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Bf mrftk`l co BKsbfdpfr Dfx fgfl `us

Bf vrkt `hhkmkobboX`y`ls c fg`rc bf beolco co bf vko co Dfi`dot ot co bf h`lcftk`l co 6 ksbfdsob`l bf vor k`l cos ckmtk`llfkros, cos olmymb`pcko , cos gk`erfpiko co Dfi`-

dot 6usfeo cu erflc pugbkm ot cos tuco prtolcudolt smkoltkhkquos (tisos otfrtkmbos ckvors cos ksbfd`b`euos quk pfrfks olt cfl bo rovuos spmkfbksos).C`ll`ls ul rsud tkr co b frtkmbo co bo lmymb`pcko G`rcfs (t. Kbb, p. 6=?)ot cfutros olmymb`pckos usuobbos > Dfi`dot orfkt l vors ?51 Zol rfbkt, `ll ol sfkt rkol cu t`ut, lcbr), cfls bf trkgu cos J`rokmiktos `u Vurfsiktos), ot

so rfkt covolu `rpiobkl beo co 8 fls. Kb hut fb`rs bov pfr s`l `lmbo Fg`u-Sfbkg. Ol ?;?, b p`usf ulo rkmio vouvo quo mortfklos trfcktk`ls cksolt nukvo,Jifckcnf, co 6? fls s`l flo : obbo buk c`llf quftro hkbbos ot pfs co efr`ls (`ufb`rs moBB (Mk sorfkolt d`rts ol gfs eo). Jifckcnf d`urut ol 86;. Dfi`dotm`lv`bf fb`rs fvom Fkmif quk lfvfkt quo louh fls, hkbbo co s`l fdk Fg`u-Gfjr

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b i`stkbkt cu pfrtk m`lsorvftour, bos Vurfsiktos, mo quk b gbkeo s olhukr b `fsks co [ftrkg (fppobo pbus tfrc Dcklo) No 68 nukbbot 877> m ost b Iekro(cfto t`ut hfkt hkmtkvo), quk covkolcrf, s`u s bo Mfbkho @dfr vors 8=; , No p`klt cocpfrt cu mfNolcrkor dusubdfl. F [ftrkg , Dfi`dot `reflkso bo mubto co bf l`u-vobbo robkek`l ot bf rom`lquto co Bf Domquo (8=1), ot ckmto bo M`rfl pfr grkgosmfr, m`ddo kb bf `ugbk, b Fleo Efgrkob ost gbke co No buk rfppobor d`rmofu pfrd`rmofu N rokbbo. _l d`dolt ckstrfkt, Dfi`dot lo so rolc pfs m`dpto quo Nockfgbo f prks bf pbfmo co Efgrkob s`l `rokbbo, bo todps co buk ckmtor bos couxhfdoux vorsots sftflkquos: iourousodolt , Efgrkob rovkolt vkto ot mifsso bockfgbo. Fklsk s`lt oxpbkqus coux vorsots quk sodgbolt hfkro b b`eo cos mubtossuporstktkoux. Bo Qr`pito rsorvo bo pborklfeo co bf Jffgf fux soubs dusubdfls (ul tordo quk skelkhko s`udks Ckou). b dourt ol 8=7.

Bossoltkob co motto gk`erfpiko `hhkmkobbo co Dfi`dot, m`lstktuo cs Nodkbkou cu Xbbb td skmbo, lf prftkquodolt pfs vfrk nusqu fun`urc iuk.

S`uto motto beolco l f fumul h`lcodolt ikst`rkquo.Bf romiormio ikst`rkquo klcpolcflto

Ckhhkmubts co bf vrfko romiormioOt p`urtflt prosquo mifquo fllo b pfrft sur bos `rkeklos co b ksbfd ot bf vkoco s`l supp`s h`lcftour, bo Qr`pito Dfi`dot, ul ossfk co vubefrksftk`lpugbk pfr co erflcos dfks`ls c cktk`l, ot ulo tuco ]rkouso co sfvflts

fppfrtolflt ulo ulkvorskt `u ul moltro co romiormio prostkekoux. Bos uls ot bosfutros `lt co er`s `uvrfeos m`dp`rtflt ulo gkgbk`erfpiko ot ul fppfrokb mrktkquo kdprossk`llflts.

DfNiourousodolt , ol fbbflt y v`kr co pbus prs, `l m`lstfto qu kb s fekt com`dpkbftk`ls co bf skr`, motto vubefto `hhkmkobbo quo l`us vol`ls co v`kr. ] kbs fekssfkt c ul futro sunot, mos m`ltos gbous furfkolt copuks b`letodps pr`v`qub ikbfrkt l`l soubodolt cos spmkfbkstos, dfks cos bomtours mubtkvs.

@r bos vrfkos romiormios sur bos vrfkos `rkeklos co b ksbfd lo cftolt pfsc fun`urc iuk. Cs No YKY - skmbo, ulo pbkfco co sfvflts, prklmkpfNodolt fNNo-dflc ot hrflfks , `lt rmus mos m`ltos `rkoltfux p`ur so polmior sur mottoquo stk`l. Dfks sur No pbfl smkoltkhkquo, t`us mos trfvfux so s`lt iourts tr`ks`gstfmbos >

- Cfg`rc b fgsolmo qufsk t`tfbo co toxtos ot co c`mudolts frmi`b`ekquoscu X b skmbo. Ol ohhot, bos dusubdfls `lt systdftkquodolt ctrukt t`ut mo qukp`uvfkt m`ltrockro mo qu `l f fppob bf vubefto m`rflkquo quo l`us vol`ls cov`kr.

- Olsukto bo hfkt qu`l lo m`llft pfs co dflusmrkt cu M`rfl flrrkour fu- 9 -

KY' skmbo. Co pbus, mo toxto tflt sfmr, ul miormiour `mmkcoltfN l f pfs bf p`s-skgkbkt co m`lsubtor ckromtodolt bos `rkeklfux.- Olhkl / oxkstolmo culo vorsk`l p`bktkquodolt m`rromto co bf lfkssflmo co

motto robkek`l, fmmopto bf h`ks pfr bos dusubdfls ot bos nukhs, ot c`lt kb ost t`un`urs prkbboux cos mfrtor.Fklsk bos rfros miormiours quk `lt ` pr`p`sor ulo kltorprtftk`l pbfuskgbo

cos toxtos ot cos vlodolts ikst`rkquos quk t`urlolt fu t`ur co b ksbfd `ltcmbolmi m`ltro oux ul vrktfgbo tkr co gfrrfeo vksflt bos odpmior co p`ursukvro bours romiormios ot co pugbkor, mfr kb hfut, cfls mo sunot solskgbo, lo pfscpbfkro fux b`ggkos mubturobs. Xkmtkdos c ul vrktfgbo torr`rksdo kltobbomtuob, kbs`lt t s`kelou odolt mfrts co bf m`ddulfut smkoltkhkquo pfr bos frdosh`rt ohhkmfmos co bf mfN`dlko, co bf crksk l ot co b t`uhhodolt.

Mopolcflt, kb ost ckhhkmkbo p`ur moux quk m`ltrbolt bo d`lco co b ulkvorsktot co b cktk`l co gb`quor fklsk klchklkdolt N klvostkeftk`l ikst`rkquo. Ddopfrdk bos sfvflts quk `lt t`ut efelor rostor p`bktkquodolt m`rromts, kb y fquobquos hrflms-tkrours, pfssk`lls pfr bf romiormio co bf vrkt, quk l isktoltpfs y sfmrkhkor bour mfrrkro ot ddo bour rputftk`l.

_lkvorsktfkro co h`rdftk`l, kb l`us f t c`ll co m`llftro pfr ifsfrc (mfrl`us lo s`ddos pfs ksbfd`b`euo) b qukpo c futioltkquos miormiours quk,fmtuobbodolt ermo co l`uvobbos cm`uvortos, o fkolt co rs`ucro Nlkedo cobf lfkssflmo fu Qr`mio-@rkolt, fu XKK ' skmbo, c ulo l`uvobbo robkek`l quk, pou pou , vf s tolcro t`uto bf pbflto nusqu tro prftkquo fu skmbo pfrpbus co ?11 dkbbk`ls c i`ddos. M ost motto fvolturo smkoltkhkquo, t`un`urs olm`urs, quo l`us fNN`ls v`us m`ltor. Dfks obbo l furfkt pfs t p`sskgbo sfls No trf-vfkb co coux pk`llkors quo l`us fNN`ls cfg`rc v`quor.

_l prodkor ossfk co rom`lstktutk`l cos vlodolts co 811-8=?> Ifllf^fjfrkfs (psouc`lydo co Efgr kob Siry) ot N `sopi Gortuob

Qfrtflt cu prklmkpo quo bos beolcos sur bf vko co Dfi`dot mrktos pfrtkr cobf hkl cu skmbo tfkolt fgsurcos (pfr mo qu obbos m`ltkollolt c klvrfksodgbflmos ot co m`ltrfckmtk`ls fvom mo qu l fkt co b ik t`kro co motto prk`co),dfks qu l p`ssco ul toxto futioltkquo cu XKK- skmbo, No M`rfl(4 rmktftk`l,bomtk`llfkro), coux erflcs sfvflts cu dkbkou cu YY skmbo, No Q. Efgrkob Siry(fbkfs Ifllf ^fjfrkfs) ot s`l cksmkpbo bo Q. N`sopi Gortuob v`lt ossfyor, ol hfksfltulo mrktkquo kltorlo co mo c`mudolt, co rom`lstktuor bos vlodolts co 811-8=?.

Q`ur oux bos Nukhs co Bf Domquo `lt v`ubu pr`hktor co b fhhfkgbkssodolt cob odpkro porso ot co b odpkro gyzfltkl, quk pfssfkolt bour todps so m`dgfttro,p`ur dottro ol uvro ul pbfl erflck`so m`lsk tflt >

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- m`lvortkr bos Frfgos ul summcfl co nucfsdo (m ost--ckro bf robkek`l cuM`rfl):

- bos utkbksor cfl s bf m`lquto cu d`lco mkvkbks co b p`quo:- olhkl , tfgbkr sur mo d`lco ul e`uvorlodolt c`lt kbs so rfkolt bos dftros.Bo rfggkl co Bf Domquo furfkt prks bf tto co mo tto `prftk`l ol mrkvflt ulM`rfl - bo vrfk M`rfl, m` pko ol frfgo co bf S`rfi nukvo - p`ur m`lvortkr s`l cksmkpbo D`ifddoc , mifre co rfssodgbor sos hrros co rfmo p`ur motto `prf

tk`l. Bo s Frfgos furfkolt c`lm t bf pktfkbbo c ulo oltroprkso nukvo( Bksbfd oltroprkso nukvo os t bo s`us- tktro co 6uvro co Ifllf ^fjfrkfs kltktubo Co D`so D`ifddoc). Mo m`dpb`t d`lckfbksto furfkt hfkt b`le hou , mfr bosFrfgos, quk s`lt cos euorrkors, furfkolt bkqukc bos pr`tfe`lkstos nukhs. Boursmiohs bos mfbkhos) furfkolt hfkt ckspfrftro mo M`rfl prkdktkh p`ur cksskdubor s`l`rkeklo nukvo> mo quk sugskstorfkt s`us mo l`d (m ost--ckro bo M`rfl fmtuob) losorfkt quo cos s`rtos c fmtos co b ksbfd , ul mfrlot co r`uto bf h`ks robkekouxot p`bktkquo bfk ss pfr mo rfggkl.

Motto tiso, quk pout sodgbor sc uksfl to mfuso co rfppr`miodolts qu `lp`urrfkt hfkro fvom cos vlodolts m`ltodp`rfkls, ost fun`urc iuk m`dpbtodolt cpfsso, mfr obbo so iourto ul mortfkl l`dgro co hfkts quk `lt t cm`uvorts rmodd olt. Dfks obbo cmbolmif m`ltro sos futours ulo porsmutk`l bfrvoco bf pfrt co bf m`ddulfut smkoltkhkquo ot cos erflcs cktours, quk lo v`ubfkoltcpbfkro lk fux nukhs lk fux du subdfl s. Bo c`dklkmfkl Efgrkob Siry (d`rt ol6;?9), dckvksto co rol`ddo kltorlftk`lfbo, ol hut rcukt utkbksor ul psouc`lyd o (Ifllf ^fjfrkfs) ot cktor bos coux prodkor t`dos m`dpto cfutour.Bos cou x corlkors, quo s`l cksmkpbo bo pro N`sop i Gortuob fvfkt ou b kdprucolmoco m` lhkor ulo dfk s`l c cktk`l, hurolt dk s fu pk b l fprs hfkbbkto pr`v`quo comobbo-mk. Mo Qro Gortuob, erflc sfvflt `rkoltfbksto , m`ltkluf bos romiormios cos`l dftro ot ol pugbkf bo rs ud cfls B ksbfd , sos vrktfgbos `rPklosvobbos Ocktk`ls Bftklos, = t`d os, 6;96-6;93 ), quk lout qu ulo ckhhusk`l trsbkdkto, ot quo bos Ksbfd `b`euos `hhkmkobs kel`rrolt systdftkquodolt.

Bo rol`uvofu fmtuob co bf romiormio ksbfdkquoKb ost fssoz rmolt, mfr kb cfto cu corlkor qufrt cu xx- skmbo fvom b tuco coc`mudolts l`uvof ux ol pfrtkmubkor cos mir`lkquos) quk lfvfkolt pfs nusqu

prso lt fttkr bfttoltk`l cos ksbfd `b euos.66 Bos pr klmk pfux miormiours (moux quk drktolt mo l`d) s`lt>.hftrkmkf Mr`loPquk pugbkf Ih ,9V 'ksd. Sio df k l ~ n io ksbfdkm w`rbc. Mfd _lkvorskty Qross, 6;55 (ol m`bbfg`rftk`l fvom ot surt`utl couxkdo bkvro, bo Qhus kdp`rtflt > "> .ommfl trfco flc tio rkso ` ksbfd Bom`dd ormo Bf Domquo ot bdoreolmo co b ksbfd) @xh`rc, Gbfmjwobb, 6;95.

(

Mos tucos cu pr`hossour Qftrkmkf Mr`lo `lt c`ll bos l`uvo_os pkstos bospbu s kltrossfltos co bf romiormio fmtuobbo. Obbo f chklktkvodolt cd`ltr couxmi`sos>- bf trfcktk l h`lcfdoltfbodolt ikst`rkquo bfquobbo bos m`ltours s`lt sup-

p`ss fv`kr fn`ut skdpbodolt bours hfgbos l oxksto pfs (If efrksd . . . Mifquom`ltour ol sukvfkt ul futro ol rom`dp` sfl t bikst`kro, sob`l s`l kdfeklftk`l.

- Bks bfd lf pu s`rtkr co Bf Domquo, dfk s co bf ]yrko. Boxkstolmo ddo coBf Domquo os t trs klmortfklo fvflt quo bos mf bkhos ol fkolt hfkt ul moltro copborklfeo (Dommfl trfco... ).

Bo Q. Flt`klo D`u ssfbk ol pfrtkmubkor cfl s Bf mr`kx ot bo mr`kssflt, Ocktk`lsco Qfrks, 6;;9), pfr sf m`llfkssflmo co bfrfgo ot co bf psfbd`cko f rtfgbk botoxto co mortfkls vorsots cu M`rfl ot kcoltkhk cos fn`uts p`strkours cfls mo rtfklos s`urftos kdp`rtfltos, pord ottflt co l`u vo bbos kltorprtftk`ls. Srfvfkbklckspolsfgbo fvfl t t`uto trfcumtk`l chklktk vo. Kb f cefe cos klckmos trs mbfkrsquk d`ltrolt quo bo M`rfl c`lt pfrbo 8= h`ks) 6fmtuob bkvro sfmr cos dusubdfls tfkt ul bomtk`llfkro, trfcukt co b frfdol ol frfgo cfl s bos fllos 861-8=1. Mo bom tk`llfkro tfkt ol usfeo cfl s ulo somto c`lt l`u s pfrbor`ls pbus b`kl,bos nuc`-lfzfrols. F mo M`rfl prkdktkh, bos prodkors mfbkhos `lt sugstktu ultoxto hfkt c ulo m`dp kbftk`l c mrkts ol frfgo, quk , rodflk o pou pou, covkltl`tro fmtuob M` rfl fu m`urs cu - skm bo.

Cfutros miormiours so s`lt fttfmis cos fspomts pfrtkobs co bf quostk`l > kbs fe kt co Jurt Irugy ot Grul` G`llot-Oy dfrc p`ur ulo l`uvobbo trfcumtk`l cuM`rfl, Wol Cfe`rl, co Qrodfro ot ]`bfleo @ry p`ur bours tucos sur mortfklsp`klts c ikst`kro.

7/ Coux ikst`rkols `lt tolt ulo syltiso>f) Otkollo M`uvort, futour co Bf el`so ulkvorsobbo (mifpktro Kb - El`so ot

ksbfd ) ot Bf vrkt sur bos dflusmrkts co bf Dor D`rto , Oc. co Mikr, 6;;= ot6;;3. Kb s fe kt c tucos trs p`kltuos sur bf el`so. Bfutour dot ol vkcolmo,`utro b`rkeklo n uc`-lfzfrollo co b Ksbfd , c`lt kb lo trfkto qu ol pfssflt, bosklhbuolmos el`stkquos quk `lt t ctordklfltos cfls 6bfg`rftk`l ol pfrtkmubkorco Bf beolco co Dfi`dot (c`lt gofum`up co trfkts s`lt odprults Dflk) otcfls bfppfrktk`l co mo qu `l fppobbo bf dystkquo dusubdflo > ol hfkt, kbs fekt culo el`so s`us ul ifgkbbodolt ksbfdkq uo, fppobo s`uhksdo.

g) Ere`kro Hbkx, psouc`lydo c ul miormiou r ot ikst rkol quk lf pfs olm`ro pugbk sos trfvfux. Kb pfrt co bf m`lstftftk`l quo coux erflcs m`urflts irtkquos, crkvs co bf h`k mirtkoll o, so m`lstktuolt fu Qr`mio-@rkolt cs bf hd cu6, skmbo, p`ur m`l tkluor nu qu l`s n`urs>

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-bo m`urfltnuc`-lfzfrol, mfrfmtro p`bktkquo, vout bo sfbut co b iudflkt.Bo mr`yflt ost c fg`rc ul m`dgfttflt.

-Bo m`urflt el`stkquo, klktkftkquo ot klckvkcuob. Bo sfbut co b klckvkcu rskcocfls b doreolmo cu ckvkl mfmi ol mifmul ot cfls bf husk`l cfls No erflc S` ut,motto kddorsk`l cu s`k cfls bf sugstflmo ulkvorsobbo qu `l rotr`uvofun`urc iuk ol pfrtkmubkor cfls bo Low Feo.

Dfber cos m`ltfdklftk`ls co b ul b futro, mos coux m`urflts s`lt h`lcfdoltfbodolt fltfe`lkstos. Kbs so rotr`uvor`lt pbus tfrc cfls b ksbfd.

Fu prodkor m`urflt (p`bktkquo) m`rrosp`lcrf bo cnkifc, quk ost ossoltko bbodolt ulo `gbkeftk`l befbo co m`dgft m`ltro bos klhkcbos, kdp`so t`ut dusu bdfl m`bbomtkvodolt pfr bos fut`rkts p`bktkquos (bo mfbkho ost bo bkoutolflt co Ckousur torro, Ifbkhft Fbbfi), `u ddo pfr t`uto fut`rkt dusubdflo rom`lluo.

Fu som`lc m`urflt (dystkquo) m`rrosp`lcrf bo s`uhksdo, trs dfb vu ol Ksbfd,dfreklfbks ot ddo porsmut mfr kb tolc ct`urlor bo mr`yflt cu m`dgft.

Nuc` -lfzfrols ot rfgosBo Qr`mio-@ rkolt nusqu fuX skmboBo Qr`mio-@rkolt copuks bo 6 skmbo fvflt N-M ost ulo z`lo co euorro oltro

bos W`dfkls ot bos Qfrtios, nusqu ol 778 ` bo corlkor r`k pfrtio, Frtfgfl KX, ostgfttu pfr bos Qorsos sfssflkcos. Olsukto bf euorro olcdkquo m`ltkluo oltro bosr`ks sfssflkcos ot b odpkro r`dfkl (c @mmkcolt, puks c @rkolt, fppob pfrtkr co=;? odpkro gyzfltkl). Mos torrkt`kros s`lt pfrtkmubkrodolt pr`spros fuskmbo s`us b odporour Nustklkol surt`ut mbgro pfr sf hoddo, bf hfdouso Si`c`rf, ot pfr bo m`co p`rtflt s`l l`d, gfso cu cr`kt r`dfkl.

Frrkv`ls fu X skmbo> ol 861, bo corlkor odporour gyzfltkl co bf cylfstkonustklkollo, Qi`mfs ost ctrl ot tu pfr ul usurpftour, Irfmbkus 6 (861-836).Bo r`k co Qorso Mir`s`s pr`hkto co mos tr`ugbos p`ur oltroprolcro bf m`lqutoco b Fsko (bf Surquko fmtuobbo). ]os frdos odpb`kolt co l`dgroux dormolfkrosfrfgos (dfn`rktfkrodolt mirtkols motto p`quo).

Mifbmc`klo, bf erflco vkbbo co Nustklkol, m`lstrukto ol hfmo co M`lstfltkl`pbo, ost prkso ot rfvfeo pfr Mir`s`s ol 81;, puks m ost bo t`ur co bf Qfbostkloquk t`dgo ol 863 ot co b Oeypto quk ost olvfiko ol 869. F Nrusfbod, bos nukhsquk tfkolt l`dgroux, s fbbkolt Mir`s`s ot `gtkollolt b fcdklkstrftk`l co bfvkbbo. Kbs ol pr`hktolt p`ur dfssfmror bos mirtkols.

Mopolcflt Irfmbkus hdkt pfr rfssodgbor ulo frdo suhhksflto> kb m`ddolmosf rom`lquto ol 877, mifsso bos Qorsos c Fsko Dklouro, hklkt pfr bos mrfsor olDs`p`tfdko (879) ot `gtkolt cu hkbs ot summossour co Mir`s`s bb, ]kr`s, bf rostktutk`l cos pr`vklmos m`lquksos pfr s`l pro.

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Dfks co l`uvofux csfstros dfrquolt bf hd cu relo c Irfmbkus. B ikst`kro`hhkmkobbo l`us ckt quo bos Frfgos dusubdfls, fcoptos c ulo l`uvobbo robkek`l ,b ksbfd, volus cu Iocnfz, pr`hktolt co bf hfkgbosso cos Gyzfltkls ot cos Qorsos otprollolt b hholskvo m`ltro bos coux odpkros. Cn ol 8=1, Dfi`dot fvfktossfy co prolcro bo m`ltrbo co bf Qfbostklo dfks kb s tfkt hfkt gfttro D`utfpfr bos Gyzfltkls,

Quks mo s`lt bos mfdpfelos dkbktfkros cu mfbkho @dfr (8=3-833) summossourco Dfi`dot> ol 8=3, bf vkmt`kro co Jfckskyyf ot bf prkso co Mtskpi`l(fun`urc iuk ol Krfj) bf mfpktfbo co b odpkro sfssflkco (cn m`lqukso pfr Irfmbkus ol 879, puks rmupro pfr ]kr`s) buk bkvrolt bf Ds`p`tfdko porsool 8=8:bf gftfkbbo cu [frd`uj (fhhbuolt cu N`urcfkl) buk c`llo bf Qfbostklo ot bf ]yrko:Nrusfbod mfpktubo ol 8=9: bos i`stkbkts m`ltkluolt ol Qorso, c`lt 6odpkro losorf chklktkvodolt m`lquks qu ol 8? 6, dfks bf gftfkbbo cmkskvo f ou bkou Lifvolc ol 837. B Oeypto t`dgo ol motto ddo fllo 837.

Bf m`ddulut nuc`-lfzfrolloMotto prkso cu p`uv`kr fu Qr`mio-@rkolt pfr bos Frfgos cu mfbkho @dfr lo

s oxpbkquo pfs soubodolt pfr bf pors`llfbkt co mo euorrkor `u mobbo co s`l prcmossour Dfi`dot, dfks surt`ut pfr b kc`b`eko co m`lquto quk bos flkdo otquo ]`pir`lo, Qftrkfrmio co Nrusfbod b`rsquo bf vkbbo s `uvro @dfr ol 8=9,cmrkt m`ddo tflt d`lckfbo. Motto kc`b`eko l ost pfs frfgo> bos Frfgosl`dfcos cu csort s`lt fb`rs ul olsodgbo co trkgus sfls euro co mubturo lkc fdgktk`ls- skl`l mobbos co hfkro cu gutkl b`rs co rfzzkfs (ul d`t frfgo) `u olsorvflt m`ddo dormolfkros fu pr`hkt co b ul `u b futro cos coux erflcs odpkrosquk s fhhr`ltolt. M ost ol ]yrko qu kb hfut miormior b`rkeklo c ulo tobbo kc`b`eko,bfreodolt oxp`so cfls bo M`rfl, ol ]yrko c` bo er`upo frfgo `rkeklob f cs olhukr ol 877b`rs co b fvflmo cos tr`upos c Irfmbkus, p`ur efelor [ftrkg ot bocsort, mo qu `l fppobborf 6Iekro u dkerftk`l- l`us y rovkolcr`ls.

M ost gkol cfls mo pfys qu f pr`spr ulo somto, bos lfzfrols, c`lt b olmymb`pcko G`rcfs c`llo motto chklktk`l bfpkcfkro> irtkols c `rkeklo nu vo qukso m`lh`rdfkolt bf `rfi fu ' skmbo ol ]yrko . Ol hfkt, kb lo s fekt pfs comirtkols puksqu kbs lo mr`kolt pfs ol bf ckvklkt co Nsus, ot kbs lo ckspfrfkssoltvkcoddolt pfs bf hkl cu KX- skmbo. ]fklt Krlo co By`l t 717) ol pfrbocfls s`l Fcvorsus iforosos, s`us b fppobbftk`l c gk`lktos, ot co l`dgrouxfutros futours bos doltk`llolt efbodolt, s`us ckvors l`ds quk lo cskelolt pfslmossfkrodolt bo ddo er`upo somtfkro, dfks ol t`ut mfs ul ddo m`urfltc `rkeklo nukvo - `l p`urrfkt ckro co sfle nukh. Bf mfrfmtrkstkquo prodkro comotto m`bo, hrfmtk`llo ol pbuskours somtos, ost co rom`llftro ol Nsus bo Dosskofttolcu ul tktro quo bo M`rfl buk fttrkguo pfr coux h`ks-, t`ut ol lkflt sf ckvklkt (quo bos mirtkols fhhkrdolt, qu kbs s`kolt c `rkeklo nukvo `u l`l). b lo s fekt

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pfs cu mbfl rfggklkquo, quk s'ost h`rtodolt strumtur copuks bo skmbo ot quklko t`uto dosskflkt Nsus, b'fmmusflt c'tro ul dfekmkol- bo M`rfl so hfktc'fkbbours 6mi` co mouo p`bdkquo ot cholc Nsus m`ltro mos fmmu ft k`ls.Mo m`urflt quk l'ost lk nukh (rfggklkquo) lk mirtkol, l`us m`lvol`ls fvomEre`kro Hbkx co b'fppobor cu l`d conuc`-lfzfrol fhkl c'vktor bf m`lhusk`lfvom bos prodkors mirtkols qu'fdlorf b'odpb`k co b'fppobbftk`l co nuc`

mirtkols. Mfr fu ols strkmt, bf prodkro elrftk`l mirtkollo tfkt trs dfn`rktfkrodolt m`dp` o co nukhs, c`lm nuc`-mirtkollo.Moux c`lt l`us pfrb`ls tkrolt bour `rkeklo c'ulo cvkftk`l lo co bf m`ddu-lfut co Nrusfbod fprs bf d`rt co ]fklt Nfmquos, s`l prodkor vquo, ot surt`ut bf sukto co bf rv`bto nukvo co 88-51 ot cu cpfrt co t`us bos mirtkols co bfvkbbo vors bf ]yrko, fvflt qu'obbo lo s`kt chklktkvodolt olmormbo pfr bos bek`lsco Sktus. Fprs bf t`urdolto, mortfkls tfkolt rovolus ot bour m`ddulfut fvfkt

t ck por o l`uvofu b`rs co bf l`uvobbo costrumtk`l co bf vkbbo pfr Ifcrkol(rv`bto co Gfr-J`miogf co 6=7-6=?). Kbs s'tfkolt fb`rs tfgbks cfls t`ut boQr`mio-@rkolt, dfks surt`ut cfls bos erflcos vkbbos co ]yrko, ` mortfkls er`uposol tfkolt volus rolkor bo Mirkst ol tflt quo vrfk hkbs co Ckou p`ur b i`l`rorm`ddo ul i`ddo nusto (Si`c`ro co Myr, dkbkou cu v skmbo, mkt pfrO.M`uvort). N u o t p`ur oux hkbs co Ckou cfls bo sols co hkbs fc`ptkh, ot surt`ut boDossko. Mo tktro co Dossko rom`uvro ul pr`erfddo ot ulo kc`b`eko quo b' lpout qufbkhkor co dosskflkquo, ` bf l`stfbeko cu Sodpbo, c `rdfks rukl, ostul p`klt moltrfb.

Mobbo irsko, trs m`ltrfkro fu m`urflt el`stkquo (quk m`lstktuo 6futrodflkro co rolkor bf h`k mirtkollo), ost co typo p`bktkquo, fxo sur 6tfgbkssodolt cu W`yfudo co Ckou sur torro - Nrusfbod ol prodkor bkou - , quk c ktm`lmkcor fvom bo rot`ur cu Dossko olbov pfr Ckou co bf Mr`kx ot efrc ol rsor-vo: fu skmbo cn, bos dfrmk`lktos tfkolt m`llus p`ur ckro quo Nsus l'ostpfs d`rt sur bo g`ks dfks qu'`l buk f sugstktu quobqu'ul (fhhtrdftk`l quo boM`rfl roprolcrf pbus tfrc), ot qu'kb f t olbov fu mkob m`ddo Il`mi ot Obko.Fklsk, bf m`lquto co Nrusfbod ot b'romtk`l cu tr`kskdo Sodpbo - bo Sodpbochklktkh - ost bk, cfls bo m`urflt dosskflkquo, b'klstfurftk`l cu W`yfudo coCkou sur torro ot, ol prklmkpo, 6fttolto co mobuk quk ost pbus qu'ul pr`pito> boDossko.

B' pp`sktk`l fu nucfsdo rfggklkquo ost rfckmfbo> bos nuc`-lfzfrols bourropr`miolt c'fv`kr rohus co sukvro bo Dossko- mo quk f hfkt mi`uor sf dkssk`l-,c fv`kr hfbskhk bos Omrkturos ot c'tro fussk klhkcbos quo bours pros (t`ut mobfso tr`uvo cfls bo M`rfl). Bos rfggkls bour rolcolt ulo ddo ctostftk`l, kltr`-cuksflt- pout-tro cs ;9- ulo torrkgbo dfbckmtk`l bf sukto co bf 67 glckmtk`l co tfgbo, rmktor tr`ks h`ks pfr n`ur: mobto dfbckmtk`l vk o bos l`srkd ot bos

3

dklkd , bos l`srkd tflt b'`rkeklo bo l`d c`lt kbs fhhugbfkolt bos mirtkols cul`d co Nsus bo l`sr m'ost--ckro bo lfzfrol), ot bos dklkd bf cskelftk`l comoux quo bos rfggkls tkollolt p`ur cos irtkquos, bos er`upos nuc`-lfzfrols.

Fu m`urflt nuc`-lfzfrol so rfttfmio t`uto ulo bkttrfturo l`l el`stkquodfks l`l robbodolt mirtkollo p`ur futflt> mortfkls Ovflekbos co b olhflmo,b Ovflekbo cu psouc`-Dftikou, cos fp`mrypios co 6Flmkol Sostfdolt m`ddo boBkvro cos Nugkbs ddo sk ulo pfrtko ost fltrkouro), ot surt`ut cos mrkts fp`mf-byptkquos. Vu`kquo hrfedolts, mos er`upos nuc`-lfzfrols h`lmtk`llolt h`l-cfdoltfbodolt sur ul ddo d`co co polso> ulo ckfbomtkquo bf h`ks todp`-robbo (pfss `gsmur, prsolt co buttos dfks p`rtour c'osprflmos, fvolkr rfckoux)ot dosskflkquo, rmuprflt b'kc`b`eko cos mirtkols c'ulo pfrt, ot cos nukhs rfg-gklkquos co 6futro. M'ost ol quobquo s`rto bo h`lmtk`llodolt tiso-fltktisosyltiso bf dflkro hkeurftkvo `rkoltfbo. Kbs ctkollolt bf vrfko robkek`l, mobboc'Fgrfifd (m`ddo bo M`rfl bo rfppobbo}, c`lm bf mboh co bf pfkx cfls bo d`lco>bo M`rfl fmtuob prsolto olm`ro pbuskours pfssfeos quk rolv`kolt c`s c`s nukhsot mirtkols cfls ulo ddo oxmrftk`l, m`ddolmor pfr bo corlkor vorsot co bfHtkif , bf m`lstktutk`l `u Mifrto co Dcklo s`urfto 6, vorsot 5T.

B'fbbkflmo fvom bos frfgosMos ckvors er`upos nuc`-lfzfrols, s`us cos l`ds ckvors, pr`sprolt,

m`ddo ol td`kelo pfr oxodpbo sfklt Nrdo (=35-371), ot so porptuoltnu qu'fu skmbo, fvflt c'tro fgs`rgs `u pbutt co o h`lcro cfls b'ksbfd pfrtkr co 8=1.M`ddolt so hfkt 6fNbkflmo oltro bos Frfgo ot bos nuc`-lfzfrols0Copuks b`letodps, mortfklos trkgus frfgos tfkolt gfptksos, fklsk quo gofu-m`up c'frfgos scoltfkros ot c'futros sdktos tfgbks fut`ur cu csort c'Frfgko>

`l m`dptfkt cos vmis pr`spros sur bo E`bho porskquo, fu [dol, ot ddocos vmis pr`prodolt frfgos ol ]yrko `u fu r`yfudo co Ikrf. Mobf l'odpmifkt pfs mos poupbos co s'olefeor m`ddo dormolfkros, moux cu l`rc-`uost(Eifssflkcos) fu orvkmo co Gyzflmo, ot moux cu l`rc-ost (Bfjidkcos) fu sorvkmo cu r`yfudo porso.B`rsquo bos Qorsos prkrolt Nrusfbod ol 863 fvom b'fkco c' ul m`ltkleoltfrfgo ot pr`gfgbodolt fussk c'ulo potkto tr`upo nuc`-lfzfrollo, kbs rodkrolt6fcdklkstrftk`l co bf vkbbo fux nukhs rfggklkquo , l`us b'fv`ls vu : kb s'ol sukvktc'i`rrkgbos dfssfmros co mirtkols, fu p`klt quo bo W`k cos W`ks porso, Mir`s`s

KK, hklkt pfr oxpubsor t`us bos nukhs co Nrusfbod.67 fls fprs, pfrtkr co 877 (rfppob`ls-bo) b'odporour gyzfltkl Irfmbkusoltroprolfkt bf rom`lquto co 6 Flft`bko ot so prpfrf ol hfkro futflt co Nrusfbod. Xolflt sf rolm`ltro, bos nukhs rfggklkquos buk `hhrkrolt co 6`r fhkl qu ' kb

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hollt bos youx sur mo qu ' kb rksqufkt c'fpprolcro , `u co v`kr Nrusfbod . @l rfpp`rto qu ' kb fmmoptf b'`r, ol so hkflt fux rmk ts trs cubm`rs quo buk htrolt bosnukhs. Dfk s kb o dkt ol m`bro b`rsquo, pfrvolu ol Qfbostklo ul `u coux fls pbustfrc, kb fpprkt bf vrkt.

Bf mrftk`l co b' ksbfd_l l`uvo b Ox`co, b'Iekro@l pout m`dprolcro quo, fyflt prks pfrt b'klvfsk`l porso, ul mortfkl er`upo

co nuco-lfzfrols ot c'frfgos rfNkks b'kc`b`eko co mos corlkors, fkt prhrs b`kelor co ]yrko ot ron`klcro b'`fsks co [ftrkg poupbo co nukhs m`ddo oux(pbus pr`gfgbodolt cos frfgos m`lvortks fu nucfsdo), b`kl cfls bo csort ` bosGyzfltkls lo s'fvolturor`lt nfdfks. M'ost b quo Dfi`dot, bo pbus oltroprolfltcos frfgos cu er`upo dker , so rvbo tro ul mioh mifrksdftkquo, z bftour co bfB`k, bf S`rfi , quk kltorpobbo ddo bos nukhs co [ftrkg ot hfkt dkr`ktor bf porspomtkvo c'ul r`yfudo t`u nukhs ot frfgos. Motto fNkkflmo cos coux otilkos ross`rt cobf strfto bf pbus flmkollo cu M`rfl, bf hfdouso Mifrto co Dcklo, m`ddo `l bffppobo pbus tfrc.

Bf pr olmo [ftrkg so pr`b`leoflt, bo m`up co elko cos kc`b`euos co moer`upo nuc`-frfgo, hut co rfppr`mior bour oxprkolmo pr o lto co trkgubftk`lsvmuos pfr bo poupbo igrou fyflt quktt K'Oeypto p`ur bo csort , ` kb sn`urlffvflt c'fbbor prolcro bf Sorro pr`dkso. Dfber bos dflkpubftk`ls cu toxto, mo ttoporspomtkvo co bf Sorro qu k l`us fppfrtkolt ost olm`ro trs vkskgbo cfls boM`rfl. Ol c'futros tollos, Ckou bos f dols [ftrkg p`ur ul l`uvob ox`co,quk so m`lmburf pfr b'tfgbk sodolt cu W`yfud o sur t`uto bf torro. Bour pr`notddo c fssunottkr bo d`lco oltkor l'mifppf lubNodolt ]`pir`lo, bu vquoco Nru fbod ol 8=3. Dfk s bos Gyzfltkls, oux, hurolt gkol surprks - ot sfls c`utolo m`dprkrolt-kbs nfdfks. Vuflt fux Qorsos, kbs l'ol ourolt euro bo todps.

Wobov`ls olm`ro fvom Ere`kro Hbkx qu o bf so ubo rfk s`l p` kgbo co b'`prftk`l cu mifleodolt co l`d co [ftrkg ol Dcklo ost tr`uvor cfls ikst`kronukvo gkgbkquo.

B'fNkusk`l gkgbkquo ost vkcolto> kb s'fekt l`l cu d`t frfgo d kl (qukskelkhko vkbbo) dfk s cu l`d co D`ckl , bo bkou ` prkt lfk s flmo bf rv`bto vkmt`rkouso cos Dfmmifgos m`ltro b'`mmupflt erom co bf Qfbostklo (Fltk`mius KX Opkpiflo), rv` bto quk fg`utkt b' klstfurftk`l c'ul pidro r`yfudo nukh fsd`-lol , fut`l`do co 6=3 8= fvflt l`tro ro, m'ost--ckro nusqu' b'frrkvo cosW`dfkl s.

Bdkerftk`l [ftrkg, `u Iekro, ost fklsk vmuo, ul d`dolt c`ll,m`ddo ulo pr`dosso ot ul pr`erfddo> motto Iekro c`kt fg`utkr bf prkso co bfQfbostklo ot bf s`udk ssk`l cu d`lco oltkor. Dftro co [ftrkg , bo er`upo nuc`-

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frfgo kssu co ]yrko vf l`l oubodolt rogfptksor motto vkbbo cu l`d co D`ckl ,dfks, ul d`dolt c`ll, m`lskcror bour frrkvo m`d do b'fllo 1 c'ulol`uvobbo ro @l lo s`ubkelorf nfdfks tr`p bf skelkhkmftk`l pil`dlfbo c'ulofllo 1 877 co l`tro ro, gfso cu mfbolcrkor du ubdfl)> obbo skelkhko 6frrkvo c'ul d`lco l`uvofu, bf dflkro c`lt, ol Hrflmo, bf Wv` butk`l fvfkt klstktu ol 65; 'fllo 6. N vf co s`k qu'fprs m`u p, bos Mfbkhos `lt `mmubt b'`rkeklo nuco-dosskflkquo c'ulo tobbo fllo zr . ]ob`l bf beolco fmtuobbo, ol 877,Dfi `dot so hfkt gfttro ot mifssor co Bf Domq uo ot so rhu eko [ftrkg. M'ost

ulo fgsurckt > pors`llo lo h`lcorfkt ulo ro l`uvobbo sur ulo chfkto ot uloi`lto.Bf rom`lqutoOl hfkt, kb y f ou ohhomtkvodolt cos fhhr`ltodolts oltro c'ulo pfrt Dfi`d otot sos pfrtksfls, c'futro pfrt bos trkgus frfgos> ddo fttkrs pfr bos pr`dossos cogutkl (c`lt bo toxto m`rflkquo o hfkt h`rtodolt b'mi`), bos frfgos mirtkols

l'pr`uvolt euro co sydp ftiko p`ur b' kc`b`eko nuco-lfzfrollo, ot co pbus,so b`l ckvorsos trfcktk`ls, kbs tfko lt trfvfk bb pfr cos somtos m`lmurroltos - b'uloc'obbos fvfkt ddo ulo hoddo sf tto. b lo hfkt euro co c`uto qu ' pfrtb'oxpcktk`l dflquo vo rs bf Qfbostklo ol 87; `u 8=1, bf som to nuc`-frfgo co[ftrkg out h`rt hfkro oltro 877 ot 8=3 p`ur fsso`kr sf c`dklftk`l sur bo trkgusfrfgo cu moltro co bf Qlklsubo.

Mo l'ost qu'ol 8=3 quo bos `p rftk`ls c'klvfsk`l m`dd olmo lt , cu mt co bf]yrko ` bf somto pout m`dptor sur co l`dgrousos m`bbfg`rftk`ls), ot, sob`lckvors c`mudolts trs flmkols, s`us bf ckromtk`l co Dfi`dot buk-ddo. b hfutsfv`kr quo, sob`l b'ikst`kro `hhkmkobbo, Dfi`dot o t mols tro d`rt copuks couxfls ... M'ost fb rs qu'fppfrft @dfr (8=3-833) , quk prolc Cfdfs ol 8=8 ot Nrusfbod ol 8=9. Bf m`lquto prolc fb`rs ulo ckdolsk`l l`u vobbo. Fussktt oltr Nrusf bod b 'vquo ]`pir`lo buk f hfkt `uvrkr bos p`rtos), @dfr hfkt cgbfyorb'ospbflfco cu Sodpbo, covoluo ul cpt co ruklos ot c'kdd`lckmo , ot hfktm`lstrukro ul todpbo, ol g`ks p`ur fbbor pbus vkto: covflt mo t c khkmo, kb prskco ul sfmrkhkmo. Bf porspomtkvo dosskflkquo co mos vlodolts lo hfkt euro coc`uto. Lfld`kls, bf cmoptk`l tfkt bf mboh> sk @dfr ot sos sug`rc`lls fttolcfkolt b'tfgbks odolt co bour p`uv`kr ur bo d`lco ermo ulo kltorvoltk`lckvklo cu Dossko, kbs hurolt cus, fvom t`utos bos m`lsquolmos qu 'ulo tobbocmoptk`l oleolcro. F mo d`dolt, ot l`l pfs fu todp co Dfi `dot, kbs m`d dolmrolt prolcro bours ckstflmos fvom bours dolt`rs nuc`-lfzfrol , ot hklk-rolt ddo pfr bos mifssor co [ftrkg-Dcklo, ot pfr ol dfs fo ror ul mortfkll`dgro.

Cs`rdfks cgfrrfsss cos nuco-lfzfrols, bos l`uvofux dftros co bfQfbostklo ot co bf ]yrko so v` kolt dfkltolflt m`ltrfklts ul sugstktut kc`b`ekquo- 65 -

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p`ur nustkhkor bour m`lquto. M'ost surt`ut pfrtkr c'@tidfl, quk prolc bo p`uv`kr ol 833 fprs b'fssfssklft c'@dfr, qu '`l oltroprolc c`lm co hfgrkquor ulorobkek`l ot ulo h`k quk hfssolt pkmo fu nucfsdo rfggklkquo ot fu mirkstkflksdo,fvom b'fkco trs pr`gfgbo co mortfkls kc`b`euos nuc`-lfzfrols t`ut cv`usfux l`uvofux dftros. Mortfkls co mos c`mtours hfksfkolt sfls c`uto pfrtko comoux quk fvfkolt vmu m`ddo cos d`klos, mbkgftfkros `u l`l, cfls b'fttolto cuW`yfudo cos Mkoux mh. Dt 6;,67)> bf vko co prkro(s) cmrkto pfr bo M`rfl otbos fbbusk`ls hrquoltos co trfcktk`ls flmkollos ul `u cos d`klos olt`urfltDfi`dot bo sueerolt tr`p p`ur qu ' kb ol s`kt futrodolt.

Bo trfvfkb co sugstktutk`l kc`b`ekquo tfkt c`ugbo- c'ulo pfrt, kb hfbbfkt hfkro ckspfrftro t`ut mo quk p`uvfkt tro kcoltkhk fvomvkcolmo m`ddo nuc`-lfzfrol, m`ddolmor pfr t`us bos oxodpbfkros cu

M`rfl `rkeklob fuquob l`tro toxto m`rflkquo fmtuob hfkt hrquoddolt rhrolmo kb s'fekssfkt co b'fcfptftk`l ol frfgo, fu d`kls pfrtkobbo, cu bomtk`llfkro olusfeo cfls bf m`ddulfutnuc`-lfzfrollo): kb hfut y fn`utor bf costrumtk`l cot`us bos toxtos ol frfdol `u ol frfgo quk lo p`uvfkolt pfs tro rmuprs cflsbf porspomtkvo co b'oxfbtftk`l cu p`uv`kr frfgo.

- C'futro pfrt, kb hfbbfkt dottro fu p`klt ulo nustkhkmftk`l ckvklo co mo p`uv`kr, trfvors ul bkvro. S`ut mobf hut bo hrukt co gofum`up c'fllos ot c'ohh`rts, sflspfrbor co costrumtk`ls ot cos fssfs klfts c`lt bo `uvolkr fppfrft cfls mortfklstoxtos. _lo trfcktk`l l`us rfpp`rto qu'ul c`mtour pr`tostf m`ltro bf supprossk`lpfr @tidfl cu M`rfl co J`uhf. co Cfdfs, c`lt so rmbfdfkolt mortfklos m`ddulfuts. @l b'frrtf, bo hbfeobbf, ot bo h`rf ckro qu '@tidfl fvfkt rfks`l. @tidfl buk-ddo hut fssfsskl ol 8?3, ot ulo euorro oltro dusubdfls s'ol sukvkt.

F h`rmo c'tro trkturo p`ur buk hfkro ckro bo dkoux p`sskgbo qu'Fbbfi f m`lhkfux frfgos dusu bdfls bf c`dklftk`l sur bo d`lco ol `l l`d, bf m`dpkbftk`l`rkeklobbo co t x t ~ ol frfgo bfksss pfr bos nuc`-lfzfrols porc pfrh`ks t`utsols rfks`llfgbo. Fklsk ol ost-kb pfr oxodpbo cu rfppr`miodolt ohhomtu pfr tr`ksh`ks cfls bo toxto m`rflkquo oltro Dkryfd, sur co D`so ot c'Ffr`l, otDfrkfd, dro co Nsus. Qls bf bottro, hfuto cu sugstrft nuc`-lfzfrol `mmubtor, mo rfppr`miodolt ost bu m`ddo ulo kcoltkt cos coux por `llfeos> Dkryfdfurfkt vmu 6711 fls fvflt c'olhfltor Nsus M`ddo, pfr prklmkpo, Fbbfi ostklm`dpriolskgbo , pbus bo toxto cu M`rfl ost `gsmur `u ddo fgsurco, pbus kbdflkhosto qu'kb pr`vkolt ckromtodolt ot bkttrfbodolt c'Fbbfi.

Co t`uto hf`l, @tidfl ot s`l summossour D`fwyyf fvfkolt c'futros s`umksquo co so pr`mmupor co bf pfrhfkto m`irolmo cu toxto, s`kt kltorlo, s`kt oxtorlo,pfr rfpp`rt mo qu'`l fttolcfkt co buk . @r kb ost vkcolt quo bos oxodpbfkros cuM`rfl l'`lt pfs pu tro klchklkdolt m`bbftk`lls, ctrukts ot rodpbfms mifquo- 69 -

h`ks quo cos d`ckhkmftk`ls tfkolt cmkcos. M'ost mo quk, fu m`urs cuskmbo, vf `gbkeor bos m`ddoltftours dusubdfls cos pr`ckeos c'klelk`sktp`ur hfkro ckro fu toxto co hf`l pbfuskgbo mo qu ' kb hfbbfkt qu ' kb ckso: mo s`lt mosm`ddoltftours quk `lt kdfekl c'fg`rc bf rvbftk`l Dfi`dot ckmto pfrb'Fleo Efgrkob, puks b'kltorvoltk`l cu ckfgbo-bgbks, bo v`yfeo fu Mkob, b'tfpo pfrNrusfbod sur bf nudolt Gurfq, otm. Mo s`lt olm`ro oux quk v`lt bfg`ror bfbeolco co Dfi`dot, boquob, cfls bf som`lco d`ktk cu skmbo, tfkt t`dgcfls b'`ugbk. Kb hfut so rolcro m`dpto, tktro c'oxodpbo, quo b`rs co bf m`ltr`vorso quk out bkou ol 833 oltro bo pftrkfrmio nfm`gkto Nofl b ' ot 6dkr ]fc Kgl Fdkr(trflsmrkto pfr ul dflusmrkt syrkfquo co 953), kb l'y f fumulo rhrolmo fu M`rfllk ul Dfi`dot pr`pito: ot m 'ost bf S`rfi quo b'dkr klv`quo p`ur chkor bosmirtkols co pr`uvor quo bo Mirkst ost Ckou.

fi`dot bo pors`llfeo ikst`rkquo ot bf beolcoDfks quk ckt (( rvbftk`l l`uvobbo , ckt pr`pito costkl bf romov`kr. Bo

stftut cu bkvro sfmr dusubdfl lo p`uvfkt tro klhrkour mobuk co bf S`rfi `ucos Ovflekbos. Quk quo, ob`l bf trfcktk`l nukvo, bf S`rfi f t klspkro D`so otmrkto pfr buk, mo quk Bkolt bkou cs`rdfks co M`rfl c`kt tro prsolt fu d`klsm`ddo klspkr pfr Ckou . Fu cgut, `l fhhkrdf skdpbodolt quo Dfi`dot, bo m`bbfg`rftour cos nuc`-lfzfrols ot prodkor mioh cu er`upo frfgo, c`lt `l so s`uvkolt `pp`rtuldolt, romovfkt cos klspkrftk`ls curflt s`l s`ddokb. Momk hut bocpfrt c'ulo b`leuo bfg`rftk`l co bf pfrt cos c`mtrklfkros fu sorvkmo cos mfbkhosl`us b'fv`ls vu). hfkto c'odprults ot co surolmiros> kb ost vkcolt quo Dfi`dot covfkt tro fu d`kls efb fu D`so co b'Flmkol Sostfdolt `u fu Nsu cosmirtkols. Ol hfkt , bf beolco ol hkt qufskdolt ul suri`ddo, ot cfls co l`dgroux pfys du subdfls c'fun`urc'iuk (ddo l`l frfgos m`ddo bo Qfjk tfl ),qukm`lquo dottrfkt cos c`utos fu sunot co motto kdfeo trfcktk`llobbo sorfktm`lcfdl d`rt p`ur gbfspido.

Wovol`ls fu pors`llfeo ikst`rkquo > quo sfkt-`l co buk0Cfls b'tft fmtuob co bf romiormio, `l lo m`llft pfs s`l l`d , Duifddfc(Dfi`dot) tflt ul surl`d frfgo h`re

8/13/2019 La cration de l'Islam

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rom`lquto co bf vkbbo pfr Irfmb kus ol 87? `u 875) ot quk, frrkvs [ftrkg ,cm`uvrolt ul mioh frfgo l`dd Dfidot, bf h`ks le`mkflt ot prckmftour. Kbost olm`ro quostk`l c'ul Duifddfc cfls ulo mir`lkquo sy rkfquo cu Ji`uzk s-tfl cfto c'fvflt 851 quk bo prsolto , fu dkbkou c'ul rm kt co m`lqutos, m`ddomioh co s Frfgos. _lo futro mir`lkquo syrkollo cftflt c'olvkr`l 57? rfpp`rtofu sk quo bos ]frfmlos (bos hutur ]frrf kls) olvfikrolt bos pr`vklmos co ]yrko otco Ds`p`tfdko polcflt ot s`us bo e`uvorlodolt co Dfidot , m'ost--ckrofprs 8=7, fllo co bf d`rt `hhkmkobbo cu Qr`pito .@l rodfrquorf quo , cfl s bf strfto bf pbus flmkollo co bf hfdouso Mifrto `uQfmto co Dcklo, bos miormiour s'fmm`rcolt m`lskcror m`ddo rod`ltfltfutioltkquodolt fux fllos 871, bf trkgu c'`rkeklo cos dkers, bos Duifn krul , ost doltk`llo s`us bo l`d co Vurfsi. M`ddo bos nukhs `u nuc`-lfzfrols) co [ftrkg s`lt efbodolt mkts cfls bo ddo m`ltoxto, kb s'fekt c'fbbks, `uddo cfdks. Mo s` lt p`urtflt oux c`lt bf beolco p`strkouro f hfkt bos fg`dk-lfgbos Vurfsiktos co Bf Domq uo , ollodks co Dfi`dot > kb hfut fcdkror kmk b'frtc'utkbksor mortfkls bdolts ikst`rkquos ol bos ch`rdflt, mo quk fprs m`up rolcbf tmio trs ckhhkmk bo fu miormiour ]kelfb`ls quo mortfkls m`ddoltftoursdusubdfls cu d`yol eo so s`lt codflcs m`ddolt kb so hfksfkt quo Vurfsi

8/13/2019 La cration de l'Islam

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]@DDFKW O Bo skelos cos todps,

pfr Nofl co Gr`lfm Bf mrftk`l co 6 6

pfr Dfx Mfgflt`us . .. .. . . Bos cr`kts co b i`ddo, kc`b`eko5

mrkdklobbo, pfr Iolrk co Horsfl . . .. .. . . 76 B fltkmbrkmfbksdo co bf hkl cu ckx-louvkdo

kmbo, pfr [vos cu Bfm co Hueros . . . . . . . . . == Bf Gkgbo trfiko,

pfr Cflkob Wfhhfrc co Grkollo .. . .. . . . . .. . . 37 M`l mrftk`l fu ]fmr-Mur,pfr bo pro Nofl-Dfrko . . 38

]ur bf m`uvmlurm > Rmlo < co euorl>R co Xolco (65;=). `.>.,,d, co Wol H`bbot hkeurflt cflRb fbgud co 6- olrk ]orv6ol. otkto ikst`kro cos euorros co 6olco (Oc ktk`lR co Mil).

Q @_ KL Copuks 6?68,..: . km ...m:o

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co elrftk`l ol elrftk`l,l`us kdprkd`ls Q`ktkors

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