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    RAM Structural System

    V8i(SELECTseries 6)

    RAM Modeler User Manual

    Last Updated: October 10, 2013

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    Disclaimer

    The software and related documentation, including this documentation, are protected by both United

    States copyright law and international treaty provisions. Any unauthorized copying or reproduction is

    strictly prohibited and subject to civil and criminal penalties. Please refer to the License Agreement

    (EULA) for authorization to make a backup copy of the software. You may not sell this software or

    documentation or give copies of them to anyone else.

    Except as expressly warranted in the License Agreement (EULA), Bentley Systems, Incorporated

    disclaims all warranties, expressed or implied, including but not limited to implied warranties or

    merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, with respect to the software, the accompanying

    written materials, and any accompanying hardware. All results should be verified to the user's

    satisfaction. The contents of these written materials may include technical inaccuracies or typographical

    errors and may be revised without prior notice.

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    Disclaimer

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    Table of Contents

    Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................9

    Chapter 2: RAM Modeler Basics ........................................................................................ 11

    2.1 Invoking the RAM Modeler ...................................................... ........................................................ .................................... 11

    2.2 Getting the Current Version and Copyright Information. .................................................. ..................................... 11

    2.3 Gravity Versus Lateral Members ..................................................... ........................................................ .......................... 11

    2.4 Model Types ....................... ........................................................ ........................................................ .........................................12

    2.5 Materials .......................................................................................................................................................................................12

    2.6 Layout Types .................................................................. ........................................................ .................................................... 13

    2.7 Story Data ........................................................................... ........................................................ ................................................. 13

    2.8 Grids and Grid Systems ....................................................... ........................................................ ........................................... 14

    2.8.1 Creating and Using Grids Systems .................................................... ........................................................ .....142.8.2 Creating and Using Grids in a Grid System ............................................... ................................................. 15

    2.8.3 Moving Grids in a Grid System .................................................... ........................................................ ............. 16

    2.8.4 Selecting Grid Systems ........................................................ ........................................................ ........................17

    2.8.5 Creating and Using Construction Grids ................................................ ....................................................... 17

    2.9 Basic Features of the Modeler ........................................................ ........................................................ .............................18

    2.9.1 The Toolbars ............................................................ ......................................................... ...................................... 18

    2.9.2 The Status Bar .................................................. ........................................................ .............................................. 24

    2.9.3 Undo Command .................................................................. ........................................................ ........................... 25

    2.9.4 Zooming and Scrolling ............................................... ........................................................ ................................. 25

    2.9.5 The Cursor .................. ........................................................ ........................................................ ..............................25

    2.9.6 Reference Layout Types ................................................ ........................................................ .............................26

    2.9.7 Snap Points .................................................... ........................................................ ................................................... 26

    2.9.8 Hot Keys and the Right Mouse Button ............................................... ........................................................ ..272.9.9 Keyboard Mode Coordinate Entry ...................................................... ........................................................ ...27

    2.9.10 Display Options ................................... ........................................................ ........................................................ ...28

    2.9.11 RAM Modeler Units ...................................................... ........................................................ ................................ 28

    2.10 Plan and Elevation Modeling .................................................. ........................................................ ..................................... 29

    2.11 3-D View .......................................................................... ........................................................ ..................................................... 29

    2.12 Member Numbers ............................................................................. ........................................................ ............................... 29

    2.13 Find Member ......................................................................... ........................................................ ............................................. 30

    2.14 Measure Distance ........................................................................ ......................................................... .................................... 31

    2.15 Frame Numbers .................................................................................... ........................................................ ............................ 31

    2.16 Model Notes .................................................. ........................................................ ........................................................ ............... 32

    2.17 Data Checking a Model .................................................... ........................................................ ............................................... 32

    2.18 Align Members ....................................... ........................................................ ......................................................... ...................33

    2.19 Update Beam Supports ..................................................... ........................................................ .............................................. 33

    2.20 Saving a Model ........................................................ ........................................................ ........................................................ ...34

    2.21 Copying a Model ........................................................ ........................................................ ........................................................ 35

    2.22 Exiting the RAM Modeler ................................................. ........................................................ ............................................. 35

    Chapter 3: Modeling in Plan Mode .................................................................................... 37

    3.1 Overview: The Recommended Sequence of Operations ....................................................... ...................................37

    3.2 Copying Floor Types .................................................. ........................................................ ..................................................... 39

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    3.3 Importing a DXF file .................................................... ........................................................ .................................................... 39

    3.4 Sloping Framing ................................................................ ........................................................ ................................................ 41

    3.4.1 Modeling Sloping Framing ....................................................... ........................................................ ................. 41

    3.5 Working with Different Materials ................................................. ......................................................... ........................... 43

    3.6 Working with PropTables .................................................. ........................................................ ...........................................44

    3.6.1 Beam, Column, and Brace Section Properties ...................................................... ......................................443.6.2 Deck Properties ..................................................... ........................................................ ......................................... 45

    3.6.3 Gravity Load Properties .................................................... ........................................................ .......................... 46

    3.6.4 Snow Load Properties ....................................................... ........................................................ ........................... 47

    3.7 Working with Columns ........................................................ ........................................................ .......................................... 48

    3.8 Working with Beams ................................................... ........................................................ ....................................................51

    3.9 Working with Joists ........................................................ ........................................................ ................................................. 56

    3.10 Working with Smartbeams ............................................... ........................................................ ............................................ 56

    3.11 Working with Westok Cellular Beams ................................................. ........................................................ ................... 57

    3.12 Working with Horizontal Braces ................................................. ........................................................ .............................. 58

    3.13 Working with Walls ...................................................... ........................................................ ................................................... 58

    3.14 Working with Foundations ..................................................... ........................................................ ..................................... 59

    3.14.1 Single Column Footings ................................................. ........................................................ .............................59

    3.14.2 Continuous Footings ............. ........................................................ ........................................................ ...............603.14.3 Mat Foundations ....................... ........................................................ ........................................................ .............61

    3.15 Working with Slabs ....................................................... ........................................................ ...................................................63

    3.15.1 One-Way and Two-way Slabs ....................................................... ......................................................... .......... 63

    3.15.2 Slab Edges ........................................................................... ........................................................ ............................. 63

    3.15.3 Slab Openings ..................................................................... ........................................................ ............................ 66

    3.15.4 Penetrations ............................................................................................................................................................67

    3.15.5 Deck Assignment ............................................ ........................................................ ............................................... 67

    3.15.6 Drop Caps ............................................................... ........................................................ .......................................... 69

    3.15.7 Decks on Sloping Framing ....................................................... ......................................................... .................70

    3.16 Working with Gravity Loads ....................................................... ........................................................ .................................70

    3.16.1 Point Loads ................................................... ........................................................ ................................................... 71

    3.16.2 Line Loads ....................................................... ........................................................ ................................................. 71

    3.16.3 Surface Loads .............. ........................................................ ........................................................ ............................72

    3.16.4 Loads on Sloping Framing ................................................. ........................................................ ........................74

    3.17 Working with Snow Loads ................................................ ........................................................ ........................................... 75

    3.18 Making Assignments in Plan Mode ..................................................... ........................................................ ...................... 77

    Chapter 4: Modeling in Elevation Mode ............................................................................ 79

    4.1 Getting into Elevation Mode ...................................................... ........................................................ .................................. 79

    4.2 Working with Different Materials ................................................. ......................................................... ........................... 79

    4.3 Working with Nodal Loads ....................................................... ........................................................ ....................................79

    4.4 Working with Columns and Beams .................................................... ........................................................ ...................... 80

    4.5 Working with Walls ...................................................... ........................................................ ................................................... 80

    4.5.1 Working with Wall Openings ..................................................... ........................................................ ..............81

    4.6 Working with Braces ...................................................... ........................................................ ................................................ 814.7 Making Assignments in Elevation Mode ................................................... ........................................................ ..............82

    4.8 Exiting Elevation Mode ................................................ ........................................................ .................................................. 82

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    Introduction1

    The RAM Modeler allows the user to quickly create the database of even the most complex building

    structures. Its intuitive interface and methodology makes it easy to learn. By utilizing a graphical

    modeler, the user immediately sees what is being modeled. Modeling errors are visually apparent and

    can be easily corrected. Changes to the structure required by the Architect, Owner, or Client can be

    quickly and easily accommodated.

    Chapter 2explains the basics of using the RAM Modeler. Concepts necessary to understand how the

    RAM Modeler functions are discussed.

    Chapter 3provides an in-depth look at the Plan Mode modeler. Modeling commands are explained as

    they pertain to each of the RAM Structural System analysis and design modules.

    Chapter 4investigates the Elevation Mode modeler. While RAM Steel Beam and RAM Steel Column users

    have access to the Elevation Mode modeler, this chapter is of primary concern to RAM Frame users.

    The on-line help provides detailed information on the use of each individual RAM Modeler command.

    The example problem found in the Tutorial manual provides helpful step-by-step instructions on basic

    modeling techniques as well as on more advanced modeling issues. Completion of the Tutorial example

    is highly encouraged.

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    RAM Modeler Basics 2

    The RAM Modeler is used to create, view, and revise the structural models used in the RAM Structural

    System. This chapter explains the important concepts necessary to become comfortable working with

    the RAM Modeler.

    2.1 Invoking the RAM Modeler

    Image Description

    The RAM Modeler is invoked by selecting Modelfrom the RAM Manager menu orby clicking on the RAM Modeler toolbar button.

    2.2 Getting the Current Version and Copyright Information.To get the current version and Copyright information for the RAM Modeler, select the Help - About

    RAM Modelercommand.

    2.3 Gravity Versus Lateral MembersWhen generating a structural model, gravity members and lateral frame members must be

    differentiated. This is done by setting the Framing option to either Gravity or Lateral when first laying

    down a member or by using the Layout - - Change Properties command to modify an

    existing member.

    Gravity steel members can be designed for gravity loads using the RAM Steel Beam and RAM Steel

    Column Design modules. These design modules optimize member sizes for the gravity loads, choosing

    the lightest member that conforms to Code Specifications and user-specified criteria. Optimal sizes can

    be overridden and different sizes assigned.

    If steel frame beams or columns are modeled but not assigned a size in the RAM Modeler, the RAM Steel

    Beam Design and RAM Steel Column Design modules will perform a gravity design on them, but will not

    include those frame members in the program output. This is useful for obtaining preliminary sizes for

    frame members based on gravity loads assuming pinned end conditions.

    Gravity and lateral concrete members can be designed for both gravity and lateral loads using the RAM

    Concrete Beam and RAM Concrete Column Design modules. The Concrete design modules optimize

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    member reinforcement for the gravity and lateral loads, choosing reinforcement per Code and user

    specifications. Optimal reinforcement can be overridden and different reinforcement assigned.

    Lateral frame members of any material can be analyzed using RAM Frame. Lateral member sizes can be

    assigned in the RAM Modeler, or for steel members, can be automatically designed for gravity loads in

    RAM Steel, prior to entering RAM Frame. The effects of gravity members supported on lateral frame

    members, including loads and compression flange bracing, are considered in the analysis performed by

    RAM Frame. RAM Frame does not analyze the gravity members themselves.

    2.4 Model TypesGenerally a model will contain both Frame and Gravity members. This is not required, however,

    depending on the type of analysis desired. If only a Gravity design is desired all of the members could be

    modeled as Gravity members, and they would all be designed as such, including those members that are

    actually Frame members. Generally, however, it is more convenient to model the Frame members as

    such, even if only a Gravity design is going to be performed.It is also acceptable to only model the Frame members, without any Gravity members, for analysis in

    RAM Frame. This type of model would be analogous to the type of model analyzed by traditional frame

    analysis programs, which only include Frame members. This type of model does not take full advantage

    of the capabilities of the RAM Structural System, but provides a convenient method of quickly modeling

    and analyzing the 2-D or 3-D lateral frames. It is especially useful when trying to determine a

    preliminary lateral framing scheme, especially if precise gravity loads are not necessary.

    2.5 MaterialsSix Material Types are allowed in the Modeler to model various structural members:

    Steel Steel Beams, Columns and Braces

    Steel Joist Steel Joists and Joist Girders

    SMARTBEAM CMC SMARTBEAM (available only in the US)

    Westok Cellular Beam Westok Cellular Beams (available only in the UK)

    Concrete Concrete Beams, Columns, Braces and Walls

    Other Beams, Columns, Braces and Walls

    "Other" can represent any material, such as wood or masonry. Steel and concrete sections can also be

    entered as "Other" if desired, such as those with unusual cross-sections.

    Note that the RAM Steel Beam Design module can only be used to design Steel, Steel Joist, SMARTBEAM

    and Westok Cellular Beam members and the RAM Steel Column Design module can only be used to

    design Steel members. RAM Concrete is only used to design Concrete beams, columns and walls.

    RAM Modeler BasicsModel Types

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    Material Mode can be easily changed with the MaterialCommand in the Modeler main menu or by

    selecting a material from the combo box on the toolbar. Generally speaking, layout commands will only

    affect members of the currently selected material. If the current Material Mode is set to Concrete, for

    example, performing a command such as Layout - Beams - Change Propertieswill only affect concrete

    beams.

    The current Material Mode is shown in the Material Window on the Status Bar, and is also shown as

    being the checked material under the MaterialMenu Item.

    Materials are discussed in more depth in Chapter 3, Modeling in Plan Mode.

    2.6 Layout TypesEach unique floor framing plan in a building is represented by a Layout Type. A Layout Type describes a

    flooring configuration for one or more identical levels of a structure, consisting of beams, columns,

    decks, loads, etc.

    A multi-level structure may consist of several Layout Types. A Layout Type is defined for each unique

    flooring configuration, and the level or levels at which each Layout Type is located are described in the

    Story Data. Although modeling is done with two-dimensional Layout Types for ease of modeling, Layout

    Types are stacked automatically by the program using the Story data, thereby providing the three-

    dimensional representation of the structure (See Story Data on page 13).

    When a structure has a floor level or levels that are identical to another level, the same Layout Type can

    be assigned to each level that is identical. Identical layout types must be located on adjacent stories;

    otherwise, a different layout type must be created.

    The use of Layout types serves three main purposes:

    It frees the User from entering repetitive data.

    It frees the User from reviewing repetitive output. It decreases the computational time required for the design of the structural members.

    Because several Layout Types may be nearly identical in a structure, the Layout - Copy command is

    available to copy the data in one Layout Type to another, making it unnecessary to re input similar

    Layout Types from scratch. Layout Types thus created can then be modified to reflect the conditions of

    that particular level.

    Initially, in theLayout Type Selectcommand the layout types are listed in the order that they are

    created. After layout types have been assigned to the Story Data the layout types are listed in the same

    order as they appear in the Story Data, in bold font. Layout types not currently included in the Story

    Data are listed in normal (not bold) font.

    RAM Modeler tags the most recently used layout type inside the model file when the model file is saved.

    That layout type will automatically be selected the next time Modeler opens the model.

    RAM Modeler BasicsLayout Types

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    2.7 Story DataThe Storycommand is used to assign Layout Types to the various levels and to indicate story labels and

    story heights.

    Each story is assigned a Layout Type and a story label. A Layout Type may be used on multiple levels,

    but the story label must be unique for each level. If an individual Layout Type is used on more than one

    level, they must be adjacent levels; it is not permitted to use the same Layout Type at two different

    levels separated by another Layout Type. This limitation can be dealt with by creating a new Layout

    Type identical to the other using the Layout - Copycommand.

    The floor-to-floor height (the difference between the current level and the level below), not the story

    elevation, is input. This information is used to determine column lengths for the RAM Steel Column

    Design module, and to determine story heights, joint node locations and column lengths for RAM Frame.

    In the RAM Steel Column Design module, the Splice Level flag is used by the RAM Steel Column Design

    module to indicate levels at which column sizes can change (there can be a splice). If Nois selected, the

    column at (below) this level and the column above will be assigned the same size based on the

    controlling condition of the two levels. If Yesis selected, the column at (below) this level and the columnabove may be assigned different sizes. This is the only significance of the Splice Level flag; the fact that

    in reality the column splices may actually occur at some height above the floor is irrelevant to the

    program.

    In the RAM Concrete Column Design module the Splice Level flag is used to determine where the bar

    splices occur for the purpose of calculating the reinforcing steel quantities for the Takeoff report.

    2.8 Grids and Grid Systems

    There are two types of grids or grid lines in RAM Modeler: standard grids and construction grids.Standard grids are the primary reference points for both the engineer and the program in defining the

    structural model. These grid lines can usually be obtained from the architectural drawings. The engineer

    may also add grid lines anywhere necessary to assist in creating the model. Grid lines and grid labels

    will be included in an exported DXF File. Standard grids are always part of a grid system.

    Construction grids are free form grids that are used solely for modeling purposes. They are not labeled,

    do not affect the labeling of columns and are not part of the standard grid systems.

    Grid Systems are groups of related grids. There are two types of Grid Systems: Orthogonal and Radial.

    Orthogonal Grid Systems consist of X Grids and Y Grids; these grids are at 90 degrees to each other.

    Radial Grid Systems consist of Radial Grids and Circular Grids.

    Grid Systems can be offset and rotated with respect to the global axes.

    Grid intersections between grid lines (both standard and construction) become modeling nodes, orSnapTo points. These points are used by some modeling commands where the cursor "snaps" from node

    to node. This simplifies the process of laying down elements graphically. Member locations and

    intersections, such as beam ends, also create SnapTo points.

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    2.8.1 Creating and Using Grids Systems

    Image Description

    Grid Systems are created using the Layout-Grids-Create/Editcommand. Only

    unique Grid Systems need be created. It is not necessary to create a separate Grid

    System for each Layout Type if the Grids are identical between levels. A Grid

    System may be used by more than one Layout Type. For example, a Roof layout

    and a Floor layout can use the same Grid System. Any changes made to the Grid

    System affect simultaneously all layout types that use that Grid System.

    A Layout Type may use more than one Grid System. For example, a layout could consist of an orthogonal

    grid system, a rotated orthogonal grid system and a radial grid system. Grid systems can be added to

    and removed from layout types as needed to facilitate modeling.

    To create a Grid System, specify the Grid System Label, the Grid System Type (Orthogonal or Radial), the

    X and Y offset (the distance of the local Grid System origin from the global origin) and the Rotation angle(the angle between the local Grid System and the global coordinate system), and select Add. In most

    cases where there is only a single Grid System associated with the Layout Type, the X and Y offset and

    the Rotation angle are 0.0.

    To delete a Grid System, select it from the Grid System list and select Delete. If it is currently assigned to

    a Layout Type, an error message will be given, and the Grid System will not be deleted. In that case, use

    the Layout-Grids-Select command to deselect the Grid System from the layout types, and repeat the

    Delete command.

    To change a Grid System, select it from the Grid System list, modify the value or values desired and

    select Change. If the offset or rotation values are changed, the entire Grid System will move, and any

    structural elements associated with those grids will move as well. See Section 2.8.3, Moving Grids, for

    more information.

    When databases are converted from versions of the program prior to V7.0, the Grid Systems are

    automatically created from the Grids in the model. A separate Grid System is created for each layout

    type, and the label Converted From:, with the layout type name, is given. If desired, any one of those

    grid systems can be assigned to all layout types using the Layout Grids Selectcommand.

    Each Grid System consists of a series of grids. To Add, Delete, or Edit the Grids that compose the Grid

    System, select the Grid System from the Grid System list and select the Edit Grids button, or double-

    click on the Grid System in the Grid System list.

    2.8.2 Creating and Using Grids in a Grid System

    Grids can be entered individually or they can be generated. As grids are added to the grid system, they

    are listed on the tabs to the right. For orthogonal grid system, the tabs will be labeled X Grids and Y

    Grids. For radial grid systems, they will be labeled Radial Grids and Circular Grids.

    Several commands are available to control the display and use of the grids. The Extents command is

    used to specify the end limits within which the grid lines will be drawn on-screen. Limits on either,

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    neither, or both ends of the grid line may be specified. If no limit is specified for a particular end the

    extent will automatically be limited by the extreme grid in the opposite direction.

    Grids are added to the grid system by first selecting the tab that indicates the direction of the grids.

    Information about the grids is then entered and theAddbutton is clicked. The created grid or grids will

    appear in the list box on the tab.

    Grids may be deleted by clicking on a grid in the list box and clicking the Deletebutton.

    Properties of the grid can be modified by first selecting the grid, making the modifications to the

    controls in the dialog and then clicking the Changebutton.

    2.8.3 Moving Grids in a Grid System

    Grids can be moved a specified increment using the Move command in the Edit Gridscommand. When

    the Move command is used, the resulting grid coordinate is the initial coordinate plus the specified

    increment. For Orthogonal grids (X and Y), Incrementis the distance to be added to or subtracted from

    the grid coordinate. For Radial grids, Increment is the angle to be added to or subtracted from thecurrent grid angle. For Circular grids, Increment is the distance to be added or subtracted from the

    radial distance.

    Grids are moved by first selecting the grid, entering an increment by which the grid will be moved and

    then clicking the Move button. Multiple grids can be moved simultaneously by selecting more than one

    grid from this list before issuing the Move command. Multiple grid selection is done by holding down

    the or keys while selecting grids from the list. selects only the individual grids

    that are clicked on; selects all grids between the previous selection and the current selection.

    Grids can also be moved using the Change command described previously: select the grid, enter a new

    coordinate, and select Change.

    Entire Grid Systems may also be translated or rotated using the Create / Edit Grid Systemscommand.

    To translate a grid system from its current position relative to the global coordinate system, enter thedesired value in the X-Offset and/or Y-Offset edit fields. To rotate a grid system from its current position

    relative to the global coordinate system, enter the desired value in the Rotation edit field.

    When grids are moved, any columns associated with those grids are automatically moved as well. In

    turn, any beams framing into those columns are moved, and any beams framing into those beams are

    moved. Thus beams are stretched and rotated as necessary to maintain their connection to the

    supporting members. When a girder is stretched or shortened in this way, the spacing of the supported

    beams is modified to maintain the relative spacing. For example, if a girder supporting beams at third

    points of its original length is shortened or elongated, the beams will be repositioned so that they are

    supported at the third points of the new length. They keep their relative spacing rather than their

    absolute spacing.

    It is important to note that if a column does not fall on a grid, it will not move, even if the entire grid

    system is moved. Also, items such as point loads, surface load polygon vertices and deck polygonvertices that do not fall directly on a beam or column will not move. Those that fall on beams or columns

    will move. After a grid or grids have been moved it is important to verify that the resulting configuration

    of members, decks, loads, etc., is correct. The DataCheck is useful in finding any problems that may have

    occurred due to a move.

    Since grid systems can be used by more than one layout type, any changes made to the grid system

    affects the framing in every layout type that uses that grid system.

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    Important: Since the process of moving or changing grids may produce unexpected results, it is highly

    recommended that before moving or changing grids that the model be saved so that if unexpected

    results occur, the original model may be retrieved.

    2.8.4 Selecting Grid Systems

    After one or more Grid Systems and Layout Types have been created, one or more of the grid systems

    must be assigned to each layout type. A grid system may be used by more than one layout type, and a

    layout type may use more than one grid system.

    Image Description

    Grid Systems are applied to a layout type by using the Layout Grids Select

    command. A floor layout type is selected from the list of available floor types. For

    the selected layout type, each grid system that will be associated with that floor

    type is checked and those that will not be associated with that floor type are leftunchecked.

    Grid systems can be assigned to or removed from a layout type at any time without affecting the data

    already modeled.

    2.8.5 Creating and Using Construction Grids

    Image Description

    To create new construction grids select the Layout Grids Construction Grids

    command. Construction grids can be added one of four ways: parallel to a beam

    or wall, parallel to a grid, at a given angle (and optionally offset) from a specified

    point, or through two points.

    To add a construction grid parallel to a beam or wall, select Parallel-To-Beam/Wall, then enter the

    offset distance between a reference beam or wall and the construction grid. Note that a value of 0.00 for

    the distance is permissible; that would be used to add a construction grid exactly in line with an existing

    beam. Click theAddbutton and then click on a beam or wall. If zero was used for the offset, the

    construction grid will be added in line with the selected beam or wall. If a non-zero offset was used, two

    parallel guide lines will appear, parallel to the reference beam or wall, at the offset distance specified.

    Click on either of the parallel guide lines to identify on which side of the beam the construction grid

    should be added.

    To add a construction grid parallel to a grid, follow the same steps as for adding one parallel to a beam

    or wall, but select Parallel-To-Gridinstead of Parallel-To-Beam/Wall, and select an existing grid line

    when prompted instead of selecting a beam or wall.

    To add a construction grid at a specified angle through a point, select Point-Angle, then enter the angle

    at which the construction grid should be added and the offset distance from that point. Use zero as the

    distance to make the construction grid to pass through the point. Use a value greater than zero to create

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    an offset from the point. ClickAddand then click on the point through which the grid is to be added. If

    zero was used as the offset distance, crosshairs that indicate the angle will appear. If a non-zero offset

    was used, four lines will be drawn at the specified angle and offset distance. Click near the line

    representing your desired construction grid.

    To add a construction grid between two points, select Two Points. No numeric input is. This option

    simply allows two existing SnapTo points to define a new construction grid. ClickAddand then click on

    the two points through which the construction grid is to be added.

    Construction grids can be deleted singly by clicking the Delete Singleoption in the Construction Grids

    dialog, then clicking on the construction grid to be removed. To delete all construction grids, select the

    Delete Alloption.

    Image Description

    Only one set of construction grids can be defined for the model, and their display

    can be turned on or off for any layout type. Select Layout Grids Show

    Construction Gridsfrom the menu to turn on or off the display of construction

    grids. Construction grid display is automatically turned on when adding new

    construction grids. Construction grids create SnapTo points at intersections witheach other and at intersections with grids in standard grid systems. To remove

    these SnapTo points, simply turn off the display of the construction grids.

    2.9 Basic Features of the ModelerThere are several basic features of the RAM Modeler which aid in creating the model.

    2.9.1 The Toolbars

    Several toolbars exist in the RAM Modeler. These toolbars are initially located at the top of the window

    just below the menu but can be docked anywhere in the window. The toolbar provides a convenient and

    graphical means of executing the commands.

    The primary toolbar

    Image Description

    File Savesaves the current model.

    Model Notesopens the text file used for storing notes on the current model.

    Data Checkchecks the validity and completeness of the database.

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    Image Description

    Align Columnslaunches the Align Members dialog via a column.

    Align Wallslaunches the Align Members dialog via a wall.

    View 3Ddisplays the current model in 3D view.

    View Elevationturns the cursor into a target cursor. Click on a beam or wall in

    the frame to view in elevation.

    View Planreturns to the previously selected plan view.

    Set Show Optionsdisplays the Set Show Options dialog.

    Find Memberdisplays the Find member dialog.

    Measure Distancemeasures the distance between two points.

    Show Beam Numbersdisplays the beam numbers to the screen.

    Show Wall Numbersdisplays the wall numbers to the screen.

    Show Column Numbersdisplays the column numbers to the screen.

    Show Foundation Numbersdisplays the foundation numbers to the screen.

    Show Brace Numbers(Available in elevation mode only) displays the vertical

    brace numbers to the screen.

    Show Frame Numbersdisplays the frame numbers to the screen.

    Show Wall Opening Numbers(available in elevation mode only) displays the

    wall opening numbers.

    Show Sizesdisplays the sizes of members.

    Show Size Restrictionsdisplays size restrictions on beams.

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    Image Description

    Options Show Member Lengths Projectedcan be used to display beam,

    horizontal brace, and wall lengths projected in plan.

    Options Show Member Lengths Actualcan be used to display actual beam,horizontal brace, and top of wall lengths, taking into account sloping members.

    Options - Show Live Load Reduction Columnsdisplays the user assigned live

    load reduction setting.

    Options - Show Live Load Reduction Beamsdisplays the user assigned live

    load reduction setting.

    Show Web Openingsdisplays user assigned web openings on screen

    Show Brace Points displays the user defined brace points on screen

    Show Fixitydisplays the fixity flags on the ends of all lateral members.

    Show Column and Wall Elevationdisplays elevations of columns and walls.

    Show Foundation Elevationsdisplays elevations of foundations.

    Show Stub Cantilever Elevations displays elevations of the tips of stub

    cantilevers.

    Renumber Membersrenumbers the members starting in the lower right hand

    corner of the model, moving up and to the left.

    Zoom Fullautomatically zooms to full screen view

    Zoom Fenceallows the user to select an area of the screen to zoom in on

    Zoom Inincrementally zooms in on the area currently displayed on screen

    Zoom Outincrementally zooms out on the area currently displayed on screen.

    Zoom Previousreturns to the most recent (previous) zoom location.

    Pen Colorsdisplays a dialog to modify the default colors assigned to each of the

    on screen elements.

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    Image Description

    Scale Textdisplays a dialog to adjust the size of the text displayed on screen.

    Scale Text Upincreases the scale of the text on the screen by a given increment.

    Scale Text Downdecreases the scale of the text on the screen by a given

    increment.

    Undoundoes the previous action.

    Redoredoes the previous action.

    Print Screenprints the current screen display to the printer.

    Help Aboutdisplays the Help About dialog which has the current copyright

    information.

    The Layout toolbar

    Materialcombo box can be used to

    change the currently selected material.

    Floor Layout Typecombo box can be used to select a

    floor layout type to view in Plan Mode.

    Image Description

    Grids - Create/Editdisplays the grid system definition dialog box from which the

    grid systems and grids are defined.

    Grids - Select displays the grid select dialog.

    Construction Gridsdisplays the construction grid dialog box from which

    construction grids can be added or deleted.

    Display Construction Gridsdisplays the construction grids on screen.

    Set Snap Pointsallows the user to select which element types create cursor snap

    points.

    Layout Columnsplaces the user in layout column mode and causes the Layout -

    Column Toolbar to be displayed.

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    Image Description

    Change Propertiesdisplays the Change Properties dialog from which member

    shape, orientation, framing or strength can changed.

    Change Materialdisplays the Change Material Property dialog for the currentlyselected material.

    Showprovides a target cursor which when clicked on a member displays the data

    associated with that member.

    LL Reductiondisplays the Live Load Reduction dialog. From this dialog special

    limits for maximum live load reduction factors can be placed on members.

    Modify Elevationdisplays the Modify Elevation dialog. It is only available for

    columns, walls and foundations.

    Fixitydisplays the member end fixity flags on the ends of all lateral members.

    Assign Column Eccentricitydisplays the Assign Column Eccentricity dialog from

    which the user can set eccentricity for strong and weak axes.

    Assign Sizedisplays the Assign Size Dialog from which a member size can be

    selected and assigned to members in a single or fence mode.

    .

    Clear Sizedisplays the Clear Size dialog from which sizes can be cleared from

    members in either single or fence mode.

    Steel Column Text Layoutdisplays the Steel Column Text Layout dialog which

    gives the user the ability to model and modify columns textually.

    The Layout - Slab toolbar

    Image Description

    Deck Propertiesdisplays the PropTable Deck Properties dialog.

    Layout Slab Edgedisplays the Layout Slab Edge dialog.

    Layout Slab Openingdisplays the Layout Slab Opening dialog

    Layout Slab Penetrationdisplays the Layout Penetration dialog.

    Layout Deck Assigndisplays the Layout Deck Assign dialog.

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    The Layout - Loads toolbar

    Image Description

    Surface Load Propertiesdisplays the Surface Load Properties dialog wheresurface loads can be defined.

    Line Load Propertiesdisplays the Line Load Properties dialog where line loads

    can be defined.

    Point Load Propertiesdisplays the Point Load Properties dialog where point

    loads can be defined.

    Snow Load Propertiesdisplays the Snow Load Properties dialog where snow

    loads can be defined.

    Layout Surface Loadsdisplays the Surface Load Layout dialog.

    Layout Line Loadsdisplays the Line Load Layout dialog.

    Layout Point Loadsdisplays the Point Load Layout dialog.

    Layout Snow Loadsdisplays the Snow Load Layout dialog

    2.9.2 The Status Bar

    The status bar is located at the bottom of the RAM Modeler window. On the status bar are smaller

    "windows" that provide information pertinent to the model.

    The Message

    Window:

    The Message Window is located on the left side of the status bar. Brief instructions

    that will assist in modeling are displayed in this window. The Message Window is

    particularly useful when using Layout Mode commands requiring multiple

    keystrokes or selections, as it will provide step-by-step instructions for

    accomplishing each task. When there are no current instructions required, the

    current Layout Type selection will appear in the Window.

    The MaterialWindow:

    The Material Window is located to the right of the Message Window. The currentmaterial mode is displayed in this window.

    The Coordinate

    Window:

    The coordinates of the cursor relative to the model are shown in current RAM

    Modeler units in the Coordinate Window. The Coordinate Window is located on the

    right side of the status bar. This is useful in relating the structural model to the

    actual coordinates of the structure.

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    2.9.3 Undo Command

    Image Description

    The Undo command is located under the Editmenu, along with the Redo

    command, and is also located on the primary toolbar. The text under the Edit

    menu will indicate which action is to be undone or redone. Users can Undo and

    Redo up to the last 10 actions performed.

    There are a few commands that will clear the Undo stack. That is, when any of these commands are

    performed, actions performed previously can no longer be Undone. These are: Changing or Deleting

    Story Data, Deleting a Floor Type, and Options Renumber Members.

    2.9.4 Zooming and Scrolling

    Image Description

    As the model is created, the drawing scale is automatically adjusted so that

    the full layout appears on the screen. For large or intricate models, it may

    be necessary to zoom in on a particular area. This is done by issuing View

    Zoom Fenceor by clicking on the toolbar. The zoom area is selected by

    clicking the mouse on one corner of the region to be zoomed in upon and,

    while holding down the left mouse button, dragging the cursor to the

    opposite corner of the desired zoom area. The mouse button is then

    released and the screen is redrawn with the zoom area filling the entirescreen.

    Scroll bars are provided allowing the user to scroll through the model while it is zoomed so that any

    part of the model is accessible. Scroll through the model by either clicking on one of the scroll arrows or

    dragging the scroll box along the scroll bar.

    Selecting View Zoom Fullredraws the full layout on the screen. Three additional zoom commands are

    provided, View - Zoom In, View - Zoom Out, and View - Previous Zoom.

    Detailed directions for using these commands are located in the Tutorial manual. See the on-line help

    for additional explanation of the Zoom Functions.

    2.9.5 The Cursor

    The appearance of the cursor changes depending on the graphical command issued.

    An Arrow, the standard Microsoft Windowscursor, is used when the cursor is positioned outside the

    RAM Modeler Draw Window, such as when selecting menu or dialog box items.

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    2.9.7 Snap Points

    Image Description

    In some modeling modes the cursor only snaps to points already defined by

    grids, columns, beam ends and intersections, loads, etc. As new elements are

    added to the model, new snap points are created as necessary. In some cases it

    may be desirable to turn off some of these snap points so that the correct snap

    points can be more easily selected. This can be done by selecting the Options

    Set Snap Points command, and selecting only those elements for which snap

    points are desired. The dialog has two tabs: Current Layout Typeand Reference

    Layout Types. Items on the first tab affect the snap points for the currently

    selected layout type, while items on the second tab affect snap points on any

    enabled reference layout types. By default, all items are checked on the Current

    Layout Typetab, and all items are unchecked on the Reference Layout Types

    tab.

    2.9.8 Hot Keys and the Right Mouse Button

    RAM Modeler makes special use of two "hot" keys and the Right Mouse Button.

    While executing a Layout command, clicking the Right Mouse Button or typing the "D" key will cause the

    previously selected Layout dialog box to reappear. This allows the user to change settings in a command

    and continue without having to re-invoke the command.

    While in any multi sequence Layout command (such as Layout - Beams - Add Off-Grid), clicking the

    right mouse button or typing the D key will terminate that sequence of commands and cause the

    current commands dialog box to reappear. This is very useful if a mistake is made during the multi

    sequence command. Clicking the Right Mouse Button prior to completing the sequence will undo the

    command and allow the sequence to be restarted. (Note: Re-invoking the previous dialog box is the

    ONLYuse of the Right Mouse Button in the RAM Modeler.)

    Typing the "M" key causes the previously selected layout menu to appear. This provides a useful method

    of entering or modifying members without the need for traversing the menus. For instance, while in

    Column Add OnGrid mode, typing the "M" key brings up the Layout - Column menu, allowing a new

    column command to be selected. The same menu can be accessed by clicking Layout and selecting

    Column from the drop-down menu. While both commands accomplish the same thing, typing the "M"

    key is a shortcut.

    2.9.9 Keyboard Mode Coordinate Entry

    The Keyboard Mode Coordinate Entryfeature provides a means of entering coordinates of elements

    and entities directly. This feature is available in conjunction with several other commands, and allows

    the user to add the element graphically by clicking on a node with the cursor or by entering the desired

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    2.10 Plan and Elevation ModelingPlan Mode, the basic modeling mode, is used to enter Grid lines, all structural members (except vertical

    braces) and their properties, the slab configuration and gravity loads of each floor.

    Elevation Mode is used only for modeling lateral frame members and their nodal loading. Generally,

    Elevation Mode is only used when creating a frame model for analysis in RAM Frame. Many of the

    functions available in Plan Mode are also available in Elevation Mode, and these functions may be

    performed interchangeably in either mode. Items that must be modeled in Elevation Mode include nodal

    loads, wall openings and vertical brace members. Items that may be easier to model in Elevation Mode

    include member size and fixity assignment, and assignment of frame numbers.

    Because the RAM Modeler supports multiple views, one plan view and one elevation view of a model can

    be viewed on the screen at the same time. When a frame is selected to be shown in elevation, a second

    window is created and displayed. By using the commands in the Windowmenu (e.g., Tile), the two

    views can be displayed simultaneously on the screen or the user can choose to navigate between thetwo views.

    2.11 3-D ViewNo modeling is done in the 3-D viewer. However, it provides a convenient and versatile means of

    viewing the structural model in three dimensions.

    Image Description

    To view the model in 3D: Select the View 3D Viewcommand.

    Issuing the View 3D View command initiates the 3D Viewer.

    For more information about the 3D View, see the 3D Viewer Manual.

    To exit the 3-D Viewer and return to the plan mode or the elevation mode select File - Exit 3-D View.

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    2.12 Member Numbers

    Image Description

    Member numbers are initially assigned automatically by the RAM Modeler asmembers are created, in the order they are created. As new members are added,

    the next higher available number is assigned. If a member is deleted, that member

    number is no longer used. This numbering scheme may make it difficult to locate

    members by number. The Options - Renumber Memberscommand causes all

    members to be renumbered in consecutive order based on member coordinates,

    beginning in the lower left corner and working up and then to the right. Note that

    invoking the Renumber Members command will clear the Undo stack.

    If subsequent additions or deletions are made to the model, the member numbering is not automatically

    updated. New members are assigned the next higher available number regardless of their location, old

    members retain their numbers, and deleted member numbers are no longer used. If desired, the

    Options - Renumber Memberscommand can be invoked at any time; otherwise the old numberingassignments will always be retained.

    Each layout type has its own set of numbers. For example, there is a column number 1 on every level.

    Each element type has its own set of numbers. For example, there is a column number 1 anda beam

    number 1 on the same level.

    Member numbers can be viewed by invoking the appropriate Show Numberscommand from the

    Optionsmenu or by clicking the desiredShow Numbersbutton on the toolbar.

    Member numbers are used throughout the RAM Structural System to identify members, especially the

    output reports.

    2.13 Find Member

    Image Description

    The Find Membercommand is useful for finding members by member number.

    The View Findcommand displays the Find dialog from which beams, columns,

    braces, and walls can be searched by member number.

    The Findmember dialog has three (3) data fields. The first is a drop down list box used for selecting a

    story. The second is a list box used to select a member type. These list boxes are pre-filled with any

    available choices. The third field is a text edit box for the member number of interest and must be

    entered by the user.

    When the current view is in Plan mode, the story list box will have the current plan's story

    automatically selected. While in Plan mode no other story may be selected.

    The member type selection defaults to Beam. This selection may be changed at any time.

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    After entering a member number to find, click the Findbutton. If the member is found, its coordinates

    will be displayed in the dialog and its graphic will flash three (3) times on the screen and then remain

    white. Clicking the Findbutton again will cause the member to re-flash three (3) times.

    If the member is not found, a Not Foundmessage will be displayed on the dialog.

    When Find member is invoked while in elevation or 3D view a story must be selected from the list ofstories in the dialog.

    While Beam is the default find member type, Column, Brace, or Wall may also be selected.

    The Find command does not take into account the current model's zoom, rotation or pan. If the member

    should be in the current view (indicated by its coordinates being displayed) but it does not appear to

    flash on the screen or turn white, try resetting the zoom to full, or rotating or panning the view to bring

    it back into the visible display area.

    2.14 Measure DistanceImage Description

    The Measure Distancecommand allows the user to measure the distance

    between two SnapTo points in the model. It also tells the user the angle of the line

    between those two points. To use the Measure Distance command, either click on

    the Measure Distance toolbar button, or select Measure Distance from the View

    menu.

    Click on any SnapTo point in the model to select the first point for measurement. The Measure Distance

    dialog box will update to show the coordinates of the selected point.

    Then click on the second point for the distance measurement. The Measure Distance dialog box willupdate to show the coordinates of the second point, as well as the distance between the two points and

    the angle of the line between them.

    This can be repeated for as many sets of points as desired. The next time a point is selected, it will reset

    back to showing that point as Point 1 with the rest of the dialog box clear. To finish the distance

    measurements, click the Closebutton in the Measure Distance dialog box, press the key, or

    simply select some other command.

    To increase the number of decimal points at which the values are shown, increase the Precision using

    the Options User Interface command.

    2.15 Frame NumbersWhen RAM Frame analyzes the lateral frame members, it analyzes each as part of one large three-

    dimensional frame. For output purposes it may be desirable to identify portions of the overall frame as

    members of distinct individual frames. This is done by assigning frame numbers using the Layout -

    Frame Numberscommand. For example, all of the frame members along a particular grid could be

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    assigned frame number 1, those along another grid assigned frame number 2, etc. The member results

    in the output reports would then be grouped and ordered by frame numbers.

    Frame numbers can be assigned to frame members to group them in anyconvenient way. It is not

    essential to assign any frame numbers; they are assigned frame number 0 by default.

    Frame numbers can only be assigned to Lateral members; they cannot be assigned to, nor are they usedby, Gravity members.

    Frame numbers can be viewed by invoking the Show Frame Numberscommand from the Options

    menu or by selecting the Show Frame Numbersbutton from the toolbar.

    2.16 Model Notes

    Image Description

    The Model Notescommand opens a text file that may be used for entering anynotes that to keep on the currently loaded model. Invoke the Model Notes

    command from the Filemenu.

    2.17 Data Checking a ModelThe Data Check checks the validity and completeness of the database. It has been designed to detect

    errors in the model that the Analysis or Design module may by unable to detect or that may cause the

    module to abruptly terminate. This includes incomplete slab edges, missing supports, missing sizes on

    lateral frame members, etc.It is important that a Data Check be run on each model before attempting to run any of the Analysis or

    Design modules. It is up to the user to run the Data Check in the RAM Modeler to verify that the model

    has no errors.

    Image Description

    The Data Check is run by selecting Integrity DataCheckfrom the RAM Modeler

    menu. The type of Data Check to be performed is selected from the Data Check

    Options dialog box. A Gravity Data Check verifies that all data needed to run

    RAM Steel Beam Design or RAM Steel Column Design is included. A Frame Data

    Check checks verifies that all data needed to run RAM Frame is included. An

    Integrated Data Check verifies that the model can be run in any of the Design

    modules and should be performed for models that will be run in the RAMConcrete Design modules.

    The Data Check only checks floors that are defined in the Story Data.

    Items may be listed as either Errors or Warnings. Errors must be corrected before proceeding to the

    design modules; they may result in either incorrect results or abnormal program termination. Warnings

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    are given for items that may be a problem for certain condition, which are listed with the Warning.

    Warnings do not need to be corrected unless not doing so will result in undesirable results.

    If errors or warnings are found, a message is displayed stating the number of errors and warnings in the

    model. Clicking OK will display a report listing the errors and warnings, including a "User Action" to fix

    the error. The report can be printed by selecting Print from the menu or by clicking on the Print Screen

    toolbar button.

    2.18 Align Members

    Image Description

    There are times when members on one story dont properly align with members

    on other stories, even though they are supposed to. This is particularly common

    when data has been imported into RAM Structural System from another program.

    TheAlign Membersdialog is designed to help in these situations. TheAlignMembersdialog is accessed either via Integrity Align Columnsor Integrity

    Align Walls. If the former is used, Modeler prompts for a column to be selected.

    If the latter is used, Modeler prompts for a wall to be selected and then one end of

    the wall to be selected. The selected point is used as the initial reference point for

    theAlign Membersdialog.

    The dialog contains a number of tables. The top table matches whatever was selected to enter the dialog

    (either walls or columns). The middle of the dialog contains a set of tabs with other member types:

    grids, columns or walls, beams, and foundations. At the top of the dialog is a tolerance (which can be

    edited by the user). Each table contains all the members on of the given type on all stories no more than

    that distance away from the reference point, along with the initial member selected to enter the dialog,

    even if it isn't close enough. The initially selected member is shown in bold. All members on the samefloor type as it are shown in italics.

    The reference point is shown in the bottom right of the dialog. The X and Y coordinates can be edited by

    manually entering new coordinates in the text fields, or by double clicking on any of the entries in any of

    the tables. Each table contains a Distance column that shows the distance from the given member to the

    reference point.

    To align members, all the members that need to be updated should be checked by the user, then the

    Alignbutton pushed. TheAlignbutton will only be enabled when at least one member is checked that is

    a non-zero distance from the reference point. Only columns, walls, and foundations can be aligned.

    However, since framed members are automatically pulled along with aligned members, other members

    (such as beams) will automatically be updated as well. If a beam isnt close enough to an existing

    support to get pulled along with it, then the beam must be updated manually using the Move Beam

    command. Grids cannot be updated in theAlign Membersdialog due to the fact that even though only thegrid intersection is shown in the dialog, the grids actually extend outward from there, and updating one

    intersection also updates everything that attaches to the grid lines involved in the intersection.

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    2.19 Update Beam Supports

    Image Description

    When importing data from other systems, sometimes beam support points willend up in the wrong place on beams that contain (or are intended to contain) a

    cantilever (or cantilevers). The Update Beam Supportscommand is accessed via

    Integrity Update Beam Supports, and is designed to allow the support points

    of the beam to be moved to any place along the beam line where the beam

    intersects another member (beam, column, or wall). This can be done without

    regard for whether or not the support points are valid while the command is

    being used, so that if a number of beams that all intersect each other need to be

    updated, they can be processed in any order.

    When the command is activated, RAM Modeler prompts for a beam to be selected. At this point, either a

    beam or a stub cantilever can be selected. If a beam was selected, RAM Modeler then prompts for an

    existing beam support point to be selected. (If a stub cantilever was selected, this step is unnecessary.)Next, RAM Modeler prompts for a new location for the selected support point. The cursor snaps to

    points along the beam that intersect other members (beams, walls, or columns). Selecting one of these

    points updates the selected support to be in that location.

    Depending on the situation, an update to a beam's support point can cause the beam to be converted

    into a stub cantilever, or vice versa. If this happens, RAM Modeler first prompts to verify that this is

    desired.

    Note: Changes made using this command can easily lead to invalid framing (unsupported beam

    supports, or beams that cross other beams). It is always a good idea to run DataCheck after using this

    command.

    2.20 Saving a Model

    Image Description

    There are two methods of saving the modifications from the current modeling

    session. File - Savesaves modifications to the model under the current database

    name and returns control to the RAM Modeler. File - Save Asprovides a means to

    save the model under a different file name.

    See the RAM Manager manual for more information on the Save commands in the Modeler and in thedesign modules.

    It is recommended that the model be saved periodically to guard against loss of data in the case of a

    System Error or Failure. The RAM Modeler does NOT perform automatic save operations.

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    2.21 Copying a ModelWhile there is no actual Copy command provided with the RAM Structural System for copying entire

    models, this can be accomplished using the File Save Ascommand within either the RAM Manager or

    the RAM Modeler. (Models can also be copied using the Windows File Manager). Saving a model using

    the File - Save Ascommand makes a copy of the model under the new database name provided and

    leaves a copy of the original model saved under the original database name. The database name on the

    title bar will change to reflect the new database name indicating that the new database is now the active

    model in the RAM Modeler. Any subsequent changes will be made to the new database.

    Helpful Hint:The Title bar always displays the database name of the currently active model.

    2.22 Exiting the RAM ModelerThere are two ways to properly exit the RAM Modeler:

    By double clicking the Control Bar in the upper left corner of the RAM Modeler Window (or

    alternatively clicking the System Menu Bar and selecting the Close Command), or

    By Selecting the File - ExitCommand.

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    Modeling in Plan Mode 3

    The majority of the modeling process takes place in Plan Mode. For those models that will not be

    analyzed with RAM Frame, it is not necessary to use Elevation Mode.

    The following is an overview of Modeling in Plan Mode including modeling structural members, defining

    decks and slab edges and applying loads. Detailed descriptions of each command are included in the on-

    line help.

    Many of the modeling commands, such as some of the Layout commands or all of the Materials

    commands, appear both in the Plan view modeler and the Elevation view modeler. Rather than

    including these commands in both this chapter and the next, they will be covered just in this chapter.

    3.1 Overview: The Recommended Sequence of OperationsThe majority of models created in the RAM Modeler follow a consistent modeling pattern. There will,

    however, be times when it will be beneficial to alter this modeling pattern. Once familiar with the RAM

    Structural System, the engineer will be able to determine the best approach to creating a model. The

    general approach to modeling is explained below. The Tutorial provides an example that clearly

    demonstrates model creation. It is highly recommended that the Tutorial be completed to provide the

    engineer with hands-on modeling experience.

    When beginning a new project, a database is created by selecting the File - Newcommand from the

    RAM Manager. The new database is automatically assigned all of the default settings that were defined

    in the RAM Defaults Utility (accessible from the RAM Managers Toolsmenu see the RAM Managermanual for more information). Once the database has been created, the RAM Modeler can be invoked.

    Once in the RAM Modeler, the first step is usually to create one or more grid systems. Because the grids

    and grid systems are the primary reference points for structural members and loading patterns, they

    should be entered into the model before the other elements. The Grid Systems and their associated Grid

    Lines are entered into the model using the Layout Grids Create/Editcommand. Labels can be given

    to these major grids for easy reference. Additional grid lines and grid systems may be entered at any

    time during the modeling process as necessary. Additional grid systems may be entered, or existing grid

    systems modified or deleted at any time during the modeling process.

    Next, specify a Layout Type, using the Layout Type Select command. Generally, the most typical

    Layout Type should be specified, selected and modeled first. Eventually all Layout Types will be added

    to the database.

    Once at least one Grid System and one Layout Type are defined, the Layout Grids Selectcommand is

    used to assign one or more grid systems to each floor type.

    Columns or walls are usually the first structural members entered into the model. Most columns occur

    at grid line intersections and can be laid out using the Layout - Columns - Add On-Gridcommand.

    When columns occur that are not located on major grid intersections, the Layout - Columns - Add Off-

    Gridcommand can be used to model these columns (rather than manually calculating the grid

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    dimensions and defining grid lines for such columns). The RAM Modeler will create SnapTo points at

    these members allowing other data to be easily placed at these points.

    Walls can be added either before or after columns. Walls on major grids can be added using the Layout -

    Walls - Add On-Gridcommand. The Layout - Walls - Add Off-Grid command should be used to model

    walls at off-grid locations.

    Tip: Although many modeling commands have options to add members off grid, in some cases it may

    be helpful to add construction grids to create new SnapTo points that can be used to model in members

    that do no fall on standard grid line intersections.

    Beams and Joists build upon the previously placed columns and walls. As with the columns in the model,

    many of these members will be placed on grid lines; the Layout -- Add On-Grid

    command is used for modeling these members. Other structural members, such as purlins and

    cantilevers, dont necessarily fall on grid lines. Several commands are available for placing these

    members: Layout - - Add Off-Grid, Layout - - Add Generationand

    Layout - Add Cantilever. As with the columns added off the original grid lines, these

    members will cause SnapTo nodes to be generated.

    The slab edge and slab openings must be defined before the deck and surface loads can be placed on thestructure. Edges are usually defined as offsets from structural members, but may also be laid down

    freeform. If there is no deck, or if the deck is not going to be modeled, slab edges and openings are not

    required and should not be modeled.

    Once the slab edges and any slab openings have been defined, the deck can be laid out using the Layout

    - Slab - Deck Assigncommand. For slab and deck, the slab or deck properties must first be specified

    using the PropTable - Deckingcommand.

    Loads can then be applied to the structure. Gravity load properties must first be specified using the

    PropTable - Loadscommands.

    If RAM Frame will be run, sizes must be assigned to the lateral members. This can either be done

    manually in the RAM Modeler or in RAM Frame or automatically in the RAM Steel Beam and RAM Steel

    Column modules (where lateral members will be preliminarily designed for gravity loads only). In the

    RAM Modeler this can be done in plan mode or elevation mode using theLayout - -

    Assign Sizescommand. Sizes may be assigned to steel gravity beams and columns as well, in which

    case, if RAM Steel Beam Design or RAM Steel Column Design is run, the beam or column will be analyzed

    for the size assigned.

    If RAM Concrete will be run, sizes must be assigned to all members, both lateral and gravity, prior to

    running an analysis. Concrete member sizes can be assigned manually in the RAM Modeler or in the

    RAM Concrete module, however, concrete beam and column section properties must be defined in the

    RAM Modeler. Steel member sizes can be assigned manually in the RAM Modeler or automatically in the

    RAM Steel design modules. 'Other' member sizes must be assigned manually in the RAM Modeler.

    If RAM Foundation will be run, sizes must be assigned to lateral steel columns and to non-steel gravity

    columns. If these members do not have sizes assigned, the foundations upon which they are supported

    will not be designable.

    If RAM Frame will be run, member end fixities must be assigned, if different than the default, to the

    Frame members. This can be done in plan mode or elevation mode using the Layout - -

    Assign Frame Fixitycommand or in RAM Frame using theAssigncommand.

    The versatility of the RAM Modeler is seen in the ability to model members in any convenient order. The

    preceding order is generally that which is followed, but the user is free to create the model in any

    sequence that would allow the most rapid generation of the database.

    Modeling in Plan ModeOverview: The Recommended Sequence of Operations

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    3.2 Copying Floor TypesEach Floor Type in the model is stacked using the Story Data command to form a three dimensional

    description of the structure. If a structure is comprised of more than one floor type, it is imperative that

    all levels are based on the same coordinate system. This will insure that columns line up as anticipated

    and that the appropriate column loads are applied to the levels below.

    The Layout -Type - Copycommand provides a means to copy elements from one Floor Type to another.

    By copying the columns of the first floor type modeled to all subsequent floor types, it is guaranteed that

    the coordinates of the columns of each of the levels will be identical. This is the recommended modeling

    procedure.

    It is often faster to copy an entire floor type and delete members from the new floor type than to model

    the new floor type from scratch.

    TheLayout -Type - Copycommand can only be invoked once per layout type, when there is no data inthat new layout type, so it should generally be utilized only upon completion of modeling the entire

    original Floor Type.

    3.3 Importing a DXF fileThe Import DXFcommand is a powerful modeling feature that allows a CAD DXF file to be read in to

    create the framing in a floor layout type. Grids, grid labels, beams, joists and columns can be imported

    from a DXF file. With this capability a file received from an architect or created by the drafting staff can

    be used to generate the model. It also provides a means, together with the DXF export capability, of

    partially merging two separate RAM Structural System models. As with the Copycommand, the ImportDXFcommand may only be invoked for an empty floor type.

    To invoke this command, first create a new layout type using the Layout - Type - Selectcommand. Next

    select Layout - Type - Import from DXF . A dialog box appears allowing the specification of a DXF file

    name, the drive and the directory where it is located. Note that the default drive and directory is the DXF

    subdirectory. The Import DXFdialog box then appears, with which the user specifies Layer Names,

    Column Block Descriptions or names, and information describing Grid Label and Cantilever symbols.

    All of the Layer names within the selected DXF file are listed in the Layer Names drop down list boxes,

    allowing the specification of the particular Layers associated with Grids, Grid Labels, Slab Edges,

    Columns, Frame Columns, Beams, Frame Beams, and Joists. For best results, these should each be on

    separate layers; Grids and Beams must be on separate layers. If there is a layer name corresponding to

    the default layer name (specified when the program was installed), it will be initially selected;

    otherwise, *None will be shown. To specify a different Layer name, scroll through the list and select

    the appropriate name. To suppress the reading in of certain entities or if the DXF file does not contain

    certain entities (e.g., no beams), select *None. (Note: If there are more than 100 layer names in the file,

    only the first 100 will be listed in the list box.)

    In order to read in the columns it is necessary to specify the Block name of the Column block. I-shaped

    (e.g., Wide Flange) and Rectangular (e.g., HSS, TS) columns must be represented by blocks; round

    columns can be represented either as a block or as a Circle Entity (specified by *As Circle Entity). Note

    Modeling in Plan ModeCopying Floor Types

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    repositioned to maintain its relative position with regards to the horizontal projection (that is, its global

    X- and Y-coordinates will not change, only its Z-coordinate will change). When a brace frames into a

    column at a location other than the top or bottom of the column (e.g., knee braces), the vertical distance

    between top of column and the brace is maintained when the column is extended or shortened.

    Care should be taken when using these commands not to create any zero or negative length columns.

    The DataCheck will detect such conditions and give an Error message.

    3.5 Working with Different MaterialsThe RAM Structural System allows structural members to be modeled in materials other than steel.

    Primarily, this is to provide the capability of analyzing lateral frames of various materials, but gravity

    members may also be modeled in other materials. The Beam and Column Design modules will only

    optimize the steel, steel joist, Smartbeam and Westok Cellular Beam members, but will calculate loads

    on all members. The Concrete Beam and Concrete Column Design modules will only design concrete

    members.The currently selected material is displayed in the Material Window on the status bar (See Chapter 2).

    The material selection sets the Modeler into a specific material mode. The material mode controls

    which commands are available in the Layout menu. For example, in Concrete Mode, a Layout - Walls

    command is available while in Steel Mode it is not.

    The material mode also affects the appearance of the Layout commands, with the dialogs based on the

    current material selection.

    Note that the Steel Joist, Smartbeam or Westok Cellular Beam Materials are in reality only pertinent to

    beams. However, to simplify the modeling process, when one of those is selected as the Material the

    Column commands function as if in Steel material mode. Thus, for example, if the currently selected

    Material is Steel Joist and a column is added, that column will be a Steel column (not a Steel Joist

    column). It is not necessary to switch the Material from Steel Joist to Steel in order to add Steel columns.

    In Graphical Fence Mode:If members of several materials are included in the fence, only the members

    of the Material Mode currently selected will be affected by the command.

    In Graphical Single Mode:If a member of a material other than that of the present Material Mode is

    selected, an error message will be posted to the screen.

    When laying out a