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GAS RESERVES STATUS
Malaysia has the 16th largest gas reserves and the 30th largest crude oil reserves in the
world as at end 2003. Also Malaysia’s gas reserves stood at 84.9 trillion cubic feet (tcf)
and this translates to about 66.8 years of reserves per production ratio.
Source: www.gasmalaysia.com
Natural Gas reserves under the Malaysia-Thailand Joint Development Area (JDA) are
estimated to be around ten trillion cubic feet. The gas wills tie-in with the Peninsular Gas
Utilisation (PGU) system at Changlun, Kedah. Initial volume is 290 million standard cubic
feet per day (mmscfd) rising to 550 mmscfd by year 2005 / 2006.
Apart from the Malaysia-Thailand JDA, a new source of gas supply to Peninsular
Malaysia will be from the West Natuna Field in Indonesia. PETRONAS signed an
agreement on 28 March 2001 with PERTAMINA (The Indonesian state oil and gas
company), for the import of 1.5 trillion scf of gas over a period of 20 years.
Another agreement involving the supply of 300 mmscfd to Malaysia for 20 years is
expected to be concluded by the end of 2002. The delivery of gas from south Sumatra to
Malaysia is scheduled for early 2005.
Figure 6-1: Malaysian Natural Gas Reserves
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Fig. 6-2 and Fig. 6-3 from BP Review of World Gas 2003 shows Asian and world gas
reserved status as at end 2003.
Figure 6-2: Asian proved gas reserves status
ASEAN TOTAL: ~224 TSCF
BRUNEI, 5%
MYANMAR, 6%
THAILAND, 7% VIETNAM, 4%
MALAYSIA, 38%INDONESIA, 40%
Figure 6-3: World Proved Gas Reserves Status
WORLD TOTAL: ~ 6205 TSCF
NORTH AMERICA
4%AFRICA
8%
ASIA PACIFIC
8% SOUTH AMERICA
4%
MIDDLE EAST
41% EUROPE &
EURASIA
35%
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MALAYSIA ENERGY DEMAND
Energy demand is set to outpace the growth of GDP and natural gas is poised to face a
higher growth rate. The contribution of natural gas as a main source of primary
commercial energy supply is expected to increase from 29.9 percent in year 2000 to37.1 percent in year 2005.
Natural gas will continue to remain the fuel of choice for power generation as compared
to oil, coal and hydro, accounting for 61 percent of the fuel generation mix.
Source: www.gasmalaysia.com
By year 2005, 1,687 mmscfd of gas is expected to be used for electricity generation.
COMPONENT OF NATURAL GAS
The organic origin of Natural Gas explains why it is made of hydrocarbons (compounds
of hydrogen and carbon). The principle ingredient of Natural Gas is the hydrocarbon
compound called methane. In many Natural Gas deposits, methane makes up 80 to 90
percent of the gas.
Figure 6-4: Fuel for Power Generation
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Source: www.gasmalaysia.com
Natural Gas may contain other small hydrocarbon molecules such as ethane, propane,
butane, pentane, and hexane. Besides these hydrocarbons, it may also comprise such
inorganic compounds as nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide.
Constituent of Natural Gas
Figure 6-5: Natural Gas Composition
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Gas Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.
Gas Malaysia is joint venture company established by MMC-Shapadu Holdings (55%),
Tokyo Gas-Mitsui & Co. Holdings (25%) and PETRONAS (20%).
Gas Malaysia was incorporated in May 1992 to promote, construct and operate Natural
Gas Distribution System in Peninsular Malaysia. Their mission is to provide the cleanest,
safest, cost effective and reliable energy solutions to the nation.
Gas Malaysia supplies Natural Gas to a wide range of industries namely chemical, glass,
basic metal, rubber, non metallic material and others. As at June 2004, it has a network
of over 900 kilometers in pipelines, which leads to over 32 communities and enables
supply to key industrial areas. Gas Malaysia pipes gas to industrial, commercial and
residential sectors and derives about 98% of its revenue from the industrial sector
comprising mainly manufacturing plants.
With the announcement of the new gas tariff made in March 2003, it has positioned
Natural Gas as the most affordable and attractive energy solution. The fixed gas price
system has eliminated the volatility of energy pricing. Natural Gas is currently in between
38% to 63% cheaper than other alternative fuel. With the potential savings in sight, Gas
Malaysia is expecting a sharp increase in the demand for Natural Gas.
GAS UTILIZATION
Factors which influence the pattern of gas utilization as follow;
- Sources of gas (locally produced vs. import)
- Infrastructure (existing pipeline vs. newly built)
- Weather
- Energy Intensive vs. Non energy intensive industries
- Population density
- Alternative fuel (price)
- Government policy
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Pattern of Gas Utilization
Table 6-1: Breakdown of pattern of gas utilization for various countries
M’SIA (%) EUROPE (%) USA (%) JAPAN (%)
Petrochemical 9 6 4 2
Power generation 79 13 14 67
Industrial/Commercial 10 27 29 7
Domestic 1 48 40 22
Others 1 6 13 2
NATURAL GAS FOR POWER GENERATION
Sources of primary energy for electricity generation
a) Hydropower (water)
b) Nuclear power (uranium, thorium converted to plutonium)
c) Solar power (sun)
d) Fossil fuels (coal, fuel oil, NG)
e) Renewable (wind, tidal waves, geothermal, wood agro-waste, municipal waste)
Figure 6-6: Electricity Generation by Fuel 1970-2020 (106 kWh)
Source: EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2002 with Projections to 2020
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Capital cost of power plants
1. Hydropower most expensive
2. Nuclear power
3. Steam turbine (oil, coal)
4. Combined Cycle Power Plant (gas)
5. Gas turbine (gas) least expensive
Typical Power Plant Efficiency
a) Combined Cycle 40-55%
b) Diesel Engine 40-45%
c) Steam Turbine 26-42%
d) Nuclear Plant 30-35%
e) Gas Turbine 25-30%
Advantages
- Reliant supply – large and growing gas reserve
- Lower green house emission – environmental-friendly
- Site is clean and compact
- NOx emission control technology available
- Negligible sulfur and ash emission
- Development of high efficiency and low cost CCPP
- CCPP can be built in much more shorter time than other technologies
Disadvantages
- Possible leakage problem from pipeline
- Not a sustainable fuel
- Extraction of natural gas and the construction of natural gas power plants can
destroy natural habitat for animals and plants.
- Possible land resource impacts include erosion, loss of soil productivity, and
landslides.
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Table 6-3: Fuel% for power generation in Malaysia
FUEL/YEAR 1980 1984 1986 1988 1993 1998 2000
Hydropower 14 25 25 28 20 8 12
Oil 85 73 58 49 25 18 13
Natural gas 1 2 17 21 45 67 70
Coal 0 0 0 2 10 7 5
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Electricity Generation
Power plants use several methods in converting natural gas to electricity. One process is
to burn up the gas in a boiler to produce steam, which is then used by a steam turbine to
generate electricity. A more common approach is to burn the gas in a combustionturbine to generate electricity.
Another technology that attracts many power plants company is to burn the natural gas
in a combustion turbine and use the hot combustion turbine exhaust to make steam to
drive a steam turbine. This technology is called "combined cycle" and said that it can
achieves a higher efficiency by using the same fuel source twice. Combined-cycle plants
offer extremely high efficiency, clean operation, low capital costs and shorter
construction lead times.
Figure 6-7 shows the increasing thermal efficiency from the use of thermal brown coal to
cogeneration and an inverse relationship to carbon dioxide emissions.
Figure 6-7: Thermal efficiency of several methods in electricity generation
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Environmental benefit of natural gas
Coal contains more carbon and less hydrogen than other fossil fuels such as oil and
natural gas, and as such it gives off more CO2 per unit of electricity produced than any
other fuel. As shown in Table 6-8 coal combustion produce the highest CO2 among otherelectricity generation technology. At the present time, coal is said to be responsible for
30-40% of world CO2 emissions from fossil fuels.
Table 6-8: Carbon dioxide emissions of electric power plant given fuel extraction and
operation (metric tons of CO2 per GW/hour output)
Source: U.S. Department of Energy
Coal combustion also results in huge quantities of waste heat require large amounts of
water for cooling. The collection of this water from major water bodies threatens local
aquatic life.
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i) Less emission of harmful gases
Using natural gas in place of other fuels can help ease a number of environmental
concerns especially on greenhouse gas emissions, acid rain, smog, solid waste and
water pollution.
Natural gas combustion virtually produces no emissions of sulphur dioxide or particulate
matter and far lower levels of green house gases and nitrogen oxides than such
competing sources of energy as oil and coal. In addition, unlike the coal and oil
processes, natural gas process produces virtually no solid waste and has much less
impact on water quality.
Table 6-4: Comparison of Air Pollution from Fossil Fuels (pounds of air pollutants
produced per billion Btu of energy)
Fuel source Natural gas Oil Coal
Carbon dioxide 117,000 164,000 208,000
Nitrogen oxide 92 448 457
Sulphur dioxide 0.6 1,122 2,591
Particulates 7.0 84 2,744
Source: Energy Information Administration
The inherent cleanliness of natural gas when compared with oil and coal, coupled with
the high efficiency of natural gas equipment, means that substituting gas for the other
fuels can help reduce the emission of the air pollutants that produce smog and acid rain
and that could worsen the green house gases effect.
ii) High energy efficiency
The natural gas system is very efficient like the other types of appliances and equipment
that operate on natural gas. Energy efficiency refers to the energy input per unit of useful
energy output. In other words, energy efficiency measures how much energy is used or
lost in providing such things as hot water, steam, warm or cool air. The higher the
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energy efficiency, the greater the conservation of energy and the lower the
environmental impacts is.
When the entire cycle of producing, processing, transporting and using energy is
considered, natural gas is delivered to the consumer with a "total energy efficiency" ofabout 90 percent, compared with about 27 percent for electricity.
NATURAL GAS FOR INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIALIZATION
• Industrial
• Transportation
• Space cooling
Natural Gas for Industrial
Natural gas is used as a primary fuel in industrial sector. In United Kingdom there are
two classifications which are low temperature applications (500oC).
Low temperature applications
a) Steam raising
Major applicationCentralized boiler – steam distributed through pipe for industrial processes(including space heating)
Advantage - Fuel flexibility (dual-fuel boiler)- Steam is easy to distributed- Reliable boiler
Disadvantage - Low overall thermal efficiency (50%)- Transmission losses- Boiler losses
b) Space heating
Hot water, steam, direct gas fired
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c) DryingDirect drying – battery plate dryingAir dryingSteam – paper mill
d) Air conditioning
Absorption chiller, Gas engine vapour compression cycle, cogeneration
High temperature application
Characteristic of high temperature process
- High temperature >750oC- Often dirty flue gases (coal fired)- High energy usage- Low efficiency (2 to 3% is not uncommon)- Very large variation in design
a) Bulk metal melting
Ferrous melting (iron/C metal e.g. steel) up to 1700oCNon ferrous meting (Al, copper, zinc, etc) 300-1400oC
b) Metal reheating e.g. forging, rolling, pressing, extruding
Steel 1000-1400oCAluminium alloys 480-550oCBrass 680-780oC
c) Metal heat treatment (heating metal in its final/near final form)
Non ferrous heating 700-800oC(annealing, agingprocesses)Ferrous heating 700-1100oC(annealing, normalizing,hardening, temperature etc)Galvanizing 480oC
d) Glass melting up to 1400oC
e) Glass annealing 430-700oC
f) Ceramics
Pottery tableware, wall tiles up to 1400oCQuality refractory up to 1800oC
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Natural Gas Role in Malaysia Industry
In the industrial sector, natural gas commonly used as an energy source for food
processing, glass making and even steel fabrication. Some selected industries are
described as follow.
i) Ceramic Industry
Ceramic products are formed from clay or similar substances in the plastic state, which
is dried and heated at a sufficiently high temperature to provide the necessary strength.
Natural gas is mainly used in secondary melting, casting of molten steel, cutting and
refining of billets and slabs.
Source: www.gasmalaysia.com
Drying (Spray Dryer) - Instant drying of the wet atomised ceramic slip is achieved
through a high evaporation process which utilises the hot air produced from the natural
gas combustion process.
Drying (Horizontal & Vertical Dryer) - After the powder is pressed to form tiles, drying in
the horizontal and vertical dryers further reduces the moisture content.
Drying (Kiln) - Easy controllability of natural gas combustion creates a steady
temperature distribution profile within the kiln, which is required by ceramic
manufacturers. It also increases the thermal efficiency by recycling the high temperature
hot air in the kiln.
Fi ure 6-9: Ceramic Tile Production Process
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ii) Glass Industry
In the glass industry, cullet and silica are heated into molten glass and subsequently put
through various heating processes before resulting in an end product.
Natural gas is mainly used in processes such as melting, refining, fabricating, annealing,
fiberising, baking and floating bath.
The end products include television tubes, bottles, tableware and sheet glass.
Source: www.gasmalaysia.com
Melting - High levels of luminosity and flame temperature will result in an increased
thermal efficiency. It also provides a higher rate of heat transfer to the raw material. In
addition, heat recovery by using regenerators offers substantial energy savings.
Refining - A constant heating value is crucial for this process in order to maintain the
required temperature and also to ensure the product quality.
Fabricating - High flame temperature is essential to heat the fabricating mould. Clean
combustion products, such as Natural Gas, are necessary to ensure that the mould
surface remains clean at all times.
Annealing - A high velocity burner is used to create a uniform temperature distribution
within the furnace.
Fi ure 6-10: Gas Production Process
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Fiberising - Jet flames ensure stability and high temperatures even in high turbulence air
conditions.
Baking - A high velocity exhaust gas penetrates and provides a constant temperature
through out the thick layers of glass fibre.
Floating Bath - Easy controllability of natural gas combustion creates a steady
temperature profile to produce high quality sheet glass.
iii) Rubber Industry
The manufacturing process for rubber products consists mainly of latex dipping, heating
and drying.
Natural gas is the main energy source used for heating in the leaching process, which
uses hot oil or steam. For drying and curing processes, natural gas powered infrared
burners are used to enable direct heating.
Rubber end products include surgical and examination gloves, neurological catheters,
fingerstalls and decorative balloons.
Source: www.gasmalaysia.com
Figure 6-11: Finger Stall Production Process
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Source: www.gasmalaysia.com
Drying & Curing - Direct heating produced from infrared burners or hot exhaust gases
are used in this process to ensure better thermal efficiency. The heat from direct heating
also immediately produces a uniform oven operating temperature. Moreover, the
cleanliness of natural gas exhaust gases improves the quality of products.
Steam & Oil Heating - The high combustion ratio for natural gas eliminates the problem
of soot formation on the heat transfer tubing thus increasing the thermal efficiency
prolonging the equipment lifespan.
iv) Steel Industry
In the steel industry, pig iron and scrap iron are transformed into finished products by
undergoing various heating processes.
Natural gas is mainly used in secondary melting, casting of molten steel, cutting and
refining of billets and slabs.
The major steel end products include pipes, wires and coated sheets.
Figure 6-12: Rubber Glove Production Process
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Source: www.gasmalaysia.com
Melting - Steel melting is achieved by means of striking an electric arc between graphite
electrodes and the charge. Natural gas / Oxygen burners are used for supplementary
firing in this process. It produces a high flame temperature to preheat the raw material
and maintain molten steel temperature, thus reducing energy costs in the melting
process.
Holding - High levels of luminance and flame temperature produced by the combustion
of natural gas is used to provide enhanced heat transfer (increased efficiency) to
maintain the molten steel temperature.
Casting -The easy controllability of natural gas firing provides a constant heating
environment to hold the molten steel at the required temperature for the casting process.
Cutting - A natural gas / oxygen cutter is used to ensure a clean cutting surface for the
steel billets.
Reheating - By using twin-bed regenerative natural gas combustion burners, a
substantial amount of energy can be recovered, thus increasing the thermal efficiency of
the furnace.
Figure 6-13: Steel Production Process
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Natural Gas for Transportation
Generally gasoline or normally known as petrol and diesel are the primary fuel for
vehicle. However, as the increasingly stringent emission regulations on internal
combustion engines, there has been an emphasis on using alternative fuels. Alternative
fuel for transportation from natural gas comes into attention as it burn cleanly and they
are separated into two types;
Gaseous fuels Liquid fuels
Natural gas, LPG, Propane,Hydrogen, Hytane
Methanol, Di-methyl ether(DME)
Table 6-5: Automotive fuel derived from natural gas
Gaseous fuels in general and natural gas in particular are promising alternative fuels due
to their larger supply, economical cost and adaptability as engine fuels. In vehicle,
natural gas also emits less nitrous oxide (NOx), and un-burnt hydrocarbons, thus
reducing acid rain and urban air pollution, also known as smog. However natural gas
has not been widely used for transportation, primarily due to its lower energy density and
distribution difficulties.
Vehicle run on NG
NG can be used in vehicles as described as follows;-
a) Conversion to liquid fuels such as gasoline, middle distillates (Shell
MDS), methanol (Mobil MTG process)
b) Direct use in the form of Compressed Nat Gas (CNG) in converted petrol
engines. This is known as Natural Gas for Vehicle (NGV)
c) Direct usage in the form of Compressed Nat Gas (CNG) in a dedicated
gas engines
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The use of alternative gaseous fuel in diesel engines is increasing globally. In fact,
vehicle that used natural gas as the fuel keep growing day by day. It is reported that in
the transport sector, there is around 100,000 vehicle on UK roads in 2003, compared to
less than 5,000 in 2000 are running on natural gas.
Table 6-6: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Country 1000tons LPG/year
(1989)
Japan 1448
Italy 1248
Holland 928
USA 654
Canada 521
Mexico 725
South Korea 923
Australia 366
Thailand 95
Malaysia 1
Table 6-7: Natural gas (NGV or CNG)
Country No of vehichle No of refueling station
Italy 315,000 300
USSR 250,000 240
New Zealand 110,000 360
USA 30,000 290
Canada 30,000 117
Argentina 125,000 160
Malaysia 2,647 14 (as of 06/2000)
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Natural Gas Vehicle in Malaysia
• Pilot programme in Kertih (1986-1988)
1 NGV station; 21 bi-fuel vehicle
• NGV for vehicle programmes in Klang Valley and Miri (1991-1994)
14 NGV stations in Klang Valley; 930 bi-fuel vehicle
Mother-daughter stations – since the gas pipeline is not yet available to
supply gas, these stations “daughter stations” are supplied with gas from
a NGV trailer which is filled at a conventional station “mother station”
located bear the gas pipeline
1 NGV station in Miri
• NGV progress in M’sia
As at 31st Jan 2002, there are about 6,000 NGV around Kuala Lumpur –
nearly 95% are taxis. 22 NGV station exist and 5 under construction. NG
is supply to these station via gas pipelines (conventional system) and
trailers (mother-daughter system)
• Retail price of automotive fuels (10/2004)
FUEL PRICE,
RM/LITRE
NGV
Petrol
Diesel
0.5~0.6
1.42
0.83
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Advantages
a) Meet strict vehicle exhaust standards –clean burning
• Lower level of air pollution
• 20% less CO2
• 70% less CO
• No lead, No Sulfur
• No particulate/ash
b) Better safety
• Lighter than air (SG ~ 0.6)
• Higher lean (low flammability/explosion limit ~5%v/v)
• High ignition temperature (~630oC)
• Easily detected (odouriser added)
• Strong/durable storage design (high pressure ~ 3000 psi) – can withstand
direct impact form a car speeding at 90 km/hr
c) High octane rating
• Efficient burning
• Less knocking
d) Run more quietly
• Gas burn more slowly than petrol
• Reduced wear on engine component
e) Cleaner engine
• Improvement in spark plug life
• Extend lubricating oil life
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NGV benefit to nation
• Cleaner environment
• Positive effect on nation’s cash balance (reduce cash outflow by minimizing
import of crude oils)
• Reduce dependence on liquid petroleum (extend life of oil reserves)
• Cost saving s (healthcare, pollution reduction)
• Spin-off industries
NGV benefit to customers (vehicle’s owner)
• Substantial savings (50%) in fuel cost
• Lower maintenance cost
• Contributes to cleaner environment
• Better safety
• Extended travel range
• 25% road tax deduction
• Duel fuel (petrol & NG) system possible
NGV limitations
• More frequent refueling
• Slight reduction in acceleration power (10-15%)
• Additional weight
• Boot space reduction
• Limited filling stations
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TYPICAL LAYOUT OF A VEHICHLE CONVERTED TO RUN ON NGV
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MOTHER DAUGHTER STATION
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Natural Gas for Space Cooling
NG application for space cooling is mostly for chiller or normally known as air
conditioning system. Almost 50% of building electricity consumption is for space
cooling.
Two basic types of chiller are available:
1. Vapour Compression Chiller
- conventional/commonly used
- use mechanical energy as the primary driving force
2. Absorption Chillers
- use heat as the primary driving source
- this heat can be from direct fired gas burner and hot water or steam
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Why Gas Absorption Chiller?
1 Low running cost low electrical power demand
gas and steam is cheaper than electricity
2 No major moving parts to break
down
less noise
extending the life of equipment
3 Environmental friendly CFC’s free and clean fuel properties
4 Efficient part load operation ideal for the building where the load is varies
5 Technology is established available in a range of sizes new technology
(double effect) has increased the COP to 1.1
6 Do not take valuable floor space designed for outdoor (rooftops)
7 CHP/absorption chiller package
is very cost effective
8 Combination of chilling and
heating option is available.
Chiller can be operated in reverse cycle to
provide heating.
Natural Gas District Cooling (GDC)
A centralized energy plant generating thermal media (chilled water) for air conditioning
requirement of several building in a district.
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GDC advantages
- More economical due to higher energy efficiency and low fuel cost with the use of a
single system over a wide area and to various types of buildings
- Less dependence on the national electricity grid
- Saving in capital investment through the elimination of individual structures for a
building’s air-conditioning need.
- Higher system reliability with 3 sources of fuel supply : gas, electricity and diesel
- Environment friendly with use of clean fuel gas
- Reduced air pollution, vibration and noise
- Space saving
- GDC also usually has a dual function of co-generating electricity
Table 6-8: GDC World wide application
Project Location Cooling capacity (RT)
New Shinjuku Metropolitan District Tokyo 59,000
New Makuhari Metropolitan District Tokyo 28,000
Shibaura Metropolitan District Tokyo 10,200
Kansai Int. Airport Osaka 30,000
JFK Int. Airport New York 28,000
New Tokyo Int Airport Narita 33,000
Denver Int. Airport Colorado 12,450
Domestic application
- Kuala Lumpur City Centre (KLCC)
- Kuala Lumpur Int Airport (KLIA)
- New Adm. Centre Putrajaya
- Universiti Teknologi Petronas(UTP)
- Tanjung Langsat
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Gas District Cooling (M) Sdn Bhd
Operated since 1996, Gas District Cooling (M) Sdn Bhd (96% Petronas & 4% Tokyo
Gas) has been responsible for large scale gas cooling projects – At the plant, natural
gas, piped in from the source, is fired to drive gas turbines, producing electricity which
can be channeled to client-buildings if so desired. The heat that is ‘co-generated’ with
the electricity is harnessed to produce steam which is used to drive the steam absorption
or steam turbine chillers that cool the water. The chilled water is piped to the client-
buildings. Once thermally spent, the water returns to the plant to be re-chilled. To ensure
uninterrupted operation, the system is designed to run on alternative fuels (e.g. diesel)
as a back up.
Figure 6-14: KLCC GDC Plant
1. NG is fired to drive the gas turbine and producing electricity.
2. The heat co-generated with the electricity is used to produce steam which then used
to drive steam absorption that cool the water. The chilled water is then piped
throughout the building to provide the cool air.
3. The water is then returned to the plant.
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NATURAL GAS FOR PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY
Physical conversion - involve change in physical state e.g.
• Liquefaction to LNG (liquefied natural gas) MLNG at Bintulu, Sarawak
• Processing to produce NGLs (natural gas liquids), GPP at Kerteh, Trengganu
• Compression to produce CNG for NGV mother station at Shah Alam
Chemical conversion – involves change in molecular structure e.g.
• Methanol plant at Labuan
• Ammonia plant at Bintulu
Gas (Methane)
CH4 + H2) CO + 3H2
Synthesis Gas (CO, H2)
3H2 + N2 NH3 CO + 2H2 CH3OH
Ammonia Methanol
Fertilizer Others Fuel Products Others
UREA Explosive MTBE Acetic Acid
Ammonium Nitrate Synthetic Fibre Blend Formaldehyde
Ammonium Phisphate Resin with Gasoline Resin
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NGLs
Ethane (Paraffin) Propane (Paraffin)
Ethylene (Olefin) Propylene (Olefin)
Polyethylene Ethylene Glycol Polypropylene Cumene
PVC Ethylene Oxide Isopropanol
Polystyrene Ethanol Acrylic Acid
PET Acetic Acid Acetone
Ethylene plant to produce ethylene based product;
Low density PE (LDPE)
High density PE (HDPE)
Manufacture films (carrier bag)
Injection moulding (house wares, plastic bottle, toys)
Monofilament (fishing nets, ropes)
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Propylene/polyethylene plant
Manufacture household goods, food packaging, adhesive tape, containers, etc
Advantages
- Reliability of supply (via pipeline)
- Constant feedstock material quality
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PETROCHEMICAL PLANT IN M’SIA
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EXISTING MAJOR PETROCHEMICAL PLANT
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NATURAL GAS FOR DOMESTIC MARKET
This is the main gas market for countries such as Europe and USA (~40%). For
example, more than 17 millions household (out of 21 millions) in UK is being supplied by
pipe gas.
Table 6-9: Breakdown of UK domestic gas utilization
USAGE %
Hot water & space heating (central) 70
Gas fires (space heating) 18
Cooking 6
Gas fired heater 3
Others (tumble dryer, refrigerator) 3
Natural Gas for Malaysia Domestic Market
Consumption rate is very small that is mostly used for cooking. Natural gas reticulation
systems are not available yet except for small housing estate in Kertih (Petronas) and
(Miri). This reticulation system is not that as attractive as the ‘Pay back time’ is long.
Potential market is appealing for gas air conditioning especially in condominium.
Major competitors: LPG and electricity
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Table 6-10: Natural Gas End User
Heating fuel
Power
generation
fuel
Transportation fuel Chemical feedstock
MethaneC1 Residential
Industrial
Single cycle
gas turbines
Combined
cycle gas
turbines
NGV vehicle
Ammonia/
Urea
Methanol
Liquid Hydrocarbon
Ethane
C2
Residential
Industrial
Single cycle
gas turbines
Combined
cycle gas
turbines
NGV vehicle
Ethylene &
derivates
Propane,
C3 /Butane,
C4
Residential
Industrial
Back-up fuel LPG vehicle
Propylene
Butadiene &
derivatives
Condensate
C5+
Crude blend Crude blend Crude blend Refinery feed
Cracker feed
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NATURAL GAS AS IN LPG UTILIZATION
Many domestic and commercial application of LPG are similar to those of natural gas,
but as LPG is available in portable cylinders and disposable cartridges its range of
applications-especially for recreational and leisure use-is much wider. LPG is used for:
• Space-heating
• Air-conditioning
• Hot-water supply• Refrigeration
• Cooking
• Lighting
Industrial applications are also similar to those of town gas and natural gas, and include
production and manufacture of:
• Gas and chemicals
• Ferrous and non-ferrous metals
• Engineering equipment and ships• Heavy clay and ceramics
• Glass
• Food and drink• Electrical goods
• Vehicles• Textiles, leather and clothing
• Paper and print
In addition, because of its mobility, LPG can be put to a number of other uses which are
normally outside the scope of natural gas:
• On building and civil engineering sites
• In agriculture-various applications• For automotive purposes and in-transit heating and cooling
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Advantages of LPG
- over liquid fuels
a) easy handling (moveable cylinder & storage tank)
b) less pollution
c) cleaner working environment
d) high quality product
e) direct use
- over natural gas
a) higher CV
b) easy handling (moveable cylinder & storage tank)
Disadvantages of LPG
- over liquid fuels
a) lower CV
b) LPG leaf-over
- over natural gas
a) higher pollution
b) more dangerous
c) process interruption – frequent filling is required
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CHAPTER 6 GAS UTILIZATION
SKN 4123 – COMBUSTION ENGINEERING AND GAS UTILIZATION
ASSIGNMENT 2
Electricity is very important in our lives. We used electricity to lighten up the space when
it is dark, cooking, space cooling and to use electric equipment. Some of the primary
sources of energy for electricity generation are coal, heavy fuel oil and natural gas.
Describe in detail on those primary sources in terms of
i) origin
ii) conversion method to electricity
iii) environmental aspect.
Relevant diagram should be included if necessary.
Instruction:
Use font 12 and 1.5 paragraph spacing
Table of content should be included
Number of pages not to exceed 10 pages exclude diagram
SUBMISSION DATE: