Lorient Des Soufis-libre

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    SOUS LA DIRECTION DE

    JEAN-PIERRE DUBOSTET AXEL GASQUET

    LES ORIENTSD"SORIENT"S

    D"CONSTRUIRE L(ORIENTALISME

    KLH= KZ L KHI K HJH CE%" {LHIJZ BI I CHJ FHH

    RD""' $"R

    2, II I JHIA+" ""

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    +ZLI, KJ F-'-146-1905-07-29--02

    HKJ K JNJ > :

    JJ (k"33 6=3l),# { H HYK K@KH{>K, HJ JJH. #{I[H LH KK J. J KI LI

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    %{+"E' DE F" :A+C+ "'""A"*E E AE E++E+E

    #EA'-#AC*E "B''"E+"R B%A"E ACA%

    JH ZHOJH HJZ K HKJJ H=H I IK

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    HJ[H I{ZLH LHI I I>[HI IKZHKHI I J HKHI L I IK7 L@ 7 63@>7 Q73, JHHZJZ GKJ HI J HI J HJ NIJJ JH KN4.

    I KN JI J HI I IOGK I IK

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    +"E' ("AH'I&) E CC"DE' ("AGH'IB) DA' %E C+A'

    DI CH, I HI -+-* J -+-B GK IHLJ W ZI=H IJHI HJ J J HZIJJ HKII KHHI, IKI J, IIZI KI IKLJ KH P 6@ : h &l7-57 >7 3 6S@S67 >l7@3@ 7>>7 l> 37@? 'S@6: h e D7 337@-

    @7@ >l$7@ 7 >l$5567@. I> 967 I> 7 7 @7 7 67. CH.2, 1426.'3 7 @7 5@7 @ P @7 7 8357 7 >l$7@ 7

    >l$5567@, 3 P 57 7@ D7c CH. 2, 177.

    "IXz_ GG_ (1652-1725), ILJ JKH J _JH {HH OIJGK D3KK37, KJKH {K LKKN JH K CH H LH-IJ I I JNJ >IJHGK: K K >=J {HJJ H-

    JK (4>3

    ). +I GK KHJ {ZGK GKI - I I JHKI

    @KLI [J OJ J IHJK. KH I IK=J {HJJ HHI K II= K ZLJ W JJ GK I HHJ HIJLJ W {II IJJ

    157T7 37

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    K uKH J W {IHJ. % KN[ ` W K HJKH, H[I LHGKI K IJJZ IHJK, W K JJ I GK KJ-

    JZ L I {KJZ. DI J ZJJ, OIJGK J DK JKJ >I, H o {KJZ L I KJJZ GK -\ {KJI HJ {KJZ p8.

    C{IJ K ZL, I IKH>J W ZIIH KH IJ IHJK GK I{H-=I KJKH K uKH, H= JH I HZI K IHZ. CH $z J uKH {> IJ KH I IK

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    K7L p HHZIJ I K HJ I, I {RH, @J {> WJH DK I JKJI II JLJZI J I IKJ I HJGK

    KJK12.DI JH {" zAH_, W GK KIZ {RH, JJ GK \JH J IJJK OIGK HZJKH, =KH ZJJ KH >GK > ' L HJKH J IJ K Z>GK13. D{g I =H JZH, H O KH K >GK>, \ H ZHZJ L I, K HJ L.

    *KI>OH_ (. 1072), KJKH {K I HHI KI K IK

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    JKI I HZKI J JKI I XJHI, HZ H ZJ J IJJZ22. " IJ KJZ, >GK JH-J HJJ K O J I GK IJJZ H= H->ZJ.

    E @ 3@ 6@@S 7@ S397 P 57 337@ SS l3@57 >7 S9@ 5567@3>7 7 7@3>7 67 577 77 7 #

    3@ 4S@7. CH. 7, 137.

    160 7 $7@ 6S7@S

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    C LHIJ, GK I KH NGKH JJ ZJ: I K I K-JKHI JZI, I IJI J ZJZ HZZI JHH K HI (K {K JHH H-HIZ {K K HI) J KH IHJ KI W K[H K ZIJ,I IJ LKZI W O HJKHH. D \ [H, I ZI, IIKIK -kKQ@), J @KIJH p26. % H[ IJ

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    ", JJKH HJ I HZII GK HJJJ KN -HH IOGK OZ: @KIJJI, KJJ GK I @KHI {Z, JGK I I [L J I K> >GK @KH K J LH J {ZJZ GK J K HJ HJK[H, JH {JK. I GK I=KH ZI= GK{K HJHJK[H30. % {NIJ GK H K[H GK {ZH. " I H-KL GKJJ H IJ >GK @KH ZHZ H K K[HHJJ KL, IIJ W HJH {K K HZJK Z-

    J. % GK\J K[H J II LHJI I IKl7>>7 l>3 67 3 83->>7 7@ @ >7 7@3>. CH. 19, 16.

    DI LHIJ, GK HZK JHJZ H, I IK

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    \ H[LJ, KI LI ZLGKH l7 3 67 5@7 p (D_ >-3@3K@), IKLJ JHHZJZI

    IO I KII GK I{ZJJ {HJ W {J. CHI=, GK JHJ KIK J[J {KLHI-JZ33 p, JKH I H=I K IKJ, HJKH {I. HZJ HGK, HLJ K o K>J K I p34 J o W I LJ p35,J ZJJ K =K IJZ W HJZ=H {>KJZ @KIGK{W 3 >T7 67 57 7 67 >3 77; 3 >T7 7 5334>7 P@7 @57 5@7@3@ @7 >37. 3 >37 7 @5>7 63@ @ 77 7-4>34>7 P @ 37 S@57>3@ 3>7@S 3 @ 347 4S@, @ >7 @l7@ 6l$7@ @ 6l$5567@ 7 6@ >l>7 S5>37, 7 l7@ 83, U73@ U7 5S7 3 >7 87! T7 >T7! D7 5@6 I>

    7 7 3 >T7; I> 7 67 77>7 3 7 7 I> 7 $-@57@. CH 24, 35.

    C LHIJ KK IHZ I OIJGKI KIKI. 'KI HI GKGKI-KI I =II HJ L I JI {HJ J {-J37.

    Ah z_ -$>HHXP (.899) LJ I J HH AH>. #zP I =I {J K HJ IK-II40. KH " xAJXy (. 922), JJ NHII IJ K Z=J

    IJ, HNJZ Z=J JH DK J I >I41

    . KH *KI->OH_, {IJ {IIJZ {K W DK GK IJ ZLGKZ, I JHI-

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    NKJ GK{ IJ II K HZ>, GK IJ KHK HJZHIJGK H I ZJH=HI, HJ L H H-

    >ZJGK GK Z o %{I Z ZJH=H J HLH ZJH-=H T7 >T7 p, K[H II IJ IKZHKH W K[H

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    HI W LK K , W {NIJ, H K[H I >II J I\JHI, {IJ IHJ K ZJ KH JHH I . I GK

    {J HHI W IHJ J W {JHZ I {KJH, K OIJ[H II K K I HJI. DI K-, GK ZJJ >Z IJ ZLZ J >K _J HI N-JJ I . " O JH I KN K HHJ {LHI J ZJHJZ49.

    KH ZJH I HZJ>. DI JHJ H>ZJGK, {HJ,I HIJL I>J=GK GK IJ {I, IJ ZI=Z

    K {HJ {AJZ>HIJ J KII HJ {g L-HJ I JHKI J IZJI LHI50. % @KH K #K=J IJ KII Kg o I I [LH W I K>J p51, I K >J>. I JIJH{ZLZJ {>IJH IH, I IKGK \JH >K. {RH, {X IJ o L J{J K I +ZJZ IIJ p52. % LH K I K K->J IJ I= KH {X {[I W II I. AHI, JJ GK LJ JJ II LJ K I HJ,

    I +ZJZ IH KI @I KJZ. KH IKJGK HGK JJ HKJKH I O IGK GK IJ KII K O >K- {JH K[H J I JZ[HI {K II \Z{=H. HLK W {HJ I K[HI II, IKJ, LJ \ _JH HJ >OIGK. HJH HKHI H I {NZ=[I IKK, {X JI III. I >GK LK KII I HJ J I J J {K {KJH IJ IOGKJ W {J,K dJZ g I I K>J, HJ {H {> {HJ IKH

    I HJ KKI. " J I H=H LHI I HJ, LHI K g I K-[HI =I LJ I

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    IKH W KJJZ KH HJHKLH {KJZ HK, HIJ-

    JKH K LI KI JH {KGK, IK HZJZ NIJJ. {HJ J {J J K IJ W K IK K HI I-, W I Z>, W {KLHI JKJ JH.

    +" "E, ' E E"%, 'E E%E "E

    CJ JZHH IHJK KJ KII HKH K LO= JHHIJH J HJIOIJGKI J K ZH GK JJ OIGKJ, J KIIKJ IOGKJ, I KIJ {J W {HJ. CJJHKJ I I L ZKJ II KJ JH[I JdJ. AI, Ah zJ>X-=H_ (. 983), H=H I LHI $HK, HJJ LHI {HJJ I II HKJI, IZ@KHJ W % GK KH I GK I HKLJ II JH>H K @J

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    1172. EH JKJ @K, J GK{ HJH " +KI> (ALHH[I) 1180 W CHK56. EJH 1193 J 1198 LO= JH =>H (F[I,

    KI, HH>) J {AKI, H

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    ABD A%-*~D"+ A%-#A~{"+

    KH H H[LJ HIJZ {RH, JZ== II -LHIHI JHI HJ {JHLH GK HH[H IJ HYJ Z@WK IJJKH NJ I K KJH . % ZZH BK=K HK I HJH L K 30 1837 : o " HII IIPK HJHJ GK{ IKLJ Z #ZIKI-C>HIJ p. KI JH ZHJ: o C{IJK I[ H>[J, {IJ {IZH JKI I KIKI GK

    {RH, KIKHI =H>I IJ II I JH =K67.CJJI-KI {ZLGKH KN GK IHLJ JH IK@J, I LO=I H-JKH.

    JH GKJH =HI ZJI I I L: IJ Z 1807; H-[H HJ I L IJ I

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    uKLH H=, HIJ I JHHZJJI HII I II"3Q-8. " @KZ K Hd ZI< I HIJKHJ {>ZHJ= H

    J I H=J W HKII WKI {K JJH L I KN KJHI HI=I, HJKH IKH .

    " zAH_ JZ ZJ II NZHI IHJKI J I ZJI I L. %{RH A -*XH, HI= K, IIZ HKIIJHI I I H>LI K KHI. A-XI>_ IJ Z 1881 I I -LHI , I K ZHZ= J HJ GK.E IJ Z=J K JH HJJ HKII , GK{ L IKLH KN II I O> " I (1855-1927)HHZIJJ K I>O> BhP__ (. 1909), I HJJ> W

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    W DI. DZJ JGK GKJ, J 17 K 18 I, {IJH-J, JKHGK KI H=Z IKH-

    LH IHJ I _JI KJ g JHLJ IKHJKJ I IKII @KLIJ, I H=J @KIGK{W KH , LH W GK{I IJI HJKZI >. " J I

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    " HZI IJ IKLJHYKI H I HJKN, K HH H K I, I ILJI

    I , HK=KKN KH =K GK { I I HIJ JZKN GK H {H HJ. CH, JH {HJ J {-J K KIK, IHJKJZ {Z> I KNHZ@K=ZI J KN @K=JI IIJI. %I =>HZI IJ H=HZI LK HJ I H I HJKN GK, IhHI KH I,{=J I \JH IKHIIZI H I =I {J KIK. AI _JH IKH\ AH_, K I HZJJ J, GK -Q Z=J

    HHZIJZ K d {JJHJ HJJ. CJJ HZ= GK I{ZJ IKH =H OH (GK KJ #H, IJ J %) IJ KHZZ I Z-

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    HJI GK LJ JHJ H>ZJGK, I- HJKH: o % 4>Q63>-Q, {IJ JHH ZK DK, >JZ H I ZKI I HZJ p J

    o %I >JJI Q IJ LN DK IKH JJ JHH p76. KJHGK GK{W KJ, H> DI,

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    GK. E I ZIIH >J IKI JKJI II HW ZIHJJ J W II HHI GK IJ {HH J J IIH K >HPJ K LHJ. . CH,W K[H K IK, {HJJ IKH 'H IGK, d ZIJ, HJ IOGK J J {HJJ {II I-HJK. o C{IJ IKLJ [H J {> ZHKL JZHKHJ I o LHJ p I HZI, GK HJ KH 7@ (IK=ZH {KJKH) I II >HPJI p79.

    'E

    1 \ I JJ H[H IJ K >Z[ K J =ZZH { JZ . CH 7 87 3@7@, C>ZHO, R. HZI, 1971, . 13.2 CPX_,7 347@35>7 67 T7, HI, % K, 1981, JZ I {o "JHKJ p,. 30. HKJ J HZIJZ H +. DH[H. KH

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    6 C HHGK #. BHGK, I LHIJ IKLJ, GK KZHGKJ HHZIJ K JJ IKHJ. % GK IJ ZI=Z JH K , LH #. BHGK,7 C3@,HI, , 1990, . 47, J K LHIJ 143.7 KH K, LH . $KJ, HJ o "IXz_ GG_ p,E@5K5>S67 67 >lI>3, E"2, BH, %O, .", . 199-200.8 C-43 3>-36X6, BOHKJ>, R. .A. A-+XM_, 8 L., 2002, ", . 350.10 C-38X, ", . 68, JH K LHIJ 144 H K O H.11 CH. 2, 144 LH KII CH. 2, 149 J 150.12 H "38149, I JHKJ J I JHI GK {=J H . C>-MP, EH A -$H, M5 7>, HI, K, 1982, . 109-12.13I46., . 103.14 COH_,3Ql8 3>-QQ, ", . 116.15 C-3lX>Q 3>-@3-43 3>-36X6, ", . 132.18 %I KN KJHI KHHI JJ [H JJ {HJ J {J, WILH CH. 26,28 J CH. 73,9 {HJJ I {ZZJI KLKN. % HH IJ JZI H H; I I K IKHJ Z KNLI GK H>[J J HJI II =I HJGKJ.19 C-3lX>Q 3>-@3-43 3>-36X6, "", . 387.24 %{KJKH GK GK *KI>OH_ HZIJ I >II JJ [H, I I HZ-43 3>-36X6, ", . 166.26 C KJ / I I I

    uKHI IH_J @I p.27 D{H[I " xAJXy -A_ (. 922), O K HJ JH I IJJI IHJKI J I

    174 7 $7@ 6S7@S

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    12 I=I K PGK, DK HZ J I uKHI I =IJGKI 12 GKJZI, -38X, "", . 45.28 C-43 3>-36X6, , . 270. D W, " zAH_ ZKJ GK HIGK IJ -J IKHI L HLJ LHIJ J, IJ HLK W {NJJ, J I JH " M_, LHIJ HJ IJ K KI K K I IHJI K K OIJ[H J {EII. CZH, R. . >O, 1988, . 499.

    33 ENHII {AH A, JZ H D. D J,D5@@37 6 C3@, . 220.34 CH. 18, 86.35 CH. 18, 90.36 %{>IJH D>h -*HO HHI W CH. 18, 83-98. KH K, D. D J, HJ. o D>K -*HO p D5@@37 6 C3@, . 218-21.37 C, . 116 J J 124.38 H KII *KI>OH_,3Ql8 3>-QQ, "", . 612.39 C-38X, "", . 45-6. CHJI JJKHI LJ I {J 4>3 I #KHZJI, OH_,3Ql8 3>-QQ, "", . 612.40 C-38X, "", . 52. C, A-J A-

    IX_ & DXH XH, 6 ., 1969, """, . 335, 345. o % =HII[HJZ J KHJZ uKH I JHK-LJ >P I =I {HJq p41 C-38X, "", . 45.42 COH_,3Ql8 3>-QQ, "", . 612-3.43 C-38X, "", . 48.44 C-38X, "", . 51.45 C-8_Q 3>-3==KK3, BhXG, 1329 ., 4 L., """, . 287.48 z " zAH_, 3>-3>KKQ 3>->QKK3, . 425, >. 71 J JI.49 EJ HJKH g H_J {II K L IKH\, >Z W {II HZJKHI, , 3@, 248.52 C, . 80 J IG.53 C-_8KK3, % CH, R. >KHO, 1969, . 479.54 C>7 7 *@7

    #, #_X_ K II JIJ JKJ H[H , LH JH HJ W H_JH o HI< K=I HJI I JI < 7 A343@ #9 p, 'M D>, #. '>HK

    175T7 37

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    LHIJO.56 % =K GK I ZHK JH KN HJ HH GK " zAH_, I II ZHJI, I I I K HIJL >I>GK I HLGK K IHJ GK =K

    I K. C-338, A, 1970 (2 Z.), . 618-29; A> z~ $>KHI>_, 3>-kn8 4->>Q "-336 3kX6 3>-BQ@X, DI, 1970, . 27-37; K> zAX> -#PX{H_ -K-IO_ JJKZ "336 3>-HQX, DI, 2004; #-%KI >, 7 3K="336 3>-HQX 7 @ 57@37 67 {R>GKH I =IJGKI, , AH>[, 1998.% H[H HJ J KLH= HZIJ K =H> K I>O> ; KI O LI KIZ {I-IJ I 7, HI, R. HJI, 1967.72 C, . 5., . 41.73 E HZX ->zHX_ (. 1565) ; IKH K,. JH, E"2, ", . 325-6.74 %{JJHKJ JHJZ W " zAH_ IJ HJ.75 C

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    AB%E DE A"+E

    "'+DC"'

    A+ #EA'-"E++E DB E AE% A*E%E +"E' DR+"E'R : B#EC"F E E'ED{'E *E"' D{AE'"+ 7

    +E"+E A+"EDE%E, F"+E E DEE'"+

    "A' AEDE+ADR+"E'E+ %{+"E' E %E +"E' DR+"E'R :A"D, DE++"DA E %E A+ADE D 33

    %"%A "B+A"-%A+%E +"B%A"' DR+"E'RE DE %R' %{AF+"CA"'D{A"' AA%F 57

    +""A"+# $A'$A' E+"'"%E A+%E o D{E++A'CE +"A"*E p DE . E. E+"'" :D A+%E+ %"%"'E 71

    #EA'-"E++E DB+"E' E CC"DE' : +E%A"', "A%"R, DR+"E'A"'(AD'", #AB, %"A', A$) 91

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    DE"E A+"E

    +"E'A%"E DR-+"E'A'

    m CA+E' %"'A +E+%{+"E' A+ %E B"A" DE %A %A'E DE %{A+ECE +D+" DE AA E A"' E A+C 107

    'E++A E++A' ASE%{A'DA%"E, +E +"E'A% DE AE+ D "E "C%E :

    ' +"E' DR+"E'R 125

    A+E%'E BE' FA+A%E A+EB s %{B+E DE %{+"E' DA' %E C+'"*EDE DE AAA' 139

    +""E A+"EDRC'+C"' +"E'A%E

    1. %{+"E' DE %{+"E'

    #EA'-#AC*E "B'%{+"E' DE F" : A+C+ "'""A"*EE AE E++E+E 155

    2. C+""*E +"E'A%E DE %A +E%A"' CC"DE'A%E

    A+ CE+'"+"E' DR+"E'R : " E %E A+E DA'%E +A' A+ABE C'E+A"' 179

    348 7 $7@ 6S7@S

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    ABDA%%A BA%%

    %{"%A'A"' D{'E RDE C+""*E CC"DE'A%EDA' 'E C%+E +"E'A%E: +"E'A"', DR+"E'A"'E +R+"E'A"' 187

    AED BE' AEDE"E--"% ' A+E +"E'A%? 201

    +A'DA AB+

    %E ++A" DE %{+"E'A% E' AE+ C+""*E :FA+" A%-C"DA* E AED A%-A%"" s A+" 215

    *A+"E A+"E%{+"E'A%"E DRAR: %E +EA+D "A'-AR+"CA"'

    1. %E 'DE "'D-"+A'"E'

    AE% A*EA'R"E E +"E'A%"E CE #A*' . '%E :$AB"+, A+E E $AA 239

    #EA'-"%"E BA+'ABR

    DE %A FAC"'A"' s %{++E+ : #%" C+A+ E' "'DE 253

    2. %A +E%A"' AR+"CA'-#A'A"E

    #%"E A"D{' EACE s %{A+E, +EA+D C+"R : %A +E+RE'A"'DE %{+"E' DA' %E C+'"*E #A'A"EDE #R #A' AB%ADA 267

    34934>7 67 3T7

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    %"%A B#A%D' DE EEE

    ' "C%E D{RC+"A"' A+E'"' A #A' 279

    EE+ E"'A+ CAASE+%{A%R+"R #A'A"E DA' %A E"'+E D{CA" "'(1890-1941) 291

    D"E '"EE%E AE E' +"E' DE #"CA %A"'E E

    %A +AD""' +"E'A%"E A+E'"'E 309

    B"B%"+A"E R'R+A%E 321'"CE + %E C%%AB+AE+ 341AB%E DE A"+E 347

    350 7 $7@ 6S7@S