Eng Nyamplung

Certifié pour les produits cosmétiques écologiques et biologiques

NYAMPLUNG DTECH 0808/1-01/10/08

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Sales and Marketing department - 30 Place de la Madeleine - 75008 Paris, France - T +33 1 53 30 90 00 - F +33 1 53 30 90 Headquarters - Route de Bazancourt - 51110 Pomacle, France - T +33 3 26 05 42 80 - F +33 3 26 05 42 88

www.soliance.com – email : [email protected] 2

Table of content

1. INTRODUCTION 3

2. NYAMPLUNG OIL ORIGIN 4

3. NYAMPLUNG OIL PRODUCTION 10

4. NYAMPLUNG OIL SENSORY PROFILE 15

5. BIOLOGICAL CONTEXT 16

6. EFFICACY TESTS 17

7. FORMULATION 24

8. CONCLUSION 26

9. REFERENCES 27


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1. INTRODUCTION Vegetable oils have been used since ever in cosmetic preparations, in all civilisations, history periods and populations. They bring richness to formulas : emulsions, lotions, balms… and may also be active ingredients with remarkable properties in skin care and hair care. Nyamplung oil is a vegetable oil from Indonesia, stemming from a tree known for many qualities, Calophyllum inophyllum. This oil is unique because it combines an organic certification by ECOCERT and a biological activity of photo-protection against UV-induced premature ageing. Using Nyamplung oil in cosmetic products means both a well-being … and acting well.


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2. NYAMPLUNG OIL ORIGIN 2.1. Botanical data Etymology Calophyllum is a Greek word meaning « pretty leaves », thus giving the plant a perfectly adapted name. Classification Calophyllum gender is mainly found in Oceania and Indo-Malaysia, Central America and South America. Calophyllum inophyllum L. is the main scientific name but it also be called Balsamaria inophyllum (L.) Lour.

Fig 1 : Calophyllum inophyllum leaves (photo: C. Elevitch) Calophyllum gender belongs to the Clusiaceae family and gathers approximately 180 species, and numerous chemotypes. Some the species are endemic. Nyamplung corresponds to the Indonesian chemotype. Habitat The story of the presence of this specie is amusing. Originating from Melanesia, Calophyllum inophyllum has been introduced on different shores of the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, through current- transportation of the nuts. The floating nuts arrived in numerous locations. Calophyllum inophyllum is present in Madagascar on 900 km long beaches and Eastern forest borders. Calophyllum inophyllum tolerates a wide range of soils. It grows best in sandy well drained soils in coastal areas but will tolerate clays, calcareous soils, and rocky soils. It tolerates light to medium soils (sands, sandy loams, loams, and sandy clay loams). Freely draining as well as soils with impeded drainage or seasonal waterlogging are acceptable. It tolerates shallow and saline soils. Calophyllum inophyllum is a hardy tree of tropical coastal areas that tolerates wind, salt spray, drought, and brief periods of waterlogged soil. It does not tolerate much shade nor cold weather. Calophyllum inophyllum can tolerate 4–5 months of drought in its natural littoral and riparian environments.

Family : Clusiaceae (syn. Guttiferae) (mangosteen family) Gender : Calophyllum Specie : inophyllum


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Description Kamani is a medium-sized to large evergreen tree 8–20 m (25–65 ft) in height, sometimes reaching up to 35 m (115 ft). Canopy width is often greater than the tree’s height when the tree is grown in open locations. It has a broad, spreading crown, often with large, gnarled, horizontal branches. The light grey bark shows deep fissures alternating with flat ridges. Sap is milky white. The opposite leaves are dark green, shiny, and hairless with broadly elliptical blades 10–20 cm (4–8 in) long and 6–9 cm (2.4–3.6 in) wide. Both the tip and base of the leaves are rounded. Leaf veins run parallel to each other and perpendicular to the midrib. It bears clusters of 4–15 fragrant white flowers about 2.5 cm (1 in) across and 8–14 mm (0.3–0.6 in) long on long, sturdy stalks in leaf axils. There are 4–8 oblong petals. Trees may flower all year, but flowering is heaviest in late spring/early summer and late fall in the northern hemisphere. The tree flowers twice a year in the northern hemisphere, in the late spring/early summer and late fall. In Northern Australia, it flowers in January and June. Young trees begin flowering after 7 or 8 years. The ball-shaped, light green fruits grow in clusters. Fruits are 2–5 cm (0.8–2 in) in diameter. The skin, which turns yellow and then brown and wrinkled when the fruit is ripe, covers the thin pulp, the shell, a corky inner layer, and a single seed kernel. Fruits are usually borne twice a year. Ripe fruits are most easily collected from the ground under trees. One large brown seed 2–4 cm (0.8–1.6 in) in diameter is found in each fruit. Seeds are prepared by cleaning off the skin and husk from the shell of the seed; there are 100–200 seeds/kg (45–90 seeds/lb), with shells intact but husks removed.

Fig 2 : (A) Fruit of Calophyllum inophyllum (photo A: C. Elevitch. (B) : Ripe fruit (left), cracked shell showing seed kernel inside (middle), and dry seed (right). photo: J. B. Friday


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2.2. Ethnobotanical data Vernacular names Calophyllum inophyllum is known through different vernacular names (J. B. Friday and Dana Okano, 2006), such as : Alexandrian laurel, beach mahogany, beauty leaf, poon, oil nut tree (English); beach calophyllum (Papua New Guinea), biyuch (Yap); btaches (Palau); daog, daok (Guam, N. Marianas); dilo (Fiji); eet (Kosrae); feta‘u (Tonga); fetau (Samoa); isou (Pohnpei); kamani, kamanu (Hawai‘i); lueg (Marshalls); rakich (Chuuk); tamanu (Cook Islands, Society Islands, Marquesas); te itai (Kiribati) Traditional uses Calophyllum inophyllum displays numerous medicinal properties and all its parts (bark, leaves, nuts) have been used for antiseptic, astringents, diuretic and purgative activities. Oil from the seed is used for cosmetic and topical applications for healing of burns and skin diseases (psoriasis, dermatosis, some skin allergies, acne, skin cracks, dry skin…). The latex or a decoction of the bark is also sometimes used medicinally. A decoction of the leaves was used to treat eye ailments over much of Polynesia and westward into Malaysia. Calophyllum oil has been used to produce soaps (Hemavathy,1990) with antioxidant and soothing effect. The oil is used topically to soothe burns and for its healing and regenerating properties (Delaveau, et al 1971). It may also be used for massage or hair care, particularly when scented. The mature fruit is burned for mosquito repellent. Oil derived from the seeds was used as an alternative to candlenut oil in lamps by some Polynesians (Daniels, 1995). The oil is also used to finish wooden bowls. Since ancient times, Calophyllum inophyllum was considered sacred by Polynesians due to its therapeutic virtues. It was often planted in the vicinity of the royal marae, the famous open air temples of the ancient Maohi people, because, it is said, gods like its shadow. During sacrifices, they gathered under the branches of this tree and could thus attend the ceremony in total discretion. It is still considered a sacred relic from the past. For example, idols were carved out of the wood (Dweck and Meadows, 2002).


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2.3. Culture and harvest Location Located in the South of the Celebes islands, now called Sulawesi, Selayar is an archipelago of 90300 km², between Sulawesi and Flores, in the Flores sea. These islands are inhabited by 120 000 inhabitants from different ethnic origins, among them are Makasar and Buginese natives from Luwu and Buton. The widest island of Selayar is about 120 km long, and 25 km large. Its population is very welcoming, not much influenced by occidental culture, and lives traditionally, essentially from agriculture (coconuts, citrus fruits, vanilla, nutmeg…), sea (fishing, salt…) and forest resources (Aleurites, Calophyllum, Kenari). The sedimentary, coral, rocky soil is found everywhere, except in the centre region where it is more fertile and hilly. Far away from tourism, landscapes are wild, green and waterfalls may be found. Monsoon starts in late November and ends in April, but the island is exposed to the sea and benefits from a microclimate as a protection against the most important tropical rains. It is also protected from any pollution. Calophyllum cultures are not subject to chemical treatment, and are organic certified for this reason. Mature fruits collection is processed by village communities of Selayar island (cf map), with each group managed by a leading producer. The harvest is subject to strict guidelines, thus ensuring the best quality of the collected fruits.

Fig 3 : Organic certified culture zone


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Fig 4 : Sulawesi and Selayar island maps


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2.4. Environment and social Environmental issue Biodiversity equilibrium is fragile. We help maintaining this biodiversity. We do not damage plants, we only harvest Calophyllum inophyllum fallen fruits, that would be wasted otherwise. We try to protect the local, naturally existing plantations. Biodiversity issue From what we know, no complaining should be said against us, in term of biopiracy for the use of this plant. Biodiversity equilibrium is fragile : we help to maintain it by preserving existing plantations and trees. Social issue

Selayar Island populations traditionally lives from local resources and Calophyllum inophyllum plantations have been processed many years ago. In order to increase the value of this culture and promote local activity, the supply chain from the fruit to the oil is realised by communities from villages of the islands.

Calophyllum inophyllum nuts represent a source of income because they are naturally present. The tree has always represented a key role in rural population daily life. In parallel of helping local economic development, the objective of the channel is also to form and inform local population of flora biodiversity and bio-resources.

Fig 5 : Tree nursery and couple shelling nuts

Local rural people lives thanks to different cultures (Nyamplung, Kendi, Kenari)… on small family farms (from 1 to 5 ha). In order to promote local economic activities, the production channel is processed by villagers. Farmers’ wives get the nuts in the morning, shell them and deliver the almonds the day after.


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3. NYAMPLUNG OIL PRODUCTION 2.1. Nyamplung oil production process Calophyllum inophyllum oil is obtained by cold pressing and its colour is golden yellow. The process is realised through successive steps, following specific guidelines. Nut shelling Nuts are collected when having reached maturity. A demanding selection of almonds leads to keep only the best ones and put away the non matching others, in order to get the exceptional quality of the oil. The extraction is realised manually so that the almonds are not damaged, therefore less subject to oxidation. Almond drying This step is particularly important and sensitive because the shell is mainly composed of cork, thus isolating almonds. Fresh almonds contains 32% wet : they are dried through a specific proprietary process in order to preserve its quality before pressing them.

Fig 6 : Storage nut Mechanical cold pressing of the almonds and filtration Crushing and cold pressing methods are stemming from the best processes of the food industry used for producing vegetable oils. The process has been optimized in order to obtain an exceptional oil quality for cosmetic applications. Packaging The obtained oil is packaged in opaque cans under nitrogen atmosphere, in order to protect it from oxygen and light. Oil preservation is optimal.


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The oil extracted from the nuts demands a lot of care in order to get the best quality of the final product, and we control each step of the transformation channel : almond preservation, extraction, drying, pressing … The control of the whole channel is a main stake in terms of supply security, but also in terms of product quality and quantity. This is the only channel in Indonesia developing Calophyllum. Nyamplung oil quality is notably due to different parameters that are :

• A reliable collection channel • An optimized preservation of the nuts • A packaging under nitrogen atmosphere • A in situ transformation.


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2.2. Composition Calophyllum inophyllum almonds contain 60 to 70% of total lipids. A simple analysis on this oil shows the following results:

Fatty acids Quantity (%)

Lauric acid (C12:0) -

Myristic acid (C14 :0) - Palmitic acid C16:0) 14.6 Palmitoleic acid (C16:1) 0.2 Stearic acid (C18:0) 13.5 Oleic acid (C18:1) 39,4 Linoleic acid (C18:2) 31,6 Linolenic acid (C18:3) 0.2 Arachidic acid (C20:0) 0,3

Unsaponifiable rate (%) 2,1


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Liposolubles Vitamines Quantity (ppm)

α -Tocopherol 64 γ - Tocopherol 65 δ - Tocopherol 10

γ - Tocotrienol 160

δ -Tocotrienol 197 Total 496

Sterols Quantity (ppm)

Campesterol 144

Stigmasterol 595

β- sitosterol 437 Others 180 Total 1356


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Unsaponifiable fraction mainly contains: - tocopherols et tocotrienols (α,γ,et δ-Tocopherol et γ,et δ-Tocotrienol) - sterols (mainly Campesterol, Stigmasterol, et β-sitosterol). Nyamplung oil contains also calophyllic, inophyllic, calopheric and inopheric acids, that corresponds to the acid index of the oil (Delaveau, 1971). Research realised and found through different scientific literature sources show the presence (<1%) of coumarines coumarinic component traces, that may have interests in some known activities of Calophyllum inophyllum oil, such as Calophyllolide - inophyllolide (Spino, 1998).


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4. NYAMPLUNG OIL SENSORY PROFILE Context Oils have always been used in cosmetic products for their sensory properties, that are decisive to choose one or another. Objective The aim of this study is to determine Nyamplung oil sensory profile. Strategy 10 persons have evaluated Nyamplung oil. Protocol Volunteers put a dose of Nyamplung oil in the hand and then applied and massaged the ½ leg. Evaluation & Analysis After having massaged the leg with Nyamplung oil, volunteers answered a questionnaire in order to give a grade to each characteristic of the oil in sensory terms: 1/ Slip when applied 2/ Greasy feeling when applied 3/ Shiny effect on the skin 4/ Oily feeling after application 5/ Softness Results Nyamplung oil has an excellent slip like argan oil and leaves a rich emollient afterfeel, but not shiny nor oily skin. Whatever the formula it can be introduced, it offers softness. It is a remarkable rich oil. Conclusion

Nyamplung oil is a rich oil that softens the skin through a nice emollient effect, without any oily afterfeel


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5. BIOLOGICAL CONTEXT

UVA and UVB cause photoaging, through irreversible biological damages. These harmful effects are present at different levels : organ, cell and molecular scale. Among the most frequent factors that damage the skin, pollution, oxygen and UV-generated free radicals attack the skin daily. Oxidative tress induced by free radicals are intimately linked to skin aging mechanisms such as photosenescence. Physiological functions of the skin in term of defence and repair (such as DNA damage repair) may also be altered or weaken with time. Our cell DNA, in more particularly skin cells, are subject to UV or free radical induced damages.

Nyamplung oil acts at three different levels in the skin structure in order to fight photoaging


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6. EFFICACY TESTS 6.1. Nyamplung oil is a SPF booster (test in vitro ) Context UVA and UVB are at the origin of skin photoaging and lead to biological disorders that have to be avoided. Objective Measurement of Nyamplung oil SPF Booster effect with a reference :Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, also called Octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) Strategy & Protocol In vitro SPF is expressed - from the residual spectre cross the product spread on a substrate. This corresponds to a wave length T(λ). - a wave length S(λ) that expresses sun characteristics. - a wave function that expresses skin reactivity in function of the wave length: this is the erythematous function E(λ).

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) λλλλ

λλλ

dTSE

dSESPF nm

nm

nm

nmvitroin

∑

∑= 400

290

400

290

The in vitro UVA protection is calculated this way :

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) λλλλ

λλλ

dTSE

dSE

nm

nm

nm

nm

∑

∑400

320

400

320

This method has been initially described by B. Diffey and J Robson (JSCC 40. 127-133 (1989). It is nowadays widely used and well-known internationally.


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Tested formula are :

ECSPF 08-0C ECSPF 08-1C ECSPF 08-2CXyliance 5% 5% 5%Octyl methoxycinnamate 7.5% 7.5% 7.5%A Preservative QS QS QS

B Aqua QSP100 QSP100 QSP100C Nyamplung oil 10% 20%

Evaluation & Analysis SPF was measured. The control is PMMA. Results

Conclusion

Nyamplung oil boosts the SPF of OMC


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6.2. Cell protection: Nyamplung protects the DNA from UV damages (test in vitro : 3D ) Context SFRI and CNRS Laboratories have developed a detection system of DNA damages on microplaque collected DNA (3D test). Objectif Use this 3D test to determine the UV protective effect of Nyamplung oil on DNA of cultured cells. Strategy Evaluate protective effect of Nyamplung oil against UV-induced damages. The positive reference is octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC). Protocol Hela adhering cells are cultured in a RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% foetal veal serum and 2 mM of glutamine under CO2 supplemented atmosphere. 96-wells culture plates are seeded 24 hours before processing the samples, at 2x104 cells per well. A dilution range is prepared with the samples in pure ethanol, then in cells culture medium. Following concentration have been tested : 0.1%, 0.01%, 0.001%, 0.0001%. Diluted samples are dispensed on a plate transparent to UV at 50µl per well. This plate is exactly superposed to the cells culture plate. Before irradiation, the Hela cells are washed once with PBS and left with 50µl of PBS. Both plates (samples and cells) are exposed under a monochromatic UVB lamp (312 nm) and irradiated for 18 min at 1.4x10-3 mW/cm2, i.e. 1.5 Joules/cm2. Cells are lyzed straight after irradiation with a lyzing solution for 1h 30min at 30°C under gentle agitation. Genomic DNA is analysed using “3D TEST”. The genomic DNA is placed in contact to the sensitised wells for 30 minutes at 30°C under gentle agitation. Under these conditions, DNA adsorption is quantitative. The repair of DNA lesions is processed by specific protein complexes. Resulting damages are recognised and repaired by specific protein complexes presents in human cell extracts. Repairing of the lesions consists in excision of the lesions, and the synthesis of a new DNA fragment. During this stage, dUTP modified nucleotides are incorporated. Evaluation & Analysis Those dUTP are then recognised by avidine molecules coupled to peroxidase. A chemiluminescent substrate is added and the signal emitted is measured by a luminometer (Lumax 2, built by SFRI Laboratories). The intensity of the signal depends on the number of lesions repaired in target DNA. A dose-dependant


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response is observed from 1 to 15 lesions per 6 kilobases, for most kind of lesions. Biotin is recognized by avidine-peroxidases complexes. Detection of the light emitted by a chemiluminescent substrate is evaluated. Protection (%) is defined as the relative decrease of the damaging effect of UV:

( ) ( )( ) 100

RLURLURLURLURLURLUdilluminatenon solvant dilluminate

dilluminatenon sampledilluminatenon solvent dilluminate ×−−−−

RLU = Relative Light Unit: arbitrary light quantity unit RLU illuminated solvent = plasmid DNA UV exposed to UV radiation with 50µl of solvent in the plate transparent to UV light. RLU non illuminated = plasmid DNA non exposed to UV radiation RLU sample = plasmid DNA UV exposed to UV radiation with the sample in the plate transparent to UV light. Results

Component Concentration (%) Protection (%)

Nyamplung oil 1 % 0.1% 0.01%

86 % 34 % 18 %

Octyl Methoxycinnamate. 1 % 0.1 % 0.01 %

85 % 72 % 30 %

Conclusion

Nyamplung oil protects cell DNA from UVB


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6.3. Nyamplung oil is a free radical scavenger (test in vitro : 3D ) Contexte SFRI and CNRS Laboratories have developed a detection system of DNA damages on microplaque collected DNA (3D test). Objective Use this 3D test to determine the UV protective effect of Nyamplung oil on DNA of cultured cells. Strategy Evaluate protective effect of Nyamplung oil against OH°-induced damages. The positive reference is sylimarin. Protocol HeLa adhering cells are cultivated in RPMI 1640 medium, supplemented with 10% BSA and 2 mM glutamine under CO2 – rich atmosphere. Plaques of 96 wells are cultured 24 hours before introducing the tested samples with 2x104 cells/well. A dilution range is prepared with the tested products in pure ethanol, and then in the medium culture. Diluted samples are introduced in the wells for cell culture (50µl/well). These cells are then exposed to Fenton reaction generated OH° (hydr ogen peroxide in presence with iron). Cells are then lyzed during 1h 30 min at 30°C under slow agitation. Genomic DNA is then extracted and analysed through "3D test”. Genomic DNA is placed in contact with sensitized wells during 30 minutes at 30°C under slow agitation. DNA damage repair is processed by a specific enzymatic complex. Damages are recognized by the protein complexes present in the cell extracts. Repair consists in excising the lesion and synthesize a new DNA fragment. During this step, the modified nucleotides dUTP are incorporated Evaluation & Analysis Those dUTP are then recognised by avidine molecules coupled to peroxidase. A chemiluminescent substrate is added and the signal emitted is measured by a luminometer (Lumax 2, built by SFRI Laboratories). The intensity of the signal depends on the number of lesions repaired in target DNA. A dose-dependant response is observed from 1 to 15 lesions per 6 kilobases, for most kind of lesions. Biotin is recognized by avidine-peroxidases complexes.


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Detection of the light emitted by a chemiluminescent substrate is evaluated. Results are expressed in percentage of protection :

( )•

•• +−=

OH

produitOHOH

RLU

RLURLU)% × 100

(RLU = Light relative unit)

This leads to the calculation of an IC50 for each product, corresponding the 50% inhibition of DNA damages caused by OH°.

Cellular DNA immobilization

Cell lysis with Solyscel

Incubation with human cell-free protein extracts and nucleotides. Repair reaction and incorporation of labelled-nucleotides dUTP

Addition of enzymatic complex Recognition of labelled nucleotides by the avidine-peroxidase

Addition of a chemiluminescent substrate Emitted light measured with a luminometer (proportional to the quantity of repaired damage)

3D cell TEST

Cell treatment DNA damage

Extraction of cellular DNA

1h30

30 min

3h

15 min

5 min


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Results

Components Concentration %’Inhibitionien in

presence of OH° IC50

Nyamplung oil 0,01 % 0.001% 0.0001%

79 % 53 % 43 %

5.10-4 %

Sylimarin 0,001 % 0.0001 % 0.00001 %

71 % 49 % 26 %

20.10-4 %

Conclusion

Nyamplung is 4 times more efficient than Sylimarin


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7. FORMULATION Nyamplung oil quality is exceptional. Its colour has been compared to other Calophyllum inophyllum oils available on the market:

(1) (2) (3) (4) (1) Nyamplung oil commercialised by Soliance (2) à (4) Other Calophyllum inophyllum oils available in the market 7.1. Recommendations Nyamplung oil is a Calophyllum inophyllum oil which colour and organoleptic characteristics are particularly optimized for cosmetic applications, comparing to other Calophyllum oils available on the market. Calophyllum oil becomes green when warmed at a temperature over 50°C. Conservation The storage period is 24 months in the original packaging, in a dry and fresh location, kept away from air and light. AT temperatures under20°C, a slight mist appears in the oil. It is reversible when warming at 35°C.


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7.2. Cosmetic uses o Nyamplung oil is recommended in cosmetic skincare such as rich moisturizing

creams or oils for dry or damaged skin. o It is particularly recommended for massage oils when a long playtime is

desirable. o Nyamplung oil is also recommended for haircare uses.

7.2. Examples of formulas


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8. CONCLUSION Nyamplung oil is a pure virgin oil, organic certified by Ecocert. It comes from a tree that has bee traditionally used by people of the Pacific Ocean : Calophyllum inophyllum. Its photoprotective effect has been proved by different tests showing it remarkable efficacy on each aspect photoaging: SPF Booster, free radical scavenger, and DNA protection. The oil is extracted from the almond through a proprietary process. It benefits from :

- An exceptional organoleptic quality - The Ecocert organic certification - A remarkable protection activity against harmful effects of the sun on the skin,

thus helping to fight photoaging Nyamplung oil offers to cosmetic products all the wonder and the beauty from Indonesia. Moreover, it is transformed through an integrated channel, promoting local economic development.

Certifié pour les produits cosmétiques écologiques et biologiques


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9. REFERENCES J. B. Friday and Dana Okano (2006) Species for Pacific Island Agroforestry (traditionaltree.org) – Canophyllum inophyllum (kamani), version 2.1. Dweck AC, MeadowsT (2002) Tamanu (Calophyllum inophyllum) – the African, Asian, Polynesian and Pacific panacea, International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 24: 341-8. Oil of Tamanu : the sacred oil of Tahiti (1996), Pacific Resource Laboratory. Daniels, R.J.R. et Patil, V. (1995) Value addition : a threat to Calophyllum species. Current Science, 68, 243. Delaveau, P., Hotellier, F. et Vaquette, J. (1971) Huiles à intérêt pharmaceutique, diététique et cosmétologique. II. Calophyllum inophyllum (Clusiacées). Plant. Med. Phytother., 5, 324-326. Hemavathy, J. et Prabhakar, J.V. (1990) Lipid composition of Calophyllum inophyllum kernel. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 67,955-957. Spino, C., Dodier, M. et Sotheeswaran, S. (1998) Anti-HIV coumarins from Calophyllum seed oil. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 8, 3475-3478. Crane S, Aurore G, Joseph H, Mouloungui Z, Bourgeois P (2005) Composition of fatty acids triacylglycerols and unsaponifiable matter in Calophylum calabaL from Guadeloupe, Phtochemistry 66: 1825-31. B Diffey et J Robson (1989) JSCC 40. 127-133

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