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Plate tectonics and seismology Jean-Pierre Burg [email protected] Seismology@school Sion – Monday October 20, 2014

Plate tectonics and seismology - HEVswiki.hevs.ch/uit/images/8/86/P2.pdf · Plate tectonics and seismology Jean-Pierre Burg [email protected]. Seismology@school. Sion

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Page 1: Plate tectonics and seismology - HEVswiki.hevs.ch/uit/images/8/86/P2.pdf · Plate tectonics and seismology Jean-Pierre Burg jean-pierre.burg@erdw.ethz.ch. Seismology@school. Sion

Plate tectonicsand

seismology

Jean-Pierre [email protected]

Seismology@school Sion – Monday October 20, 2014

Page 2: Plate tectonics and seismology - HEVswiki.hevs.ch/uit/images/8/86/P2.pdf · Plate tectonics and seismology Jean-Pierre Burg jean-pierre.burg@erdw.ethz.ch. Seismology@school. Sion

Continental drift: early guess

Antonio Snider-Pellegrini (1858) La Création et ses mystères dévoilés

Page 3: Plate tectonics and seismology - HEVswiki.hevs.ch/uit/images/8/86/P2.pdf · Plate tectonics and seismology Jean-Pierre Burg jean-pierre.burg@erdw.ethz.ch. Seismology@school. Sion

Continental drift: second guess

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Alfred Lothar Wegener (* 1. November 1880 in Berlin; † November 1930 in Grönland) war ein deutscher Meteorologe, Polar- und Geowissenschaftler. Als sein wichtigster Beitrag zur Wissenschaft gilt seine erst posthum anerkannte Theorie der Kontinentalverschiebung, die zu einer wesentlichen Grundlage für das heutige Modell der Plattentektonik geworden ist. Zu seinen Lebzeiten war Wegener vor allem für seine Verdienste in der Meteorologie und als Pionier der Polarforschung bekannt.
Page 4: Plate tectonics and seismology - HEVswiki.hevs.ch/uit/images/8/86/P2.pdf · Plate tectonics and seismology Jean-Pierre Burg jean-pierre.burg@erdw.ethz.ch. Seismology@school. Sion

Continental drift: Fauna and flora

http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/continents.html

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Im Bereich der Paläontologie wurden Fossilien der Samenfarn-Gattung Glossopteris samt der zugehörigen Flora sowohl in Afrika als auch in Brasilien gefunden. Die fossile Landschnecke Helix pomata kommt in Europa sowie im Osten Nordamerikas vor, aber nicht im Westen Nordamerikas. Der Mesosaurus wurde in Südafrika und in Brasilien gefunden
Page 5: Plate tectonics and seismology - HEVswiki.hevs.ch/uit/images/8/86/P2.pdf · Plate tectonics and seismology Jean-Pierre Burg jean-pierre.burg@erdw.ethz.ch. Seismology@school. Sion

Continental drift: Paleoclimatology

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Als Meteorologe befasste sich Wegener besonders mit der Geschichte des Klimas auf der Erde (Paläoklimatologie). Gerade auf diesem Gebiet sammelte er einige seiner wichtigsten Argumente: In der Antarktis hatte man Kohlevorkommen entdeckt, die sich fast nur unter tropischen Bedingungen bilden können. Auf Spitzbergen fanden sich tertiäre Fossilien von Bäumen, die heute im Mittelmeergebiet vorkommen. Im Jura existierten dort sogar tropische Pflanzen. Zur selben Zeit war die Sahara teilweise von Gletschern bedeckt.
Page 6: Plate tectonics and seismology - HEVswiki.hevs.ch/uit/images/8/86/P2.pdf · Plate tectonics and seismology Jean-Pierre Burg jean-pierre.burg@erdw.ethz.ch. Seismology@school. Sion

The answer: Oceanic spreading; topography

Page 7: Plate tectonics and seismology - HEVswiki.hevs.ch/uit/images/8/86/P2.pdf · Plate tectonics and seismology Jean-Pierre Burg jean-pierre.burg@erdw.ethz.ch. Seismology@school. Sion

The answer: Oceanic spreading; magnetism

Presenter
Presentation Notes
paläomagnetischen Messungen der britischen Wissenschaftler Patrick Blackett und Keith Runcorn, deren Rekonstruktionen der Lage des Nordpols im Lauf der Erdgeschichte nur Sinn ergab, wenn Europa und Nordamerika einstmals zusammenlagen und dann auseinandergedriftet waren, begann der amerikanische Geologe Harry Hess alle diese einzelnen Puzzlesteine zusammenzusetzen. Die von Forschungsschiffen Anfang der 1960er Jahre entdeckten Zonen der Ozeanbodenspreizung, an denen neue ozeanische Kruste zwischen den auseinanderdriftenden Kontinenten gebildet wird, lieferten einen weiteren Hinweis zum Verständnis der tektonischen Vorgänge. Seit den 1970er Jahren ist die aus diesen Untersuchungen hervorgegangene Plattentektonik in Wissenschaftskreisen allgemein anerkannt.
Page 8: Plate tectonics and seismology - HEVswiki.hevs.ch/uit/images/8/86/P2.pdf · Plate tectonics and seismology Jean-Pierre Burg jean-pierre.burg@erdw.ethz.ch. Seismology@school. Sion

The answer: Oceanic spreading; age

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Weitere Untersuchungen nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg, wie die seismische Messung der Mächtigkeit von Meeresbodensedimenten durch den amerikanischen Geophysiker Maurice Ewing, bestätigten Wegeners Annahmen über das junge Alter der Ozeanböden.
Page 9: Plate tectonics and seismology - HEVswiki.hevs.ch/uit/images/8/86/P2.pdf · Plate tectonics and seismology Jean-Pierre Burg jean-pierre.burg@erdw.ethz.ch. Seismology@school. Sion

The answer: Oceanic spreading

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Weitere Untersuchungen nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg, wie die seismische Messung der Mächtigkeit von Meeresbodensedimenten durch den amerikanischen Geophysiker Maurice Ewing, bestätigten Wegeners Annahmen über das junge Alter der Ozeanböden.
Page 10: Plate tectonics and seismology - HEVswiki.hevs.ch/uit/images/8/86/P2.pdf · Plate tectonics and seismology Jean-Pierre Burg jean-pierre.burg@erdw.ethz.ch. Seismology@school. Sion

Seismic events and plates

Page 11: Plate tectonics and seismology - HEVswiki.hevs.ch/uit/images/8/86/P2.pdf · Plate tectonics and seismology Jean-Pierre Burg jean-pierre.burg@erdw.ethz.ch. Seismology@school. Sion

Atlas: shaking the celestial sphere

Page 12: Plate tectonics and seismology - HEVswiki.hevs.ch/uit/images/8/86/P2.pdf · Plate tectonics and seismology Jean-Pierre Burg jean-pierre.burg@erdw.ethz.ch. Seismology@school. Sion

Chang Heng's Dragon Jar (around 132 BC)

Page 13: Plate tectonics and seismology - HEVswiki.hevs.ch/uit/images/8/86/P2.pdf · Plate tectonics and seismology Jean-Pierre Burg jean-pierre.burg@erdw.ethz.ch. Seismology@school. Sion

Rossi’s Tremitoscope (late XIXth century)

Presenter
Presentation Notes
This instrument (Fig. 6) unites, upon the same stone base, three different arrangements for showing evidences of trepidations of the earth. On one side we find (protected by a glass tube) a weight suspended over a mercury cup by a spring, and designed to show vertical motions. The two other parts of the apparatus are designed for registering horizontal motions. The first is a pendulum which causes a contact with four distinct springs, and whose movements are watched with a spy-glass. The second is a steel spring which carries at its upper part a heavy ball that vibrates at the least shock. This ball is provided with a point which is movable within a second ball, so that its motion produces a contact. All these different contacts are signaled or registered electrically.��Read more: http://chestofbooks.com/crafts/scientific-american/sup3/Electricity-Applied-To-The-Study-Of-Seismic-Movements.html#ixzz33rTP32mB
Page 14: Plate tectonics and seismology - HEVswiki.hevs.ch/uit/images/8/86/P2.pdf · Plate tectonics and seismology Jean-Pierre Burg jean-pierre.burg@erdw.ethz.ch. Seismology@school. Sion

Do it yourself

Page 15: Plate tectonics and seismology - HEVswiki.hevs.ch/uit/images/8/86/P2.pdf · Plate tectonics and seismology Jean-Pierre Burg jean-pierre.burg@erdw.ethz.ch. Seismology@school. Sion

Earthquake = earth movement

Presenter
Presentation Notes
creta
Page 16: Plate tectonics and seismology - HEVswiki.hevs.ch/uit/images/8/86/P2.pdf · Plate tectonics and seismology Jean-Pierre Burg jean-pierre.burg@erdw.ethz.ch. Seismology@school. Sion

Earthquake = earth movement

Page 17: Plate tectonics and seismology - HEVswiki.hevs.ch/uit/images/8/86/P2.pdf · Plate tectonics and seismology Jean-Pierre Burg jean-pierre.burg@erdw.ethz.ch. Seismology@school. Sion

Earthquake = earth movement

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Laki fissure eruption, 10 km long Iceland 1783
Page 18: Plate tectonics and seismology - HEVswiki.hevs.ch/uit/images/8/86/P2.pdf · Plate tectonics and seismology Jean-Pierre Burg jean-pierre.burg@erdw.ethz.ch. Seismology@school. Sion

Depth of earthquakes

http://www.visionlearning.com/img/library/large_images/image_5576.png

Page 19: Plate tectonics and seismology - HEVswiki.hevs.ch/uit/images/8/86/P2.pdf · Plate tectonics and seismology Jean-Pierre Burg jean-pierre.burg@erdw.ethz.ch. Seismology@school. Sion

Depth of earthquakes

Page 20: Plate tectonics and seismology - HEVswiki.hevs.ch/uit/images/8/86/P2.pdf · Plate tectonics and seismology Jean-Pierre Burg jean-pierre.burg@erdw.ethz.ch. Seismology@school. Sion

Depth of earthquakes

Page 21: Plate tectonics and seismology - HEVswiki.hevs.ch/uit/images/8/86/P2.pdf · Plate tectonics and seismology Jean-Pierre Burg jean-pierre.burg@erdw.ethz.ch. Seismology@school. Sion

Deep seisms: Wadati-Benioff zonesMagnitudes > 4.5

1973-2004

km

Page 22: Plate tectonics and seismology - HEVswiki.hevs.ch/uit/images/8/86/P2.pdf · Plate tectonics and seismology Jean-Pierre Burg jean-pierre.burg@erdw.ethz.ch. Seismology@school. Sion

Benioff’s interpretation

Benioff (1954) Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 65(5) 385-400

Page 23: Plate tectonics and seismology - HEVswiki.hevs.ch/uit/images/8/86/P2.pdf · Plate tectonics and seismology Jean-Pierre Burg jean-pierre.burg@erdw.ethz.ch. Seismology@school. Sion

Up-dated Benioff’s interpretation

Benioff (1954) Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 65(5) 385-400

Page 24: Plate tectonics and seismology - HEVswiki.hevs.ch/uit/images/8/86/P2.pdf · Plate tectonics and seismology Jean-Pierre Burg jean-pierre.burg@erdw.ethz.ch. Seismology@school. Sion

Deep seisms: Wadati-Benioff zones

Zhao (2004) Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 146(1–2) 3 – 34 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2003.07.032

Page 25: Plate tectonics and seismology - HEVswiki.hevs.ch/uit/images/8/86/P2.pdf · Plate tectonics and seismology Jean-Pierre Burg jean-pierre.burg@erdw.ethz.ch. Seismology@school. Sion

Transform fault

Page 26: Plate tectonics and seismology - HEVswiki.hevs.ch/uit/images/8/86/P2.pdf · Plate tectonics and seismology Jean-Pierre Burg jean-pierre.burg@erdw.ethz.ch. Seismology@school. Sion

The tectonic Earth: its topography

Page 27: Plate tectonics and seismology - HEVswiki.hevs.ch/uit/images/8/86/P2.pdf · Plate tectonics and seismology Jean-Pierre Burg jean-pierre.burg@erdw.ethz.ch. Seismology@school. Sion

Seismicity / plate relative movement

Presenter
Presentation Notes
The most destructive earthquake in the history of mankind took place on January 23, 1556 in China's Shaanxi Province (near Xian). Many years later, it became known that the power of the ancient earthquake measured 8.5 on Richter scale. The quake killed 830,000 people. The data was primarily obtained from so-called tax lists that contained the names of Chinese citizens who were obliged to pay taxes. In fact, the number of victims could be a lot larger. The event did not take place on a plate boundary, but on a fault of the Weihe Basin where theYangtze plate diverges from the Eurasian plate. It is much like the New Madrid Fault zone. Most of the population in the area at the time lived in Yaodongs, artificial caves in Loess cliffs, many of which collapsed during the catastrophic occurrence with great loss of life. In Europe, the most devastating earthquake happened in 1755 in Portugal. The 9.1 magnitude quake seriously damaged the city of Lisbon. As many as 90,000 people were killed as a result of destruction, and more than 10,000 others drowned as a result of tsunami waves. The earthquake left two-thirds of Lisbon in ruins, having destroyed many unique monuments and works of art. Since then, Europe has not known a tragedy like that.   In Africa, the most devastating earthquake struck in February 1960, near the Moroccan port city of Agadir. The earthquake measured 7.7 on Richter scale, over 12,000 people were killed. Most people were killed in tsunami waves that the quake generated. It South America, earthquake is a common phenomenon. The most destructive quake on the continent of South America took place in 1970 near the Peruvian city of Chimbote. The power of the earthquake was not very large, around 5.7 on Richter scale, but the disaster killed about seventy thousand people. Many villages in the vicinity of Chimbote literally collapsed under the ground.
Page 28: Plate tectonics and seismology - HEVswiki.hevs.ch/uit/images/8/86/P2.pdf · Plate tectonics and seismology Jean-Pierre Burg jean-pierre.burg@erdw.ethz.ch. Seismology@school. Sion

Plate movements: Ternary classification