Ecf Brochure en Planche

7/30/2019 Ecf Brochure en Planche

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Quiig Co2 svigs ccig


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CyCle more often 2


Cycle more Often 2 cool down the planet ! www.ecf.com

rssib ei :

eu Cciss fi aSBlru fki 28B-1000 Busssaus :

B BiC mis

Jui fgus

nvb 2011eCf u ik gu k cibuis b mc v wubg,asiz.c.


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excuiv su

B 1990 2007, gus gs issis s i eU ics b 36%, i gusgs issis scs cs b 15%uig s i. mi, ci iigis v v s ic b eU ic. B 2050, eU s sbu ucig is gus gs issis (GhGs) b80 95% c 1990 vs. Csqu, s sc i v uc is issis b si 60%.

w vuig i s s, i is bicc s i gus gssvigs. aug cb s, biccs GhG issis v 10 is s sig iiviu izs. pcs, si i cic ssisc, s u v gus gs issis i s g s i biccs.

tis su ss i vs ccig i eU-27

quiv s u i dk, bicc us u civ 12 26% 2050 g uci s s sc, ig ic s bicc cs.

ms i jcis scis ccu sus cusig iv i i eU i- g- ci cg bjcivs.iv sus si iv 20% cs i s issi b 2050, usig 1990vs s bsi.

I ii cgic vs ivis,civig eUs bjcivs i qui biius sic s eU-i si iiviuiz s. oi biccs, cs bicc-s scs, i i cbiii ss si, v i ucibu uc si.


4/17

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5/17


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Source : European Commsson1

B 2020, eU g cu v eU gus gsissis b 20% c 1990 vs. I scs cv b eu Ui eissistig Ss (eU etS) suc s s issis b c civ uc b 10% b 2005 vs.

t eU s s bjciv ucig gus gsissis b 80-95% b 2050 c 1990 vs.

C02 svigs cu vs ccig

Iuci

w is i ccig i cs igeU gus gs issis ? a s ccigc i s s ? I is si ccig is z-issi s. wiis is u i is ui, s cb si bu ccig gus gs issis. I ccu s is qusi ccig GhG issis, i is i ssss biccs icc, i vs ccig css eU.

li cc ssss is s

G skig, g c su b k cig g i s s.I ics b si ssuc s u svics, us vib

ii cs k i icu bi ucb gu g isi. nvss, i isssib xi s GhG issis, igigs ics v ssib kig iiis.

w cig s s i ic ci cg, i cc su b k icsii s uc s ssib: c s quis ci v g uc,ucu, iss. t s c b si csuci ic isucuqui i us.

t i cc s c b ivi ii ss:

t production phase ic icus g i ius qui ucu vic.

t operation phase, ic icus u uci uiisi.

t maintenance phase, ic icus civiqui k vic s s s ssib .

t ig scis s s i cc usi sc is su:

Infrastructure is g icu i li Ccassss (lCa) s icu i is subcus is ck c vic GhGic iss s bicc s.

Disposal, icuig ic s i, iss gc bcus s ciss i us ccig is, bcus is giic v GhG issis i s ts.

tis su ccus ic uci, ic, i u uciss 4 i s s: bicc, c (cic ssis biccig), c bus.

t biccI suis ic k i cc i s s, kig ccig icu.w icu, s zissi is, iig s s i GhG. wi is s u i is, i.. ccigs u , uci bicc s is GhG issis. f ccig b ksius gs k cisi ks, i is i qui is ic bii uc GhG issis.

puci ic

pig bicc s z issi i isc isig i sc is uci: GhGs ik xci ucuig i uc bicc. tno ccuis usig ec-iv bs 3. t is ssui 4 vg cu bicc

igs 19.9kg, i is cs 14.6 kg uiiu,3.7 kg s 1.6 kg ubb bicc is 8 s cv isc 2400 k c .Usig s ssuis, i is si biccuci ic ccus xi5 grams CO2e 5/km.

3 tno, fis is g, gz vig, 2010.

4 o ssuis icu is b c v5000 k, c 5,6 is v i 8s, tno, fis is g, gz vig, 2010

5 Co2 ss quiv cb ixi.

Suc g- issis gs c b is issis s sic uc. tcissi si s sc s uc is issis b 54% 67% b 2050, c 1990 vs. I s ci iigi sv s ic i eU ic.2

Usig cu vs ccig s bsis, is is si gus gs issis bicc is us. I is s qusi: sccig c i s s ?

1 Cissi cuici a r vig ciiv cb c i 2050 - Com(2011) 112

2 t x Cissi s ii u s issi c, i icu s cbisig ucici su s sc, eu Cissipsi Bs, piic guiis x Cissi, 3Sb 2009

tis i s k i bicc uc gus issis. wi bicc c is GhG issis, s i ub bicc us cu ci ics.

fi, is i v v bi k i ccig cb c. h c u cb ccig svs b vu ?

0

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40

60

80

100

120

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Power

Industry

Transport

Non CO2 Agriculture

1990 1997 2004 2011 2018 2025 2032 2039 2045

Current policy

EU

TargetNon CO2 other sectors

Residental & Tertary

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oi

Ccuig GhG ik i biccs kig ii i ik ccisc i is s us. o cuccu - suis - s cciss i ccig. I is s ci u i s- is , iig bbu. y suc ccusis vk i cciss us i g s. rsc 6s cis is b u ics i ik bc sic civ. fu, GhG ik uci, isibui csui is gigib. fi, i u s-sig isiss

u c bicc, sci u bub is s s suc ug ic GhGissi ccuis.

6 mz K. ., Ciic nuii (2005) 24, 885895.

fu ccuis cciss s s:

a 16 k u, ccis is buig bu 4 kicis kig u7, i iv bic ivig k quis g sb gig bu i i civiis: 1,5kicis kig u8.

a u 70 kg i bu 175 kicis9 u ccig c i ivig.fig is gic, c ki cc is ui ii 11 kilocalories10.

t qusi is, i GhG issi ik s ii cis ?t cb isi vis g s c bs i g11 b. ts gus ic scs uci, icuig ci,iigi, uci, ici iizs sicis.

7 tno, fis is g, gz vig, 2010

8 t iv bic ivig k is c civiis suc s cic uig gcis, bu bi ig sig. ais B., t Ciu sic civiis, 2003

9 70 kg x (4kc/ 1,5kc/)= 175 kc/

10 175 kc/ / 16k/= 175 kc/16k, 11 kc/k

11 figus c sis pi pi (2008). t sigic uciis i s sis ig b gig g ccuig issis.

Source : Pmentel and Pmentel (2008)

I ii cis b u i b ,is u 157 gs 12 Co2 c k cc.o , sb cis u 0.8 gs13 c k cc. t qusi is, ic gus su b us ?

I csi i eU i kici ikis 346614 s ic 1.83 sCo2 s15, is us kicis 1.44g Co2. t u ccis c bsi 16 grams CO2e/km16.

t suiz ics uci, ic

i ss, i cc ivis bicc vs biccs s bu 21 grams ofCO2e ssg ki v.

h s is c i c, ssgc bus ?

t c

accig eU guis17, cs (s cic ccig) ccs i ssisc ic qui i uxii cic vig xiu ciuus 0.25 kw, ic uu is gssiv uc cu s vic cs s 25 k/, s, i ccis ss ig.

12 11Kc/k x 14.3 g/kc is 157 g/k.

13 11kc/k x 0.07g/kc is 0.8 g/k.

14 eus, gu 2007

15 S w Csuig

16 1,44g Co2/kc x 11kc/k is 16 gCo2/k

17 eU diciv 2002/24/eC

pcs sis s -biccs, cic biccs. hv, cs k i iv is ig. e-biks i i cic c si vic v i iv s .

a su b tno18 sis Co2 issis cs u 17 gs ki. tis icus 7 gs 19 uci ic 10 gs ik uci cici20 is ssis ccis. assuis icu i cc 8 s isc 2400 k, s iscus i ccuis bicc. t cb

isi cici sui i eU-27 is 12% i ns su k c.t Co2 issis ik cici usb c cu 9 gs ki21.

assuig ccis is c is buig bu 2.5kicis kig u22, u 70 kgi bu 70 kicis u23 ccig is c ivig, 4.4kc/k24; is ccis i i ii 6gCO2e/km25.

f c ki cc, cs vCo2 issis bu 22 grams, i s gs s bicc.

18 tno, 2010

19 Co2 issis ik uci ic cs si b b 5 9 gs ig isi

us, tno, 2010

20 hiks I, egbs l, Scijv J, Gijsijk r v, wvJ, wiig J., ekisc fis mkzk vkigksgijk, 2008

21 rsciv 0.42949 kgCo2 kw cici csu ns, 0.38265 eU27 vg, eeagus 2006

22 tis is s uc s cic uig gcis, ais2003.

23 70 kg x (2.5kc/ 1.5kc/)= 70 kc/

24 70kc/ / 16k/ is 4.4kc/k

25 4.4kc/k x 1.4g Co2/kc

Co2 (gs 100 cis)

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figu 5 ii issis ssg cs i us c ciis

eg Us eissi fcs

Co2 noX pm10 So2

C mJ/K g/K g/K g/K g/K

Gsi

t 2.69 194 0.35 0.008 0.006

Ub 3.59 259 0.48 0.012 0.008

ex ub 2.25 162 0.27 0.005 0.005

m 2.58 186 0.38 0.008 0.006

dis

t 2.42 180 0.57 0.061 0.003

Ub 3.11 231 0.85 0.097 0.004

ex ub 2.09 155 0.46 0.043 0.002

m 2.41 179 0.54 0.060 0.003

lpG

t 2.48 165 0.47 0.008 0.000

Ub 3.48 232 0.62 0.010 0.000

ex ub 2.20 146 0.46 0.006 0.000

m 2.38 159 0.45 0.008 0.000

t

t 2.60 188 0.43 0.023 0.005

Ub 3.49 252 0.56 0.030 0.007

ex ub 2.21 160 0.33 0.014 0.004

m 2.50 182 0.44 0.028 0.004

t ssg c

a cs cb i c b bs ucsui . t uci i css ucuig c v iic is v GhG issis. w kig v icc Co2 issis26, 9% v

26 eea, ts suc-ci s ss, 2009

issis c b c ucuig; 90% us; 1% iss.

Source : EEA

Eb_^


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t bus

puci

GhG ik uci bus v b sib ademe37 b quiv c ic s5.5 s Co2 vic. wi ubbus igig vg 11 s, vig is 1.000.000 k, vg ccuc 10, Co2 issis bus uci c b si 6g per passenger-kilometre.

37 ademe, Gui s cus issis, 2010.

oi

f s b bus, issis sg vs cgsi, i ccucs. I is g, i icsb ci buss i g isc bussic v usi ciis / igs.

Source : STREAM

Bcus biccs i us s is,i is ccu c bicc issis i ig ix: 70% ci bus kis 30% gibus kis. I s cicuscs, i vgccuc 10 ssgs, Co2issis i c 95g ssg-ki.

t suis, Co2 issis ik uci i ss v bus is bu101 g CO2e per passenger-kilometre.

o scs iucig GhG vs i s s

B vius i cc s uis (uci,ic i) scsiucig GhG vs i s s.tis icus csuci, i ic isucu s ccis uc. S s scs ig v sigicic GhG issis i s s.I s isc b ccu kig kigss i ccu icss vg cs icb issis b s uc s 10%38.

nvss, ssssig sciv ic svius scs s usi sc is .

38 pkig isucu: g, issis, ubi viccuig, evi. rs. l. 5 (Ju-Sb 2010)

figu 7 tii issis buss

eg Us eissi fcs

Co2 noX pm10 So2

Bus mJ/K g/K g/K g/K g/K

t 12.10 898 8.57 0.274 0.014

Ub 14.53 1079 11.75 0.407 0.016

ex ub 12.30 913 7.62 0.226 0.014

m 14.53 701 5.92 0.170 0.011

Ci bus 13.41 1079 11.75 0.407 0.016

rgi Bus 13.41 996 9.69 0.316 0.015

Cc 11.41 849 7.80 0.243 0.013

Source : TNO34

figu 6 w33 eissi i g K v

occui Co2

t bs cs 1.57 169

Ub bs cs 1.57 189

ex ub bs cs 1.57 120

m bs cs 1.57 136

t s cs 1.16 229

Ub s cs 1.16 256

ex ub s cs 1.16 162

m s cs 1.16 184

Gus gs issis ssg-ki s vg ccuc c, ic iv sigic b cuis i g i isc. wi v vgccuc is 1.57, cuig is i ss 1.1632.

t c b vis su ic iicGhG issis c i c ciis c ccuc. Bcus GhG issis vs bc i s bicc is u 7.5 k, GhG cs ig ix c ciis: 70% cikis, 25% k s 5% k igs.3334

32 avg vib eu s cuis, eea.

33 w t w issis (wtw) ss w ttk (wtt) tk t w issis (ttw).

34 tno, fis is g, gz vig, 2010

t bv gus k i csii i-ciiig i cs, ic ii 10-20gs vic-ki35.C ss36 icu i, i s c sigic ics ucsui GhG issis.

S, csiig ig ix c ciis:70% ci kis, 25% k s 5% k igs, Co2 issis i c229g ssg-ki.

rviig Co2 issis ik uci i ss v , is ci bicc, ssg c is bu 271 gCO2e per passenger-kilometre.

35 h. v ess, o. B, J. digs, r. v Bik (rIVm), t si si, s qusi, Ce d, 2003

36 w gi is c, u csui is ig. t bvgus c ig u csui vs ik css, ic i v ig ic s is, icbicc is c .


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acs ucs GhG issis

Source : Dalkmann and Branngan, 2007

figu 8 pi sg sss rucig GhG issis

avi

tv s k c

n/si vs b uc

IvSi

avib isus

n-is s

wkig ccig

pubic iz s

pubic s, bus, i

Iiviu izs

C, xi

dcisi v v b ic cs u csui cb issis.

nub vics, v c gsi, iv bvi, vic cii, u

CARBON EMiSSiONS

p pr re eI I t r e I t

pigisus (p)

ecicisus (e)

rguIsus (r)

Iiisus (I)

tcgicIsus (t)

t avi Si - Iv (aSI) c

t is gig cssus icis su b susib s s uis. t vi, si iv c

ci cg iigi is s bsis is ic ig.

h uc Co2 is ccig svig cu vs ?

t biccs s

I is icu ccu u isc cc v i eU. t s i is gu s i 2003ii euss eu Ui eg tsi figus i gus 2000 i eU-15. tisc cc ss 71 bii kis. tis iis vg ccig isc 188 k s . tkig csviv c, ssuig ccig s s ics sic 2000, eU27 ui i2011 c b si cc 94 billion kilometres per

year39.

t biccs s s i Co2

assuig bicc is u is b b c, s bicc is u sv 24 millions oftonnes of CO2e. I cic v, is u b cs. t, usig ig is: bus42%, c 32% kig 26%40: bicc is sv 11millions of tonnes CO2e.

S s is gu i i ? Is subsiu Co2 sv ? U K pc, eU-15 g cciv i GhG issisb vg 8%, cciv uci 341m Co241. wi eU-15 ccig v 71 biikis i 200042, ccigs cibui ss 3to 6% share of EU-15 Kyoto protocol commitments.

h uc Co2 ccig svigs ibiccs s s ics ?

tiig v ccig

I v ccig s i, is u si i u Co2 sv, civ isig biccCo2 svigs 33 72 ii s43. a ics iccig i ics isc bicci. as i cu ss, cu vs ccig csseu is v s is44.

39 o cu ub s ccig is i eU12 i eU-15. accig 2010 eu-b,ccig is giv s i s b 7% ciizs eU-15 b ss, b 8% ciizs eU-12 b ss.

40 tis ssui is bs s subsiu b bicc is Biccs scs (sciv 40% ubic s, 30% c 25% kig; 5% iig BSSs is subsiuig iv- bicc is v b isibu ).

41 eU-15 1990 Co2 gb issis 4.265 ii s.

42 t is ib c iz biccs s, s i is k i biccs svv sic .

43 36 ii s ssuig suggs ix subsiu s s, 81 ii s ssuig bicc is uc c is

44 30% is is s 2 k, 50% izis s 5 k: ni icis ccig,eu Cc miiss ts, 2004. niicis ccig, eu Cc miiss ts, 2004. I ns, isc quc is ig: 43% is s 2.5 k; 59 % is s 5 k; 70 % is s 7.5 k

2020 2050 gs

w i eus cc vg s uc s dis45?

I dcb 2008, eU mb Ss sis gs s ckg cc sus g ci cg. ts icu ci cu,b 2020, v eU gus gs issis b 20%c 1990 vs. I scs cv b eu Ui eissis tig Ss (eU etS) sucs s issis cciv b uc b10% b 2005 vs b 2020.

B 2020, i eU ccig s s c i s vs s i dk i 2000 46, is u 481 bii k cc , b 55 120 ii s Co2 sv u. tis us 5 to 11% of the overall target eU GhGissis ( 20% b 2020, c 1990 vs)47, i u ccu 57 to 125% of the transporttarget (10% b 2020 c 2005 vs) 48.

I eU ccig s s c ccig s i dk b 2050, is u s 490 biikis 49, svigs b 63 142ii s Co2 , sig 12 to 26%of the target reduction set for the transport sector 50.

ecig eU g scui

Csiig vg b cu i 51 is 100.73kg iqui us52, cb-bs u

i i 3.15 is is ig53 i Co2 bu, vg b cu i i uc 317kg Co2.

27 ii s Co2 uc b 85 million barrelsof crude oil. a 100 USd/b is is 8.5 bii USd,6.4 billion EUR / year54.

wi eU cu i is 955 ii bs cui , eU ciizs ccig dis vs ureduce EU oil importations by 9%.

45 I dk, vg ccig isc s 936 k//si 2000 (eus 2003).

46 B 2020 eU27 ui is xc b 514 ii (eus).

47 1990 eU27 gb issis 5589 ii s Co2 (eus)

48 2005 eU27 s issis 963 ii s Co2 (eus)

49 B 2050, eU27 ui is xc b 524 ii (eus)

50 1990 eU27 s issis 771 ii s Co2(eus); , uci 60% (vg b -54% -67% ss sc g s b Cissi)ss 463 mCo2

51 assu b 159 is.

52 t vg b cu is ig ucs: Gsi:44.1% (70.12 is -i gvi 0.74- 51.89kg); isiu i: 20.8% (33.07 is -i gvi 0.88- 29.10kg);ks- j u: 9.3% (14.79 is -i gvi 0.82-12.13kg); siu u i: 5.2% (8.27 is -i gvi 0.92- 7.61kg) 100.73kg (cg vus rigs hbk Iusi Cis, 2003).

53 Ccuig evi Ic avii eissis, oxUivsi Su. tis is su c cb cigi s xg uc Co2.

54 wi USd/eUr xcg 0.75


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ev i xcu bu c, most ifnot all projections and scenarios conclude thatimprovements in vehicles and fuels will not beable to achieve EU-long term climate changeobjectives55. I s, eU c cu cg s is gs.

I s b si cbii ivsus cu 63% GhG uci busiss s usu bsi, bu c 1990vs, is u s 20% uci.

t is silver buckshot sg - ss silver bullet c. tis s is ig ub k cgis(i.. siv bu c), s ic suk csiv vi ic c,usuig b cic -cic is icu sus cub 57.tis csu b i eU is sius bu cigis s-ci GhG issi uci gs. tissiv bucks sg icus ucig icsuis, gggig s gis scuigii gus gs issi ucis.

555657

55 Iea, 2010; Ski ., 2010; ns eviassss agc, 2009, ccig ic eU - isci cg bjcivs i v uc is v GhG

s issis b c 12 b 2050, i ssg c u v b s b 20 25.pss Bick, Sgis rucig Ics Suctsi Gb Ci Cg: a Ssis picrsc S lc miigi Sgis, 2009.

56 t i scis s s: sci 1 : iv gisig (si 9% uci i Co2 issis cs i 2050); sci 2: iv vic sig (si 8% uci i Co2 issis vics); sci 3:cic cs (si s 35% uci i sCo2 issis); sci 4: cb us (si 4% uci i Co2 issis cs 12% hGVs buss); sci 5: tcgis cugig bviu cg(si 9% uci i Co2 issis cs 4% hGVs buss)

57 I su b sss cubig s i cubigbii. w is sk is icsig ccssibii.

aviig

aviig ucig is c isc b ug igi us sig. aviig ucig is s i-i i i s iu- i cs ucig GhG issis.

Siig

Siig iiig is c cibu GhG i i s:

fis, ig b si is bii ss cb-isiv s s -is s, ik kig ccig58;

Sc, si iv is bii cbii ubic s bicc, iscs g b cv b bicc ;

B vig si -is s ik kig ccig- is s59.

58 a si is s ss cb-isiv s s i bvius s su i cs vs GhGissis.

59 obvius, si is s cb-isivs s u s su i ics vs GhG.

Source : EC

Source : EEA, Towards a resource-efcent transport system , 200956

Ivig

Ivig s sg ss ucig GhGissis, c b i i s.

fis, i is ssib iv GhG isi energyus. tis c ici b civ.

Sc, the transport system as a whole c biv u. t cus su b s vics ucig ub vics iv. tisc b ug iv si ig (suig igis siis is s csg s ssib) b iisig x css

s.

ti, i is ssib iv cic transport vehicles b ig b cic i s. tis quis ucig u g us v giv iscs,

isc b kig vic c ic ci.tis c s ks ucig u g us uk giv is, isc bivig i cic vic us.Ivig cic vic us icus iizigu cic, ss, kig su vic is sui is i us (.g. 4wd sui ci) us ivig u uiizi vic (ciivig c.).

t x ic GhG cic c iv svigsis qusib, s is isk rebound effect.

tk x c ssg cs xc uc 95g Co2/k b 2020 s50 c cu c 1990. y c vs gig s vg issis ciig. I, sus k sc u isk gig ii v.

0,8

0,9

1,0

1,1

1,2

1,3

1,4

1,5

1990199

1199

2199

3199

4199

5199

619

971998199

9200

0200

1200

2200

3200

420

05 200620

07

?b`nk^2?n^e\hglnfimbhgh_Zo^kZ` \ZkZg]mhmZe_n^e\hglnfimbhgh_ikboZm^\Zkl

Bg]^q*22)6*')

Bg]^q*22)6*')

;nlbg^llZlnlnZe

L\^gZkbh*

L\^gZkbh+

L\^gZkbh,

L\^gZkbh-

>NMZk`^m

0

20

40

60

80

00

20

40

60

2050204020302020 2025201020001999

Figure 10 Effect of a c ombination of improve measures

S ck c s t c K v t u csui iv c

Scic u csui vg c (is/K)


11/17


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Source : EEA, Towards a resource-efcent transport system, 200963

ov, i s b si cbii iv, vi si sus cu 84% GhG uci b 2050, bu is uci is i

sc busiss s usu bsi. C 1990 vs, is u s 49% uci.

Sig

I s iscs, i gs i b s u si.

Ccig is shorter trips, ig ccis cv s iscyet still arrive at the same destination.ev igi sii s, bicc, s, c k i us60, i ci big cg is g bicc.tis ic is bcus sss s v s k si.

t, cci c, c u c61, is b b c s iscs. t

suig u cs i s ss cu cu. a ic u c c is 1.05,ig 5% c is iscs, i ig vus s isc is csi, i kig ccig vig u c 1.

Bu ccig s i s shortertrips because of a destination switch: cc cs v i bugs vs cg vi i b cs b change of destination62.f isc, kig bicc, s x is cic v s u .

avgs siig c ivig sus

Siig is ccig s vgs i cisi ivs i g cic.

60 wix f., evuig ibii isc i ubv bviu sis, J ts Gg. 15:172-183.

61 tis cci c is c u c, is s su isc b is vig v isucu k ivi b isc b s is i ic i (Bu). ru cs us bs iccsi is (Bck 1976, Vug 1987).

fis, bicc, s v -issi s, xiss; is v GhG is nothypothetical , i v c GhG ucisug ivig cic sus uci.

Sc, bicc is immediately available; isGhG uci i ii ccssib, iGhG uci ug ivig sus is g-css.

ti, GhG ik bicc is us is marginal c is s. tis issci cs c i iv is

s, i ivig cic sus big civ gi ucis.

ls bu s, bicc s important co-benets,ic ivig sus i big, s s x. ts bs b ui ig ic s is: , ig,i, cs, s s, cgsi, i ui, isui, g scui. w c i s s c-bs, uci GhG issis, is b, c b csi s gibs. Si, u s qui bus css bs s s.

I s b si cbii vi si sus cu 21% GhG uci busiss s usu bsi, ug i scis is cbii i i i bicc.63

62 V w B, riv p, mus h. 2006. Is vg i v ixiu cs? I sc xis ics ivg v i, J. ts Gg. 14:109-122

63 t i scis s s: sci 1: siig ubic s,icus ucig isc iis (si 13%uci i Co2 s issis i 2050); sci 2: u ciivig (si 5% uci); sci 3: i icig & icsig u us (si 3% uci);sci 4: bii, icuig icsig ui si i ciis(si 25% uci i c Co2 issis).

Source : EEA, Towards a resource-efcent transport system, 200964

fcs iucig cic64

m cic is iuc b i cs. ti cs : civ scui; civ c; sus s s; giic is, b ; civ v i.

muii, i-i c-i

Multimodalitys us i s i is, isc usig bicc cc k xi g su.

Inter-modalitys sss us svi s i i ci, isc k i sss. I-i c sv s ic ici i c b c cisic s ss.

Co-modalityis i iuc b eucissi i s ic s us i s i icbii i i bi i susib uiisi sucs

64 Sci 1 is cbii iv sus; sci 2 cbii vi si sus

mxiisig i i-ihssig i ss cb isiv s s c iv GhG issi ucis s sc. hv, cu GhGbs c-i cu iv is cs. fis, i is ics i GhGisi (su i gs ssg-ki) cc s sc ivus ssgs c b v b sciv s.

f ssg s, igs i GhGucis c-i xiss i s ub s. Iis i is g GhG-ci s, icuccig, iv skig civ s. I ii kig s s civ, i is s i iv iccis, b i sic cci ss.

f x, s su b sss i us big b v s ick ki s, bicc sig icu.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2050204020302020 2025201020001999

Figure 11 Effect of a combination of avoid and shift measures

Index of emissions (1990 = 100)

Business as usual

L\^gZkbh*L\^gZkbh+L\^gZkbh,

L\^gZkbh-

>NMZk`^m

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2050204020302020 2025201020001999

Figure 12 Effect of a combination of improve, avoid and shift measures

Baseline

Improve

Avoid & shift

>NMZk`^m


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23


Ccig ubic s

Cycling helps increase the uptake of public transport , vic vs. tis icss i ccig s s ucig GhG. S c ivs vig giscs ig v i cs ui s(ccig us ubic s). t uci Co2 is ik ccig, bu s ig us ubic s. w cbi i ss s, i bicc is g ii s is.

Ccig c cibu b c ubics. as ccig is 3 4 is s kig, ub ubic s ss vib ii cus bcs 9 16 is g. I is su

ic bui ig ccig ubic sss. Suc ig s ss u iisb ubic s u k -c- ccig u ks. t su b icc i ubic s sis -ubic s ss-, su u svic s,ik bicc kig ciiis65.

Bicc s scs

w is i bicc s scs (BSSs) i

65 Gij t., Kiks m., fiig I., t i ccig susib ccssibii

ucig GhG issis ? d BSSs ics v iuc si ? a i iuc si, ki si big bu ?w k ss qui si is s/ cb isiv s s ?

a su oBIS jc66 ui x ic BSSs b si is. I u BSSs subsiu is iv s b 4%(Bi) 77% (Sigi, I) i, ubics 8% (Bc) 58% (Sck) css. I, BSSs were a substitute for motorised transportfor 52% (i riii) to 77% of users (i mi).

f iv- biccs, subsiui is u

b b 2% (rs, fc) 22% (Bi, I),i s ciis ig i 5-10% g. f kig, subsiui ss 10% (i mi) 42%(i p). w subsiuig ccig kig sis, ic g ccu 21% (Sigi, I) 48% (riii, I) si, cibui BSSs i igGhG issis is z.

fi, BSSs is ccu is 0% 44% i, i s ciis ig gus 5 20%. fis s is, ic BSSs GhG issis iscu giv s BSSs ics v.

66 oBIS, oiisig Bik Sig i eu Ciis, is eU ujc i iv uiis bik sigs vub isu s c g ci susibs bii i ub s. .bisjc.c

Source : OBiS project

t i cs ic xi suc isi i icu xisc ubic s k, si BSSs sis, cgsi v siz ci i qusi. wi giv ,i is ssib ccu ucv ic susu ics subsiui s cbisiv s s.

I s GhG issis, BSSs ss ciisvgs c u iv biccs.ms BSSs us ucks v i biccs ug ss biccs s qui ckig sis.aug issis ik s sss s

ik uig b bs (i.. uci i us is s), su si b c i GhG issi ic ssss.

I su s b b BSSs can replacecar trips of greater distances, s ik v u cbiig bik sig i s s. as, s biccs s c scatalysts for more cycling i g. I l, us biccs ics b 44 c ii s Vv is67 i pis s 70 c ics uc Vib68.

67 B, 2007

68 S, S., Guz S. Zg h. (2010). Bik-sig ieu, aics, asi: ps, ps, fuu. wsigd.C.: tsi rsc B au mig

69 mg iig GhG eissi rucis tugBicc Sig pjcs, Vu cb s, VCS, 2010.

Source : Quay Communcaons inc. 2008.

fi, b is ic GhG issis, isiiviu ubic s s s c-bs i biccs s icssic civi, uc i is ui ccgsi.

wii Vu cb k gis cu u v iig GhG

eissi rucis ug Bicc Sig pjcs69.oc , is g i vui GhG issis sv b bicc sig jcs ui vu i xsi.

figu 13 ts s subsiu b BSSs

>500,000 >100,000


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Source : TNO, 2008

Source : TNO, 2008

fu, average pedelec commutingdistance is 56% higher (9,6 k) cususig bicc (6,3 k), suggsig cs 56% g i cus.

t us c s iucs us s s. pcs s subsiu bicc (45%) c (39%).

f cus, subsiu s s s , i 39% of pedelec trips replacing bicycletrips and 41% replacing car trips . I is bvius i cuis i ccig ss csu b ik c iz s.

Cs civss s GhGuci icis

Cs civss is k csii i sig icis GhG uci. rsucs icus sus gi css GhGuci s. I is cx, gi bcs cuvs (maCCs) us k vius

ic cg

ivis i s i css i big Co2. exisig k maCCs v b ss xsiv sc iigi cis kc71.

hv is cssus gs s ci ssis72 is is su ivisi s sc big ssu b ii xsiv, cgic is, x cicvics, cu maCCs civ i g ic ivis u sigic GhG ucis i is sc ccu. Iicu, is cssus cu maCCs civ GhG ucis ssci i iucigbviu cgs suc s uci i ub isc is sis i s s.

71 a cs cuv gus gs uci, mcKis, 2009

72 Bgi dci ts Ci Cg, 2009

pcs

t x c c uc GhGissis ? d cs ics v iuc si ? a i iuc si, ki si ? w k ssqui iuc si s cbisiv s s ?

pcs c c v u ciis, isc cv i i bicc i us s s, ik biccs ivssg cs. pcs sci ig u is cc iu ssisc.

accig duc su70, k bsis cscv, uss, vg 22% morekilometres biccs. For commuters,this difference extends to 75%.t s ig b ji cus (51%) s cu b bicc sic bug c.

70 tno, ekisc s, mkzk vkigksgijk, 2008

?b`nk^*.:o^kZ`^dbehf^mk^l\r\e^]i^kp^^d%[b\r\e^mri^Zg]nl^

0

10

20

30

40

50

65 and over commuters Other Total

Home to work

Business trips

Shopping

School

Social visits

Transportng children

Sport/ hobby

Going out

Other

Total

?b`nk^*/Fh]^lh_mkZglihkmfhlmh_m^gnl^][^_hk^Zg e^\mkb\[b\r\e^pZl[hn`am

0 20 40 60 80 100

Ci bik rcig & mui bik pc

f C Bik Sc mbik pubic s txi o


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27


ec bicc i is i is i, s iisic vu i s vi Co2

issis. tus, icsig bicc c sc bii vi gus i is vu,bu s c-cu cic cs.

Gb skig, s bicc vis--vis cu ciizig Co2 issi ucisug cb c ?

o gb v, s sc ccus u qu cb ixi issis76, gb s g- Co2 issis jc ics b 1.7% , u 203077. tics i Co2 issis is ii cus b g i gb ub ui icsizi gb ub ui. tis is uc i gig cis (i jcs GhG g 2.8% 73) ig b s issis i s cuisquis x i.

U K c UnfCCC78, cuisis i is ax 179 ci ucig i ccivissis GhG b 5.2%80 b 2008-2012, c 1990 vs.

t K pc s xib cs-civciss ax 1 cuis iGhG cis b ucsig issi ucicis: C dv mcis81 (Cdm) iCdm ci jcs gig Ci eissisrucis (Cers), Ji Ii (JI) i

JI ci jcs gig eissis ruciUis (erUs)82 Ii eissis tig (Iet)83

76 Ii eg agc (Iea), eissis Cbusi, 2005

77 Iea, w eg ouk 2006

78 Ui nis fk Cvi Ci Cg Uinis fk Cvi Ci Cg vig s uibjciv civ sbiizi gus gs ccisi s v u v gusgic ic i ci ss.

79 ax 1 cuis iusiis cuis bs oeCd i 1992, us cuis i cis isii.

80 t iiis i b cu g b 0% 8%.

81 C dv mcis

82 Ji Ii (JI)

83 eissis tig

ig s cb cis b s iiks84.

n x 1 cuis v biigcis i s issi uci bu v ci iciv sbis jcs ic ucissis i c cb cis ic c bs ii ks.

pjcs csi ics siz Co2 sik bicc c cu b ciib Cdm, i i iigi cis(namas) vu cb k (VCm).

S , Cdm s k cs iigicis i s. as m 2011 0.6% Cdm jc civiis s jcs, jcs gis 0.2% k c i ssc. tis ii ici s jcs u cu Cdm is i g u icuis ig85 c86.

namas vu issi uci sus bvig cuis ic UnfCCC. namas ii b sc c icu c, gi i icis sus i uc GhG issis busiss s usu sci.ts icsig big s s k uic ax 1 cuis iig i GhG civ ii su i s.

f u v ccig s susib si, bicc sksis css. tis is siu cic bs bicc jcs c b isii si vui k. misig Co2sik bicc c sgs iic gus ii bicc jcs bcus bs biccig bc c.

84 a -k issi ig sc is eU eissis tigSc (eU etS).

85 dicuis i g icu sig bsis, ck cgii c-bs vig iii GhGissis, c busiss s usu sci.

86 dicuis i c icu vi cb ic, cscivss cis, vus sig s i jc css.

Siig bu c

mxiisig si i-i s i uc GhG issis i ucis cki. I s, i ccig, isu uc cgsi. tis v iz is b k, s izs bcs civ i cs . eciv, ivs i si cu ics cci, v GhGissis. Siuig i-i si is noton its own a sufcient condition for deliveringGHG reductions.

rbu cs v cu i ui GhG uci i manypolicy instruments. a i i kss cheaper cu siu v bui i ucis i GhG. f isc,improved fuel efciencys uc v css i u c encourage further growth i cuss cu b icig ciss73.

73 Bk, t. dgus, a. & rubi. J (2009), t ccicbu c c eg ecic (2009)2:411427.

I vi suc bu cs, complementarypolicy instruments to constrain demand u v b c. tis u uc i ii bu cs, suig i GhGucis iv i cic.

Policy options to limit the rebound effect icu icig74 ic u su uss giv xiis - icuig issis cgsi ics - i bviu cugig us k ci. n-icvs u k us - ik ic bicc s

kig icis - cu s iscug ics cv75.

74 pics vig b i ci

75 Buiig -cb c - UKs ivi cg,Ci Ci cg, 2010

Ccig cb c


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16/17

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Quiig Co2 svigs ccigeCf gu ckgsci su eu Cissi ru fki, 28 1000 Busss, Bgiu p: +32 2 880 92 74 fx: +32 2 880 92 75 [email protected]

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17/17

List of acronyms

Cdm C dv mcis

Co2 Cb ixi

Co2 Cb ixi quiv

eU etS eu Ui eissis tig Sc

GhG Gus Gs

IpCC Igv p Ci Cg

Itdp Isiu tsi dv pic

k ki-s ( 103 ic s)

nama ni ai miigi acis

pKt pssg kis v

SlCt Susib l Cb ts si

SUtp Susib Ub ts pjc

tdm tsi g

s

ttw tk t w issis

UItp Ii Ui pubic ts

UnfCCC Ui nis fk Cvi Ci Cg

VKt Vic kis v

wtt w t tk issis ( uci s: cu iuci, ig isibui) ccu bu17% w w issis

wtw w t w issis, s ii wtt ttw issis

mbs

ausi arGUS | IG- f

Bgiu fissb vz | GraCQ sb | p V sb |tis V | t eu fi ts evi

Bsi &hzgvi

G tu

Bugi Bugi Cciss asscii

C V Qubc

Ci Uug BICIKl

Cus Cus tuis ogisi | pikiisi Cub

Czc rubic Ck Kub Ku Zij | nc psvi

dk dCf dsk Ckis fbu | figig fi fug |Cgiz csuig

esi V ag

fi hsigi pkuiij | nk fiis Ccigmuiciiis

fc fUB | af3V | ds & rgis ccbs

G adfC V

Gc fii u u

hug mg Kks- KubCcig hug aic

Ic lhm, lssk ji

I dubi Ccig Cig

Is Is Bicc asscii

I fIaB fzi Ii aici Bicic

lvi lvijs v icijs cs

liui liui Cciss' Cui

luxbug lVI, lzbug Vs-Iiiiv

ns fissb | I-Ce Ic Ccig exisSicig lijk fis | fIS, fisk | IiSicig

n Slf Skiss lsig

p pis evi psi fui (epCe) |pi asscii C eu (pSwe) |Vp fui

pug fpCUB | mUBI - assci mbii Ub Bicic

ri fi Bicicisi di ri

russi russi Cc tuig Cub | Bicc tsi Ui

Sbi yug Ccig Cig

Svki Svsk Ckkub | ekis fui

Svi Svsk Kssk z

Si Ci C Usuis Bicic |

aeVV eGwa eu Gs asscii |a C

S Ckj,

Siz p V Sciz | Vks-Cub Sciz VCS

tuk Bisiki dgi

Uki Kiv Cciss asscii

UK CtC Cciss tuig Cub | CCn Cc Cig nkSuss ni Cc nk C

USa o S | aic Bikig wkig

f u ii bu eCf jcs civiis s cc

[email protected] - .c.c

B

preSIdentm nu/adfC

G

treaSUrerJs l rsuss/dCf

dk

VICe-preSIdentSd Ki di/p V Siz

Siz

Kvi m/CtC UK

fs v Sc/fissb

t ns

d Vicii/fIaB I

m K/Skisslsig

n

pi Kuiski/pSwe p

S

d B e s ik S c G

m fbi Ks pic oc

d r rzic ki pj c mg

d f i B sc i p jc m g

ms C mis Cuicisoc

ms wii Vwg

oc mg &excuiv assis

m ri u S b u V -ci S i s &ev mg

m a B( 01/01 )

euv mg

m Jui fgus( 15/03 )

Cuicisoc

m mi tui( 27/04 )

pic oc

m Ci wsgv( 16/05 )

pic oc rS tcic

Issus

m B B( 02/05 s)

pic oc h evi

m e lcs( 16/05 s)

pic ocCcig tuis

ms Isb Gvs( 01/10 )

assis oc

missi S

fu i 1983, European CyclistsFederation (eCf) is ub i i cciss ssciis i eu, icb sii gisis s . o b u bs, g su bicc us civs is us is s big bu susib bii ubic-big. t civ s is, eCf sks cg ius, icis bug cis eu v. eCf sius giss xcg ii xis bicc s icis sgis s s k cciss v.

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