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HISTOLOGIE DU
SYSTÈME NERVEUX
Pr. Ag. Hatem Elghezal
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I - Introduction• Le système nerveux se définit par la fonction de
communication
(propriété de percevoir, de traiter, de stocker et de
transmettre l’information)
• Il est composé de :
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ganglions
terminaisonsnerveuses.
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II – Le système nerveux central
encéphale
moelle épinière
méninges
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1 - Le cerveau
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La substance blancheClic
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Le cortex cérébral (pallium)
archipallium
néopalium
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Archipallium:
phylogénétiquement très ancien
surtout olfactif ou rhinencéphale
deux aires :
- à cellules réceptrices étoilées.
- à cellules effectrices pyramidales.
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Néocortex: myéloarchitectoniecytoarchitectonie
plexus d’Exner
strie de Bechterew
Strie ext.de Baillarger
strie int.de Baillarger
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couche moléculaire
couche granulaire externe
couche pyramidale externe
couche granulaire interne
couche ganglionnaire
couche des cellulespolymorphes
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Le cortex associatif homotypique :
La majorité du cortex
Les 6 couches sont harmonieusement réparties
Le cortex agranulaire :
Effecteur
Les couches 2 et 4 renferment de nombreuses cellulespyramidales
Le cortex hypergranulaire :
Récepteur
Les cellules étoilées occupent les couches 3 et 5
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hétérotopies de
substance grise
agyrie /pachygyrie
Lissencéphalie
délétion du gène LIS-1
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2 - Le Cervelet
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vermis médiandeux hémisphères latéraux
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a - Le cortex cérébelleux
La couche moléculaire
La couche ganglionnaire
La couche granuleuse
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La couche moléculaire
enchevêtrement de fibresnerveuses
petits neurones multipolaires
cellules en panier
La couche ganglionnaire
cellules de Purkinje
la couche granuleuse
Cellules à grains
cellules de Golgi type II
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b – les noyaux gris profonds :
noyau du toit
noyaux interposés
noyau dentelé
c - Les fibres afférentes :
fibres moussues
fibres grimpantes
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3 - La moelle épinièreClick t
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canal épendymaire
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la substance blanche trois cordons :
Antérieur: voies descendantes motrices.
Latéral : voies ascendantes d’association.
Postérieur : voies ascendantes sensitives.
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La substance grise
cornes : antérieure, dorsale et médio latérale
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Les cellules multipolaires de la corne antérieure sont desmotoneurones.
• Axones racine ventrale nerfs rachidiensfibres musculaires.• Dendrites neurones relais + neuronesd'association.• La dégénérescence Amyotrophie spinaleproximale.
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a- corne dorsale.
b- corne médiolatérale.
c- corne antérieure.
d- racine dorsale.
e- racine ventrale.
f- ganglion rachidien.
g- ganglionprévertébral.
h- nerf rachidien.
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a - STRUCTURE DES MÉNINGES
La dure-mère : Pachyméninge
L'arachnoïde
La pie-mèreLeptoméninges
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La dure-mère :
Espace sous-dural
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tissu conjonctif fibreux
cellules mésenchymateuses aplaties
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L'arachnoïde : système de trabécules
fines fibres de collagène
quelques fibres élastiques
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La pie-mère : un réseau serré de fines fibres
de réticuline et de fibres élastiques
cellules mésenchymateuses aplaties
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b- Le liquide céphalo-rachidien :
Plexus choroïdes ventricules 4ème ventricule espace sousarachnoïdien villosités arachnoïdiennes.
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épithélium épendymaire
Les plexus choroides
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La ponction lombaire se fait dans l’espace sous arachnoïdien.L’anesthésie épidurale se fait dans l’espace épidural.
Espace sousarachnoïdien
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II - Le système nerveux périphérique
1 - Les Ganglions nerveuxCellules ganglionnaires
cellules capsulaires
ganglions rachidiens /
ganglions autonomiques : pré vertébraux
viscéraux
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2 - Les NerfsClic
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3 – les Terminaisons nerveusesLa terminaison nerveuse est l'extrémité d'un neuritedans un organe périphérique.
Elle est sensitive lorsqu'elle est le début d'unedendrite.
Elle est motrice lorsqu'elle est la fin d'un axone.
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