Organic Chemistry

Structure, classification and naming of organic

compounds. IUPAC nomenclature

Lecturer:

Doctor of Chemistry,

prof. A.A. Popov

атом atom [ˈætəm]

молекула molecule [ˈmɔlɪkju:l]

электрон electron [ɪˈlektrɔn]

ядро nucleus [ˈnju:klɪəs]

ядра nuclei [ˈnju:klɪaɪ]

протон proton [ˈprəutɔn]

нейтрон neutron [ˈnju:trɔn]

валентность valency [ˈveɪlənsɪ]

кислота acid [ˈæsɪd]

основание base [beɪs]

щелочь alkali [ˈælkəlaɪ]

соль salt [sɔ:lt]

поваренная соль common salt [ˈkɔmən sɔ:lt]

анион anion [ænaiən]

катион cation [ˈkætaɪən]

двухатомный diatomic [ˌdaɪəˈtɔmɪk]

формула formula [ˈfɔ:mjulə]

формулы formulae [ˈfɔ:mjuli:]

газообразный gaseous [ˈɡæsjəs]

ионный ionic [aɪˈɔnɪk]

изотоп isotope [ˈaɪsəutəup]

жидкость liquid [ˈlɪkwɪd]

моль mole [məul]

молекулярный molecular [məuˈlekjulə]

нейтральный neutral [ˈnju:trəl]

окисление oxidation [ˌɔksɪˈdeɪʃən]

периодический periodic [ˌpɪərɪˈɔdɪk]

многоатомный polyatomic [ˌpɔlɪəˈtɔmɪk]

реакция reaction [ri:ˈækʃən]

реакционная

способность

reactivity [ˌri:ækˈtɪvɪtɪ]

восстанавливать reduce [rɪˈdju:s]

восстановитель reducing agent [rɪˈdju:siŋ

ˈeɪdʒənt]

твердое

вещество,

твердый

solid [ˈsɔlɪd]

вещество substance [ˈsʌbstəns]

кремний silicon [ˈsɪlɪkən]

фосфор phosphorus [ˈfɔsfərəs]

сера sulphur [ˈsʌlfə]

хлор chlorine [ˈklɔ:ri:n]

аргон argon [ˈɑ:ɡɔn]

калий potassium [pəˈtæsjəm]

кальций calcium [ˈkælsɪəm]

галлий gallium [ˈɡælɪəm]

мышьяк arsenic [ˈɑ:snɪk]

бром bromine [ˈbrəumi:n]

йод iodine [ˈaɪəudi:n]

медь copper [ˈkɒpə]

медный cupric [ˈkjuːprɪk]

водород hydrogen [ˈhaɪdrɪdʒən]

гелий helium [ˈhi:ljəm]

литий lithium [ˈlɪθɪəm]

бор boron [ˈbɔ:rɔn]

углерод carbon [ˈkɑ:bən]

азот nitrogen [ˈnaɪtrədʒən]

кислород oxygen [ˈɔksɪdʒən]

фтор fluorine [ˈfluəri:n]

неон neon [ˈni:ən]

натрий sodium [ˈsəudjəm]

магний magnesium [mæɡˈni:zjəm]

алюминий aluminium [ˌæljuˈmɪnjəm]

Theory of the chemical structure of

organic compounds (Butlerov A.M.)

1. All atoms in the molecule of organic compound are bound with each other in determined sequences in accordance with their valence.

2. Properties of substance depend on the chemical structure. Chemical structure - is a certain order in the alternating of atoms in the molecule, in the interaction and mutual influence of atoms a to each other - as nearby, so and through other atoms.

3. Study of substances properties allows defining their chemical structure, but the chemical structure of substances defines their physical and chemical properties.

4. Carbon atoms are capable to be connected between itself, forming carbon with different type chains.

5. Each organic compound has one determined structured formula, which builds, basing on the position about four-valence carbon and on the ability of its atoms to form chains and cycles.

Structural formulas

The way the atoms are bonded together in a

compound is shown by its structural formula.

Single straight line connecting the atomic symbols

is used to represent a single (two-electron) bond,

two such lines to represent a double (four-

electron) bond, and three lines a triple (six-

electron) bond

Structural formula of vanillin (4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde)

Examples of structural formulas for some organic compounds

Structural formulas. Homologous series

of alkanes

Structural formulas. Homologues series of alkenes

['ɛθi:n]

['bju:ti:n]

['pɛnti:n]

[‘heksi:n]

IUPAC Nomenclature

4- isopropyl-3-ethyl octane

«Identification of the parent functional group, if

any, with the highest order of precedence»

Naming of organic compound in

accordance to IUPAC principles

2,7,8 trimethyldecane

Isomerism of organic compounds

Isomerism of organic compounds

•arrangement of Carbon skeleton

•position of Functional group

have different structural formulae because their atoms are linked together in different ways

Isomerism of organic compounds

different Functional groups

Stereoisomerism

Stereoisomers have the same structure and bond order but their atoms and groups of atoms are arranged differently in space.

Optical isomerism

Involves an atom, usually carbon, bonded to four different atoms or groups of atoms. They exist in pairs, in which one isomer is the mirror image of the other