FLOWERING PLANTS OF SIKKIM- AN ANALYSIS

Paramjit Singh and M. Sanjappa

ABSTRACT

ikkim is one of the biodiversity rich states of our country. The present paper analyses the flowering plant diversity

of the state with some indicative figures of dominant genera like Bulbophyllum, Calanthe, Coelogyne, SCymbidium, Dendrobium, Gentiana, Juncus, Pedicularis, Primula, Rhododendron and Swertia recorded from the region. Nearly 165 species have been named after the state, as they were first collected from the state or plants were

known to occur in Sikkim. Some of the representative endemic species of the state have also been listed. One hundred

ninety seven families, 1371 genera have been appended with indicative number of species of each genus known to occur

in Sikkim. In all more than 4450 species of flowering plants recorded so far.

KEYWORDS: Diversity, Dominant genera, Endemics, Families, Flowering Plants, Sikkim

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Waldheimia glabra in Lhonak, North Sikkim

Middle storey of Rhododendron in Conifer forests

INTRODUCTION

ikkim, the second smallest state of India having an area of around 7096 sq. km is known as the paradise of

naturalists. It is a thumb shaped hilly region with Nepal in the west, Bhutan in the east and Tibet in the north and Snorth-east. In the south it is bordered by Darjeeling district of West Bengal. The mountain chains which run southward from the main Himalayan ranges form the natural border of Sikkim; the Chola Range dividing it from Tibet in

the north east and Bhutan in the south-east; the Singalila range likewise separating it from Nepal in the west. Mountain

passes along these ranges over the years have sustained a two way traffic of traders, pilgrims, and adventurers from Tibet

and Central Asia. The most well-known of these passes are Nathu La (4392m), Jelep La (4388m), Donkia La (5520m),

and Kongra La (4809m). The topography of Sikkim is quite varied. The elevation ranges from ca 300 to 8598m. Mt.

Khangchendzonga (8598m) - the third highest mountain of the world- lies on the border with Nepal. Teesta and Rangit

are two main rivers which flow in a north to south direction through gorges and valleys.

Sikkim provides a great variety of habitats, that support and sustains rich flora and fauna. The vegetation changes

from tropical to subtropical upwards through middle hills with much coniferous and Oak forests of temperate character

to the higher slopes with sub alpine scrub and alpine “meadows” generally related to higher alpine flora of the north

temperate zone.

Sikkim has been known to be the most humid region in the whole range of Himalaya, because of its proximity to the

Bay of Bengal and direct exposure to the south-west monsoon. The annual rainfall ranges from 200 - 500 cm in most of its

inner valleys except for its northern most region which receives scanty rainfall. Throughout the year, but particularly

from June to September, monsoon brings heavy rainfall to the state. Lower hills and valleys enjoy a sub tropical climate,

warm in winter, hot and extremely humid in summer. Towards interior the climate becomes gradually more temperate

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Oak forests with middle storey of dwarf bamboo

with cool winters and hot summers and often heavy rainfall. In northern part of the state the summers are short and cool,

and winters with considerable snowfall and frost.

VEGETATION

Sikkim has attracted the attention of many botanists from very early times. It was visited by eminent botanists like J.

D. Hooker, C. B. Clarke, G. King, T. Anderson, W. W. Smith, G. H. Cave, J. M. Cowan, R. Pantling, G. A. Gammie, D.

Prain, B. Osmaston, I. H. Burkill and others. Singh & Chauhan (1997) have given a brief sketch of the vegetation and

salient features of this biodiversity hot spot of our country.

FLORISTIC DIVERSITY

The plant diversity of Sikkim is fascinating because of species richness and diverse community structure. The

flowering plants are represented by about 4458 species in the state, belonging to 1371 genera of 197 families. The genera and species are arranged alphabetically within a family; the arrangement of families has been followed as in most of

Indian Herbaria (Bentham & Hooker's system) with some of the split families recognized( Appendix-II). An analysis of

10 dominant families of plants clearly indicates the richness of the state (Table-1). The genera predominantly represented

in Sikkim are also highlighted (Table- 2).

Subalpine conifer forest in North Sikkim

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Table- 1: Ten Dominant Families of Flowering Plants

Table- 2: Genera Predominantly represented in Sikkim

The state also shelters several threatened taxa. Some examples are- Aconitum novoluridum, Calamus inermis,

Magnolia globosa, Souliea vaginata, Cypripidium elegans, C. himalaica, Impatiens tuberculata, Begonia gemmipara,

B. rubella, B. scutata, Codonopsis affinis, Hoya edeni, Primula glabra, Liparis distans and species of Saussurea.

ENDEMISM

Chatterjee(1939) made a detailed study on the endemism in the Indian flora. He observed the number of endemics in

the Himalaya as 3165 out of a total of 6850 endemics in India, representing 46 percent of the total endemics. Several

endemic species have been collected from Sikkim. It is estimated that about 3% of the plants known from Sikkim are

endemic to the region. The genus like Brachycaulos is exclusively endemic to Sikkim. Other genera as Aucuba,

Bryocarpum, Gamblea, Lepidostemon, Sphaerosacme , Treutlera are endemic to the eastern Himalaya and are

represented in Sikkim also. Some of the representative endemic species are listed here (Table-3).

Table 3: Endemic Plants

A. Plants strictly Endemic to Sikkim

Acronema pseudotenera ApiaceaeAnaphalis cavei AsteraceaeAnaphalis hookeri AsteraceaeAnemone demissa var. monantha RanunculaceaeAngelica nubigena ApiaceaeArenaria thangoensis CaryophyllaceaeAstragalus zemuensis FabaceaeBerberis sikkimensis Berberidaceae

Sl. No. Family India Sikkim Percentage

1 Orchidaceae 1229 527 432 Asteraceae 803 293 363 Poaceae 1291 291 234 Fabaceae (s.l.) 1141 221 19

5 Cyperaceae 545 143 266 Rosaceae 432 138 327 Scrophulariaceae 368 112 308 Rubiaceae 616 110 189 Lamiaceae 435 95 2210 Euphorbiaceae 523 94 18

Names of Genus No. of SpeciesIndia Sikkim Percentage

Bulbophyllum 90 46 51Calanthe 27 21 78Coelogyne 39 18 46Cymbidium 22 13 59Dendrobium 90 36 40Gentiana 54 32 59 Juncus 53 40 75Pedicularis 83 47 56Primula 102 58 57Rhododendron 90 38 42Swertia 35 17 49

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Cacalia chola AsteraceaeCalamus inermis ArecaceaeCaragana spinifera FabaceaeCarex kingiana CyperaceaeCodonopsis affinis CampanulaceaeCoelogyne treutleri OrchidaceaeCremanthodium palmatum subsp. benthamii Asteraceae Crepis atropappa AsteraceaeJuncus sikkimensis JuncaceaeJurinea cooperi AsteraceaeLigularia kingiana AsteraceaeLigularia pachycarpa AsteraceaeLigularia yakla AsteraceaeMahonia sikkimensis BerberidaceaePodophyllum sikkimensis PodophyllaceaeRanunculus sikkimensis RanunculaceaeUvaria lurida var. sikkimensis Annonaceae

B. Eastern Himalayan Endemic in Sikkim

Agapetes incurvata EricaceaeAgapetes sikkimensis EricaceaeDipsacus atratus DipsacaceaeEriobotrya hookeriana RosaceaeGeum macrosepalum RosaceaeLindera heterophylla LauraceaeLloydia flavonutans LiliaceaeMaddenia himalaica RosaceaeMeconopsis grandis PapaveraceaeMeconopsis superba PapaveraceaeMeconopsis villosa PapaveraceaeMyricaria albiflora TamaricaceaePrimula whitei PrimulaceaeRhododendron baileyi EricaceaeRhododendron camelliaeflorum EricaceaeRhododendron ciliatum EricaceaeRhododendron glaucophyllum EricaceaeRhododendron grande EricaceaeRhododendron lanatum EricaceaeRhododendron lindleyi EricaceaeRhododendron wallichii EricaceaeRhododendron wightii EricaceaeSaussurea conica Asteraceae

CONSERVATION PERSPECTIVES

The heterogeneous flora of Sikkim is manifest with high degree of richness and endemism. Various protected areas

and sacred groves located in different districts of the state are part of the cultural heritage and are also playing an

important role in conservation of biodiversity of the region. These traditional practices need to be supported. To conserve

the rich diversity of flowering plants of this region, there is urgent need to further scientifically manage and monitor the

protected area network of the state. Commercial extraction and transit of medicinal herbs and other economic plants has

already been prohibited by the Government, and this ban needs to be sustained so as to conserve a viable gene pool of

these economically important plants. Further scientific studies and cataloguing the diversity of life forms needs to be

encouraged. The state has already taken up a number of conservation initiatives in this direction like ban on grazing in

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forests, prohibiting green felling of trees, organic farming, participatory conservation with active involvement of the

local community through State Green Mission which need to be pursued with missionary zeal so that the rich biodiversity

of the state is conserved for the future generations.

APPENDIX-I: SPECIES NAMED AFTER SIKKIM

1. Acer sikkimense Miq. 2. Agropyron sikkimense Melderis 3. Allium sikkimense Baker 4. Anthoxanthum sikkimense (Maxim.)Ohwi 5. Arisaema sikkimense Stapf 6. Benzoin sikkimense Kuntze 7. Bulbophyllum sikkimense J.J.Sm. 8. Canarium sikkimense King 9. Cinnamomum sikkimense Lukman. 10. Cirrhopetalum sikkimense King & Pantl. 11. Cleisostoma sikkimense Lucksom 12. Cymbidium sikkimense Hook.f. 13. Dendrobium sikkimense A.D.Hawkes &

A.H.Heller 14. Desmodium sikkimense Schindl. 15. Elatostema sikkimense C.B.Clarke 16. Epilobium sikkimense Hausskn. 17. Erysimum sikkimense Polatschek 18. Galium sikkimense Gand. 19. Geum sikkimense Prain 20. Hedysarum sikkimense Baker 21. Hymenidium sikkimense (C.B.Clarke)

Pimenov & Kljuykov 22. Lomatogonium sikkimense (Burkill) Harry Sm. 23. Pentapterygium sikkimense W.W.Sm. 24. Peucedanum sikkimense C.B.Clarke 25. Piper sikkimense C.DC. 26. Pleurospermum sikkimense C.B.Clarke 27. Podophyllum sikkimense R.Chatterjee &

Mukerjee 28. Rhododendron s ikk imense P radhan &

S.T.Lachungpa 29. Saccharum sikkimense Nayaran. ex Bor 30. Sinocarum sikkimense (P.K.Mukh.) P.K.Mukh. &

Constance 31. Taraxacum sikkimense Hand.-Mazz. 32. Trisetum sikkimense (Hook.f.) Chrtek 33. Vaccinium sikkimense C.B.Clarke34. Acomastylis sikkimensis (Prain) F.Bolle 35. Acronema sikkimensis P.K.Mukh. 36. Actinodaphne sikkimensis Meisn. 37. Aeschynanthus sikkimensis Stapf 38. Agapetes sikkimensis Airy Shaw 39. Agrostis sikkimensis Bor 40. Ajuga sikkimensis Miq. 41. Aletris sikkimensis Hook.f. 42. Aleuritia sikkimensis (Hook.) Soják 43. Ampelocissus sikkimensis Planch.

44. Anchusa sikkimensis C.B.Clarke 45. Angelica sikkimensis (C.B.Clarke) P.K.Mukh. 46. Anoectochilus sikkimensis King & Pantl. 47. Arcuatopterus sikkimensis (C.B.Clarke) Pimenov

& T.A.Ostroumova 48. Arenaria sikkimensis Majumdar 49. Argyreia sikkimensis (C.B.Clarke) Ooststr. 50. Arthraxon sikkimensis Bor 51. Astragalus sikkimensis Benth. ex Bunge 52. Avena sikkimensis Hook.f. 53. Begonia sikkimensis A.DC. 54. Beilschmiedia sikkimensis King ex Hook.f. 55. Berberis sikkimensis (C.K.Schneid.) Ahrendt 56. Blumea sikkimensis Hook.f. 57. Bridelia sikkimensis Gehrm. 58. Bupleurum sikkimensis P.K.Mukh. 59. Capparis sikkimensis Kurz 60. Cardamine sikkimensis Hara Carex sikkimensis

C.B.Clarke 61. Casearia sikkimensis N.Mukh. 62. Catabrosa sikkimensis Stapf 63. Caulokaempferia sikkimensis (King) K.Larsen 64. Cicerbita sikkimensis (Hook.f.) C.Shih 65. Clematis sikkimensis J.R.Drumm. ex Burkill 66. Cobresia sikkimensis Kük. 67. Commelina sikkimensis C.B.Clarke 68. Corydalis sikkimensis (Prain) Fedde 69. Cotoneaster sikkimensis Hort. ex Wien. 70. Cyathopus sikkimensis Stapf 71. Cyperus sikkimensis Kük. 72. Dendrocalamus sikkimensis Gamble ex Oliv. 73. Diasperus sikkimensis Kuntze 74. Dioscorea sikkimensis Prain & Burkill 75. Draba sikkimensis (Hook.f. & T.Anderson) Pohle 76. Elaeocarpus sikkimensis Mast. 77. Elymus sikkimensis (Melderis) Melderis 78. Erianthus sikkimensis Hook.f. 79. Euphorbia sikkimensis Boiss. 80. Festuca sikkimensis E.B.Alexeev 81. Ficus sikkimensis Miq. 82. Fragaria sikkimensis Kurz 83. Fraxinus sikkimensis (Lingelsh.) Hand.-Mazz. 84. Gardenia sikkimensis Valeton 85. Gentiana sikkimensis C.B.Clarke 86. Gymnosporia sikkimensis Prain 87. Habenaria sikkimensis Hook.f. 88. Heliocarya sikkimensis Oliv. ex Brand89. Hierochloe sikkimensis Maxim.

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90. Hypolepis sikkimensis A.Biswas 91. Ilex sikkimensis King92. Iris sikkimensis Dykes 93. Isachne sikkimensis Bor 94. Jozoste sikkimensis Kuntze 95. Juncus sikkimensis Hook.f. 96. Juncus sikkimensis Hook.f. 97. Kaempferia sikkimensis King ex Baker98. Kobresia sikkimensis Kük. 99. Lactuca sikkimensis (Hook.f.) Stebbins 100. Lasianthus sikkimensis Hook.f. 101. Lecanorchis sikkimensis N.Pearce & P.J.Cribb 102. Lettsomia sikkimensis C.B.Clarke 103. Lindera sikkimensis Meisn. 104. Liparis sikkimensis Lucksom & S.Kumar 105. Litsea sikkimensis (Meisn.) Kosterm. ex D.G.Long 106. Mahonia sikkimensis Takeda 107. Malaxis sikkimensis Rchb.f. 108. Malus sikkimensis (Wenz.) Koehne ex

C.K.Schneid. 109. Marlea sikkimensis King exW.W.Sm.& Cave 110. Maytenus sikkimensis (Prin)D.C.S.Raju & Babu 111. Microula sikkimensis Hemsl. 112. Mouroucoa sikkimensis Kuntze 113. Musa sikkimensis Kurz 114. Neoluffa sikkimensis Chakrav. 115. Nephelaphyllum sikkimensis (Hook.f.) Karthik. 116. Nonatelia sikkimensis Kuntze 117. Oberonia sikkimensis Lindl. 118. Osbeckia sikkimensis Craib 119. Panax sikkimensis R.N.Banerjee 120. Pandanus sikkimensis St.John 121. Paroxygraphis sikkimensis W.W.Sm. 122. Pedicularis sikkimensis Bonati in W.W.Sm. 123. Persea sikkimensis M.Gangop. 124. Phyllanthus sikkimensis Müll.Arg. 125. Pimpinella sikkimensis C.B.Clarke 126. Pitardella sikkimensis (Hook.f.) Tirveng. 127. Placus sikkimensis Kuntze 128. Platanthera sikkimensis (Hook.f.) Pradhan 129. Platanthera sikkimensis Kraenzl. 130. Pleurogyne sikkimensis Burkill 131. Pleurospermopsis sikkimensis (C. B. Clarke)

C.Norman 132. Poa sikkimensis (Stapf) Bor 133. Potentilla sikkimensis Prain 134. Pouzolzia sikkimensis Gand. 135. Prenanthes sikkimensis Hook.f. 136. Primula sikkimensis Hook. 137. Pueraria sikkimensis Prain138. Pyrola sikkimensis Křísa139. Pyrus sikkimensis Hook.f. 140. Randia sikkimensis Hook.f. 141. Ranunculus sikkimensis Hand.-Mazz.

142. Rhynchospora sikkimensis Clarke 143. Roscoea sikkimensis Hort. ex Gentil 144. Rubia sikkimensis Kurz 145. Rubus sikkimensis Hook.f. 146. Salix sikkimensis Andersson 147. Salvia sikkimensis E.Peter 148. Saxifraga sikkimensis Engl. 149. Scrophularia sikkimensis T.Yamaz. 150. Senecio sikkimensis Franch. 151. Sibbaldia sikkimensis (Prain) Chatterjee 152. Siraitia sikkimensis (Chakrav.) C.Jeffrey 153. Sorbus sikkimensis Wenz. 154. Stellaria sikkimensis Hook.f. 155. Swertia sikkimensis Burkill 156. Tetranthera sikkimensis Meisn. 157. Thysanolaena sikkimensis Gand. 158. Tithymalus sikkimensis (Boiss.) Hurus. &

Y.Tanaka 159. Tragacantha sikkimensis Kuntze 160. Tretocarya sikkimensis Oliv. 161. Trollius sikkimensis (Bruhl) Doroszewsja 162. Viola sikkimensis W.Becker 163. Vitis sikkimensis M.A.Lawson 164. Wendlandia sikkimensis Cowan 165. Wrightia sikkimensis Gamble

Culm of giant bamboo - Dendrocalamus sikkimensis, locally known as Bhalu Bans

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Rosa macrophylla - alpine wild rose

Euphorbia sikkimensis

Primula sikkimensis

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APPENDIX-II: Analysis of Flora of Sikkim

DICOTYLEDONS

RANUNCULACEAE Aconitum L. 12Actaea L. 1Adonis L. 2Anemone L. 13Calathodes Hook.f. & Thomson 1Callianthemum C.Meyer 1Caltha L. 2Cimicifuga L. 1Clematis L. 13Delphinium L. 7Dichrocarpum Wang & Hsiao 1Naravelia DC 1Halerpestes Greene 2Oxygraphis Bunge 1Paraoxygraphis W.Smith. 1Ranunculus L. 15Souliea Franchet 1Thalictrum L. 15Trollius L. 1CIRCAEASTERACEAE Circaeaster Maxim. 1DILLENIACEAEDillenia L. 1Tetracera L. 1MAGNOLIACEAEMagnolia L. 5Michelia L. 6SCHISANDRACEAEKadsura Juss. 1Schisandra Michx. 3TETRACENTRACEAETetracentron Oliv. 1ANNONACEAE Annona L. 1Artabotrys R.Br. 1Desmos Lour. 3Fissistigma Griff. 1Goniothalamus (Blume) Hook.f. & Thomson

1

Miliusa Leschen. ex DC 3Mitrephora Hook.f. & Thomson 1Polyalthia Blume 2Uvaria L. 2MENISPERMACEAE Aspidocarya Hook.f. & Thomson 1Cissampelos L. 1Cyclea Arn.ex Wight 2

Parabaena Miers 1Pericampylus Miers 1Stephania Lour. 3Tinospora Miers. 1BERBERIDACEAE Berberis L. 19Mahonia Nuttall 3PODOPHYLLACEAE Podophyllum L. 2LARDIZABALACEAEDecaisnea Hook.f. & Thomson 1Holboellia Wall. 1NYMPHAEACEAE Nymphaea L. 1PAPAVERACEAEArgemone L. 1Meconopsis Viguier 12Papaver L. 1FUMARIACEAECorydalis DC. nom.cons. 26Dicentra Benth. 4Fumaria L. 3Hypecoum L. 1BRASSICACEAEArabidopsis Heynth. 3Arabis L. 1Aphragmus Andrz. ex DC. 1Arcyosperma O.Schulz. 1Barbaraea R.Br. 3Brassica L. 4Braya Hook.f. & Thomson 2Capsella Medikus. 1Cardamine L. 10Christolea Cambess. 1Cochlearia L. 1Coronopus Zinn. 1Descurainia Webb & Berth. 1Dilophilla Thomson 1Hedina Ostenf. 1Dontostemon Andrz. ex Ledeb. 1Draba L. 15Erysimum L. 5Hymenolobus Nutt. ex Torrey & Gray

1

Iberis L. 1Guillenia E.Greene 1Lepidium L. 2

Name of the FAMILY/Genus Number of species

Name of the FAMILY/Genus Number of species

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FLACOURTIACEAECasearia Jacq.Flacourtia L. ‘HeritGynocardia R.Br.Homalium Jacq.Xylosma G.Forster

51111

1

112

1812112111371111

1

31

11

PITTOSPORACEAE Pittosporum Sol.POLYGALACEAE Polygala L.Salomonia Lour.CARYOPHYLLACEAEArenaria L.Brachystemma D.DonCerastium L.Cucubalus L.Dianthus L.Drymaria Schultes Gypsophila L.Lychnis L.Pseudostellaria PaxSagina L.Silene L.Spergula L.Stellaria L.Thylacospermum Frenzl.PORTULACACEAEPortulaca L.TAMARICACEAE Myricaria Desv.Tamarix L.ELATINACEAE Bergia L.Elatine L.

14

142

21141

25

1

1

32129

HYPERICACEAE Hypericum L.CLUSIACEAAE Calophyllum L.Garcinia L.Mesua L. emend Kosterm.THEACEAE Camellia L.Gordonia Ellis. Schima Reinw. ex BlumeEurya Thunb.Ternstroemia L.f.ACTINIDIACEAE Actinidia Lindl.Saurauia Willd.STACHYURACEAE Stachyurus Sieb. & Zucc.DIPTEROCARPACEAE Shorea Roxb. ex Gaertn.MALVACEAE Abelmoschus Medikus Abutilon Mill.Alcea L.Gossypium L.Hibiscus L.Kydia Roxb. 1Malva L. 2Nayariophyton T.K.Paul 1Sida L. 4Thespesia Sol. ex Correa 1Urena L. 1BOMBACACEAE Bombax L. 1Ceiba Mill. emend Gaertn. 1STERCULIACEAE Abroma Jacq. 1Byttneria Loefl. 2Eriolaena DC. 2Helicteres L.Pterospermum Schreb. 1Reevesia Lindl. 1Sterculia L. 3TILIACEAE Grewia L. 8Triumfetta L. 3ELAEOCARPACEAE Elaeocarpus L. 9Sloanea L. 3LINACEAEAnisadenia Wall. ex Meisn. 1Linum L. 1Reinwardtia Dumort. 1MALPIGHIACEAE

Lignariella Baehni 1Laxostemon Hook.f. & Thomson 1Nasturtium R.Br.. 1Parrya R.Br. 1Pegaeophyton Hayek & Hand.-Mazz.

2

Raphanus L. 2Rorippa Scop. 6Thlaspi L. 4Torularia (Coss. ) O.Schulz 1CAPPARIDACEAE Capparis L. 6Cleome L. 4Crateva L. 2Stixis Lour. 1VIOLACEAE Rinorea Aublet 1Viola L. 19BIXACEAE Bixa L. 1

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Ziziphus L. 4VITACEAE Ampelocissus Planch. 4Cayratia Juss. 1Cissus L. 2Cyphostemma (Planch.) Alston 1Parthenocissus Planch. 1Tetrastigma (Miquel) Planch. 7Vitis L. 1LEEACEAE Leea L. 7SAPINDACEAEAllophyllus L. 1Cardiospermum L. 1Lepisanthes Blume 2Litchi Sonner. 1Sapindus L. 1ACERACEAEAcer L. 13STAPHYLACEAETurpinia Vent. 3BISCHOFIACEAEBischofia Blume 1SABIACEAEMeliosma Blume 2Sabia Coleb. 5ANACARDIACEAE Cheorospondias Burtt & Hill 1Dobinea Don 1Drimycarpus Hook.f. 1Lannea A.Rich. 1Mangifera L. 2Pegia Colebr. 1Rhus L. 4Semecarpus L.f. 1Spondias L. 1CORIARIACEAECoriaria L. 2MORINGACEAE Moringa Adans. 1FABACEAEsub family – CAESALPINIOIDEAEAcrocarpos Arn. 1Bauhinia L. 5Caesalpinia L. 5Cassia L. 10Delonix Rafin. 1Peltophorum (Vogel) Benth. 1Tamarindus L. 1sub-family MIMOSOIDEAE Acacia Miller 7Albizia Durazz. 7

RHAMNACEAEBerchemia DC. 2Gouania Jacq. 2Hovenia Thunb. 1Rhamnus L. 2Ventilago Gaertn. 1

Aspidopterys Juss. 1Hiptage Gaertn. 1ZYGOPHYLLACEAETribulus L. 1GERANIACEAE

Geranium L. 7Biophytum DC. 1OXALIADCEAEAverrhoa L. 1Oxalis L. 4BALSAMINACEAEImpatiens L. 30RUTACEAE Acronychia Forster 1Aegle Correa 1Boenninghausenia Reichenb. 1Citrus L. 5Clausena Burman 1Melicope J.R. & G.Forster 1Glycosmis Correa 2Micromelum Blume 1Murraya L. 2Paramignya Wight 1Skimmia Thunb. 2Tetradium Lour. 2Toddalia Juss. 1Zanthoxylum L. 5SIMAROUBIACEAE Brucea J.F.Mill 1Ailanthus Desf. 1Picrasma Blume 1OCHNACEAEOchna L. 1BURSERACEAE Canarium L. 1Garuga Roxb. 3MELIACEAEAphanamixis Blume 1Azadirachta A.Juss. 1Chukrasia Jussieu 1Dysoxylum Blume 2Melia L. 3Munronia Wight 1Sphaerosacme Royle 1Toona (End.) Roem. 3Trichilia P.Br. 1OLACACEAEErythropalum Blume 1OPILIACEAE Lepionurus Blume 1ICACINACEAENatsiatum Arn. 1AQUIFOLIACEAE Ilex L. 8CELASTRACEAE Cassine L. 1Celastrus L. 4Euonymus L. 6Maytenus Molina 1

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Archidendron F. V. Mueller 3Entada Adans. 1Leucaena Benth. 1Mimosa L. 2Neptunia Lour. 1Pithecellobium Mart. 1Samanea (DC.) Merr. 1

sub-family PAPILIONOIDEAEAbrus Adans. 2Adenanthera L. 1Aeschynomene L. 2Alysicarpus Desv. 2Apios Fabr. 1Astragalus L. 13Butea Koenig ex Roxb. 3Cajanus DC. 5Campylotropis Bunge. 1Canavalia DC. 2Caragana Fabr. 3Cicer L. 1Crotalaria L. 16Dalbergia L.f. 9Derris Lour. 6Desmodium Desv. 25Dolichos L. 1Dumasia DC. 1Dunbaria Wight & Arn. 3Dysolobium (Benth.) Prain 1Eriosema (DC.) G.Don. 1Erythrina L. 4Flemingia Roxb. ex Ait. 5Glircidia Kunth 1Glycine Willd. 1Gueldenstedia Fischer 1Hedysarum L. 1Indigofera L. 8Lablab Adans. 1Lathyrus L. 1Lotus L. 1Macrotyloma ( Wight & Arn. ) Verdc. 1Melilotus Miller 1Milletia Wight & Arn. 4Mucuna Adans. 3Oxytropis DC. 3Pachyrhizus Rich. ex DC. 1Parochetus D. Don 1Phaseolus L. 3Piptanthus Sweet 1Pisum L. 1Pueraria DC. 6Rhynchosia Lour. 1Shuteria Wight & Arn. 2Sesbania Scop. 1Smithia Aiton 3Spongiocarpella Yakolev & Uiz. 1

Stracheya Benth. 1Tephrosia Pers. 1Teramnus P. Browne 1Thermopsis R.Br. 1Trifolium L. 3Trigonella L. 2Uraria Desv. 3Vicia L. 1Vigna Savi 3Zornia J. Gmelin 1ROSACEAEAgrimonia L. 1Aruncus L. 1Brachycaulos Dixit & Panigr. 1Chaenomeles Lindl. 1Cotoneaster Medik. 7Docynia Decne. 1Duchesnea Sm. 1Eriobotrya Lindl. 4Fragaria L. 3Geum L. 3Madennia Hook.f. & Thoms. 1Malus Miller 1Neillia D. Don 1Photinia Lindl. 2Potentilla L. 9Prinsepia Royle 1Prunus L. 14Pyrus L. 2Rosa L. 4Rubus L. 28Sanguisorba L. 2Sibbaldia L. 10Sorbus L. 14Spiraea L. 10SAXIFRAGACEAEAstilbe D.Don 1Bergenia Moench. 2Chrysosplenium L. 6Rodgersia A. Gray 1Saxifraga L. 51Tiarella L. 1PARNASSIACEAEParnassia L. 6GROSSULARIACEAERibes Desf. 6ITEACEAEItea L. 1Deutzia Thunb. 2HYDRANGEACEAEDichroa Lour. 1Hydrangea L. 6Philadelphus L. 1CRASSULACEAEKalanchoe Adans. 1Rhodiola L. 15

77

Herpetospermum Benth. & Hook. f. 1Hodgsonia Hook.f. & Thoms . 1Lagenaria Ser. 1Luffa Miller 1Melothria L. 5Momordica L. 3Neoalsomitra Hutch. 1Schizopepon Maxim. 1Sechium P.Browne 1Thiladiantha Bunge 1Trichosanthes L. 11Zanonia L. 1BEGONIACEAEBegonia L. 17DATISCACEAETetrameles R.Br. 1AIZOACEAE Trianthema L. 2MOLLUGINACEAEMollugo L. 1APIACEAEAcronema Edgew. 4Angelica L. 3Bupleurum L. 4Carum L. 1Centella L. 1Chaerophyllum L. 1Chamaesium H.Wolff 2Coriandrum L. 1Cortia DC. 1Cortiella C.Norman 1

Eryngium L. 1Foeniculum Mill. 1Heracleum L. 6Hydrocotyle L. 3Oenanthe L. 1Physospermopsis H. Wolff 2Pimpinella L. 6Pleurospermopsis C.Norman 1Pleurospermum Hoffm. 5Pternopetalum Franchet 2Sanicula L. 1Selinum L. 4Sinocarum Shan & Pu. 6Tordyliopsis DC. 1Torilis Adans. 1Trachyspermum Link. 1Vicatia DC. 2ARALIACEAEAralia L. 2Brassaiopsis Decne. & Planch. 6

Edgaria C.B.Clarke 1Gomphogyne Griff. 1Gymnopetalum Arn. 1Gynostemma Blume 2

Sedum L. 9Sinocrassula Berger 1DROSERACEAEDrosera L. 2HAMAMELIDACEAEExbucklandia R.W.Brown 1HALORAGACEAEHaloragis Frost. 1HIPPURIDACEAEHippuris L. 1CALLITRICHACEAECallitriche L. 2RHIZOPHORACEAECarallia Roxb. 1COMBRETACEAECombretum L. 5Terminalia L. 2MYRTACEAEAcmenosperma Kausel 1Callistemom R..Br. 1Eugenia L. 2Psidium L. 1Syzygium Gaertn. 11LECYTHIDACEAECareya Roxb. 2MELASTOMACEAEMedinilla Gaud. 3Melastoma L. 2Osbeckia L. 4Oxyspora DC. 1Sarcopyramis Wall. 1Sonerila Roxb. 2LYTHRACEAELagerstoremia L. 1Lawsonia L. 1Rotala L. 2Woodfordia Salisb. 1SONNERATIACEAEDuabanga Buch.Ham. 1PUNICACEAEPunica L. 1ONAGRACEAECircaea L. 2Epilobium L. 12Ludwigia L. 1Oenothera L. 1PASSIFLORACEAEAdenia L. 1Modecca Lam. 1Passiflora L. 3CARICACEAECarica L. 1CUCURBITACEAEBiswarea Cong. 1Cucumis L. 2Cyclanthera Schrad. 1

78

Eleutherococcus Maxim. 1Gamblea C.B.Clarke 1Hedera L. 1Helwingia Willd. 1Heteropanax Seem. 1Macropanax Miq. 2Panax L. 3Pentapanax Seem. 2Schefflera J.R. & G.Frost. 3Trevesia Vis 1CORNACEAEAucuba Thunb. 1Benthamidia Spach. 1Nyssa L. 1Swida Opiz 1ALANGIACEAE Alangium L. 3TORICELLIACEAEToricellia DC. 1CAPRIFOLIACEAELeycesteria Wall. 4Lonicera L. 17Sambucus L. 2Triosteum L. 1Viburnum L. 7VALERIANACEAENardostachys DC. 1Patrinia Juss. 1Valeriana L. 2DIPSACACEAEDipsacus L. 2Pterocephalus Adans. 1Triplostegia Wall. ex DC. 1RUBIACEAE Argostemma Wall. 2Borreria G.F.W.Mey 4Cephalanthus L. 1Coffea L. 1Dentella J.R. & G.Forst. 1Galium L. 10Gardenia Elth. 1Haldina Rids. 1Hedyotis L. 9Hymenodictyon Wall. 2

Hyptianthera Wight & Arn. 1Ixora L. 1Knoxia L. 2Kohautia Cham. & Schlecht. 1Lasianthus Jack. 1Leptodermis Wall. 1Luculia Sweet 1Meyna Roxb. ex Link. 2Mitragyna Korth. 1Morinda L. 1Mussaenda L. 6

Mycetia Reinw. 3Neanotis W.H.Lewis 5Neohymenopogon Bennett 1Neolamarckia Boss. 1Ophiorrhiza L. 6Paederia L. 2Pavetta L. 3Psychotria L. 4Randia L. 4Rubia L. 4Spermadictyon Roxb. 1Uncaria Schreb. 2Wendlandia DC. 6Xeromphis Rafin. 2CARLEMANNIACEAECarlemannia Benth. 1MORINACEAEMorina L. 3SARCOSPERMACEAESacrospermum Hook.f. 1STYLIDACEAEStylidium Sw. 1SAPOTACEAEAesandra Pierre 1Platea Blume 1Xantolis Raf. 1ASTERACEAEAdenocaulon Hook. 1Adenostemma J.R. & G.Forst. 2Ageratum L. 2Ainsliaea DC. 2Anaphalis DC. 13Artemisia L. 10Aster L. 14Bidens L. 4Blainvillea Cass. 1Blumea DC. 15Blumeopsis Gagnep. 1Brachyactis Ledeb. 1Cacalia L. 4Caesulia Roxb. 1Carpesium L. 3Centipeda Lour 1Chrysanthemum L. 3Cicerbita Wallroth 3Cirsium Mill. 6Cissampelopsis (DC.) Miq. 3Conyza Less. 4Cotula L. 2Crassocephalum Moench. 1Cremanthodium Benth. 11Crepis L. 2Cyathocline Cass. 2Dichrocephala L.’ Herit. ex DC. 2Doronicum L. 1Dubyaea DC. 1

79

Eclipta L. 1Elephantopus L. 1Emilia Cass. 2Erechtites Rafin. 1Erigeron L. 7Ethulia L.f. 1Eupatorium L. 3Galinsoga Ruiz & Pavon 2Gerbera L. 2Gnaphalium L. 5Gynura Cass. 4Hemistepta Bunge ex Fischer & Mey. 1Heteropappus Less. 1Inula L. 7Ixeris Cass. 3Lactuca L. 6Laggera Sch.-Bip. ex Koch 2Launaea Cass. 2Leibnitzia Cass. 2Leontopodium (Pers.) R.Brown 7Ligularia Cass. 8Microglossa DC. 1Mikania Willd. 1Myriactis Less. 1Nannoglottis Maxim. 1Parthenium L. 1Pentanema Cass. 2Petasites Mill. 1Picris L. 1Piloselloides (Less.) C.Jaffrey 1Prenanthes L. 3Pulicaria Gaertn. 1Rhynchospermum Peinw. 1Saussurea DC. 32Senecio L. 12Siegesbeckia L. 1Solidago L. 1Sonchus L. 4Soroseris Stebbins 3Sphaeranthus L. 1Spilanthes Jacq. 2Synedrella Gaertn. 1Synotis (C.B.Clarke) Jeffrey & Chen 8Tanace tum L. 3Taraxacum Webber 2Thespis DC. 1Tricholepis DC. 1Tridax L. 1Vernonia Schreb. 12Waldheimia Kar. & Kir. 1Xanthium L. 1Youngia Cass. 7ERICACEAE Agapetes L. 6Cassiope D. Don. 2Diplarche Hook.f. & Thomson 2

Enkianthus Lour. 1Gaultheria L. 4Lyonia Nutt. 2Pieris D.Don 1Rhododendron L. 38Vaccinium L. 8CAMPANULACEAEAsyneuma Griseb. & Schenk. 1Campanula L. 7Codonopsis Wall. 11Cyananthus Wall. 7Leptocodon Lemaire 1Peracarpa Hook.f. & Thomson 1Wahlenbergia Schrad. ex Roth. 3LOBELIACEAE Lobelia L. 9Pratia Gaud. 2MYRSINACEAEArdisia O.Sw.. 5Embelia Burm. f. 5Maesa Forssk. 5Myrsine L. 1Rapanea Blume 1PYROLACEAEPyrola L. 1DIAPENSIACEAEDiapensia L. 1PLUMBAGINACEAEPlumbago L. 1MONOTROPACEAEMonotropa L. 2Monotropastrum Andres 1PRIMULACEAEAndrosace L. 13Bryocarpum Hook.f. & Thomson 1Glaux L. 1Lysimachia L. 11Omphalogramma Franch. 1Primula L. 58EBENACEAEDiospyros L. 2STYRACACEAE Styrax L. 2SYMPLOCACEAE Symplocos Jacq. 9OLEACEAEChionanthus L. 1Fraxinus L. 1Jasminum L. 7Ligustrum L. 3Myxopyrum Blume 1Nyctanthes L. 1Olea L. 2Osmanthus Lour. 2APOCYNACEAE Aganosma G.Don. 2

80

Alstonia

R.Br. 2Alyxia

Banks ex R.Br. 1Beaumontia Wall. 1Chonemorpha G.Don 2Holarrhena R.Br. 1Ichnocarpus R.Br. 3Melodinus J. R.& G.Frost. 1Microchites Miq. 1Parabarium Pierre ex C.Spine & A.Spine 1Rauvolfia L. 1Rhynchodia Benth. 1Trachelospermum Lem. 2Vallaris Burm.f. 1Wrightia R.Br. 2ASCLEPIADACEAE Calotropis R.Br. 1Ceropegia L. 6Cynanchum L. 2Dischidia R.Br. 1Dittoceras Hook.f. 1Genianthus Hook.f. 1Gongronema Decne. 1Gymnema R.Br. 3Heterostemma Wight & Arn. 1Holostemma R.Br. 1Hoya R.Br. 10Leptadenia R.Br. 1Marsdenia R.Br. 5Raphistemma Wall. 1Telosma Coville 1Taxocarpus Wight & Arn. 1Treutlera Hook.f. 1Tylophora R.Br. 4Vincetoxicum N.M.Wolf. 1Wattakaka Hassk. 1PERIPLOCACEAE Cryptolepis R.Br. 2Cryptostegia R.Br. 1Hemidesmus R.Br. 1Periploca L. 1Streptocaulon Wight & Arn. 1BUDDLEJACEAE Buddleja L. 5LOGANIACEAEGardneria Wall. 1Mitrasacme Labill. 1GENTIANACEAE Canscora Lam. 2Cotylanthera Blume 1Crawfurdia Wall. 1Exacum L. 2Gentiana L. 32Gentianella Moench 4Gentianopsis Ma. 1Halenia Borckh. 1Jaeschkea Kurz. 2

Lomatogonium A.Braun 5Sebaea Soland. ex R.Br. 2Swertia L. 17Tripterospermum Blume 3Veratrilla ( Baill.) Franch. 1HYDROPHYLLACEAE Hydrolea L. 1MENYANTHACEAE Nymphoides Hill. 2BORAGINACEAE Bothriospermum Bunge 1Chionocharis I.M.Johnston 1Cynoglossum L. 4Eritrichium Schrad. 2Hackelia Opiz. 1Heliotropium L. 2Lasiocaryum M. Johnston 1Maharanga A.DC. 2Microcaryum I.M.Johnston 1Microula Benth. 3Myosotis l. 1Onosma L. 1Tournefortia L. 2Trigonotis Stev. 5EHRETIACEAE Cordia L. 1Ehretia P.Brown 4CONVOLVULACEAEAniseia Choisy 1Argyreia Lour. 9Calystegia R.Br. 1Erycibe Roxb. 2Evolvulus L. 2Ipomoea L. 12Lettsomia Roxb. 2Merremia Dennst. 3Operculina Mamso 1Porana Burm.f. 4Rivea Choisy 1CUSCUTACEAECuscuta L. 2SOLANACEAEBrugmansia Pers. 1Datura L. 2Lycianthes (Dunal) Hassk. 2Mandragora L. 1Nicandra Adans . 1Physalis L. 2Przewalskia Maxim 1Scopolia jacq. 1Solanum L. 10Withania Pauq. 1SCROPHULARIACEAE Andenosma R.Br. 1Bacopa Blume 1Calorhabdos Benth. 1

81

Centranthera R.Br. 2Curanga Juss. 1Dopatrium Buch. Ham. ex Benth. 1Ellisiophyllum Maxim. 1Euphrasia L. 1Hemiphragma Wall. 1Kickxia Dumort. 1Lancea Hook.f. & Thomson 1Limnophila R.Br. 6Lindenbergia Lehm. 4Lindernia All. 12Mazus Lour. 3Melasma Berg. 1Mimulus L. 1Oreosolen Hook.f. 1Pedicularis L. 47Picrorhiza Royle ex Benth. 1Scoparia L. 1Scrophularia L. 4Sopubia Buch.- ham. 1Striga Lour. 1Torenia L. 4Verbascum L. 1Veronica L. 9Wightia Wall. 1Wulfenia Jacq. 1SELAGINACEAE Lagotis Gaertn . 4OROBANCHACEAE Aeginetia L. 2Boschniakia C.A.Meyer 1Christisonia Gardner 1LENTIBULARIACEAE Pinguicula L. 1Utricularia L. 8GESNERIACEAE Aeschynanthus Jacq. 8Chirita Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don 8Corallodiscus Batalin 1Didymocarpus Wall. 10Epithema Blume 1Leptoboea Benth. 1Loxostigma C.B.Clarke 2Lysionotus D.Don 2Platystemma Wall. 1Rhynchoglossum Blume 1Rhynchotechum Blume 2BIGNONIACEAE Jacaranda Juss. 1Oroxylum Vent. 1THUNBERGIACEAE Thunbergia Retz. 4ACANTHACEAE Adhatoda Nees 1Aechmanthera Nees 1Asystasia Blume 1

Barleria L. 2Dianthera L. 1Dicliptera Juss . 1Diflugossa Bremek. 2

Echinacanthus Nees 4Elytraria Michx. 1Eranthemum L. 2Goldfussia Nees. 6Hygrophila R.Br. 3Hypoestes Soland . ex R.Br. 1Justicea L. 1Lepidagathis Willd. 2Listrobanthes Bremek. 1Nelsonia R.Br. 1Peristrophe Nees 1Phaulopsis Willd. 1Phlogacanthus Nees. ex Wall. 2Plectranthus L. Herit. 3Pseuderanthemum Radlk. 2Pteracanthus Bremek. 7Rungia Nees 2Staurogyne Wall. 1Strobilanthes Blume 3Sympagis Bremek. 1VERBENACEAE Callicarpa L. 5Caryopteris Bunge. 2Clerodendrum L. 7Duranta L. 1Gmelina L. 1Holmskioldia Retz. 1Lantana L. 1Premna L. 8Pygmaeopremna Merril 1Tectona L.f. 1Verbena L. 1Vitex L. 3LAMIACEAE Achyrospermum Blume 1Acrocephalus Benth. 1Ajuga L. 3Anisochilus (Wall.) Benth. 2Anisomeles R.Br. 1Clinopodium L. 1Colebrookea Sm. 1Coleus Lour. 1Colquhounia Wall. 1Craniotome Reichenb. 1Dracocephalum L. 3Elsholtzia Willd. 9Eriophyton Benth. 1Eusteralis Rafin. 3Galeopsis L. 1Geniosporum Wall. ex Benth. 1Gomphostemma Benth. 4Lamium L. 1

82

Leucas R.Br. 7Leucosceptrum Sm. 1Melissa L. 1Micromeria Benth. 1Nepeta L. 4Nothochaete Benth. 1Ocimum L. 3Origanum L. 1Orthodon Benth. & Oliver. 1Orthosiphon Benth. 1Paraphlomis Prain 1Perilla L. 1Phlomis L. 6Plectranthus L.Herit. 1Pogostemon Desf. 6Prunella L. 1Rabdosia (Blume) Hassk. 7Rubiteucris Kudo 1Salvia L. 4Scutellaria L. 4Stachys L. 2Teucrium L. 2AMARANTHACEAEAchyranthes L 2Aerva Forssk. 1Alternanthera Forssk. 1Amaranthus L. 7Celosia L. 2Centrostachys Wall. 1Cyathula Blume 3Deeringia R.Br. 1Gomphrena L. 2Stilbanthus Hook.f. 1CHENOPODIACEAEAxyris L. 1Chenopodium L. 3Microgynoecium Hook.f. 1Spinacea L. 1BASELLACEAEBasella L. 1PHYTOLACCACEAE Phytolacca L. 1POLYGONACEAE Aconogonon Reich. 6Antenoron Raf. 1Bistorta Scop. 8Fallopia Adans. 3Fagopyrum Mill. 3Koenigia L. 6Oxyria Hill 1Persicaria Mill. 22Polygonum L. 2Rheum L. 5Rumex L. 7ARISTOLOCHIACEAEAristolochia L. 6

Asarum L. 1PIPERACEAE Peperomia Ruiz. & Pavon 4Piper L. 12SAURURACEAE Houttuynia Thunb. 1CHLORANTHACEAEChloranthus Sw.. 1MYRISTICACEAEHorsfieldia Willd. 1Knema Lour. 3PROTEACEAE Grevillea R.Br. 1Helicia Lour. 1LAURACEAEActinodaphne Nees 3Beilschmiedia Nees 5Cinnadenia Kosterm. 1Cinnamomum Schaeffer 5Cryptocarya R.Br. 1Lindera Thunb. 5Litsea Lam. 11Neolitsea (Benth.) Merril 2Neocinnamomum H. Liu 1Persea Miller 7Phoebe Nees 2THYMELAEACEAEDaphne L. 4Edgeworthia Meisn. 1Stellera L. 1ELAEGNACEAEElaegnus L. 3Hippophae L. 2LORANTHACEAEDendrophthoe Mart. 1Helixanthera Lour. 2Hyphear Danser 1Loranthus L. 2Macrosolen Blume 2Scurrula L. 2Taxillus van Tiegh. 2Tolypanthus Blume 1Viscum L. 3SANTALACEAEDufrenoya Chatin 2Osyris L. 1Pyrularia Michx. 1Thesium L. 1BALANOPHORACEAEBalanophora J.R. & G.Forst. 4Rhopalocnemis Jungh. 1EUPHORBIACEAEAcalypha L. 1Alchornea Sw.. 2Antidesma L. 6Aporusa Blume 1

83

Baccaurea Lour. 1Baliospermum Blume 3Bischofia Blume 1Breynia J.R. & G. Forst. 2Bridelia Willd. 6Cleidion Blume 1Croton L. 4Drypetes Vahl 3Emblica Gaertn. 1Endospermum Benth. 1Euphorbia L. 10Glochidion J.R. Forst. 13Homonoia Lour. 1Jatropha L. 1Kirganelia Juss. 1Lasiococca Hook.f. 1Macaranga Thouars 4Mallotus Lour. 6Manihot Mill. 1Mercurialis L. 1Ostodes Blume 1Phyllanthus L. 8Pterococcus Hassk. 1Ricinus L. 1Sapium R.Br. 4Sauropus Blume 3Securinega Comm. ex Juss. 1Suregada Rottler 1Tragia L. 1Vernicia Lour. 1BUXACEAE Buxus L. 2Sarcococca Lindl. 4DAPHNIPHYLLACEAEDaphniphyllum Blume 1ULMACEAE Celtis L. 2Gironniera Guad. 1Trema Lour. 4Ulmus L. 1CANNABACEAECannabis L. 1MORACEAE Artocarpus J.R. & G.Forst. 3Broussonetia Vent. 2Ficus L. 37Maclura Nutt. 1Morus L. 2Plecospermum Trecul. 1URTICACEAE Boehmeria Jacq. 7Chambainia Wight. 1Debregeasia Gaud. 2Dendrocnide Miq. 1Elatostema J.R.& Forst. 20Girardinia Gaud. 1

Gonostegia Turcz. 1Laportea Gaud. 1Lecanthus Wedd. 1Maoutia Wedd. 1Oreocnide Miq. 3Parietaria L. 1Pilea Lindl. 13Poikilospermum Zipp. ex Miq. 1Pouzolzia Gaud. 2Procris Comm ex Juss. 1Urtica L. 4JUGLANDACEAEEngelherdia Leschen ex Blume 1Juglans L. 1MYRICACEAE Myrica L. 1BETULACEAE Alnus Mill. 1Betula L. 2CORYLACEAECarpinus L. 1Corylus L. 1FAGACEAECastanopsis (D.Don) Spach. 4Lithocarpus Blume 3Quercus L. 8SALICACEAEPopulus L. 2Salix L. 21MONOCOTYLEDONSBURMANNIACEAEBurmannia L. 3ORCHIDACEAEAcampe Lindl. 3Acanthephippium Blume 2Acriopsis Reinw. ex Blume 1Acrochaene Lindl. 1Aerides Lour. 3Agrostophyllum Blume 4Androcorys Schltr. 2Ania Lindl. 2Anoectochilus Blume 2Anthogonium Wall. ex Lindl. 1Aorchis Vermeulen 1Aphyllorchis Blume 2Apostasia Blume 1Appendicula Blume 1Arachnis Blume 1Arundina Blume 1Ascocentrum Schltr. 1Bhutanthera Renz 1

Biermannia King & Pantl. 1Bulbophyllum Du. Petit Thouars. 46Bulleyia Schltr. 1Calanthe R. Br. 21

84

Cephalanthera

L.C.

Rich.

1

Cephalantheropsis

Guill.

1

Ceratostylis

Blume

2

Cheirostylis Blume

3

Chiloschista Lindl.

2

Chrysoglossum

Blume

1

Chusua Nevski

3

Cirrhopetalum Lindl.

3

Cleisocentron

Bruhl

1

Cleisostoma

Blume

7

Coelogyne

Lindl.

18

Corybas

Salisb.

1

Corymborkis

Thou.

1

Cremastra

Lindl.

1

Crepidium Blume

8

Cryptochilus

Wall.

2

Cymbidium

Sw.

13

Cypripedium

L.

3

Dendrobium

O.Sw..

36

Didiciea

King & Prain

1

Didymoplexis

Griff.

1 Dienia Lindl.

1

Diglyphosa

Blume

1 Diphylax

Hook.f.

1

Diplomeris

D. Don.

1

Diploprora Hook.f. 1 Drymoda Lindl. 1 Epigeneium Gagnep. 5 Epipactis Zinn. 4

Epipogium Gmelin ex Borkhausen 2

Eria Lindl. 21

Erythrodes Blume

1

Esmeralda

Reichb.f.

1

Eulophia

R.Br.

9

Flickingeria A. D. Hawkes

1

Galeola

Lour.

4

Gastrochilus

D.Don

9

Gastrodia

R Br.

2

Geodorum

G. Jacks

1

Goodyera R. Br.

11

Gymnadenia

R. Br.

2

Habenaria

Willd.

9

Herminium L.

10

Herpysma Lindl.

1

Hetaeria

Blume

1

Ione Lindl.

3

Kingidium

P. F. Hunt.

2

Lechenorchis Blume

1

Liparis

L. C. Rich.

27

Listera

R. Br.

8

Luisia

Gaud.

3

Malaxis Sw.

2

Mastigion Garay & al.

1

Micropera

Lindl.

2

Monomeria

Lindl.

1

Myrmechis

(Lindl.) Blume

2

Nephelaphyllum Blume

1

Neottianthe (Reichb.)Schltr.

2

Neottia Guettard

3

Nephelaphyllum

2

Nervilia

Gaudich.

7

Oberonia

L.

25

Odontochilus Blume

6

Oreorchis Lindl.

3

Ornithochilus (Lindl.)Wall.

1

Otochilus

L.

3

Pachystoma Blume

1

Panisea

(Lindl. ) Lindl.

2

Pantlingia

Prain

1

Paphiopedilum

Pfitz

2

Papilionanthe

Schltr.

3

Pecteilis Raf.

1

Peristylus

Blume

12

Phaius

Lour.

4

Phalaenopsis Blume

2

Pholidota

Lindl. ex Hook. f.

6 Phreatia

Lindl.

1

Platanthera L.C . Rich .

12 Pleione

D.Don

4

Podochilus

Blume

2

Pomatocalpa Breda 4 Porpax Lindl. 2 Pteroceras Hasselt ex Hassk . 1 Rhomboda Lindl. 2

Rhytionanthes Garay & al. 2

Rhynchostylis Blume 1

Risleya

King & Pantl.

1

Ritaia

King & Pantl.

1

Robiquetia

Gaud.

2

Saccolabiopsis J.J.Sm.

1

Satyrium Sw.

1

Schoenorchis

Blume

1

Smitinandia

Holttum

1

Spathoglottis Blume

1

Spiranthes

L.C.Rich .

1

Stereochilus

Lindl.

2

Sunipia

Lindl.

2

Thrixspermum

Lour.

3

Tropidia

Lindl.

1

Taeniophyllum Blume

2

Tainia Blume

2

Thelasis Blume

2

Thunia

Reichb.f.

2

Tipularia

Hutt.

1

Trichotosia

Blume

2

Tylostylis

L. Blume

1

Uncifera

Lindl.

2

Vanda

W. Jones ex R. Brown

6

Vandopsis

Pfitz .

1

Yoania

Maxim .

1

Zeuxine

Lindl.

9

85

ZINGIBERACEAE

Alpinia Roxb. 3Amomum Roxb.

5Caulokaempferia

K. Larsen 1Cautleya (Benth.)Hook.f. 4Costus L. 2Curcuma Roxb.

5Curcumorpha Rao & Verma 1Globba L. 9Hedychium Koen. 12Hemiorchis Kurz 1Hornstedtia Retz. 1Kaempferia L. 3Roscoea J.E.Smith 4Zingiber Boehm. 7CANNACEAECanna L. 3MUSACEAE Musa L. 5IRIDACEAEBelamcanda A.Adans. 1Crocosmia Planch. 1Gladiolus L. 5Iris L. 5AMARYLLIDACEAECrinum L. 1Hymenocallis Salisb. 1Pancratium L. 1Zephyranthes Herb. 2HYPOXIDACEAECurculigo Gaertn. 4AGAVACEAEAgave L. 2Dracaena Vandelli ex L. 1Furcraea Vent. 1Yucca L. 1DIOSCOREACEAEDioscorea L. 10LILIACEAEAletris L. 3Allium L. 10Aloe L. 1Asparagus L. 2Asphodelus L. 1Campylandra Baker 1Cardiocrinum Lindl. 1Chlorophytum Ker-Gawler 5Clintonia Rafin. 1Cordyline A.L. Juss. 1Dianella Lam. 1Disporum D.Don 4Fritillaria L. 1Gagea Salisb. 1Gloriosa L. 1Hemerocallis L. 1Iphigenia Kunth 1

Lilium L. 3Lloydia Salisb. 9Maianthemum G.H. Weber ex Wiggers 6Nomocharis Franch. 2Notholirion Wall. 3Ophiopogon Ker – Gawler 4Paris L. 2Peliosanthes Andrews 3Polygonatum Mill. 11Sansevieria Thumb. 1Streptopus Michaux. 2Theropogon Maxim. 1Tofieldia Huds. 1Tricyrtis Wall. 1Trillidium Kunth 1Trillium L. 1Tupistra Ker – Gawl. 1Ypsilandra Franch. 1SMILACACEAESmilax L. 18PONTEDERIACAEEichhornia Kunth 1Monochoria C.Presl. 2XYRIDACEAEXyris L. 1COMMELINACEAEAmischophacelus Rolla Rao & Kammathy 1Amischotolype Hassk. 2Commelina L. 8Cyanotis D. Don. 1Floscopa Lour. 1Murdannia Royle 5Pollia Thunb. 3Rhopalephora Hassk. 1Streptolirion Edgew. 1JUNCACEAEJuncus L. 40Luzula DC. 6ARECACEAE Areca L. 1Calamus L. 5Caryota L. 1Cocos L. 1Daemonorops Blume 1Phoenix L. 4Pinanga Blume 1Plectocomia Mart. & Blume 1Trachycarpus Wendl. 1Wallichia Roxb. 2PANDANACEAEPandanus Parkinson 3ACORACEAEAcorus L. 2ARACEAEAlocasia (Schott) D. Don 4Amorphophallus Decne. 2

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Ariopsis Nimmo 1Arisaema Mart. 13Colocasia Schott 2Lasia Lour. 1Pothos L. 2Remusatia Schott 2Rhaphidophora Hassk. 5Sauromatum Schott 1Scindapsus Schott 1JUNCAGINACEAETriglochin L. 2POTAMOGETONACEAEPotamogeton L. 4SPARGANIACEAESparganium L. 1ERIOCAULACEAEEriocaulon L. 6CYPERACEAEBlysmus Panz. ex J.A. Schultes 1Bulbostylis Kunth 2Carex L. 64Cyperus L. 18Eleocharis R. Br. 4Eriophorum L. 1Fimbristylis Vah 9Indocourtoisia Bennet & Raiz. 1Isolepis R. Br. 1Kobresia Willd. 18Kyllinga Rottb. 3Lipocarpha R.Br. 1Mariscus Vahl 11Pycreus P. Beauv. 9Rhynchospora Vahl 4Schoenoplectus (Reichb.)Palla 4Scirpus L. 2Scleria P. Berg. 5POACEAESubfamily: BAMBUSOIDEAEBambusa Schreb. 2Chimonobambusa Makino 1Dendrocalamus Nees 4Drepanostachyum Keng f. 5Himalayacalamus Keng .f. 1Melocalamus Benth. 1Phyllostachys Sieb. & Zucc. 1Schizostachyum Nees 3Thamnocalamus Munro 1Yushania P.C. Keng 4Subfam.:PANICOIDEAEAlloteropsis C.B. Presl. 1Apluda L. 1Apocopsis Nees 1Arthraxon P. Beauv. 4Bothriochloa O. Kuntze. 2Brachiaria Griseb. 3Capillipedium Stapf 2

Chrysopogon Trin. 3Coix L. 1Cymbopogon Spreng. 5Cyrtococcum Stapf 4Dichanthium Willemet. 2Digitaria Haller 7Dimeria R. Br. 1Echinochloa P. Beauv. 3Eremopogon (Hack.) Stapf 1Eulalia Kunth 5Eulaliopsis Honda 1Hemarthria R.Br. 1Ichnanthus P. Beauv. 1Imperata Cirillo 1Ischaemum L. 3Microstegium Nees 5Miscanthus Anderson 2Mnesithea Kunth 3Ophiuros Gaertn.f. 1Oplismenus P. Beauv. 3Panicum L. 13Paspalidium StapfPaspalum L. 4Pennisetum Rich. ex Pers. 7Phacelurus Griseb. 1Pogonatherum P.Beauv. 1Polytoca R.Br. 2Pseudechinolaena (Hook.f.) Stapf 1Pseudopogonatherum A.Camus 2Pseudosorghum A.Camus 1Rottboellia L. f. 1Saccharum L. Pl. 7Sacciolepis Nash. 3Schizachyrium Nees 2Setaria P.Beauv. 8Sorghum Moench 1Themeda Forssk. 4Vetiveria Lem. 1Zea L. 1Sub fam. POOIDEAE Agrostis L. 12Alopecurus L. 2Aniselytron Merril 1Anthoxanthum L. 3Arundinella Reddl. 4Arundo L. 1Avena L. 2Brachypodium P.Beauv. 1Briza L. 1Bromus L. 4Calamagrostis Adans. 2Catabrosa P. Beauv. 1Centotheca Desr. 1Coelachne R.Br. 1Colpodium Trin. 1Cyathopus Stapf 1

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Cynodon L. 1Dactyloctenium Willd. 1Danthonia DC. 1Deschampsia L. 1Deyeuxia P. Beauv. 6Eleusine Gaertn. 1Elymus L. 2Eragrostis Wolf. 15Festuca L. 8Garnotia Brongn. 3Glyceria R.Br. 1Helictotrichon Roem. & Schult. 2Holcus L. 1Hordeum L. 2Isachne R.Br. 5Lolium L. 1Muhlenbergia Schreb. 2Neyraudia Hook.f. 2Phaenospermum Benth. & Hook.f. 1Phalaris L. 2Phleum L. 1Phragmites Adans. 2Piptatherum P. Beauv. 1Poa L. 14Polypogon Desf. 2Spodiopogon Trin. 1Sporobolus R.Br. 4Stipa L. 5Thysanolaena Nees 1Trikeraia Bor 1Tripogon Roem. & Schult. 2Trisetum Pers. 3Triticum L. 1TOTAL 4458

AUTHORS

Paramjit SinghScientist EBotanical Survey of India, C.G.O.Complex, D-F Block, F- wing, Salt Lake City, Kolkata- 700064Email: Phone: +91 9432227944(corresponding author)

pchanna@gmail.com

M. SanjappaDirector,Botanical Survey of India, C.G.O.Complex, D-F block, F- wing,Salt Lake City, Kolkata- 700064

Hedychium gardnerianum - a plant native to the Himalaya

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REFERENCES

Chatterjee, D. 1939. Studies on the endemic flora of India and Burma. J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal. Pt.II. Nat. Hist. 5: 19-67.

Singh, P. & A. S. Chauhan. 1997. Plant Diversity in Sikkim Himalaya. in: Hajra, P.K. and V. Mudgal (ed.), Plant diversity

Hotspots of India, An Overview. pp. 137-158. Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata.