Fracture Techniques

8/12/2019 Fracture Techniques

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Fracturing TechniquesA way to stimulate the well

BY Group 2:


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What is Fracturing?

Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is the process of drilling afluid into the ground at a high pressure in order to fracture shale rorelease natural gas inside.

Applications:

To stimulate groundwater wells. To precondition or induce rock to cave in mining.

As a means of enhancing waste remediation processes, usually hydrocarbon waste o

To dispose of waste by injection into deep rock formations.

As a method to measure the stress in the Earth.

For heat extraction to produce electricity in enhanced geothermal systems.

To increase injection rates for geologic sequestration of CO2


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Terra Slicing Technology

Advanced excavation technology Terra Slicing cuts two perpendicular slices, through casin

cement, 3-10 ft. deep into formation, using high-pressurslurry (5000 psi)

Terra Slicing eliminates near-wellbore compaction, clean

formation and increases permeability Creates pressure drop in near-wellbore zone

Creates vertical permeability that does not exist naturally


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Terra Slicing Process

The Terra Slicing tool is

lowered down to the target

formation.

STEP 1:


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Abrasive Slurry is Injected downto the hole at the targetformation at proper directionand azimuth.

STEP 2:


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Tool is raised after slicing hasbeen completed.

STEP 3:


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Then after Powered chemical reagents

are circulated into the slice.

This cleans the slices and transfer thenear wellbore stress to the tip of the new

slices.

STEP 4:


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Thus Porosity and PERMEABILITY are

increased in the sliced area of the near

wellbore.

Slicing reduces the pressure drops

STEP 5:


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Slice Orientation

Slices are oriented perpendicular to

the maximum stress.

Permeability around the wellboreincreases 15-20X Fracture size is

minimum 6.2 X bigger


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Contd:

----Maximum stresses ..frac

Slices are like man made

hydraulic wedge.

Fracture propagates

perpendicular to slices,parallel to maximum stresses.


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Applications

Re-distributes stresses away from near-wellbore zone Porosity increases >> 4-5x; Permeability >> 15x

Drainage volume increases 6.2x greater than borehole

Very deep penetration (compared to perforation)

Eliminates skin effects.

Creates vertical permeability that does not normally exnature

So powerful it can cut multiple casings & deep rock


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Does not crack any part of casing and cement.

The only technology that actually excavates rock

Accurate, since slices are done in pre determined direc

Ecologically safe / environmentally friendly

Creates pressure drop near wellbore


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Plasma Technology Plasma can be defined as an ionized gas containing m

,atoms, ions, electrons and photons, where the negat

positive charges are approximately equal.


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Introduction

Plasma Technology consists of exposing the wellbore toplasma jet to insure instantaneous and efficient heat trathe surrounding wellbore rocks.

The high temperature of plasma jet changes the basic pr

of rock and increases porosity and permeability. The increment in porosity and permeability is very high


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Why it is required?

It is beneficial for tight formations containing lamount of heavy oil.

The resources of heavyworld are more than tw

conventional light crud


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Materials

(1) Plasma Device: Plasma is usually generated by applying a high frequencvoltage electric field to a gas.

This can be achieved through generating devices that haelectrodes, which are characterized by the presence of aand an anode like plasma arcs or electrodeless devices.

This Device uses inductive or capacitive coupling to genplasma.


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(2) Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM):Used to characterize pore size and pore structure of

samples prior to and after exposure to ultrahigh temper

(3) Mercury Porosimetery (ME):Used to determine the porosity of the core samples.


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(4) Thermo gravimetric Analyzer (TGA): Used to examine the rate of decomposition o

carbonate at different temperatures.

Small particles of about 10 mg, collected from the c

samples are heated in the TGA unit at temperatures ran650 to 950 C at atmospheric pressure and under continof pure nitrogen.


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Decomposition of CaCO3

Due to ultra high temperatucarbonate decomposes to fooxide and carbon dioxide acfollowing equation:

CaCO3 =CaO + CO2

Both the decomposition tem

reaction time affect the phyof the formed calcium oxide


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A high burning temperature and long calcination time hard-burned quicklime that has high density and low p

Whereas a low burning temperature and short burningyield soft-burned lime with low density and high poros

The low burning temperature should be high enough to

conversation but less than the Tammann temperature (bulk density increases)of the CaO.


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As the heating temperatureamount of carbon dioxide aincreases.

This would clearly indicate the temperature the more Cand the more voids or pores

within the carbonate rock ureaction reaches completion


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Between 1200 K and 1500 K the release of carbon monoduring the decomposition reaction results increasing vorepresenting about 57% of the solid volume.

This indicates that a calcium carbonate rock can achieve

porosity and hence high permeability.


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Pros: Uses argon gas as fracturing fluid which is an inert gas.

hazardous effect to surrounding environment.

Could be applied to tight heavy oil reservoirs where duaof the process could be obtained: permeability improvem

viscosity reduction Directly concentrate to nearby reservoir area.

Environmentally friendly.


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Cons:

Requires research work.

More expensive.


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Conclusions

Ultra -high heat proven to improve the porosity and perof tight carbonates rocks.

Porosity & permeability analysis of heated carbonate saindicated that the porosity and permeability increased b

and 5000 % respectively at 1000 C

Documents

Fracture Techniques