVnmV nmim`Mo. {_Ìm§Zr {dÚmWu doJim~g{dbm. Xmamdarb nmàrda eoUJmoim R>odbm. g§Ho$V hm H$s, ^moOZPmë`mda {dÚmÏ`m©Z§ Amnbr OmJm gmadmdr. Im§S>oH$am§À`m Vo bjmV


Amb§. Amnbo {Z {dÚmÏ`m©Mo OodU hmoVmM Im§S>oH$am§Zr eoUJmoù`mV hmVKmVbm. {_Ì IOrb Pmbm. Ë`mZo à{V~§Y Ho$bm; nU {dÚmÏ`m©À`mS>moù`m§V _mÌ Amnë`m {ejH$m§À`m AmMmaY_© {Z AmXoem_wio nmÊmrAmb§. AgoM EH$Xm emioMr ghb Jobr hmoVr. _wbJm g_wÐmV ~wS>Vmo ho~KyZ Im§S>oH$a _mñVam§Zr g_wÐmV _mabobr _wgir Ë`m§À`m H$V©ì` d~m§YrbH$sMr n[agr_m hmoVr. EH$ AmOmar {dÚmWu Im§S>oH$a _mñVam§Zm~Km`Mm Ymoem bmdVmo d Im§S>oH$a Ë`mÀ`m BÀN>oMm AmXa H$aVmV. AemAZoH$ H$hmÊ`m§VyZ Im§S>oH$am§Mo {dÚm{W©ào_ {gÕ hmoVo.

Im§S>oH$a doJdoJù`m àg§Jr {dÚmÏ`mªg_moa ^mfUo H$arV. Ë`mVyZ{dÚmÏ`mªMo AZw^d{díd é§Xmd`mMo. ñZohg§_obZ, dmX{ddmX, àXe©Z,Wmoam_moR>çm§À`m ̂ oQ>r, Ë`m§Mo {dÚmÏ`mªer {hVJwO, nwñVH$m§da MMm©, J«§Wmb`{dH$mg Aem MVw{X©H$ _mJmªZr Vo {dÚmÏ`mªZm A{YH$m{YH$ XoD$ZAä`mgm~amo~a Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$mgmMr H$miOr KoV. H$mH$mgmho~H$mbobH$a, AÀ`wV ~id§V H$moëhQ>H$a, Z. qM. Ho$iH$a, ~m. ^.~moaH$a, ñdmV§Í`dra gmdaH$a Aem {H$VrVar _hZr` ì`ŠVr Ë`m§ZremioV AmUë`m d {dÚmÏ`mªer Ë`m§Mm g§dmX KS>dyZ AmUbm.

JmdmVrb amOH$maUmV ^mJ ¿`m`Mo Ë`m§Zr H$Q>mjmZo Q>mibo. VarH$mhr _§S>ir {damoY H$arV amhm`Mr. Im§S>oH$am§Zr eodQ>n`ªV emiogg§ñH$maH|$Ð åhUyZ gwa{jV d A{bá R>odbo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr emim _mUygKS>{dUma§ g§ñH¥${VH|$Ð ~ZyZ am{hbr."d¡ZVo`'Mo g§nmXZ

nwUo gmoSy>Z gmd§VdmS>rbm Amë`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§Zrgm{hË`joÌmV boIZ, ì`m»`mZo, dmMZmb` BË`mXr ñdê$nmV Oo à`ËZAm{U YS>nS> gwê$ Ho$br hmoVr, Ë`m 1919 À`m Xaå`mZÀ`m H$mimVôQ>bobm Ü`ò dmXr {_Ì _oK…í`m_ {eamoS>H$a. Ë`mZo _hmË_m Jm§YtÀ`m

AmdmhZmg à{VgmX XoD$Z {ejU gmoSy>Z amîQ´>r` MidirV ^mJ KoÊ`mggwédmV Ho$br hmoVr. nwT>o Vmo nwÊ`mÀ`m amîQ´>r` {ejU XoUmè`m {Q>iH$_hm{dÚmb`mVyZ nXdrYa Pmbm. naV Jmdr Ambm, Voìhm gmd§VdmS>rg§ñWmZ hmoVo. bmoH$m§Mm H¡$dma KoUmao, Ë`m§Mr Xþ…I doerda Q>m§JUma§.g§ñWmZmÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mgmR>r PQ>Uma§ d¥ÎmnÌ Agmdo Ago Ë`mÀ`m _ZmZoKoVbo Am{U EH$ gmám{hH$ àH$m[eV H$am`Mo R>abo. Im§S>oH$am§Zr Ë`m§ZmboIZgmhmæ` H$aÊ`mMo _mÝ` Ho$bo. Im§S>oH$a Ë`m doir AmË_a§OZmgmR>rH$mì`, {dZmoX, H$Wm Ag§ {bhrV hmoVoM. Ë`mbm àH$Q> ìhm`bm AmUIr


EH$ _mÜ`_ {_imbo. "d¡ZVò 'À`m n{hë`m A§H$mnmgyZ (29 Am°ŠQ>mo~a,1924) Vo 1937 n`ªV Im§S>oH$am§Zr "d¡ZVo`'_Üò {Z`{_V boIZ Ho$bo.

_oK…í`m_ {eamoS>H$a "d¡ZVò 'Mo g§nmXH$ Pmbo, Va {d. g. Im§S>oH$aghg§nmXH$. dmL²>_` {d^mJmMo Vo _w»`V… g§nmXH$ Agbo Var gmám{hH$mMrOr JaO nS>ob Vo boIZ Ë`m§Zr Ho$bo. _wÐUmMr O~m~Xmar ̂ mD$gmho~ gáo`m§À`mda gmon{dÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. gmám{hH$mgmR>r "d¡ZVo`' ho Zmd{d. g. Im§S>oH$am§ZrM gwM{dbo. `mMm AW© JéS>. ho Zmd {ZdS>VmZmË`m§À`mnwT>o XmoZ JmoîQ>r hmoË`m. X{jU H$moH$U hm S>m|Jam§Zr doT>bobm ̂ yàXoe.Ë`m S>m|JamÀ`m IS>H$mda ~gyZ gỳ m©H$S>o Q>H$ bmdyZ nmhUmè`m JéS>mgmaImAmnUmg gm_m{OH$, amOH$s` àíZm§Mm doY KoVm Ambm nm{hOo. XþgaoåhUOo _oK…í`m_ {eamoS>H$a, Z. [M§. Ho$iH$a, {edam_n§V nam§Ono AemJwê§$nmgyZ d¥ÎmnÌr` àoaUm KoD$Z Ambobo. Ë`m§À`mnwT>o "Ho$gar'Mm AmXe©hmoVm. Ho$gar åhUOo qgh, àmÊ`m§Mm amOm, Va JéS> hm nú`m§Mm. Ë`m_wio"d¡ZVo`' Zmd {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo.

"d¡ZVò 'Mo Üò`, YmoaU à{Vq~{~V H$aUmam EH$ íbmoH$hr Im§S>oH$am§§Zr{b{hbm hmoVm. Vmo JéS>mÀ`m {MÌm~amo~a àËòH$ A§H$mÀ`m S>moŠ`mdaN>mnbm Om`Mm. Vmo íbmoH$ Agm hmoVm -

""dgo Xmñ`r _mVm, Z`Zg{bbr _½Z OZVmAgo n§Jw «̂mVm, A{hHw$bN>bo ^rV OZVmZgo gmøm H$moUr, A_¥¥V bnbo ñdJ© ŵdZrhgo _mVm AmUr, {dhJn{V eÌyg ~KwZr''

`mVrb "dgo Xmñ`r _mVm' ho ^maV_mVoÀ`m nmaV§Í`mg CÔoeyZ hmoVo."A{hHw$b ^rV OZVm'Mm g§~§Y Amnë`mM g_mOmMm EH$ ^mJ Xþgè`mdahþH$_V JmOdVmo - ñdmV§Í`mà_mUo Ë`mnmgyZ hr _wŠVr {_imdr AgogwM{dUmam hmoVm.

d¡ZVo` gmám{hH$mMm n{hbm A§H$ 20 Am°ŠQ>mo~a, 1924 amoOràH$m{eV Pmbm. gmd§VdmS>rMo amd~hmÔya ~mnygmho~ _hmamOm§Mm amÁ`m{^foH$g_ma§̂ `mM {Xder hmoVm. Ë`m{Z{_Îm n{hbm A§H$ àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mVAmbm. 1924 Vo 1932 `m H$mbI§S>mV {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§Zr AJ«boI,ñV§̂ boIZ, ñ\w$Q> {Q>nU§ Va {b{hbrM; nU àg§Jr ~mV_rnÌohr {b{hbr."g_wÐ_§WZ', "JmOamMr nw§Jr', "aËZm àgdm', "JmT>dmMr JrVm', "JmT>dmnwT>oJrVm', "n[aM`mMr naS>r, "H$UgmMo XmUo', "amZ\w$bo' Aer {d{dY gXaoIm§S>oH$am§Zr {b{hbr. "dmL²>_` {dMma' {d^mJmMo g§nmXZ Im§S>oH$a H$arV.


amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$, gm{hpË`H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Aem VËH$mbrZ AZoH$àíZm§da Im§S>oH$am§Zr Ajae… eoH$S>mo nmZo ^aVrb BVH$m _OHy$a {b{hbm.H$Yr ñdV…À`m ZmdmZo, H$Yr AZm{_H$, Va H$Yr {dh§J_, AmXe©,Hw$_ma, BË`mXr Q>monUZmdm§Zr, ̀ m{edm` Ë`m§Zr "d¡ZVò '_Ü ò H$Wm, bKw{Z~§Y,boI, {dZmoXr gm{hË`, ZmQ>çN>Q>m, H${dVm Ag§ AZoH$m§Jr gm{hË`boIZHo$b§. {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§Mm n{hbm bKw{Z~§Y "d¡ZVò 'À`m 22 \o$~«wdmar,1927 À`m A§H$mV "amZ\w$bo' gXamV "{ZH$mb Úm' (How's that) erf©H$mZoàH$m{eV Pmbm hmoVm. bKw{Z~§YH$ma åhUyZ Im§S>oH$am§Zr _amR>r gm{hË`mV{Xboë`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ `moJXmZmMr J§JmoÌr "d¡ZVò ' hmoVr. nwT>o nmM XeHo$Im§S>oH$a bKw{Z~§Y {bhrV am{hbo. `m H$mimV Ë`m§Zr gw_mao nmdUo XmoZeobKw{Z~§Y {b{hbo.

d¡ZVo` gmám{hH$ S>o_r AmH$mamV (Tabloid) N>mnbo Om`Mo. Ë`mH$mir {d{dY d¥Îm, YZwYm©ar, Zd ẁJ ̀ mM AmH$mamMr AgV. "d¡ZVò '_Yrbd¡{dÜ`nyU© boIZm_wio gm{hpË`H$, g§nmXH$, g_rjH$, ñV§̂ boIH$ åhUyZ{d. g. Im§S>oH$am§Mm bm¡{H$H$ gd©Xÿa ngabm. `m g§nmXZ H$m`m©_wio d¥ÎmnÌho bmoH$OmJ¥VrMo d bmoH${ejUmMo à^mdr gmYZ Agë`mMr ImÌrIm§S>oH$am§Zm Pmbr. Ë`m§Zm emioà_mUoM dV©_mZnÌ ho gm§ñH¥${VH$ gmYZdmQy> bmJbo. "d¡ZVò 'À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Im§S>oH$am§Zr OmVr` gbmoIm, à~moYZ,g_mOmg nwamoJm_r ~Z{dÊ`mMo H$m`© Ho$bo. J¡a JmoîQ>tda àhma H$aÊ`mV"d¡ZVò 'Z§ H$Yr Hw$MamB© Ho$br Zmhr. gXgX{ddoH$mMm H$m¡b gmd©O{ZH$OrdZmV {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© `m_wio Im§S>oH$a H$ê$ eH$bo. "d¡ZVò 'M§J«mhH$ joÌ _`m©{XV Agbo Var Ë`mMm dmMH$, J«mhH$ MmoI§Xi d{M{H$ËgH$ hmoVm. `m_wio ~w{ÕdmXr d {ddoH$erb dJm©er Amnë`mgm{hË`mÛmao Im§S>oH$a Zmi OmoSy> eH$bo. A§YlÕm {Z_y©bZ {dMmamghmV^ma bmdyZ Im§S>oH$am§Zr g_mO nwamoJm_r, d¡km{ZH$ ~Z{dÊ`mMm à`ËZHo$bm.àW_ àH$m{eV nwñVH$

{d. g. Im§S>oH$am§Zm boIZmMm N>§X ~mbnUmnmgyZM; nU Ë`m§MoboIZ gZ 1919 nmgyZ {d{dY {Z`VH$m{bH$m§V àH$m{eV hmoV am{hbo.CÚmZ, Zd`wJ, d¡ZVo`, Á`moËñZmgma»`m {Z`VH$m{bH$m§VyZ Vo àH$mpímVhmoV am{hb§. H$Wm, H${dVm, {dZmoX, narjU, boI Ago Ë`mMo ñdê$nAgm`M§; nU nwñVH$ê$nr àH$meZ hmoÊ`mg _mÌ 1928 df© COmS>mdobmJb§.


Ë`mMo Ago Pmbo H$s, gZ 1926 _Ü`o _mYdamd Omoer `m§Zr"å`w{Z{gnm{bQ>r' ho ZmQ>H$ {b{hbo. Vo a§J_§Mmdahr Ambo. àojH$m§À`mng§Vrghr Vo CVabo; nU Ë`m ZmQ>H$m_wio ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§MrH$mir Am{Êm S>mdr ~mOyM VodT>r àH$memV Ambr. ̀ m g§ñWoMo H$ë`mUH$mard {dH$mgmMo H$m`©hr _hÎdmM§ Amho d Vo g_mOmnwTo `m`bm nm{hOo, AgoEH$m à{gÕ gm_m{OH$ H$m`©H$Ë`m©bm dmQ>bo. Ë`mZ§ ñnYm© Omhra H$ê$ZEH$ hOma én`m§M§ nm[aVmo{fH$ XoD$Z gH$mamË_H$ ZmQ>H$ {b{hÊ`mMo AmdmhZH$aUmar Om{hamV àH$m{eV Ho$br. Vr {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§À`m dmMZmVAmbr. Ë`m doir Im§S>oH$am§Zm 25 é. nJma hmoVm. Ë`m§Zm ZmQ>H$ {b{hÊ`mMmPQ>H$m Ambm. Ë`mÀ`m _wimer AWm©VM ~[jgmMo àbmô Z hmoVo. ñnYm©Pmbr. ~jrgnmÌ ZmQ>H$ H$mhr g§`moOH$m§Zm {_imbo Zmhr. `m narjU_§S>imV ~oiJmdMo ZmQ>ça{gH$ d __©k hmoVo ^mD$gmho~ gmo_U. Vo"{H$amV' `m Q>monUZmdmZo Ë`m doir {bhrV. Vo Ho$edgwVm§Mo {_Ì d MmhVohmoVo. Ë`m§Zm {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§Mo ZmQ>H$ "g§JrV a§H$mMo amÁ`' AmdS>bo.Ë`m_wio ~oiJmdMo ZmQ>çào_r S>m°. Ho$. dm. gmR>o d nw. b. AmoJbo `m§ZmVo a§J ŷ_rda `mdo, Ago dmQ>bo. S>m°. Ho$. dm. gmR>o `m§Mm ZmQ>çH$bmàgmaH$ g§JrV _§S>ir, gm§Jbrer g§nH©$ d n[aM` hmoVm. Ë`m§À`m{e\$maerdê$Z "g§JrV a§H$mMo amÁ`' ZmQ>H$ {ZdS>bo Jobo. Ë`mMm n{hbmà`moJ gm§JbrÀ`m gXmgwI ZmQ>çJ¥hmV 16 _o, 1928 amoOr Pmbm. `mVH$_bm~mB© H$m_V `m§Zr Zm{`H$m CfmMr, Va {e. h. nam§Ono `m§ZràXmofMr ̂ y{_H$m Ho$br hmoVr. nam§Ono Ë`m doir "ào_g§Ý`mg'_Ü ò "JmoHw$i'Mrŷ{_H$m H$arV. ZmQ>H$mÀ`m n{hë`m à`moJmÀ`m doir {d. g. Im§S>oH$a

`m§Mm gË`~moY hþXbrH$a `m§À`m hñVo OarMm é_mb d CnaUo XoD$ZgËH$ma H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm.

ho ZmQ>H$ nwñVH$ê$nmV àH$m{eV hmoB©b, Ago {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§ZmH$Yr dmQ>bo ZìhVo; nU Im§S>oH$a gm§Jbr hm`ñHy$bbm {eH$V AgVmZmË`m§À`m nwT>o-_mJo dm_Z dmgwXod AVrVH$a ZmdmMo dJ©{_Ì hmoVo. Vo~r. E. hmoD$Z {dOmnyaH$am§À`m g_W© {dÚmb`mMo AmOrd godH$ PmbohmoVo. g§ñWoMm "g_W© ^maV' N>mnImZm hmoVm nwÊ`mÀ`m gXm{ed noR>oV.Ë`m§Zm dmQ>bo H$s, AmnU ho ZmQ>H$ àH$m{eV Ho$bo, Va g§ñWog Mma n¡go{_iVrb. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr Vo g{MÌ àH$m{eV Ho$bo. gZ 1928 bmàH$m{eV "g§JrV a§H$mMo amÁ`' `m ZmQ>H$mMr qH$_V hmoVr 1 én`m. `mZmQ>H$mg _wéS>-O§{Oè`mMo ~m. A. {^S>o `m§Mr àñVmdZm Amho. ZQ>d`©


Ho$edamd XmVo `m§Zr nwÊ`mV ho ZmQ>H$ nmhÿZ Ë`mMr Zm{`H$m lr_VrH$_bm~mB© `m§À`m A{^Z`mMr àe§gm H$aUmao EH$ nÌ Im§S>oH$am§Zm {bhÿZZì`m ZmQ>H$mMr _mJUr Ho$br hmoVr. `mdê$Z "g§JrV a§H$mMo amÁ`' {H$Vrèñdr hmoVo, `mMr H$ënZm òD$ eH$Vo. Im§S>oH$am§Zr à{VgmX åhUyZË`m§Zm Amnbo "_mohZ_mi' ZmQ>H$ nmR>{dë`mMo CëboI nÌì`dhmamVAmT>iVmV. Ho$edamd XmVo d Im§S>oH$a `m§À`mV gZ 1929 nmgyZ1971 n`ªV nÌì`dhma {XgyZ òVmo. Ë`mVyZ Ho$edamd XmVo Im§S>oH$am§ZmZmQ>çXmof XmIdrV d _mJ©Xe©Z H$aVmZmhr AmT>iyZ òVo. {d. g. Im§S>oH$aHo$edamd XmV|À`m gyMZm§Mm AmXa H$arV. EH$m nÌmV Ë`m§Zr Ho$edamdm§Zm{b{hbo Amho H$s, ""Amnbo Xmof{X½Xe©Z gm¡å` Pmbo Amho, ho _r OmUyZAmho; nU {ZOud ñZohXoIrb {OWo _¥XþËdm~ÔbM à{gÕ Amho, {VWogwöX`mMm ñZoh AH$maU _¥Xÿ ìhmdm `mV Zdb H$m`? (1) aghm{ZH$maH$ahñò, (2) {dZmoXr nmÌm§Mr bm§~U, (3) H$mo{Q>H«$_mMm A{VaoH$ ho {VÝhrXmof H$moëhQ>H$a JS>H$è`m§À`m na§naoV _mPo boIZ dmT>ë`m_wio CËnÞ PmboAmhoV. Xodb-Im{S>bH$am§À`m Am¡fYmZo ho {df {ZénÐdr H$aÊ`mMm _r`mnwT>o eŠ` Vmo à`ËZ H$aUma Amho.''

{d. g. Im§S>oH$am§Mm OÝ_ d ~mbnU ZmQ>çn§T>ar åhUyZ AmoiIë`mOmUmè`m gm§JbrV Jobo. Xodb, Im{S>bH$am§gmaIo ZmQ>çjoÌmVrb nyd©gyard H$moëhQ>H$a-JS>H$ar `m§À`mgmaIo Ë`m§Mo g_H$mbrZ ÁòîR> gm{hË`H$ma`m§À`m ZmQ>çdmMZ d a§J ŷ_rdarb Ë`m§À`m ZmQ>H$m§Mo gmXarH$aU nmhÿZAmnUhr ZmQ>H$H$ma ìhmdo, Ago ñdßZ Im§S>oH$a ~mbnUmnmgyZ nmhm`Mo."e{Z_mhmËå`' dmMë`mZ§Va Ë`mda AmYm[aV ZmQ>H$ {b{hÊ`mMm à`ËZIm§S>oH$am§Zr Ho$ë`mMo CëboI AmT>iVmV. nwT>o 1918-19 À`m Xaå`mZnwUo gmoSy>Z H$moH$UmV Amë`mda àH¥${VAñdmñÏ`m_wio Vo ~m§~wirV hmoVo.{Zdm§VnUm hmoVm. boIZ, dmMZm{edm` n`m©̀ ZìhVm. Ë`m df©̂ amÀ`mH$mbmdYrV d Z§VaÀ`m VrZ-Mma dfmªV hm¡g åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr "erbemoYZ',"_mohZ_mi', "em§{VXodVm', "_¥Jbm§N>Z', ñdamÁ`mMo VmQ>' ̀ m§gmaIr ZmQ>Ho${bhÿZ Vr g_H$mbrZ ZmQ>H$mH$mam§Zm A{^àm`mW© nmR>{dbr hmoVr, n¡H$s"ñdamÁ`mMo VmQ>' ZmQ>H$ ñÌrnmÌ {da{hV hmoV§. Vo 1925 À`m Xaå`mZemioÀ`m ñZohg§_obZmgmR>r {b{hbob§ Eo{Vhm{gH$ ZmQ>H$ hmoV§, Va AÝ`Mma nm¡am{UH$ hmoVr. `m gdmªVyZ Im§S>oH$am§Mm àma§{^H$ boIZqnS> hmZmQ>H$H$mamMm hmoVm, ho ñnîQ> hmoVo; nU Vmo H$mi (1920-30) hm_amR>r g§JrV ZmQ>H$m§À`m AmohmoQ>rMm Agë`mZo EH$ àH$mao Vmo g§{YH$mb


hmoVm. ZmQ>ç H§$nÝ`m ~§X nS>V hmoË`m. amOml` g§nV Ambobm. {MÌnQ>m§À`mAmJ_Zm_wio ZmQ>H$m§Mm OZ_mZgmdarb à^md H$_r hmoV Mmbbobm.Ë`m_wio Im§S>oH$a H$Wm, H$mX§~è`m§H$S>o dibo AgmdoV.

"g§JrV a§H$mMo amÁ`'Mm _w»` {df` ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` Agbm VarË`mV ñÌr-nwéf àr{V^md, ào_mVrb g§`moJ-{d`moJ BË`mXtM§ {MÌUà^mdrnUo Ambo Amho. ho _ybV… g§JrV ZmQ>H$ Agë`mZo `mV 25 JmUrAmhoV. ZmQ>H$mMr e¡br H$mo{Q>~mO, {dZmoXmH$S>o PwH$Umar. DramaticIrony Ag§. àm. à. Zm. nam§On|gmaIo g_rjH$ Ë`m§M§ dU©Z H$aVmV.Im§S>oH$a Oar ZmQ>H$H$ma hmoD$ eH$bo Zmhr Var ZmQ>çg_rjH$ åhUyZ nwToË`m§Mm bm¡{H$H$ Pmbobm AmT>iVmo. EdT>o _mÌ Iao H$s, ZmQ>H$ hm Ë`m§À`mdmMZ d ì`mg§JmMm {df` hmoVm. nwT>o Im§S>oH$am§Zr Vmo OÝ_â Onbm.{ddmh

gm§Jbrbm "g§JrV a§H$mMo amÁ`' ZmQ>H$mMm à`moJ Pmë`mZ§Va {d. g.Im§S>oH$a Amnë`m AmOmoirM _o _{hÝ`mÀ`m gwÅ>rgmR>r hmoVo. `m H$mimVgXa ZmQ>H$mÀ`m àH$meZmMm `moJ OwiyZ Amë`mZo Ë`m§Zr {VWoM ~gyZ{X. 26 _o, 1928 amoOr ZmQ>H$mg§~§Yr Amnbr ^y{_H$m "amÁ`m'MmB{Vhmg' erf©H$mZo {b{hbr. ~m. A. {^S>o `m§Mr àñVmdZm {d. g.Im§S>oH$am§Zr AJmoXaM KoD$Z R>odbr hmoVr. (22 _mM©, 1928). ZmQ>H$_mJu bmJë`mZo Im§S>oH$am§Mr àH¥$Vr gwYmê$ bmJbr hmoVr. XÎmH$ ~{hUrZob½ZmMo Qw>_Uo bmdë`mZo d d`mZo {Ver JmR>ë`mZo b½Z H$aÊ`mg Im§S>oH$am§ZrVÎdV… V`mar Xe©{dbr. Var b½Zmg hmoUmè`m hOma-n§Yameo én`m§À`mIMm©Mr Ë`m§Zm {dd§MZm hmoVr. _J ñZohr XÎmmam_ KmQ>o `m§À`m âmoemdahmVCgZo KoD$Z b½Z H$aÊ`mMo R>abo.

Kar nËZr åhUyZ òUmè`m dYy~Ôb Im§S>oH$am§Mr ñdV…Mr AerYmaUm hmoVr. \$ma {eH$bobr Zgbr Var Mmbob; nU AmnU Á`m H$moH$UmVrbIoS>çmV amhVmo, {VWo Amnë`mgma»`m {ejH$mMm AmoT>J«ñVrMm g§gmagm§^miUmar Vr Agmdr. `mM hmoè`mZo Ë`m§Zr AÝ` ñWio ZmH$mê$Z~oiJmd-ImZmnyaOdirb Amgmo½`mÀ`m _UoarH$am§Mr H$Ý`m _ZyMo ñWing§V Ho$bo. _o, 1928 _ÜòM AmŠH$m d XÎmH$ AmB©À`m g§_Vr dCnpñWVrV Amgmo½`mbm dYynarjm Pmbr. 16 OmZodmar, 1929 amoOrAmgmoJo _wŠH$m_rM {ZdS>H$ nmhþUo d {_Ìm§À`m CnpñWVrV {ddmh nmanS>bm.

{ddmhmZ§Va Im§S>oH$am§Zr nËZrMo Zmd "Cfm' R>odbo. Vo Ë`m§À`m "g§JrV


a§H$mMo amÁ`'À`m Zm{`Ho$Mo hmoVo. _ZmMr Zm{`H$m àË`jmV {_imë`mMrMVr gmj hmoVr. {ddmh gmYonUr, H$_©H$m§S>mg \$mQ>m XoD$Z H$aÊ`mV Ambm.b½ZmVrb ^moOZmÀ`m doir n§pŠVôX (Om{VôX) hmoUma Zmhr, `mMoAmídmgZ KoD$Z Ho$bobm hm {ddmh åhUOo Im§S>oH$am§À`m AmMma-{dMmam§VrbAÛ¡V {gÕ H$aUmam dñVwnmR>M R>abm. Ë`mZ§Va b½Z{dYr Amdaë`mda`WmdH$me Ë`m§Zr {eamoS>çmg g§gma WmQ>bm. Vmo nmhÊ`mgmR>r (b½ZMwH$ë`mMr MwQ>nyQ> Xÿa H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo) Jwê$ lrnmX H¥$îU H$moëhQ>H$a _o,1930 À`m n{hë`m AmR>dS>çmV {eamoS>çmg _wÔm_ Ambo d {eî`mgAmerdm©X XoD$Z Jobo.{_R>mMm gË`mJ«h

^maVr` ñdmV§Í`g§J«m_mVrb _hmË_m Jm§YtÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImbrb gdmªV_moR>o d XrK©H$mbrZ (1930 Vo 1934) OZAm§XmobZ åhUyZ {_R>mMmgË`mJ«h AmoiIbm OmVmo. {_R>mdaÀ`m H$amMm ^ma J[a~mVrb Jar~^maVr`m§da nS>V Ago. bhar nmdgm_wio bmImo eoVH$ar H$a ^ê$ eH$VZgV. H$a~§Xr Am§XmobZmMm ̂ mJ åhUyZ {_R>mMm gË`mJ«h H$aÊ`mV Ambm.Ë`mMr gwédmV JwOamV_Yrb Xm§S>r`mÌoZo Pmbr. 6 E{àb, 1930 amoOrXm§S>r òWo H$m`Xm §̂J H$ê$Z _rR> V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`mV _hmË_mJm§YtOtZm AQ>H$ H$aÊ`mV òD$Z nwUo òWrb òadS>m H$mamJ¥hmV R>odÊ`mVAmbo. Ë`mM {XdgmnmgyZ _hmamîQ́>mVhr {_R>mMm gË`mJ«h {dbonmb} (_w§~B©)òWo gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambm. H$m`Xo^§JmMr Midi _hmamîQ´>mV g§K{Q>VarVrZo d {eñVrZo ìhmdo åhUyZ _hmamîQ´> H$m`Xô §J _§S>i ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mVAmbo. Ë`m _§S>imV\}$ {eamoS>o òWo 12 E{àb Vo 15 E{àb, 1930 `mH$mbmdYrV amÁ`ñVar` {_R>mMm gË`mJ«h H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`mMo ZoV¥Ëd_m_mgmho~ Xod{JarH$a d Y_m©Z§X H$mog§~r `m§À`mH$S>o hmoVo. {eamoS>o JmdJmodm d _hmamîQ́>mMr gahÔ Agë`mZo d {VWo {_R>mJao Agë`mZo {eamoS>çmMr{ZdS> H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Jmoì`mV VoaoImob ̀ oWo nmoVw©JrOm§{déÕ, Va _hmamîQ́>mV{eamoS>o òWo {~«{Q>em§{déÕ gË`mJ«h H$aÊ`mV Ambm. 500 OUm§Zr Ë`mV^mJ KoVbm. 300 OUm§Zm AQ>H$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Cabobo OI_r hmoD$ZË`m§Zm é½Umb`mV XmIb H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo.

{d. g. Im§S>oH$a `m gË`mJ«hmV g{H«$` gh^mJr Pmbo hmoVo. Ë`m§MoghH$mar Aßnm Zm~a `m§Mo {_R>mJa gË`mJ«hmgmR>r {ZdS>Ê`mV Ambo hmoVo.Ë`m§Mo Xþgao EH$ ghH$mar d "d¡ZVò 'Mo g§nmXH$ _oKí`m_ {eamoS>H$a `mgË`mJ«hm_ gm_rb hmoVo. {d. g. Im§S>oH$ahr ̀ mV gm_rb hmoUma hmoVo; nU


gaH$mar _XV KoUmè`m emioMo _w»`mÜ`mnH$ åhUyZ Ë`m§À`mda ~§YZhmoVo; na§Vw ñd`§godH$, ì`dñWmnZ, BË`mXt_Üò Vo g{H«$` hmoVo. AßnmZm~am§À`m Kamda AQ>Ho$Z§Va Oár Ambr hmoVr. "öX`mMr hmH$' H$mX§~arÀ`m_mZYZmMr aŠH$_ XoD$Z Im§S>oH$am§Zr Aßnm Zm~am§Mo Ka dmM{dbo.Im§S>oH$am§Zr "d¡ZVò '_Üò gË`mJ«hmMr ~mV_rnÌo {b{hbr. g^m§V ^mfUoHo$br. gË`mJ«hmV ̂ mJ KoD$ Z eH$ë`mMo eë` Ë`m§Zr OrdZâ Jm§YrdmXr{dMma-AmMmamMm dgm OnyZ ^ê$Z H$mT>bo. Jm§Yr OÝ_eVmãXrg {dnwbboIZ Ho$bo. Ë`mMo g§H$bZ, g§nmXZ "Xþgao àm°{_{WAg … _hmË_m Jm§Yr'ZmdmZo _r Ho$bo AgyZ Vo àH$m{eV Pmbo Amho.{d{dYm§Jr boIZ

{d. g. Im§S>oH$am§Zr gZ 1930 Vo 1935 ` H$mbI§S>mV Ho$di{dnwb boIZ Ho$bo Ago Zmhr, Va Oo boIZ Ho$bo Vo {d{dYm§Jrhr hmooVo."g§JrV a§H$mMo amÁ`' gZ 1928 bm àH$m{eV Pmë`mda bJoM 1929_Üò "Zd_pëbH$m' hm Ë`m§Mm n{hbm H$Wmg§J«h àH$m{eV Pmbm. Xaå`mZ,Im§S>oH$am§Zm dŠVo åhUyZhr Am_§{ÌV Ho$bo OmD$ bmJbo hmoVo. Ë`m H$mir"^maV Jm¡ad_mbm' dmMH$m§À`m ng§Vrg CVabr hmoVr. _§Joeamd Hw$bH$UuË`mgmR>r Iyn _ohZV KoV. Im§S>oH$am§Mo ñZohr J§. Xo. ImZmobH$a Ë`m doir^maV Jm¡ad_mboV H$m_ H$arV. Ë`m§À`m gm§JÊ`mdê$Z Im§S>oH$am§Zr Amnbrn{hbr H$mX§~ar "öX`mMr hmH$' {b{hbr d E{àb, 1930 _Üò bJoMVr àH$m{eVhr Pmbr. EìhmZm {d. g. Im§S>oH$a ~hþàgd gm{hpË`H$åhUyZ dmL²>_` dVw©imV gd©n[a{MV Pmbo hmoVo. VËH$mbrZ {Z`VH$m{bH$m§VVo {Z`{_V {bhrV. `m H$mimV Ë`m§Zr 3 boI, 5 H${dVm, 11 narjUo,19 H$Wm, 3 bKw{Z~§Y {b{hbo. {eamoS>çmVrb {ZgJ© d IoS>çmVrb{Zdm§V OrdZ ho Ë`mM§ H$maU hmoV§. gZ 1931 _Ü ò "H$m§MZ_¥J' H$mX§~arZ§VabJoMM Ë`m§Mo "JS>H$ar … ì`ŠVr d dmL²>_`' àH$m{eV Pmbo. gZ 1932_Üò Ë`m§Mo "AmJaH$a M[aÌ' dmMH$m§À`m hmVr Ambo. Z§Va "CëH$m'(1934), "XmoZ Y«wd' (1924) `m H$mX§~è`m d "XÎmH$ d BVa JmoîQ>r'(1934) Mo àH$meZ Pmbo.

`m_wio {d. g. Im§S>oH$a _mÝ`Vmàmá gm{hpË`H$ ~Zbo. ~S>moÚmÀ`mgm{hË` g§_obZmV H$Wm {d^mJmMo AÜ`jnX Ë`m§Zm bm^bo. nwT>o gZ1935 bm Va Vo n{hë`m Jmo_§VH$ _amR>r gm{hË` g§_obZmMo AÜ`jPmbo. nmR>monmR> Ë`m§Zm nwÊ`mÀ`m emaXmonmgH$ g§_obZmÀ`m Mm¡Ï`m A{YdoeZmMoAÜ`jnX {_imbo. Z§Va Vo _w§~B© _amR>r gm{hË` g§_obZmMohr AÜ`j


Pmbo. Ë`m§Mo {dMma d _Vo `m§Zm EH$ àH$maMr _mÝ`Vm bm ŷZ Vo _amR>rgm{hËà{gH$m§Mo {à` boIH$, dŠVo, {dMmaH$, g_rjH$, H$WmH$ma,H$mX§~arH$ma åhUyZ gÝ_m{ZV Pmbo. Ë`m§À`m gm{hË` {dMmam§Vrb Jm§̂ r`©,ZdVm d ̂ mfoVrb gm¢X`© ̀ m§Mr {dbjU _mo{hZr _amR>r ̂ mfm d gm{hË`mV{Z_m©U Pmbr hmoVr. _amR>r dmMH$ "{d. g. Im§S>oH$a' erf©H$ {XgVmMàW_ ng§VrZo Ë`m§Zm dmMy bmJbm.M§Xoar Xþ{ZòV nXmn©U

{d. g. Im§S>oH$am§À`m Kar 20 OmZodmar, 1936 amoOr nwÌaËZ Pmbo.gd©Ì AmZ§XrAmZ§X hmoVm. {d. g. Im§S>oH$a `m§Zr _wbmMo Zmd A{dZmeR>odyZ OrdZmdaMr XþX©å` AmñWmM ì`ŠV Ho$br hmoVr. VemVM _mñQ>a{dZm`H$ d ~m~yamd n|T>maH$a `m§Zr Im§S>oH$am§Zm {MÌnQ>mgmR>r nQ>H$Wm{b{hÊ`mMo Am_§ÌU {Xë`mZo AZno{jVnUo Ë`m§À`mnwT>o gm{hË`mMo ZdoXmbZ d _mÜ`_ Iwbo Pmbo. àW_ Ë`m§Zr `m {Z_§ÌUmH$S>o Xþb©j Ho$bo hmoVoVo `m gme§H$VoZo H$s, ho H$m_ Ë`m§Zm Amnë`m AmdmŠ`m~mhoaMo dmQ>m`Mo;nU _J AmJ«hm_wio Ë`m§Zr à`ËZ H$am`Mo R>adyZ "N>m`m' hr n{hbr nQ>H$Wm"h§g'bm {Xbr d Vr {Z_m©Vm d {X½Xe©H$m§À`m ng§Vrbm CVaë`mZo bJoMM_whÿV© H$ê$Z {VMo N>m`m{MÌU gwê$ Pmbo. ghm _{hÝ`m§V {MÌnQ> V`mahmoD$Z Vmo 20 OyZ, 1936 amoOr _w§~B©À`m _°OopñQ>H$ {MÌnQ>J¥hmVàX{e©V Pmbm. _mñQ>a {dZm`H$, ~m~yamd n|T>maH$a, brbm {MQ>Urg,B§{Xam dmS>H$a, AZ§V _amR>o `m§À`m `m ~mobnQ>mV ŷ{_H$m hmoË`m. nm§Sw>a§JZmB©H$ `m§Mo {MÌrH$aU hmoVo. AÊUmgmho~ _mB©UH$am§Mo `mg g§JrV bm^bohmoVo. qhXrV S>~ H$ê$Z Vmo àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm.

{d. g. Im§S>oH$a 1936 Vo 1962 n`ªV {MÌnQ>m§À`m M§Xoar Xþ{ZòVhmoVo. Im§S>oH$am§Zr _amR>r, qhXr, V{_i, VobJy Aem ^mfm§V gw_mao 28{MÌnQ>m§À`m nQ>H$Wm, g§dmX Am{U JmUr {b{hbr. Ë`m§À`m n{hë`m{MÌnQ>mg Jmoha gwdU©nXH$, Va A§{V_ "_mUgmbm n§I AgVmV'bm ̂ maVd _hmamîQ´> emgZmMm nwañH$ma bm^bm hmoVm. gm{hË`mà_mUoM Im§S>oH$a{MÌnQ>mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ amîQ́>r` ñVamda nmohmoMbo. Ë`m§Zm ̂ maVr` gm{hpË`H$~Z{dÊ`mV {MÌnQ>m§Mmhr _moR>m dmQ>m Amho. Amnë`m {MÌnQ>m§VyZ Im§S>oH$am§ZrAZoH$ gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mo {MÌU Ho$bo, VgoM {dZmoXr H$Wm {bhÿZ_Zmoa§OZhr. Ë`m§À`m AZoH$ {MÌnQ>m§À`m JmÊ`m§Zm _moR>r ng§Vr bm^brhmoVr. {MÌnQ> joÌmVrb Ë`m§À`m H$m`©H$V¥©ËdmMm {dñV¥V AmT>mdm nwT>oKoÊ`mV Ambm Agbm Var EH$_mÌ {ZpíMV H$s, gm{hË`mà_mUoM Ë`m§Mo


{MÌnQ>hr g§ñH$ma, _yëò, AmXe© à~moYZ, BË`mXtMr nmR>amIU H$arVhmoVo.J¥hñW OrdZ

A{dZmeÀ`m OÝ_mZ§Va (1936) 6 Am°JñQ>, 1937 bm H$Ý`m_§Xm{H$ZrMm OÝ_ Pmbm. {Vbm ~miboUo Úm`Mo åhUyZ {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§ZrAmnë`mbm {_imbob§ Jmoha _oS>b _moS>bo. {MÌnQ> d emim `m§Mr H$gaVË`m§Zm O_oZmer Pmbr; H$maU {MÌnQ>mÀ`m H$m_mgmR>r dma§dma H$moëhmnya,nwUo, _w§~B© Agm àdmg H$aU§ {O{H$arM§ Pmbo; åhUyZ Im§S>oH$a gn[admagZ 1938 À`m àma§̂ r H$moëhmnwar Ambo. Ë`m§Zr emhynwarVrb _mñQ>a{dZm`H$m§À`m ~§Jë`mV Amnb§ {~èhmS> WmQ>bo. AmOÀ`m amOmam_nwarVrbH$ÝòZ§ ~m§Yboë`m "Z§XmXrn' {ZdmgñWmZr H$m`_Mo amhÊ`mg òÊ`mnyduImg~mJ BWo _yJ ̀ m§À`m Kar, Z§Va amOmam_nwarV "_wŠVml_' ̀ oWo Im§S>oH$aamhV. `m H$mimV Ë`m§Zm H$ënbVm (1939), gwb^m (1941) Am{U_§Jb (1944) `m H$Ý`maËZm§Mm bm^ Pmbm. Im§S>oH$am§Mo Amnë`m_wbm§da ào_ hmoVo. Amnb§ boIZ, dŠV¥Ëd, g§nmXZ, g§_obZo, {MÌnQ> `mgdmªVyZ doi H$mTy>Z _wbm§da g§ñH$ma H$aUo, e§H$mg_mYmZ, JmoîQ>r gm§JUoIm§S>oH$a AmdOy©Z H$aV.

J¥hñW OrdZmMo g§ñH$ma {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§da AmOmoir Agë`mnmgyZMhmoV am{hbo. Ë`m§Mo dS>rb AH$mbr {ZdV©bo. Ë`m H$mimVhr nmoad`mVrbIm§S>oH$a Amnë`m AYmªJdm`y Pmboë`m d{S>bm§Mr godmewlyfm H$arV.Amë`m-Joë`mM§ ñdmJV ho Ë`m§À`m g_mOerb ñd^mdmVM hmoV§. Oo KarVoM Xmar. {_Ìm§Zm gX¡d _XV H$arV. {_Ìhr Ë`m§Zm _XV H$am`Mo.{dÚmÏ`mªda Ë`m§Mo {Zñgr_ ào_ hmoVo. Ë`m§Mm _Zwî`g§J«h _moR>m hmoVm. Ë`m§Vgm{hpË`H$, gm{hË`ào_r `m§Mm g_mdoe _moR>m hmoVm. "Ë`m§À`m Mohè`mdaì`WoM§ {MÝh H$Yr C_Q>V Zmhr. ~mobÊ`mV H$Yr Xþ…ImMm CX²Jma Zmhr.gJi§ gmogm`M§. àmá n[apñWVrer OwidyZ KoV amhm`M§, hr d¥Îmr. Vogmo{eH$ hmoVo. J¥hñW Y_© nmiUmao hmoVo. BVam§nojm A{YH$ ghZerb hmoVo.boIZ H$aVmZm Amnë`m H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ O~m~Xmè`m Q>mië`m, Ago Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>ZH$Yr Pmbo Zmhr. _wbo, _wbr bhmZ AgVmZm Vmn `m`Mm. Im§S>oH$a ghm-ghm Vmg _wbtZm Im§Úmda KoD$Z eVnmdbr H$arV, Am¡fYmonMma H$arV.àg§Jr boIZ ~mOyg gmaV. boI{ZH$mbm gwÅ>r XoV; nU _wbm§Mo H$aÊ`mVHw$MamB© H$arV ZgV.

{d. g. Im§S>oH$a CnOV {ejH$ hmoVo. {eamoS>çmÀ`m emioV g§ñH¥$V,


B§J«Or, ~rOJ{UV, ŷ{_Vr nS>ob Vo {df` Ë`m§Zr {eH${dbo hmoVoM. _wbr{eH$V AgVmZm _°{Q´>H$n`ªV Vo Kar Ë`m§Zm g§ñH¥$V, B§J«Or, ~rOJ{UV{eH$Ê`mg _XV H$arV. VrM JmoîQ> _wbr E_. E. H$aVmZmhr. Im{S>bH$am§MrZmQ>Ho$ Im§S>oH$a Ë`m§Zm {eH$drV. _wbtÀ`m AJmoXa ~m`H$moZo {eH$mdo,dmMmdo, Agm Ë`m§Mm à`ËZ hmoVm. Vo nËZr CfmVmBªZm gwédmVrÀ`mH$mimV dmMyZhr XmIdrV; nU CfmVmBªMm AmoT>m {ejUmnojm g§gmamH$S>oA{YH$ hmoVm. Ë`m ñd`§nmH$mV gwJaU. amhÊ`mV Q>mnQ>rn hmoË`m. KaZrQ>ZoQ>H§$ R>odÊ`mV Ë`m Xj hmoË`m. nËZrÀ`m {ZYZmZ§Va (26 Am°ŠQ>mo~a,1958) Im§S>oH$am§ZrM _wbm-_wbtMm gm§^mi Ho$bm. nËZr~Ôb Ë`m§À`m_ZmV H¥$VkVoMr ^mdZm gX¡d âbobr Agm`Mr.

Ë`m§À`m d¥ÕmnH$mimV _moR>r _wbJr _§Xm{H$Zr `m§Zr Ë`m§Mm gm§^miHo$bm. Ë`m ZmoH$ar gm§̂ miyZ {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§Mo gmao H$arV. boI{ZH$,bmoH$m§Mo òUo-OmUo, nwT>o {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§Mo d¥ÕËd, A§YËd gmè`mg_aàg§Jr Ë`m Im§S>oH$am§À`m _mJo I§~ranUo Cä`m hmoË`m. nËZr{ZdV©ë`mZ§Vahr Ë`m§Zm Oo 18, 19 dfmªM§ Am`wî` bm^bo, Ë`m H$mimV_§XmVmB©M Ë`m§À`m nmbH$ hmoË`m.

{d. g. Im§S>oH$a AmMma, {dMmam§Zr Iao nwamoJm_r hmoVo AZ² Iao Va"ZmpñVH$ hmoVo. Xodmda Ë`m§Mm {dídmg ZìhVm... Kar gË`ZmamÙmMrnyOm dJ¡ao H$Yrhr Pmbr Zmhr. Ym{_©H$ {dYrhr hmoV ZgV. gH$mi,g§Ü`mH$mir {\$aÊ`mMm Im§S>oH$am§Zm N>§X hmoVm. {\$am`bm OmVmZm H$moUrVarZoh_r Ë`m§À`m~amo~a Agm`Mo. XÎmmam_ KmQ>o, H$dr èd§V, ~m. ^.~moaH$a, H$dr {Jare, ZmQ>H$H$ma dg§V H$mZoQ>H$a, à ¥̂Vr {_Ì, gm{hpË`H$m§MoKar òUo-OmUo, amhUo Agm`Mo.

Q>nmb dmMUo, CÎmao {b{hÊ`mMm Im§S>oH$am§Zm N>§X hmoVm. òUmè`mQ>nmbmbm CÎma XoÊ`mMm Ë`m§Mm àKmV d H$Q>mj hmoVm. gm_m{OH$ ^mdZoZo{dÚmWu, g§ñWm, CnH«$_m§Zm Vo _XV H$arV. Ë`m§À`mH$S>o dmMH$, ñZohr,Amá, _mJ©Xe©ZmgmR>r òV. doi, àH¥$VrMr V_m Z ~miJVm Im§S>oH$agdmªer {hVJwO H$arV. bhmZ-_moR>m, Amnna Agm ôX Vo ~miJV ZgV._mUygào_r, g_mOerb J¥hñW Im§S>oH$a gdmªMo gwöX hmoVo.gm{hË`-g_mOmM§ ZoV¥Ëd

~¥hZ²_hmamîQ´>mVrb _amR>r ^mfm d gm{hË`mMo H|$Ð åhUyZ ~S>moÚmMo_hÎd àma§^mnmgyZM am{hbo Amho. _hmamO g`mOramd Jm`H$dmS> `m§À`mamOml`mMo Vo \$i hmo`. gZ 1934 À`m 25 {S>g|~abm åhUOo ZmVmimV


VoWrb _amR>r gm{hË` g§_obZmMo 19 do A{YdoeZ `moObo hmoVo. Ë`m doirdoJdoJù`m gm{hË`àH$mam§Zm dm{hbobr emImg§_obZo KoÊ`mMm àKmV hmoVm.`m g§_obZmV nm§. dm. H$mUo (^mfm), _hm_hmonmÜ`m` XÎmmo dm_Z nmoVXma(B{Vhmg), _mYd Á`y{b`Z (H$mì`), BË`mXt~amo~a {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§MrH$Wmg§_obZmgmR>r AÜ`j åhUyZ {ZdS> H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. Ë`m doir{d. g. Im§S>oH$a hmoVo AdKo 36 dfmªMo. H$Wmgm{hË`mVrb Ë`m§MrC_oXdmar hmoVr Ad¿`m 15 dfmªMr; nU `m H$mimV Ë`m§À`m AZoH$ H$Wm{Z`VH$m{bH$m§VyZ à{gÕ Pmë`m hmoË`m. {edm` "Zd_pëbH$m', "XÎmH$Am{U BVa H$Wm', "OrdZH$bm', "D$ZnmD$g' ̀ m§gmaIo H$Wmg§J«h àH$m{eVPmbo hmoVo. dmMH$m§Mr Ë`m H$Wm§Zm, ^mfm d e¡brÀ`m ZdonUm_wio _moR>rng§Vr bm^br hmoVr. hr {ZdS> Ë`mMrM nmoMnmdVr hmoVr. `m {ZdS>rZo{d. g. Im§S>oH$am§Zm gm{hË`dVw©imV _mÝ`Vmàmá gm{hpË`H$ åhUyZ gÝ_mZbm^bm. VoWyZ gÝ_mZmMr e¥§Ibm AmOrdZ gwê$M am{hbr. Ë`mZ§Va Ë`m§ZmJmo_§VH$ gm{hË` g§_obZ, _S>Jmd (1935), emaXmonmgH$ gm{hË` g§_obZ,nwUo (1935), _w§~B© d CnZJa gm{hË` g§_obZ, XmXa (1935),gmobmnya àm§{VH$ gm{hË` g§_obZ (1936), X{jU _hmamîQ´> gm{hË`g§_obZ, O_I§S>r (1940), Aer EH$mnmR>monmR> EH$ AÜ`jnXo {_iVam{hbr. gZ 1941bm Va _hmamîQ´> gm{hË` g§_obZmMm (AmOMo A{Ib^maVr` gm{hË` g§_obZ) am¡ß`_hmoËgdr A{YdoeZmÀ`m AÜ`jnXmMm~hþ_mZ {_iyZ Mm{ierMV Vo _amR>r gm{hË`, g§ñH¥$Vr, ^mfoMo AJ«UrZoVo ~Zbo.

Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m 1975 n`ªVÀ`m nñVrg dfmªV H$moUË`mhr _moR>çmgm{hpË`H$ CnH«$_mMo AÜ`jnX {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§H$S>o AgUma ho R>ê$ZMJobob§. lrnmX H¥$îU H$moëhQ>H$a, ̂ m. am. Vm§~o, Ho$edgwV ̀ m§Mr OÝ_eVmãXr,ZQ>d`© Ho$edamd XmVo gÝ_mZ Ago {H$VrVar CnH«$_ {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§À`mZoV¥ËdmZo d g{H«$` gh^mJmZo nma nS>bo. {ZYr g§H$bZ, ñ_maH$ J«§Wg§nmXZ, AÜ`jr` ^mfU, BË`mXtVyZ {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§Mo gm{hpË`H$g_mOmM§ AZ{^{fŠV g_«mQ>nU {gÕ hmoV Jobo d _mÝ`Vm nmdb§.nwañH$ma d gÝ_mZ

^maVmÀ`m ñdmV§Í`bT>çmM§ ZoV¥Ëd bmoH$_mÝ` {Q>iH$m§À`m _¥Ë`yZ§VagZ 1920 À`m Xaå`mZ _hmË_m Jm§YrOtH$S>o Ambo. `mM doir {d. g.Im§S>oH$a ̀ m§Zr boIH$ åhUyZ àdoe Ho$bm. ̂ maVr` amOH$maUmVrb Jm§Yr ẁJmMmH$mi hm {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§Mo gm{hpË`H$ ì`pŠV_Îd {dH${gV hmoÊ`mMm


H$mi hmoVm. Á`mbm ñWyb_mZmZo {Q>iH$`wJmZ§VaMm ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$miåhUVm ̀ oB©b, Ë`m H$mimV 12 H$mX§~è`m, 20 H$Wmg§J«h, 7 bKw{Z~§Yg§J«h,2 ê$nH$H$Wm g§J«h, 5 boIg§J«h, 1 ì`ŠVr d dmL²>_`, 1 M[aÌ, 15nQ>H$Wm Ago {dnwb boIZ H$ê$Z Im§S>oH$a _amR>rVrb loîR> gm{hpË`H$åhUyZ g_mO_mÝ` hmoVo. gZ 1937 gmbr Ë`m§À`m "N>m`m' ~mobnQ>mÀ`mH$Wog H$bH$Îmm {MÌnQ> nÌH$ma g§KmM§ "Jmoha gwdU©nXH$' bm^bo hmoVo.^maVmVrb {MÌnQ>g¥îQ>rMm n{hbm nwañH$ma åhUyZ Ë`mM§ AgmYmaU {ZEo{Vhm{gH$ _hÎd Agbo, Ë`m§Zm AZoH$ gm{hË` g§_obZmMr AÜ`jnX§MmbyZ Ambr Agbr Var Ë`m§À`m gm{hË`H¥$Vrg ñdV§Ì _hmamîQ´> {Z_m©UhmoB©n`ªV _mÌ Zm_m§{H$V Ago nwañH$ma bm^bo ZìhVo. Zmhr åhUm`bmH$mX§~arH$ma h. Zm. AmnQ>o `m§À`m nËZr a_m~mB© AmnQ>o `m§Zr Amnë`mnVrÀ`m ñ_aUmW© R>odbobo "H¡$. h. Zm. AmnQ>o nm[aVmo{fH$' gZ 1942 d1943 bm {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§Zm Ë`m§À`m "H«$m¢MdY' H$mX§~arg {_imbohmoVo. Vo nm[aVmo{fH$ ñdrH$mamdo åhUyZ a_m~mBªZr {b{hbobo 26 _o,1943 Mo nÌ _moR>o öÚ hmoVo. Vo Ë`m§À`m AmZ§Xml_mVyZ {b{hbo Jobo hmoVo.

gZ 1960 bm _hmamîQ́> ñdV§Ì Pmbm. ñdV§Ì _amR>r amÁ` ñWmnZoZ§VaVËH$mbrZ _w»`_§Ìr èd§Vamd MìhmU `m§Zr emgZmV\}$ CËH¥$îQ>gm{hË`H¥$VtZm nwañH$ma XoÊ`mMr ̀ moOZm Omhra Ho$br d {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§À`m"``m{V' H$mX§~arg Vmo {Xbm Jobm. "``m{V' H$mX§~ar _amR>r gm{hË`mMrA{ÔmV gm{hË`H¥$Vr åhUyZ {Vbm gm{hË` AH$mX_r (1960) d^maVr` kmZnrR> (1974) Ago nwañH$ma bm^bo. _amR>r ̂ mfm d gm{hË`mgn{hbo kmZnrR> {_idyZ XoÊ`mMo H$V¥©Ëd {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§MoM. "``m{V'H$mX§~ar AmOhr _amR>r dmMH$m§Mr ng§Vr åhUyZ Y«¥dnX {Q>H$dyZ Amho.

{d. g. Im§S>oH$am§Zr _amR>rV MVwaó boIZ Ho$bo. Ë`m§Mo gm{hË` d{MÌnQ> {h§Xr, V{_i, VobJy, JwOamVr, H$ÞS>, _ë`mi_, AmXr ^mfm§VAZwdm{XV Pmbo. H$mhr gm{hË`H¥$Vr a{e`Zgma»`m ^mfoVhr Joë`m.`m_wio {d. g. Im§S>oH$a Ho$di _amR>r gm{hpË`H$ Z amhVm Vo ^maVr`gm{hpË`H$ Pmbo. ^maVr` kmZnrR> nm[aVmo{fH$mZo Ë`mda {eŠH$m_moV©~H$aÊ`mnydu ^maV gaH$maZo gZ 1968 _Üò Ë`m§Zm "nÙ ŷfU' nwañH$mamZogÝ_m{ZV Ho$bo. Ë`mM dfu gm{hË` AH$mX_rZo gm{hpË`H$ `moJXmZmMrZm|X KoD$Z Ë`m§Zm "_hXÎma gXñ`Ëd' (\o$bmo{en) ~hmb Ho$bo. ̀ m {d{dYnwañH$mam§À`m {Z{_ÎmmZo ^maVâ Ë`m§Mo gËH$ma d gÝ_mZ Pmbo. fîQ>çãXrJm¡ad, A_¥V_hmoËgd Pmbo. AZoH$ {deofm§H$, Jm¡ad A§H$ àH$m{eV


Pmbo. {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnyaZo Ë`m§Zm S>r. {bQ>. nXdr àXmZ Ho$br(1976). OÝ_eVmãXr dfm©V ^maV gaH$maZo 1998 _Üò Im§S>oH$am§Moñ_¥Vr {VH$sQ> àH$m{eV Ho$bo. 1975 À`m ZmJnya òWo g§nÞ n{hë`m{díd qhXr g§_obZmV ^maVr` loîR> gm{hpË`H$ åhUyZ Ë`m§Mm gËH$maH$aÊ`mV Ambm. ̀ m {Z Aem AZoH$ KQ>Zm§VyZ {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§Mo gm{hpË`H$loîR>Ëd amO_mÝ` Am{U bmoH$_mÝ` Pmb§.A§YËd, d¥ÕËd Am{U _¥Ë`y

{d. g. Im§S>oH$a ~mbnUmnmgyZM H¥$e hmoVo. gVV Vmn BË`mXr{dH$mam§Zr J«ñV AgV. ÑîQ>r AYy Agë`mZo ~mbnUrM Mî_m bmJbmhmoVm. VéUnUr {hdVmnmZo J«ñV Pmë`mZo XrK©H$mi CnMma d {dlm§VrgmR>r~m§~wirbm XÎmH$ ~hrU dmaUmAmŠH$m~amo~a amhmdo bmJbo hmoVo. nwT>o{eamoS>çmg {ejH$ AgVmZm Vo gn©X§emZo ~oOma Pmbo hmoVo. aŠVXm~mMm{dH$mahr hmoVm. Ë`m§À`m nÌì`dhmamV, boImV, _wbmIVrV, àñVmdZoVË`m§À`m àH¥¥${VAñdmñÏ`mMo CëboI gd©Ì AmT>iVmV. {edm` nËZr d_wbm§Mo AmOmanU hmoVoM. hr gd© AS>Wù`m§Mr e`©V nma H$arV {d. g.Im§S>oH$am§Zr Amnbo dmMZ, qMVZ, _ZZ, boIZ, dŠV¥Ëd, gm§ñH¥${VH$H$m`© `m§V gmVË` R>odbo. Vo Ë`m§Zr `m A{dMbnUo Ho$bo Ë`m§VyZ "eãX{MAm_wÀ`m OrdmMo OrdZ& eãX| dmQy>§ YZ OZbmoH$m§&&' hm VwH$mam_m§MmdñVwnmR> Ë`m§Mm AmMmaY_©M hmoVm ho àË``mg òVo.

gZ 1971 gmb g§nV Ambo, Vgo COì`m S>moù`mZo Oo dmMVm`m`Mo Vohr òB©Zmgo Pmbo. d¥ÕËd Am{U AeŠVnUm_wio _moVrq~XÿMoAm°naoeZ H$aUo YmoŠ`mMo hmoVo; nU dmMZM àmUdm ỳ Agboë`m Im§S>oH$am§ZmeñÌ[H«$ò{edm` n`m©̀ ZìhVm. _mJÀ`m Am°naoeZMm AZŵ d H$mhr Mm§JbmZìhVm; nU ZmBbmO åhUyZ 15 \o$~«wdmar, 1972 amoOr S>m°. nam§Ono`m§À`mH$S>o Am°naoeZ Pmbo; nU nwT>o H$m°påßbHo$eÝg dmT>V Jobr. S>moimH$mT>Ê`mdmMyZ JË §̀Va R>abo Zmhr AZ² OJmbm àH$me XoUmam hm gm{hË`G$frñdV… _mÌ A§Ymagmo~Vr Pmbm. nyU© A§YËd Ambo.

Var {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§Zr boIZ, dmMZmMr H$mg gmoS>br Zmhr.àdmg, [\$aUo ~§X Pmbo Var Kar eVnmdbr Mmbm`Mr. VemVM Ë`m§Zr1975Mo H$èhmS>Mo A{Ib ̂ maVr` gm{hË` g§_obZ, kmZnrR> nm[aVmo{fH$g_ma§̂ d Ë`màrË`W© {Xëbr, _w§~B©, nwUo, H$moëhmnyaMo gËH$ma g_ma§̂Ë`m§Zr Ho$di bmoH$m§À`m ào_m_wio nobbo.

Am°JñQ>, 1976 _Üò Ë`m§Mr àH¥$Vr d¥ÕmnH$mim_wio T>mgiV Jobr.


Am°JñQ>À`m eodQ>r Ë`m§Zm {_aOoÀ`m dm°Zbog hm°pñnQ>b_Üò XmIb H$amdobmJbo. CnMma KoV AgVmZmM Ë`m§Mo 2 gßQ>|~a, 1976 amoOr {_aO òWoXþ…IX {ZYZ Pmbo. Z§Va Ë`m§Mr H$moëhmnwamV "Z ŷVmo Z ^{dî`Vr' AerA§Ë``mÌm {ZKmbr. Ë`mV _r EH$ nmB©H$ hmoD$Z A§{V_ lÕm§Obr An©UHo$br hmoVr.

_bm Im§S>oH$am§Mm ghdmg gZ 1963 nmgyZ bm^bm Vmo Ë`m§ZrñWmnZ Ho$boë`m Am§Va^maVr {dÚmb`mMm {dÚmWu åhUyZ. Z§Va Ë`mMemioV _r qhXr {ejH$ Pmbmo. Ë`m H$mimVhr gVV ôQ>Uo, ~mobUo hmoVamhm`Mo. Ë`m§À`m AmMma, {dMmam§Mo d gm{hË`mMo g§ñH$ma _Oda Pmë`mZoM_r _yë`{ZîR> OrdZ OJy eH$bmo, Aer _mPr {dZ_« YmaUm Amho. Ë`m§À`m`m G$UmMr naV\o$S> åhUyZ {edmOr {dÚmnrR> d Im§S>oH$a Hw$Qw>§~r` `m§À`m_XVrZo {d. g. Im§S>oH$a ñ_¥Vr g§J«hmb` gZ 2002 Vo 2004 _Üò{edmOr {dÚmnrR>mV C^mê$ eH$bmo. gZ 2001 bm Ë`m§À`m {ZYZmg25 df} Pmbr. aOV ñ_¥Vr åhUyZ Ë`m§À`m Ag§H${bV d AàH$m{eVgm{hË`mM§ g§nmXZ Ho$b§. H$Wm, H$mX§~ar, bKw{Z~§Y, AmË_H$Wm, d¡Mm[aH$boI, _wbmIVr, g_rjmË_H$ boIg§J«h, nQ>H$Wm Aer 20 Zdr nwñVHo$àH$m{eV Pmbr. ì`pŠV{MÌo, ^mfUo, {dZmoXr boI, "d¡ZVo`'M§ boIZAer AmUIr nmM nwñVHo$ àH$m{eV H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mr aOV ñ_¥Vr nyU© hmoB©b.ho M[aÌboIZhr Ë`m§À`m _Odarb g§ñH$mam§MrM CVamB© hmò .


àH$aU Xþgaog_J« gm{hpË`H$ Im§S>oH$a … A§VarMo ~mob

{d. g. Im§S>oH$a ho _amR>rVrb g_J« gm{hpË`H$ hmoV. Ë`m§Zr d¡{dÜ`nyU©Am{U {dnwb gm{hË`boIZ Ho$b§. H$Wm, H$mX§~ar, ê$nH$H$Wm, nQ>H$Wm,ZmQ>H$, {Z~§Y, bKw{Z~§Y, H${dVm, AZwdmX, g§nmXZ, ì`pŠV{MÌ, g_rjm,M[aÌ, AmË_M[aÌ, nÌ, _wbmIV, d¡Mm[aH$ boI, ^mfUo, {dZmoX Aemgm{hË`mÀ`m gd© àm§VmV Ë`m§Zr boIZ Ho$bo. Agm MVwó gm{hpË`H$_amR>rV {daimM åhUmdm bmJob. {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§À`m gm{hË`mMo{OVHo$ AZwdmX ^maVr` ^mfm§V Pmbo, {VVHo$ Šd{MVM Hw$Um _amR>rgm{hpË`H$mMo Pmbo AgmdoV. Ë`m A§Jm§Zr nm{hbo Var ^maVr` gm{hpË`H$hmoÊ`mMm gÝ_mZ àmá H$aUmao _amR>r gm{hpË`H$ åhUyZhr {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§MoñWmZ AmJi§ {Z AgmYmaU _mZmd§ bmJob. Ë`m§Zr {b{hboë`m gm{hË`mn¡H$sZmQ>H$ d nQ>H$WoMm {dMma `m M[aÌmV AÝ`Ì Ambm Agë`mZo {ÛéŠVrQ>miÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo Ë`m XmoZ n¡by§Mm AndmX H$ê$Z BWo AÝ` boIZg_J«VoMmAmT>mdm KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Amho. hoVy hmM H$s, gm{hpË`H$ Im§S>oH$am§À`mAîQ>n¡by ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm n[aM` ìhmdm d gm{hË`mMo ñWyb ê$nhr bjmV`mdo.

{d. g. Im§S>oH$am§À`m gm{hË`mVrb d¡{dÜ` d ì`mnH$Vm `m§Mm emoYKoVm bjmV `oVo H$s, Ë`m§Mo dmMZhr VgoM AîQ>mdYmZr hmoVo. B§J«Or,g§ñH¥$V, qhXr, O_©Z, \«|$M, BË`mXr gm{hË`mMo Ë`m§Mo dmMZ ~hþAm`m_rhmoVo. dmMZm~amo~a Ë`m§Zr ñdV…M§ Ag§ ñdV§Ì qMVZ {dH${gV Ho$b§hmoV§. Vo _mUgmVrb {df_Vm, AkmZ, Xm[aÐç, A§YlÕm `m§~m~V gVVqMVoV Agm`Mo. gd©ñneu d gdªH$f g_mZVm ho Ë`m§M§ ñdßZ hmoV§.{~H$Q> dmñVdm§Zr gX¡d ì`{WV hm boIH$, gdm}X`r g_mOmMm Ë`mbm{ZË` Ü`mg hmoVm. {Za§Va AñdñWVm OmonmgUmao gm{hpË`H$M Zì`m


g_mOmMr ñdßZ§ nmhÿ eH$VmV, ho Im§S>oH$am§À`m ì`ŠVr d dmL²>_`mMmAä`mg H$aVmZm àH$fm©Zo àË``mg òVo. OrdZ d H$boM§ AÛ¡V ho Ë`m§À`mg_J« gm{hË`mM§ d¡{eîQ>ç gm§JVm òB©b. nm§T>anoem _Ü`_dJ© hm Ë`m§À`mOrdZmMm narK Agbm Var Ë`m§À`m gm{hË`{df` d Ame`mg Ag§Hw$n_§Sy>H$ Hw§$nU ZìhVo. d¡pídH$ _ZwîÒrdZ _yë`mYm[aV hmoD$Z Vo {dH${gVìhmdo d gVV CÞV, D$Ád©ñdb hmoV amhmdo Aer YS>nS> H$aUmam, Ü`mgKoVbobm hm boIH$, Ë`mMr _mUgm{df`r Agbobr Vi_i Ë`m§À`mgm{hË`mVrb g_J« nQ>bmda gVV g§doXr OmJê$H$Vm ì`ŠV H$aVo.H$mX§~arH$ma

gZ 1930 gmbr "öX`mMr hmH$' {bhÿZ {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§Zr _amR>rH$mX§~arÀ`m joÌmV nmD$b R>odb§ Vo ̂ rV^rVM. Ë`m§À`mM eãXm§V gm§Jm`M§,Va "_hmamîQ´> emaXm _§{XamÀ`m H$mX§~arÀ`m XmbZmV _r AmO ^rV^rVMnmD$b Q>mH$sV Amho. h[a^mD$ AmnQ>çm§nmgyZ àmo. \$S>Š`m§n`ªVÀ`m H$mimVAZoH$ Hw$eb boIH$m§Zr {d ŷ{fV Ho$boë`m `m dmL²>_`{d^mJmV àdoeH$aVmZm ZmdrÝ`mÀ`m AmZ§XmÀ`m N>mònojm AnèmÀ`m ^`mMr gmdbr_Zmda A[YH$ ngabr, Va Ë`mV Zdb dmQ>Ê`mgmaIo H$mhr Zmhr. VWm{nAmOÀ`m gwad§Q>m§MrM CÚm \w$bnmIao hmoVmV, hm g¥îQ>r{Z`_ Ü`mZmVAmUyZ _r ho YmS>g Ho$bo Amho.' AZ² Pmb§hr Vg§M. "``m{V'bm kmZnrR>{_idyZ Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m H$mX§~arH$mamM§ \w$bnmIê$ Pmë`mM§ nwT>o {gÕHo$b§.

n¡gm, gÎmm, g§nÎmr, kmZ, H$sVu, à{gÕr Aem AZoH$ hmH$m KmbV_Zwî` OJV AgVmo; na§Vw Ë`mZo Ë`mMo g_mYmZ hmoV Zmhr. Ë`mMr IarŷH$ AgVo ào_mMr. hr öX`mÀ`m hmHo$VyZM {_iVo, ho Im§S>oH$am§Zr H$_b

Am{U {XdmH$a, Hw$gw_ Am{U à^mH$a VgoM S>m°. ^mJdV Aem VrZ ào_r`wJwbm§VyZ, Ë`m§À`m Xm§ånËÒrdZmVyZ AZw^dmMm n¡g {dñVmaV ñnîQ> Ho$b§Amho. hr Ë`m§Mr n{hbrM H$mX§~ar Agë`mZo `m H$mX§~arÀ`m H$bmË_H$_`m©Xm bjmV KoVë`m Var {VÀ`mVrb hm {df` d Ame`mÀ`m A§Jm§Zr{VZo dmMH$m§er Ho$boë`m hm{X©H$ g§dmXm_wio Vr èñdr R>abr Am{UË`m_wioM Im§S>oH$a "H$m§MZ_¥J' (1931) {b{hÊ`mMo YmS>g bJoM H$ê$eH$bo.

"H$m§MZ_¥J' {b{hVmZm Ë`m§Mm AmË_{dídmg XþUmdë`m_wioM AgobH$Xm{MV, Ë`m§Zr "H$m§MZ_¥J'À`m N>moQ>çm àñVmdZoV Amnë`m AmJm_rH$mX§~ar "b§H$mXhZ'Mr KmofUm Ho$br. {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§Zr Amnë`m


H$mX§~è`m§À`m àñVmdZm§_YyZ "Mm§̂ mamMm Xod', "\w$bnmIao', "dfm©H$mb',"Zdr ñÌr', "N>m`m', "_Ëñ`J§Ym', "AqOŠ`', "dQ>nÌo', "dmZàñW', "~wÕAm[U {hQ>ba', "{ebmboI', "{Vgar ŷH$', "d¥§XmdZ' `m§gma»`m AZoH$H$mX§~è`m§Mo g§H$ën Omhra Ho$bo AmhoV. n¡H$s "Zdr ñÌr' AnyU© ñdê$nmV_rM g§nm{XV H$ê$Z àH$memV AmUbr Amho. "d¥§XmdZ' nyU© Pmë`mMog§Ho$V Ë`m§À`m nÌboIZmV AmT>iVmV. Ë`mMo EH$ àH$aU "gVrÀ`mKmQ>mda' àH$m{eV Amho, Va "dQ>nÌo'Mr 11 àH$aUo dQ>nÌoMm _OHy$anÌê$n AgyZ d¡Mm[aH$ Amho, H$mX§~arMm Zmhr. Im§S>oH$am§À`m _ZmV AZoH$H$Wm~rOo, {dMma gX¡d W¡_mZ KmbV AgV. åhUyZ AZoH$ boIg§H$ënVo Omhra H$arV. H$mhr {gÕ hmoV, Va H$mhr ñdßZ ~ZyZ amhV.

"H$m§MZ_¥J' H$mX§~arMr {Z{_©Vr _hmË_m Jm§YtÀ`m "IoS>çmH$S>o Mbm'KmofUoVyZ Pmbr. Ho$di eham§Mm {dH$mg H$aUo åhUOo H$m§MZ_¥Jm_mJoYmdUo dmQ>Umè`m Im§S>oH$am§Zr `m H$mX§~arÀ`m Zm`H$mMo, gwYmH$amMo M[aÌË`m A§JmZo Jw§\$bo Amho. Vmo gwIdñVy, ehar, J¥hñW VoWrb gwImgrZOrdZmbm H§$Q>miVmo Am[U IoS>çmV OmD$Z J«m_gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mMr YS>nS>H$aVmo. emim H$mT>Vmo. g_mOgodm H$aVmo; nU VoWrb JmdJw§S> Ë`mbm{damoY H$aVmV, Ìmg XoVmV, Var Vmo Amnë`m Üò̀ dmXr {ZîR>oda AQ>iamhVmo. ñdV… nwZ{d©dmh H$aVmo. AmXe© KmbyZ XoVmo; nU eodQ>r AmnU_¥JOim_mJo YmdVmo AmhmoV, `m {dMmamZo {Zame hmoVmo. AmXe© {dMma dì`dhmamÀ`m nmR>nwamì`mZoM _mUgmMm H$m§MZ_¥J hmoUo Wm§~ob, Agmg§Xoe hr H$mX§~ar XoVo. `m H$mX§~arZo EH$ à^mdr OrdZgyÌ gm§JÊ`mMm Omoà`ËZ Ho$bm, Vmo AmO AmR> XeHo$ bmoQ>br Var {Ma§VZ dmQ>Vmo. Im§S>oH$am§À`mH$mX§~è`m AmOhr EH${dgmì`m eVH$mVrb Zdr {nT>r dmMVo `mMo ahñ`Ë`m§Vrb qMVZJ ©̂ _yë`m§ZmM Úmdo bmJob.

`mZ§Va gZ 1934 _Üò Im§S>oH$am§Mr "XmoZ Y«wd' àH$m{eV Pmbr.Im§S>oH$a gZ 1920 _Ü ò {eamoS>çmg {ejH$ åhUyZ Jobo. VoWrb dmñVì`mVË`m§Zr H$moH$UM§ Xm[aÐç, AkmZ, {df_Vm, A§YlÕm nm{hbr. gm§Jbr,nwÊ`mM§ AmOda nm{hbobo gwIdñVy OrdZ d ho `m§V XmoZ Yw«dm§M§ A§VaAgë`mM§ Ë`m§Zm OmUdbo. Ë`m Om{UdoMr {Z{_©Vr åhUOo hr H$mX§~ar."EH$ hiì`m IoS>di {OdmMm AmV© dmL²>_`rZ CX²Jma' Ago Im§S>oH$am§ZrñdV…Mo Ho$bobo dU©Z {H$Vr gmW© Amho, ho H$mX§~ar dmMVmZm bjmV òVo.H$WmZm`H$ a_mH$m§V gd©gmYmaU Agboë`m dËgbmer b½Z H$aVmo. OrdZmVAmboë`m gwa§Jm, gwbmoMZm, {dÚmYa, H¥$îUm, XmXmgmho~, AmXt_wio


OrdZmVrb Xar, A§Va Ë`mbm C_JV§. g_mOmVrb {df_Vm Ho$di gd©ñneug_VoZoM òD$ eHo$b, Agm AmemdmX OmJdUmar hr H$mX§~ar Im§S>oH$anR>S>rVrb AmXem}Ý_wI dmñVddmXr gm{hË`H¥$Vr hmo`. `m H$mX§~arVIm§S>oH$am§Zr OrdZmVrb {d{dY joÌm§Vrb "XmoZ Yw«d' {M{ÌV Ho$bo AmhoV.

{d. g. Im§S>oH$am§Mr gdm©{YH$ AmdS>Vr H$mX§~ar åhUOo gZ 1924gmbr àH$m{eV "CëH$m' hmo`. Vr Ë`m§Zr Am°ŠQ>mo~a, 1933 _Üò {b{hbr.Mßnb Amho, nU N>Ìr Zmhr Aer Hw$aHw$a H$aUmam _Ü`_dJ© EH$sH$S>o dXþgarH$S>o XmoZ doiMr ^mH$ar Z {_iUmam g_mO. "XmoZ Yw«dm§'_YrbVi_i, VJ_J `m H$mX§~arVhr AmT>iVo. "OJmVrb Xþ…Io ZwgË`m n{dÌBÀN>oZo Zmhrer hmoV ZmhrV; Vr Ë`mJmZo, godoZo, g§KQ>ZoZo Am[U H$V¥©ËdmZoMXÿa H$amdr bmJVmV.' ho gm§JÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr `m H$mX§~arV AÝ`m`meràmUnUmZo bT>Umè`m M§ÐH$m§V `m VéUmMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br. hr {Z{_©VråhUOo Im§S>oH$am§Mo CatharsisM hmò . bmoH$ `m aMZog amOH$s` H$mX§~ar_mZV Agbo Var Im§S>oH$a _mÌ Vo gm\$ ZmH$maVmV. àm. J. à. àYmZm§Zr_mÌ AmnU hr H$mX§~ar VéUnUr dmMbr d AmnU amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$MidirV Ambo nm{hOo, Ago dmQy>Z CS>r KoVë`mMo H$~yb Ho$bo Amho.CëH$m hr Zm{`H$m. IoS>çmV dmT>bobr. d{S>bm§À`m g§ñH$mamZo g_mOgodoVòVo. dg§Ver hmoUmam {ddmh Q>iVmo. Vr _m[UH$amdm§À`m ào_mV nS>Vo.eodQ>r ~m~yamd n§{S>V `m O_rZXmamer {VMm {ddmh hmoVmo. M§ÐH$m§Vgmo~VVr H$m_Jmam§Mm bT>m bT>Vo. ̂ mD$gmho~m§À`m _¥Ë ỳZ§Va Q́>ñQ> H$ê$Z g_mOgodmMmby R>odVo. `m gdmª_mJo Jm§YrOtMr {dídñV g§H$ënZm Agë`mMo{XgVo. _hmË_m Jm§YtÀ`m {dMma d H$m`m©À`m Im§S>oH$am§darb à^mdmMmn[aUm_ åhUyZhr `m H$mX§~arH$S>o nm{hb§ nm{hOo.

d¡Mm[aH$ Û§Û ho {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§À`m H$mX§~è`m§Mo d¡{eîQ>ç. VoaMZm§À`m erf©H$mVhr ~è`mMXm à{Vq~{~V hmoV amhVo. "XmoZ _Zo' Aeme¥§IboVrbM EH$ H$S>r hmò . "g_VoMr àm_m{UH$nUo nyOm H$aUmè`m Zì`mg_mOmda ÑîQ>r R>odyZ gm{hpË`H$mam§Zr ñdV§Ì XoemMr ñdßZo nmhm`bmhdrV. Ag§ AmdmhZ H$aUmar hr H$mX§~ar. ~°. ~mimgmho~ Xoe_wI{Z_©bmer {ddmh~Õ hmoVmV. Vr gmoÁÁdi ñÌr AgVo. {VÀ`mer g§gmaH$arV AgVmZm Mnbm ZmdmÀ`m {gZoZQ>rÀ`m ào_OmimV AS>H$VmV.{Z_©boMm Ë`mJ d MnboMm Cn^moJ `m§V eodQ>r Ë`mJmMm {dO` hmoVmo. lrd Mnbm `m XmoZ _Zm§Mr hr H$Wm hmò . gw~moY, b{bVm, àmo. AmJQ>o,BË`mXr nmÌo H$WoMm nQ> IwbdrV CÔoemàV `m H$Wog ZoVmV. `m H$mX§~arMo


AZoH$ ^mfm§V AZwdmX Pmbo. Ë`m ^m{fH$m§V hr H$mX§~ar Ë`m§Mr ^m{fH$H$mX§~ar _mZbr Jobr, BVHo$ {VMo AZwdmX à^mdr R>abo.

ì`dhma Am{U Üò`dmX, Vab àrVr Am{U CËH$Q> ^ŠVr, AmË_ào_d _mZdY_©, BË`mXr Ym½`m§Zr "{hadm Mm\$m'Mm OrdZnQ> {dUbobm Amho.VmË`mgmho~ H$mbobH$am§Mr H$Ý`m gwb^m, Vr S>m°ŠQ>a hmoVo. {VMm {à`H$a{dO` ~°[añQ>a AgVmo; nU Vr {ddmh _mÌ H$aVo KamVrb _mobH$aUrÀ`m_wbmer. Vmohr Vwé§JmV. gwb^mMm ̂ mD$ _Zmoha dm__mJu hmoD$Z Zm`{H$UrÀ`mZmXmbm bmJVmo. Zm`{H$UrMm IyZ hmoVmo. nmn{^ê$ _Zmoha VoWyZ niH$mT>Vmo; nU "Zm`{H$UrMm' AerM Ë`mMr g_mOboIr AmoiI amhVo. VmoAmnë`m d{S>bm§À`m aIobrÀ`m _wbrer g§YmZ ~m§YVmo. Ë`m_wio A{YH$Xþ…ImÀ`m JV}V AS>H$Vmo. ào_^md hm {hadm Mm\$m AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`mA^mdr _mUgmM§ OrdZ emoH$mË_ H$go ~ZVo, ho Im§S>oH$am§Zr gZ 1939gmbr {b{hboë`m `m H$mX§~arVyZ XmIdyZ {Xbo Amho.

{d. g. Im§S>oH$a {eamoS>m gmoSy>Z H$moëhmnwar Ambo, Vo "h§g {nŠMg©'À`mnQ>H$Wm {b{hÊ`mgmR>r åhUyZ. Ë`m H$mimV Ë`m§Zr Aem AZoH$ nQ>H$Wm{b{hë`m H$s, Á`m§À`m Z§Va H$mX§~è`mhr Pmë`m. `m nR>S>rV "[aH$m_mXoìhmam', "gwImMm emoY', "Aly'gma»`m H$mX§~è`m òVmV. "XodVm'{MÌnQ>mÀ`m {Z{_©VrAmYr {VMo Pmbobo H$mX§~ar ê$n åhUOo "[aH$m_mXoìhmam'. AmYr H$mX§~ar àH$m{eV Pmbr. (1934). Vr JmObr. _J{VMm _amR>r {MÌnQ> Pmbm (1939). Vmohr èñdr Pmbm, åhUyZ _J"XodVm', "_§{Xa' ZmdmZo 1948 _Üò qhXrV àH$m{eV Pmbm. H$mX§~ar d{MÌnQ> H«$_ CbQ>ogwbQ>o hmoV am{hbo.

AemoH$Mo dS>rb _wbJr emô ob Aem gwerboer {ddmh H$aVmV._wbJm Ë`mbm {damoY H$aVmo. d{S>bm§Zm g_OmdVmo H$s, ñÌr ^mo½`m ZgyZXodVm Amho. ñÌrg à{VîR>m {_idyZ XoÊ`mÀ`m BamÚmZo {b{hbobr hrH$mX§~ar. ñÌrM§ KamV VoM ñWmZ hdo, Oo _§{XamV XodVoÀ`m _yVvM§. VoZgob, Va Ka hm [aH$m_m Xoìhmam R>aVmo. ""Am{W©H$ CbWmnmbWr_wio_Ü`_dJm©Vrb ñÌr Kam~mhoa nS>br, ZmoH$ar H$ê$ bmJbr, gam©g nwéfm§V{_giy bmJbr. `mV dmdJo Ago H$mhrM Pmbo Zmhr; nU hr ñÌr {VÀ`merbmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo YS> Zm nm¡dm©Ë`, Zm nmíMmÎ` Aem AmOÀ`m g_mOmVgwa{jV Amho H$m? Agm àíZ Im§S>oH$a `m H$mX§~arVyZ {dMmaVmV Voìhm_mÌ dmMH$ A§V_w©I hmoVmo. _bm dmQ>V§, hoM `m H$mX§~arM§ è Amho.

"gwImMm emoY' hr Im§S>oH$am§Mr AmR>dr H$mX§~ar. Vr àW_V… gZ


1934 _Üò àH$m{eV Pmbr. nwT>o `m H$mX§~arda "h§g {nŠMg©'Zo gZ1939 bm `mM ZmdmZo {MÌnQ> H$mT>bm Voìhm `m H$mX§~arMr g{MÌAmd¥Îmr àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. N>m`m{MÌo AWm©VM {MÌnQ>mVrbhmoVr. hr {MÌ Amd¥Îmr Ë`m doir {MÌnQ>J¥hm§V {dH«$sg CnbãY hmoVr.àojH$ {MÌnQ>mÀ`m {V{H$Q>m~amo~a H$mX§~arhr IaoXr H$arV. `m H$mX§~arMoH$WmZH$ Im§S>oH$ar` hmoVo. _mZdr OrdZ gwI Am{U Xþ…Im§Zr ̂ abobo Amho._mUyg gVV gwImÀ`m emoYmV AgVmo. gd© àH$maMr gwI§ {_imbr H$s_mUyg AV¥á H$m amhVmo, `mMm emoY KoV Im§S>oH$a gm§JVmV H$s, "gwI{Zanoj godoV Amho, gwI {Odmbm Ord XoUmè`m _mUgmda ào_ H$aÊ`mVAmho.' H$mX§~arMr Zm{`H$m _m{UH$ g_mOgo{dH$m AgVo. gw`mo½`_mJ©Xe©H$mA^mdr Vr {Zame hmoD$Z Amnë`m ^mdZm§Zm {Vbm§Obr XoVo.`m{déÕ AmZ§X Am{U Cfm EH$_oH$m§da ào_ H$arV Agë`mZo Ë`m OmoamdaCfm AmZ§Xmbm _mUgmV AmUVo, gwYmaVo. H$îQ>mZo _mUgmMo OrdZ gwgøhmoVo, ho gm§JUmar gXa H$mX§~arhr AZoH$ ^mfm§V AZwdm{XV Pmbr Amho.

"nm§T>ao T>J' hr Im§S>oH$am§À`m AmOdaÀ`m H$mX§~atnojm doJir Agë`mZo{VMo Im§S>oH$am§À`m H$mX§~ar boIZ{dH$mgmV _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. EH$ Va`m H$mX§~arZo ^m{fH$ diU KoD$Z Vr Ab§H$ma_wŠV Aer ghO Am{UåhUyZM à^mdr R>abr. Xþgao Ago H$s, AmOdaÀ`m H$mX§~è`m§V Im§S>oH$aemo{fVm§Mr ~mOy KoV. {ZåZdJu` {MÌU H$arV. `mV _Ü`_dJ© {MÌUmMmH|$Ð Amho. Ë`m dJm©Vrb X{bVm§Mo {MÌU H$aVmZm A^`gmaIm ~w{Õ_mZ;na§Vw ^mdZmerb VéU [M{ÌV H$ê$Z Zm`H$mMr nR>S>r nU Im§S>oH$am§Zr~XbyZ Q>mH$br. gÎdeyÝ` Am{U ÜòèyÝ` hmoV Mmbboë`m _Ü`_dJm©bm{Xem{X½Xe©Z H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo {b{hboë`m `m H$mX§~arV A^`MrYS>nS> hm Im§S>oH$am§À`m ñdßZmVrb XoeKS>UrMm à`ËZ hmò . gZ 1939gmbr àH$m{eV hr H$mX§~ar "g_mO gwIr H$am`bm AmYr gm_m{OH$ _Z{Z_m©U Ho$bo nm{hOo. _mZdr hŠH$m§H$[aVm PJSm`bm, bT>m`bm, àg§Jr_am`bmhr Á`m doir V`ma hmoB©b Ë`mM doir AmOMo {~H$Q> àíZgwQ>Vrb.''Ago R>m_nUo gm§JVo.

gm_m{OH$ {dMmam§À`m H$mX§~è`m§V Ambobm {df`m§Mm VmoMVmoMnUmXÿa H$aÊ`mgmR>r é{MnmbQ> åhUyZ {b{hbobr H$mX§~ar "n{hbo ào_' {df`åhUyZ dmMH$m§À`m ng§Vrg Z CVaVr Va AmíM`©! àËòH$ ì`ŠVr n{hë`mào_mÀ`m AZw^dmVyZ OmV Agë`mZo `m {df`mg {ÌH$mbm~m{YV d{dídì`mnr AZw^dmMo ê$n Ambo Amho. AmH$f©H$ _wIn¥îR> d erf©H$


bm^bobr hr H$mX§~ar gZ 1940 gmbr à{gÕ Pmbr. "n{hbo ào_ hoMIao ào_' Ago AmOda gdmªZr gm§{JVbo. ñQ>r\$Z ñdmBJ Agmo dm eaƒ§ÐMVOu Agmo! nU Im§S>oH$a _mÌ Ago _mZVmV H$s, n{hë`m ào_mbmAmOda AdmñVd _hÎd {Xbo Jobo. ho Iao Amho H$s, "n{hë`m ào_mMmAmË_m gm¢X`© Amho; nÊm OrdZmbm COiUmè`m em§V àrVrMm CX`ZwgË`m gm¢X`m©VyZ hmoV Zmhr. Ë`m gm¢X`m©bm gm_Ï`m©Mr {Z gmYwËdmMrOmoS> bmJVo.'' hr Im§S>oH$am§Mr qMVZàYmZ H$mX§~ar Agë`mZo H$WmZH$,nmÌo, àg§J Ho$di {Z{_Îm hmoVmV. nÌ, H$mì`, gw^m{fV`wŠV ^mfm,BË`mXt_wio hr H$mX§~ar {df`mg AZwHy$b Aer amo_±{Q>H$ ~Z{dÊ`mMmIm§S>oH$am§Mm à`ËZ åhUOo AmOdaÀ`m Ë`m§À`m H$mX§~arboIZmg {XbobmN>oX hmò .

{d. g. Im§S>oH$a AmVm H$mX§~arboIZmMo doJdoJio à`moJ H$aVmZm{XgVmV. AmVm hoM nmhm, Zm. "Oibobm _moha' hr gZ 1941 MrH$mX§~ar AJmoXa Ë`m§Zr {VMr H$mhr àH$aUo "nm[aOmVH$mMr \w$bo' ZmdmZonmM ^mJm§V àH$m{eV Ho$br. dmMH$m§À`m à{V{H«$`m AO_mdyZ _J VrEH${OZgr {b{hbr. _wimV ̀ m H$mX§~arMr àoaUm Ë`m§Zm {na°XoXëbmo ̀ m§À`m"{gŠg H°$a°ŠQ>a BZ gM© Am°\$ A°Z Am°Wa' `m ZmQ>H$mVyZ {_imbr.H$mX§~arMr Zm{`H$m Hw$gw_ H$mì`doS>r AgVo. Ë`m doS>mVM Vr b½Z H$aVo;nU {VMm nVr {dg§JV dmJUmam {ZKVmo. g_mOmV doí`m§Mm CÕma H$aUmam{VMm Zdam _mÌ KamV {VÀ`mer VwQ>H$ d VwgS>m dmJVmo. Ë`m_wio Hw$gw_d¡VmJVo. BVH$s H$s, nVrZo "dYy nm{hOo' Om{hamV XoD$Zhr {VÀ`mdaË`mMm H$gbmhr n[aUm_ hmoV Zmhr. CbQ>njr Ago b½Z PmboM, VaAmnU gwIr hmoD$ Ag§ Hw$gw_bm dmQ>Uo åhUOo OrdZmVrb _mohaOië`mÀ`mM nmD$bIwUm Zìho H$m? "nm§T>ao T>J'à_mUo `m H$mX§~arMoerf©H$ gyMH$ d àVrH$mË_H$ Amho.

"àmMrZ H$mir _hfu dmë_rH$s¨Mr à{V^m H«$m¢M nú`mÀ`m H«$sS>m_½ZOmoS>ß`mbm nmhÿZ ^½Z Pmbr hmoVr Zm? Ë`m OmoS>ß`mVrb ZamMm {^ëbmZodY Ho$bobo nmhÿZ _hfvZr amJmZo Ë`mbm emn {Xbm hmoVm Zm? ^moJ Am{UË`mJ, H$mì` Am{U H¥$Vr, ~wÕr Am{U ^mdZm `m OmoS>ß`mn¡H$s, Hw$UmdahrVgm àg§J Ambm Va Vwåhr VoM H$am; Am{U EH$ JmoîQ> {dgê$ ZH$m.H$mbMo emn eãXm§Mo hmoVo, AmOMo emn H¥$VrMo Agbo nm{hOo.'' Ago~OmdV {b{hbobr "H«$m¢MdY' H$mX§~arMr H$Wm {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§ZrgwbmoMZm d {XZH$a^modVr Jw§w\$br Amho. XmXmgmho~ g§ñH¥$VMo àmÜ`mnH$


AgVmV. Amnbr _wbJr gwbmoMZmZo amOH$maUmaV ^mJ KoUo Ë`m§Zm ng§VZgVo. {VMm {_Ì {XZH$a g_mOH$maU, amOH$maU H$arV Vwé§JmV OmVmo.gwbmoMZm BH$S>o ^Jd§Vamd ehmÊ`m§er b½Z H$aVo. Vwé§JmVyZ gwQ>bobm{XZH$a eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm ~m§YVmo. naV Ë`mbm AQ>H$ hmoD$Z \$merMr {ejm\$_m©dbr OmVo; na§Vw ^Jd§Vamd ehmÊ`m§_wio Ë`mbm OrdXmZ {_iVo.Aer H$Wm Jw§\$V Im§S>oH$a hr H$mX§~ar Amnë`m C{ÔîQ>màV nmohmoM{dVmV.amîQ́>r` Am§XmobZmÀ`m H$mimV gZ 1942 gmbr {b{hboë`m ̀ m H$mX§~ar_mJodmVmdaUmMm AgUmam à^md dmMVmZm ñnîQ> OmUdVmo.

Xþgè`m _hm`wÕmZ§Va gmè`m OJmMoM g§X ©̂ ~XbyZ OmVmV. `wÕmÀ`m_hm{dZmeH$mar àË``mZo Im§S>oH$a H$Wm, nQ>H$Wm, g§nmXZ, BË`mXr H$m`©H$arV am{hbo Var H$mX§~arboIZ _mÌ W§S>mdb§. "Im§S>oH$a d¥Õ Pmbo',"Ë`m§Mr à{V^m AmQ>br' Aer AmdB© CR>V am{hbr. `m gdmªZm CÎma XoVË`m§Zr 11 dfmªZ§Va {b{hbobr H$mX§~ar åhUOo "Aly'. gZ 1954 bm VràH$m{eV Pmbr. `m H$mimV Ë`m§M§ _Z AñdñW hmoV§. Ë`mVyZ EH$ ZdmAmemdmX, C_oX KoD$Z Vo {b{hVo hmoVmV. ^maVmÀ`m g§ñH¥$VrMm dmagm_Ü`_dJm©Zo Onbm AgyZ hmM dJ© CÚmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ H«$m§VrMo ZoV¥ËdH$arb, Ag§ gm§JUmar hr H$mX§~ar. "Aly' EH$m {ejH$mMr H$Wm Amho.e§H$a gai_mJu, H$îQ>miy {ejH$ Amho. Jar~ {dÚmÏ`mª~Ôb Ë`mÀ`m_ZmV {dbjU AmñWm AgVo. _yë`m§Zm gd©Vmonar _mZUmam hm {ejH$àbmo^Zm§nmgyZ ñdV…bm Xÿa R>odVmo. ~{hUrÀ`m b½ZmV AS>MU òD$ZhrJ¡a_mJm©g Vmo OmV Zmhr. H$maU Ë`mbm _mhrV AgVo H$s, gai am{hë`mZ§lr_§V Oar Zmhr hmoVm Amb§, Var g_mYmZr _mÌ ZŠH$s amhVm òV§. Ho$di`m _yë`YmaUoda Vmo VJVmo. ho XmIdyZ Im§S>oH$a nwÝhm EH$Xm AmXe©dmXmM§g_W©Z H$aVmV. `mM H$Woda "XmZmnmZr' `m qhXr {MÌnQ>mMr {Z{_©Vr gZ1953 _Üò H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. AJmoXa {MÌnQ> Ambm d Z§VaH$mX§~ar.

"``m{V' hm {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§À`m H$mX§~ar boIZH$boMm Ma_q~Xÿhmo`. hr H$mX§~ar Ë`m§Zr 1959 bm {b{hbr. gZ 1960 bm _hmamîQ´>amÁ`mMr ñWmnZm Pmbr. hr ñWmnZm hmoVmM amÁ` emgZmZo _amR>rgm{hË`mVrb CËH¥$îQ> dmL²>_`rZ aMZm åhUyZ `m H$mX§~arMm Jm¡ad Ho$bm.nmR>monmR> {Vbm Ë`mM dfm©M§ gm{hË` AH$mX_r nm[aVmo{fH$hr bm^b§ AZ²nwT>o gZ 1974 M§ ̂ maVr` kmZnrR> nm[aVmo{fH$ g§nmXÿZ ̂ maVr` gm{hË`mVrbloîR> gm{hpË`H$ H¥¥$Vr åhUyZ gÝ_mZ Pmbm. `m gmè`m èmM§ lo` OmV§,


{d. g. Im§S>oH$am§À`m ^maVr` {_WH$m§Mo g_H$mbrZ g§X ©̂ emoYyZ Ë`mM§JyT>-J§̂ ra qMVZ ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mÀ`m G${fnUmg. "``m{V'Mr _yi H$Wm_hm^maVmVrb. nwT>o Vr AZoH$ nwamUm§V AmT>iVo. Im§S>oH$am§Zr _yi H$WoV~Xb H$ê$Z Vo dV©_mZmer OmoS>bo. hr "``m{V'Mr H$m_H$Wm, Xod`mZrMrg§gmaH$Wm, e{_©îR>oMr ào_H$Wm Va H$MmMr ^pŠVH$Wm hmo`. `m H$WoMm_moh Hw$gw_mJ«Om§Zm Pmbm, VgmM Vmo qhXrVrb à{gÕ H$dr H$mX§~arH$ma^JdVrMaU d_mªZmhr. Hw$gw_mJ«Om§Zr "``m{V Am[U Xod`mZr' ho ZmQ>H${b{hb§, Va d_mªZr "{MÌboIm' H$mX§~ar. XmoÝhr àojH$m§Zr, dmMH$m§Zrng§V Ho$br. {VM§ gm_Ï`© _mÌ _yi H$WoVM AmT>iV§.

`Vr {Z ``mVr hr Zhyf amOmMr _wb§. AJñV G$ftÀ`m emnm_wioË`m§Mr VmQ>mVyQ> hmoVo. ``mVr eya, dra, gmhgr. Vmo ^mdmÀ`m emoYmW©{ZKVmo. àdmgmV Ë`mMr Xod`mZrer JmR> nS>Vo. {VÀ`mer Vmo b½Z H$aVmo;nU gwIr Zmhr hmoV. gwI Ë`mbm e{_©îR>oH$Sy>Z {_iV§. Ë`m amJmZo Xod`mZramUr e{_©îR>obm Xmgr ~ZdyZ ~§Xr ~Z{dVo. ``mVr {VMr gwQ>H$m H$aVmo.Voìhm H$M Am{U `Vr {VÀ`m _XVrbm YmdyZ òVmV. ``m{VnwÌ nwê$ _moR>mhmoD$Z gd© {dÚm§V àdrU hmoVmo. `Xybm Xñ`yÀ`m VmdS>rVyZ gmoS>{dVmo.ewH«$mMm`mªÀ`m emnm_wio O»I åhmVmè`m Pmboë`m d{S>bm§Zm Amnb§VméÊ` XoVmo. Amnbm ^mD$ d AmB© naV {_imdr åhUyZ amÁ`mMm hŠH$gmoS>Vmo; nU Xod`mZr Ë`mbm qghmgZmê$T> H$aVo. Aer H$Wm Agbobr hrH$mX§~ar H$Wm åhUyZ Vr n[a{MV Agbr Var {VM§ ZdnU H$mX§~arVòUmè`m VÎdkmZmV Amho d Vo dV©_mZ _mZdr àd¥Îmrda ~moQ> R>odUma§hr!""H$m_dmgZm hr AÞmÀ`m dmgZoBVH$sM ñdm^m{dH$ dmgZm Amho. AÞmÀ`mJaOoBVH$sM Amdí`H$ JaO Amho. {VMo _mZdr OrdZmVrb ApñVËd,{VMo gm¢X`©, {VMo gm_Ï`© hr gd© _bm _mÝ` AmhoV; nU _Zwî`mMrHw$R>brhr dmgZm `m ñdê$nmVM am{hbr, Va {VMo CÝ_mXmV ê$nm§VahmoÊ`mMm g§^d AgVmo.'' Ag§ gm§JUmar H$mX§~ar åhUOo dV©_mZmM§Cn{ZfXM Zìho H$m? åhUyZ Va àm. Zaha Hw$é§XH$a åhUVmV, ""Im§S>oH$am§Mr"``m{V' hr Aer AmYw{ZH$ _mUgmÀ`m Zì`m AmH$m§jm§Mr H$Wm Amho.''ZmQ>çê$nm§Va, Z^moZmQ>ç, AZwdmX, BË`mXt_wio hr H$mX§~ar gd©Xÿa nmohmoMbr.

`mZ§Va gZ 1967 _Üò Im§S>oH$am§Zr "A_¥Vdob' {b{hbr. {VMohrAZwdmX Pmbo. Q>r.ìhr. gr[a`bhr Pmbr `m H$mX§~arda. ào_ _mZdrOrdZmVrb A_¥Vdob AgyZ ZdñdßZm§Mm Ü`mg Agob Va Vr~haë`m{edm` amhV Zmhr, Aer C_oX hr H$mX§~ar dmMH$m§Zm XoVo.


'Passion and compassion must go hand in hand' ho `m H$mX§~arMo gyÌAmho. eoIaÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§ Z§XmM§ Am`wî` CX²ÜdñV hmoV§. n{hë`m ào_mMr~ir Z§Xm nwT>o XodXÎmÀ`m Amhmar OmVo. gwImMr ñdßZo nmhVo; nUñdßZ^§JmM§ eë`M {VÀ`m nXar `oV§. H$mX§~arVrb dgw§Yam, _mohZ,_Ywam, J§Jmam_, gm{dÌr, ~mny gd© doJdoJù`m Xþ…Im§Mo ~ir; H$maU Vog§H$sU©VoV Jwa\$Q>bobo. ñdào_, ñdmWm©nojm Xþgè`mM§ Xþ…I H$dQ>miUo hrMXmoZ öX`o, _mUgo OmoS>Umar OdiMr dmQ> Amho, ho "A_¥Vdob'À`m_mÜ`_mVyZ gm§JÊ`mMm à`ËZ Im§S>oH$a H$aVmV. àñVmdZm Zgboë`m XmoZH$mX§~è`m§Vrb hr EH$ hmò ; H$maU hr H$mX§~ar åhUOoM Im§S>oH$am§À`m{dMmaYmaoMr XrK© àñVmdZm hmo`. _YwgyXZ H$mbobH$am§Zr "A_¥Vdob'M§ZmQ>çê$nm§Va Ho$bo hmoVo.

{d. g. Im§S>oH$am§À`m boIZmVrb eodQ>Mr H$mX§~ar åhUyZ "gmoZoarñdßZ§ ^§Jbobr' (1977)Mo _hÎd Amho. Vr AnyU© H$mX§~ar hmo`._amR>rV Vr AnyU© Agbr Var qhXrV Vr nyU© ñdê$nmV _r AZwdm{XV Ho$brAmho. Ë`mZ§Va AerM AnyU©; na§Vw nwñVH$ê$n Z Pmbobr "Zdr ñÌr' _rg§nm{XV H$ê$Z àH$memV AmUbr. Im§S>oH$am§À`m {nT>rZ§ ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimVñdV§Ì ^maVmMr ñdamÁ`mMr gmoZoar ñdßZo nm{hbr hmoVr. ñdmV§Í`mZ§VaÀ`m25 dfmªV Vr Ywirbm {_imbr. Ë`mMo eë`, Vmo ñdßZ §̂J Im§S>oH$am§ZrZmZm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ì`ŠV Ho$bm Amho. nÌ, ê$nH$H$Wm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z"gmoZoar ñdßZ§ §̂Jbobr' H$mX§~ar H$bmË_H$ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Im§S>oH$am§ZrHo$bm Amho.

"Zdr ñÌr' (1950) hr {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§Mr AnyU© aMZm AgbrVar {VMo ñdê$n nmhVm EH$ nyU© "ñÌr à~moYZ JrVm' åhUyZ {VMoAgm_mÝ` _hÎd Amho. Zì`m ñÌrZo H$m`Xm OmUm`bm hdm. {VZo ZwgVo{e{jV hmoD$Z ^mJUma Zmhr, {VZ§ gwOmU ìhm`bm hd§. {VÀ`m _ZmMrKS>U gm_m{OH$ ìhm`bm hdr. KaMm nag gmoSy>Z {VMo A§JU {dñVmam`bmhdo. Vr ~mhþbr amhÿZ MmbUma Zmhr. ñÌr nwéfmà_mUo ñdmV§Í` KoD$ZOÝ_mbm Ambr AgVmZm {Vbm Xþæ`_ ñWmZ, Jwbm_rM§, ~§YZmM§ OrdZH$m? ñÌr nwéfmMr gIr Ho$ìhm hmoUma? Ago àíZ d {dMma Im§S>oH$am§À`m_ZmV KmoiV AgVmZm {b{hbr Jobobr hr H$mX§~ar AmO ghm XeHo$CbQy>Z Jobr Var àñVwV dmQ>V amhVo, `mVM H$mX§~arMo _hÎd gm_mdboboAmho. Im§S>oH$am§Zm "Xþ~io b{bV boIH$' åhUyZ {hUdUmè`m g_rjH$m§Zmhr H$mX§~ar Im§S>oH$am§À`m H«$m§VXeu VÎdqMVH$mMm n¡by XmI{db.


H$mX§~ar boIH$ åhUyZ Im§S>oH$a _amR>r gm{hË`mV Odi-Odi nmMXeHo$ g{H«$` am{hbo. `m gmVË`nyU© boIZmZo Im§S>oH$am§Zr _amR>r H$mX§~arB{VhmgmV Amnb§ `wJ {Z_m©U Ho$b§. {dMmaH$ åhUyZ H$mX§~arH$ma I

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{d. g. Im§S>oH$a M[aÌ · 2018. 12. 3. · {d. g. Im§S>oH$a M[aÌ/4 YS>nS>rV {d. g. Im§S>oH$a M[aÌmMo Zdo n¡by CbJS>bo. H$mhr Zdo g§X^© hmVr Ambo. Ë`m_wio M[aÌmMr gwYm[aV