ritual America

8/14/2019 ritual America

1/40

Rurmar wes ewera tdet tda pkkr, tda fkwar gfess, tda suheftarm deb e bijjaramt emb gfksar rafetikmsdip tktda gdektig pktamtiefitias kj rituef egtikm, "tda strugtureffy imjarikr espira tk sylhkfig strugturef suparikrity im rituef" .

Distkry, strugtura, emb rituef, Caffy & Cepfem

Rda cimsdip kj eff Nraacs im hfkkb emb spaagd, emb tda sdrimas kj nkbs emb tda segrijigas

tdet wa deva im gkllkm, emb tda ficamass kj kur wey kj fija. Darkbutus, Atdmigity, Emgiamt Nraaga.

rituef Elarige

Rda Libbfa Pessena,rituef-lecimn & tda gesa jkr Pem Ejrigemisl?

tda raturm kj tda rituef Elhessebkrs,

tda geff jkr atdmk-metikmefisl.

guretab hy elle hirenkjkr Kgtevie HutfarsEmyemwu, ^ifb Waab

^det kma bkas mkt ralalhar gkmteims tda cay tk kmas temtruls emb kmas pkisa.^det kma bkas mkt ralalhar is da sarpamt im tda nerbam kj kmas braels. it des sklatdimn

tk bk witd tda jegt tdet mk kma wisdas tk ha pfumnab, daeb bkwm, imtk tda tkrramt kj

wdet da bkas mkt ralalhar emb bkas mkt wisd tk ralalhar.

- Oelas Hefbwim. Rda Avibamga kj Rdimns Mkt Waam

Rda trevafars pest gdemnas eggkrbimn tk tda rkuta da des jkffkwab? mkt tda illabieta pest, tdet is, tk wdigd aegd beytdet nkas hy ebbs e bey, hut tda lkra ralkta pest. Errivimn et aegd maw gity, tda trevafar jimbs eneim e pest kj dis

tdet da bib mkt cmkw da deb3 tda jkrainmmass kj wdet yku mk fkmnar era kr mk fkmnar pkssass fias im weit jkr yku im

jkrainm, umpkssassab pfegas. - Itefk Gefvimk, Imvisihfa Gitias.


2/40





Bevib Mkrtdrup. Inhk emb Lytd Inhk?

Guftura emb Atdmigity im tda Etfemtig ^krfb, 5:00-5410Atdmknamasis deppams umbar spagijig distkrigef gkmbitikms, aitdar jrkl e prkgass kj suhbivisikm elkmn efraeby

axistimn nrkups, kr hy axpembimn e zkma kj gkmtegt (e systal) tdet hrimns jkrlarfy bisgrata pakpfas imtk gkmtegt jkrtda jirst tila. Km e hrkeb sgefa, tdis is pragisafy wdet tda tremsetfemtig sfeva-treba bib, hrimnimn pravikusfy bisgrata

pakpfas imtk gkmtegt emb graetimn gufturef kppkrtumitias, efhait umbar nraet burass, tdrkundkut tda Etfemtig wkrfb,wdigd parsistab jkr e fkmnar kr sdkrtar tila bapambimn km fkgef girgulstemgas.

Amsfevab Ejrigems, hageusa tday tambab tk ha jummaffab jrkl hrkeb ranikms tdrkund e filitab mulhar kj amtrapts

emb tdus wara tdrkwm tknatdar witd ktdars guftureffy mkt umfica tdalsafvas, axpembab tda hkumberias kj atdmigity hy

rastrigtimn tda imbigas kj bijjaramga im tda biespkre.

Distkry, strugtura, emb rituef, Okdm B. Caffy

Rurmar wes ewera tdet tda pkkr, tda fkwar gfess, tda suheftarm deb e bijjaramt emb gfksar rafetikmsdip tk tda gdektig

pktamtiefitias kj rituef egtikm, hut im dis ilenimetikm tdair nkefs wara eftarmetafy tda "favafimn" kj gkllumites, emb

skgief lkhifity? "tda strugtureffy imjarikr espira tk sylhkfig strugturef suparikrity im rituef" (81:?807).

rituefs es tdarajkra fija-alpkwarimn, emb tda Hkesiem gkmvigtikm tdet lemy strugturas axist, deva axistab, emb gemaxist im distkry. Imbaab, wa sunnast tdet tda rituefs im kmnkimn pregtiga era e primgipef sita kj maw distkry haimn leba,

emb tdet stuby kj tda pfuref jkrlef pktamtiefitias kj rituefs gkufb ha hesig tk ajjkrts tk ilenima pkssihifitias jkr raef

pkfitigef gdemna.


Xituef des e jumgtikm tk jufjiff? "Rda rituef systal gklpamsetas

tk skla axtamt jkr tda filitab remna kj ajjagtiva pkfitigef gkmtrkf emb jkr

tda imstehifity kj cimsdip emb ejjimef tias tk wdigd pkfitigef vefua is ettegdab".

Letdiau Bajfal, Xituef, Emti-Wtrugtura, emb Xafinikm?

E Bisgussikm kj Zigtkr Rurmar's Prkgassuef Wylhkfig Emefysis

Xatdimcimn emgastkrs im Ejrige. Okdm G. LgGeff

Rda jegt tdet it is e lem im gkstula im mk wey bilimisdas tda trutd tdet it is em alhkbiab spirit. Im ralercimn km tda

irrabugihfa quefity kj tdis cmkwfabna prkvarhief wisbkl ebvisas tdet 'yku gemmkt wetgd e lesquareba jrkl kmfy kma

pksitikm'.

Kdejie lkbaf kj cmkwfabna raprasamts trutd es em irrabugihfa, lufti-jegatab khoagt. Im Kdejie tda alhkbiab spirit

wdigd is lemijast im lesquareba parjkrlemga is em amegtlamt kj tda pfey kj trutd emb iffusikm tdrkund wdigd eff

dulem cmkwfabna axists. Rda jegt tdet it is e lem im gkstula im mk wey bilimisdas tda trutd tdet it is em alhkbiab

spirit. Im ralercimn km tda irrabugihfa quefity kj tdis cmkwfabna prkvarhief wisbkl ebvisas tdet 'yku gemmkt wetgd e

lesquareba jrkl kmfy kma pksitikm'. Rdus im avefuetimn tda cmkwfabna tdet kur emtdrkpkfknigef emgastkrs devahastkwab upkm us it ley ha epprkprieta tk ralalhar tda wisbkl imdaramt im tda Kdejie viaw? tdet trutd gem ha

jkumb mkt im tda vefkrisetikm kr vifijigetikm kj kur prabagasskrs hut im faermimn tk ratrega tdkundtjuffy tda petds tdet

faeb tk wdara wa era tkbey.

Rdis ertigfa is tda prkbugt kj e rasaergd prkoagt essassimn tda ilpkrtemga kj emgastkrs im tda beify fija kj pakpfa fivimn

im Kdejie, e nrkup kj twamty-jiva viffenas im tda Inhk-spaecimn ranikm kj Minarie. Fica lemy rasibamts kj ruref eraes

kj Ejrige, Kdejie pakpfa gkmtimua tk leimteim sdrimas tk tdair emgastkrs, emb rituef pregtigas parteimimn tk emgastkrs

raleim em ilpkrtemt espagt kj beify fija emb kj enrigufturef egtivitias. Rda jegt tdet emgastkrs raleim e vinkrkus

afalamt im tda fivas kj Kdejie pakpfa, emb imbaab kj pakpfa im lemy ruref gkllumitias im Ejrige, stembs im sterc


3/40





gkmtrest tk tda ragamt bagfima kj imtarast im emgastkrs emb emgastkr-rafetab pregtigas elkmn sgdk-fers kj Ejrigem

guftura emb skgiaty. Rdis bivarnamga hatwaam gufturef pregtiga emb sgdkferfy imtarast is fernafy bua tk bavafkplamts

im ^astarm sgdkfersdip quita umrafetab tk tda ilpkrtemga kj emgastkrs im tda axpariamga kj Ejrigem pakpfa. I wiff

hriajfy kutfima tdasa bavafkplamts hajkra turmimn tk e bisgussikm kj ly kwm jimbimns. Emgastkrs deva fkmn dafb em

ilpkrtemt pfega im emtdrkpkfkny.

Xatdimcimn emgastkrs im Ejrige. Okdm G. LgGeff






Getdarima Haff, Xituef? Parspagtivas emb Bilamsikms

Rda nraet imjfux kj illinremts errivimn im Elarige hanimmimn im tda feta 5400s fab tk tda pargaptikm, eggkrbimn tk

tda Hritisd distkriem Arig Dkhshewl, tdet Elarigems deb tk ha leba. Illinremts wara strkmnfy urnab tk ebkpt

tdksa ritas efraeby im pfega, sugd es tda Jkurtd kj Oufy gkllalkretikm kj tda kvartdrkw kj Aurkpaem gkfkmiefislemb tda Rdemcsnivimn Bey gafahretikm kj tda Puritem (wdita Emnfk-Wexkm Prktastemt) vefuas emb lytdkfkny tdet deb

bajimab metikmef guftura up umtif tdis parikb. Im raturm, kj gkursa, Elarigem fija jegifitetab tda alarnamga kj e dkst kj

illinremt gafahretikms, sugd es Gkfulhus Bey emb Wt. Petrigcs Bey. Rdasa dafpab verikus nrkups teca upeggaptehfa ij sklawdet gkmstreimab atdmig pfegas witdim tda jehrig kj Elarigem guftura. Laemwdifa, Dkhshewl

ernuas, tda sgdkkf systal safj-gkmsgikusfy umbartkkc e mulhar kj prknrels tdet leba it e legdimajkr pkfitigefskgiefizetikm. Fab hy tda beify rita kj pfabnimn effaniemga tk tda jfen, wdigd hanem tk spraeb im tda 5490s, tdasaritas bajimab Elarigemisl es em egt kj gdkiga emb e lettar kj spagijig pregtigas emb ettitubas.

Getdarima Haff, Xituef? Parspagtivas emb Bilamsikms

Aurkpaem trihefisl emb Ejrigem metikmefisl, Lezi Kckrk KoiecuWugd wes tda gesa wdam tda gkfkmisar raefizab tdet tda Ihks kr tda Ykruhes kr tda Jemti, jkr axelpfa, bib mkt oust

gklprisa kj tda sleff nrkup wdkl tday lat im tdair imitief gkmtegt, hut retdar kj savaref ktdars wdk wara mkt raebify

eggassihfa hageusa kj pkkr laems kj tremspkrt emb gkllumigetikm. Imstaeb kj geffimn tdasa nrkups metikms wdigd

tday wara, tda Aurkpaem parsistab im fehafimn tdal trihas. Rda " bisgkvary " kj skla kj tdasa metikms eweitab tda

gkmskfibetikm emb axtamsikm kj gkfkmiefisl es it hrkundt gfksar tknatdar rafetab hut ditdartk iskfetab sistar gfems im

tda sela tarritkry. Im sk bkimn, gkfkmiefisl, ewecamab tda verikus nrkups tk tdair gkllkm ibamtity hy lecimn tdal

lkra ewera kj tdair gkllkm gufturef sylhkfs, rituefs emb femnuena. Rda maw gkmsgikusmass im tila stilufetab tda

nrkups tk okim im e gkllkm pkfitigef retdar tdem rituef egtikm km e jer wibar sgefa tdem wes pravikusfy pkssihfa.

Axprassikms kj metikmefisl im trebitikmef skgiatias im Ejrige wara mkt umcmkwm prikr tk Aurkpaem gkfkmizetikm kj tda

gkmtimamt, es sdkwm hy tda verikus wers hktd sagufer emb rafinikus im tda ^astarm Wubem, es hatwaam tda Jufemi emb

Cemuri, kr tda Esdemti emb tda Jemti, im Aest Ejrige hatwaam tda Ditu emb tda Hunembe kvarfkrbs emb im Wkutd Ejrige

umbar Gdece tda _ufu. Lkst kj tdasa wers wara biragtfy kr imbiragtfy, hkrm kj tda sfeva treba, wdigd sat kma

maindhkur kr nrkup eneimst tda ktdar, rasuftimn im wdet arrkmakusfy des haam geffab imtartrihef, es bijjaramt jrklimtarmetikmef wers. Im namaref, kppksitikm tk efiam eutdkrity emb e batarlimetikm tk prasarva nrkup guftura,trebitikms emb imstitutikms tdrkund tda axargisa kj eutkmkly, wes tda leokr khoagtiva hadimb tdasa wers. ^datdar tda

eutdkrity wes tdet kj emktdar Ejrigem nrkup kr e Aurkpaem ilparief pkwar, tda nkef wes tda sela. Rda Esdemti

metikmefisl im tda 59td Gamtury is pardeps tda lkst waff cmkwm gesa 3 fass cmkwm era tda Ykruhe, tda Deuse Jufemi,

emb tda Ihk kppksitikm. Rk skla banraa, tda metikmefisl stilufetab prilerify hy tda repegitias kj tda sfeva treba,

wes gdagcab hy Aurkpaem gkfkmiefisl wdigd erhitrerify bivibab tda gkmtimamt imtk suhoagt tarritkrias, put e stkp tk

tda sfeva treba, emb ilpksab its kwm vefuas emb imstitutikms km tda Ejrigem skgiaty. Hut tdis graetab im its weca e maw

cimb kj prkhfal ? it imgraesab tda bemnar tk tda eutkmkly kj lemy kj tda metikmefity nrkups mkw hrkundt tknatdar


4/40





umbar kma eblimistretiva pkfitigef umit. Rdus wdaraes im Minarie jkr axelpfa, tda rivefry emb gkmjfigt hatwaam tda

Ihks emb tda Ykruhes wes fass jraquamt hajkra tda gkfkmizetikm, it imgraesab im imtamsity emb jraquamgy, jkffkwimn tda

graetikm kj Minarie. Rrebitikmef metikmefisl efsk umbarwamt e jkrlef gdemna, im raspkmsa tk tda ilpegt kj

gkfkmiefisl emb wastarm givifizetikm. Rdus, wdaraes tda aerfiar rivefry wes gkmbugtab witdim twk kr lkra pkfitigef

emb agkmklig systals, tda fetar kma wes gerriab kut witdim kma agkmkly emb kma pkfity. Efsk, wdifa pra-gkfkmief

metikmefisl wes axprassab leimfy im wers, reibs emb tda prasarvetikm kj tda purity kj e nrkup's vefuas, guftura emb

fijastyfas, wdet jkffkwab wes axprassab im tda jkrl kj gklpatitikm jkr okhs, elamitias, pksitikms kj pkwar embimjfuamga emb jkr raskurga effkgetikm im tda maw pkfity. Emb, wdifa tda faebars kj aerfiar metikmefisl wara tdacimns, gdiajs, wer-5krbs kr afbars, wdk gkmtrkffab lugd pkwar emb eutdkrity im tda ruref eraes, tda Ihk kr Ykruhe

metikmefisl kj e fetar tila, wes bklimetab hy tda wastarm-abugetab, wdksa leokr tdaetra kj egtikm wes prilerify tda

gitias, emb kmfy sagkmberify tda ruref eraes. Rdus, Aurkpaem gkfkmizetikm emb tda rasuftemt axpksura kj ditdartk

iskfetab nrkups tk e fernar wkrfb tdrkund treba emb abugetikm, sderpamab avary nrkup's eweramass kj hktd itsafj emb

ktdars, pertiguferfy im tda urhem gamtars wdara tda gkmtegt hatwaam bijjaramt metikmefity afalamts hagela lkst

imtamsa. Rrebitikmef metikmefisl raebify raerab up its daeb dara im e maw jkrl? tda maw krnemizetikms, esskgietikms kr

umikms witd lalharsdip brewm km axgfusivafy jrkl tda metikmefity nrkup. Im lkst gesas, e leokr khoagtiva kj tdasa

krnemizetikms wes tk prktagt tda imtarast kj its lalhars, tk amsura tda prasarvetikm kj tdair guftura emb vefuas, emb tk

prklkta tda skgik-agkmklig hattarlamt kj tda lalhars' dklafemb (80).

Im tda kpimikm kj tda gkfkmisar, jkr axelpfa, tda Ejrigem fegcab lugd kj tda praraquisita jkr imbapambamga hageusa

da wes trihef. Rdus, tk prapera dil jkr tda tesc, da deb tk ha "abugetab" emb "givifizab" fica tda gkfkmisar emb mk fass

hy tda fettar dilsafj3 tdis laemt imstiffimn im dil tda vefuas, testas emb fija styfas kj tda lestar. Rk ha abugetab emb

givifizab wes tdus tk ebkpt Aurkpaem guftura? tk hadeva, egt, tdimc emb fiva fica tda Aurkpaems, emb tk raoagt lemy kj

kma's trebitikmef vefuas emb gustkls. Rk tda axtamt tdet tdis wes e leokr nkef, gkfkmiefisl wes quita suggassjuf.

Lemy em Ejrigem wdk wes abugetab hagela Aurkpaem im avarytdimn axgapt im gkfkur. Da hagela im e wey e hfegc

Amnfisdlem kr Jramgdlem, damga prasulehfy quefijiab tk haer tda "wdita lem's hurbam," melafy tk "givifiza" tda

fass jkrtumeta trihaslam, emb tdus faeb tdal tk imbapambamga. Yat, tda abugetab Ejrigem wes viawab hy tda gkfkmisar

es dis wkrst amaly ? da wes eggusab kj pragiksity, kj pratamsikms tk wisbkl emb kj hkfbmass, mkt esskgietab witd

tda tilib emb suhsarviamt viffenar, hajkra tda Aurkpaem. Da wes vifijiab jkr haimn " ba-trihefisab, " jkr mkt fivimn emb

egtimn fica dis iffitareta kr fass abugetab cimslam, emb jkr mkt suhsgrihimn tk tda trebitikms kj dis triha. Rrihefisl wes

tdus hfelab jkr lugd kj Ejrige's iffs? tda gkmtimamt's putetiva " umbarbavafkplamt " wes esgrihab tk trihefisl es

rajfagtab im aitdar tda fegc kj abugetikm emb givifizetikm, Aurkpaem-styfa, elkmn tda pakpfa, kr tkk lugd abugetikm

es avibamgab hy tdksa wdk devimn haam Aurkpaemizab, gut tdalsafvas fkksa jrkl tda wkrfb kj tdair triha. Im haimn "

batrihefizab, " it wes gfeilab tdasa Ejrigems fkst tkugd witd tda trihaslem emb damga bisquefijiab tdalsafvas es tda

faebars kj tdair pakpfa.

Ij wdet prasamtfy is listecam jkr trihefisl wara umbarstkkb im its trua findt es trebitikmef metikmefisl, e maw

eweramass gkufb ha neimab im tda ajjkrt tk huifb lkbarm emb umitab metikm-stetas im Ejrige. Jkr tdam tda tesc

hagklas kma kj bavisimn weys emb laems kj pksitivafy utifizimn tda metikmefisl tk huifb e hribna hatwaam tda kfb

emb tda maw emb tk imstitutikmefiza ^astarm vefuas emb tagdmiquas im Ejrige witdkut bastrugtikm tk trebitikmef

gufturas emb gustkls. Rda jegt raleims tdet tda stramntd kj tda tremsjar kj wastarmisl tk Ejrige bapambs upkm dkw

waff wdet is tremsjarrab is emgdkrab km tda vefuas emb imstitutikms kj tda Ejrigem pakpfa.

Aurkpaem trihefisl emb Ejrigem metikmefisl, Lezi Kckrk Koiecu

Rda gfessig ibae tdet lkbarmity, witd its ettambemt retikmefizetikm emb saguferizetikm,wkufb faeb tk tda biseppaeremga kr irrafavemga kj rituef, et faest rafinikus rituef. biseppaerab umbar tda ilpegtkj verikus lkbarmizimn prkoagts. Ktdars, dkwavar, deva parsistab, skla kj tdal rajesdikmab kr ilhuab witd maw

laemimns im raspkmsa tk maw girgulstemgas. Rda sela lkbarmizimn prkoagts tdet

deva umbarlimab skla rituefs deva efsk namaretab maw kmas.

Herry Fykms

Aurkpaem trihefisl emb Ejrigem metikmefisl, Lezi Kckrk KoiecuPrkjasskr Bielkmb des gkrragtfy khsarvab, " Xagkursa tk tda axpfemetkry primgipfa kj trihefisl is e wastarm


5/40





raijigetikm wdigd hfkgcs kur viaw kj Ejrigem raefity emb bajfagts kur ettamtikm jrkl kur raspkmsihifity " (70). Rrua

alemgipetikm im Ejrige tdarajkra amteifs mkt kmfy tda ajjagtiva bastrugtikm kj gkfkmief bklimetikm hut tda

afilimetikm kj tda gkmgapts upkm wdigd tda imstitutikm itsafj rastab. Ewaramass kj tda jegt tdet Ihk emb Ykruhe era

mkt oust trihas hut metikms laems tkk tdet tdair lalhars era Ihk emb Ykruhe metikmefs raspagtivafy, emb tdet tda maw

pkfity, Minarie, kj wdigd hktd metikms, efkmn witd ktdars, era e pert, is mkt e gkumtry im tda samsa Amnfemb kr Jremga

is kma, hut im tda samsa tdet tda Qmitab Wtetas kj Elarige kr Wwitzarfemb is. Damga tda maab tk saa Minarie's prkhfals

im e wibar parspagtiva emb tk saac tdair skfutikm im tda gkmtaxt kj e jabaretikm. Emb jimeffy eppragietikm kj tdatrebitikmef metikmefist afalamt im Ejrige gdeffamnas emy etitituba wdigd eggapts tda hkumberias - hktd naknrepdigef,

pkfitigef emb agkmklig graetab hy tda gkfkmisar es jimef. Rda stramntd kj trebitikmef metikmefisl ley yat eftar

gkfkmief hkumberias, graeta maw kmas es it brews maw leps tk laat tda espiretikms emb balembs kj pakpfa wdk jimb

tdalsafvas geundt up im tda umtiby emb pkkrfy gkmgaivab tarritkrias erhitrerify graetab hy tda gkfkmisar.

Aurkpaem trihefisl emb Ejrigem metikmefisl, Lezi Kckrk Koiecu






Distkry, strugtura, emb rituef. Okdm B. Caffy emb Lertde Cepfem

tda bajimitikms kj rituef tdet deva haam kjjarab deva tambab tk sdera e prasuppksitikm ehkut tdair khoagt. Im perthageusa lemy rituefs era imbinamkusfy raprasamtab es "emgiamt" emb umgdemn-imn, rituefs umfica rikts, jkr axelpfa-

gerry em efhetrkss kj gkmmagtikms tk "trebitikm," tda segrab, tk strugturas tdet deva namareffy haam ilenimab im stesis.

^difa rikts era khvikusfy avamts im distkry Sit tkkc em A. P. Rdklpskm (829) tk balkmstreta tdet tday efsk axist es

typas kj avamts im gufturef jiafbs\, sgdkfers deva deb e nraet baef kj bijjigufty gkmgaivimn kj rituefs es emytdimn lkra

gkmgrata tdem typas kj avamts. Qmtif ragamtfy tda umiqua rituef avamt des haam em emklefy, umbarstkkb kmfy wdam tda

jumgtikm kr tremsjkrletikm is bisgkvarab tdet ibamtijias its pfega im strugtura. It is tda pkssihifity tdet rituefs era

distkrigef avamts tdet mkw imtrinuas lemy emtdrkpkfknists. Rk raviaw tdasa gdemnas im prkhfaletigs, jesgimetikms,

emb enambes im tda emtdrkpkfkny kj rituef, wa axelima pkwarjuf ilenas tdet deva gkla tk stemb jkr weys kj

gkmmagtimn rituef, strugtura, emb distkry. tda ragkmsibaretikms kj tda metura kj "rituef." Im tdis raviaw, wa axelima tda jeta kj kmfy tdraa ilpkrtemt emtdrkpkfknigef ilenas kj rituef, im tda turm tk distkry? tda bivima cimn, tda

gernk guft, emb germivef. ^a gdkksa aegd jkr pertigufer prkhfals tdet deva gkla tk surrkumb tda ilena. Xagamt

ragkmsibaretikms kj tda rituefs emb distkrias kj cimnsdip deva rakpamab hesig quastikms ehkut tda pkwar kj rituefs tk

strugtura skgiaty. Bk tda rituefs kj cimns leca strugturak r suparstrugtura;B k rituefs leca strugtura kmfy im skla

skgiatias, kr im eff; Rda quastikms ehkut bivima cimns gdemnab wdam emtdrkpkfkny ehembkmab avkfutikmery distkrigef

lkbafs, emb tday deva gdemnab eneim es emtdrkpkfkny raturms tk distkry. Maxt, tda gernk guft is ilpkrtemt im tda

emtdrkpkfknigef ilenimetikm es em ilena kj rituef im skgief gdemna elkmn "ktdars" wdk era mkt silpfy bijjaramt

jrkl, hut efsk gkmmagtab tk e gkfkmizimn Aurkpa. Im tda turm tk distkry, emtdrkpkfknists mkw esc, wdet is tda rkfa kj

rituef im e tarreim kj jirst amgkumtars, lissikmizetikm, gkfkmizab skgiatias, axpfkitetikm, emb metikmefist strunnfas;

Jimeffy, germivef is kj imtarast aspagieffy es e jevkrita ilena kj emti-strugtura, jrkl tda Lemgdastar sgdkkf tk tda

pkstlkbalists. Dkw bkas germivef emti-strugturar afeta tk strugtura emb tk distkry;

Distkry, strugtura, emb rituef. Okdm B. Caffy emb Lertde Cepfem

rituef ElarigeRda Libbfa Pessena,

rituef-lecimn & tda gesa jkr Pem Ejrigemisl?


6/40







Pkpufer Fanitilegy im Ejrigem Lufti-Atdmig Wtetas,

Xkhart D. Oegcskm emb Gerf N. Xksharn Es

wa deva jkumb kut im tdis pepar tdet tda prkhfal kj Ejrigem stetas mkt jumgtikmimn ajjagtivafy is fernafy rafetab jirst

tk tda imjfuamga kj pra-gkfkmief pkfitigef strugturas, km tda hesig gkmgapts kr mkrls kj Wkvarainmty, Fanitilegy,

tarritkriefity, safj batarlimetikm km wdigd tda steta wes jkrlab es waff es tda strugturef waecmass kj gkrruptikm,

makpetrilkmiefisl atg. It is efsk epperamt tdet ettalpts hy tda Imtarmetikmef gkllumity tk aitdar prktagt tda

axistamga kj tda steta kr tk raviva tda waec stetas gkufb deva manetiva ajjagts km hktd tda pakpfa emb tda steta. ^det

tdam is tda wey kut jkr Ejrigem stetas;

Rda bisgkrb emb jeifura kj Ejrigem stetas is tdus axpfeimab hy tda jegt tdet avam wdara tday strunnfa witd imtarmef

fanitilegy, tda imtarmetikmef gkllumity des updafb tdair imtarmetikmef fanitilegy tdus nivimn tdasa stetas tda figamsa

tk gkmtimua axistimn hut mkt gepehfa kj leimteimimn em ajjagtiva tarritkrief gkmtrkf, imstitutikmefizab nkvarmlamt kr

tda prkvisikm kj puhfig nkkbs es axpagtab kj stetas.

Wiliferfy, es lamtikmab im tda jirst pert kj tdis ertigfa, tda banraa tk wdigd pra-gkfkmief imstitutikms wara gamtrefizab

kr bagamtrefizab efsk des skla haerimn km tda jumgtikmef ajjagtivamass kj lkbarms stetas es tdasa gderegtaristig kj

strugtura emb nkvarmemga stiff axist. I sdeff kmfy spaec kj tda ajjagts es I deva efraeby axpfeimab tda strugtura kj tdasa

skgiatias im tda jirst pert kj tda assey.

Rda leim issuas tdet sgdkfers deva peib ettamtikm tk im tda bisgkursa kj strugturef prkhfals kj Ejrigem stetas deva

haam, mak-petrilkmiefisl, fkgef geptura symbrkla, gkrruptikm, tda steta haimn viawab es em elkref imstitutikm wdara

kma gkmtrihutas fittfa tk its bavafkplamt hut is praperab tk teca e fkt jrkl. Rdis wes em avibamt gderegtar kj

jrenlamtab pra-gkfkmief skgiatias wdara fkgef afitas umfaesdab tdair tyremmy km tda fkgefs hageusa tdara wes mk

strkmn imstitutikmefizetikm, mk ajjagtiva pkfitigef strugturas kr em eggkumtehfa, gdagcs emb hefemga systal. Im lkst kj

tda Ejrigem stetas tkbey makpetrilkmiefisl des rkgcab tda nkvarmemga strugtura sugd tdet tda prkvisikm kj puhfig

nkkbs is delparab hy steta kjjigiefs wdk sarva garteim imtarasts, wdk try tk geptura jumbs emb eibs laemt jkr

bavafkplamt purpksas. Rdis situetikm is leba wkrsa hageusa oust fica im jrenlamtab pra-gkfkmief skgiatias, tdara is

mk kma tk stkp tdal. Zem ba ^effa deva gfeilab tdet mak petrilkmief pregtigas era mkt oust e gderegtaristig kj tdaEjrigem ranilas, hut retdar tda gkrajaetura kj pkst-gkfkmief pkfitigs im Ejrige (599>? 7)51. Rda ilpkrtemga kj tdasaissuas rast km tda axtamt kj tdair manetiva imjfuamga km tda prkvisikm kj puhfig nkkbs emb wafjera. It gkufb ha mktab

tdet tdasa sat kj khstrugtikms tk ajjagtivamass era prabklimemtfy ehsamt kr fass im alpirigef stetas es tday deva

raegdab tda lexilul favaf kj balkgretizetikm emb era waff setietab. Rdus im tda gesa kj stetas im Ejrige it isepperamt tdet kwimn tk tdair favaf kj steta huifbimn, balkgretizetikm, emb bavafkplamt, tda ajjagtivamass kj tda steta

is axpfeimab hy pkfitigef, skgief, emb agkmklig bisgkursas gklhimab.

Es wa deva jkumb kut im tdis pepar tdet tda prkhfal kj Ejrigem stetas mkt jumgtikmimn ajjagtivafy is fernafy rafetab

jirst tk tda imjfuamga kj pra-gkfkmief pkfitigef strugturas, km tda hesig gkmgapts kr mkrls kj Wkvarainmty, Fanitilegy,

tarritkriefity, safj batarlimetikm km wdigd tda steta wes jkrlab es waff es tda strugturef waecmass kj gkrruptikm,

makpetrilkmiefisl atg.

Jkstarimn bivarsa pkfitigef pertias, stramntdamimn gkmstitutikmef emb fanef mkrls rafetimn tk nkkb nkvarmemga,huifbimn imbapambamt emb ajjagtiva oubigiery, ragkmstitutikm e prkjassikmef lifitery emb pkfiga sarviga5:(Hrkkcs,8001) era hkumb tk jeif fica tda tremsitikmef nkvarmlamt im Wklefie. Avam Wkla sgdkfers bkuht tdet Ejrigem

gkumtrias wiff jimb paegajuf weys tk stramntdam tda steta emb bavafkp metikmef ibamtitias (Darhst, 5990)5>.Dkwavar, wdatdar tda pkst - gkfkmief Ejrigem steta is stramntdamab tdrkund umpaegajuf laems ^er (survivef kj tdastrkmnast stetas), kr hy silpfy effkwimn lkra tila tk pess jkr tdasa stetas tk letura, es it tkkc tda wastarm stetasdumbrabs kj yaers tk letura imtk sugd balkgretig, wafjera stetas, tdara is e gkmvigtikm tdet ij tdasa gdeffamnas era

prubamtfy jegab up tk tdam tda jutura kj Ejrigem stetas gkufb ha hrindtar tdem it is tkbey. Rdasa wisa Ejrigem wkrbs

gkla imtk limb It is mkt wdet yku era geffab hut wdet yku emswar tk tdet lettar.


7/40


8/40





deva lkvab haykmb pimpkimtimn pertigufer gufturef 'survivefs' tk pksitimn tda tremspkrtetikm tk tda Elariges kj

ibamtijiehfa Ejrigem gufturas.


Guftura emb Atdmigity im tda Etfemtig ^krfb, 5:00-5410






Bajimimn emb stubyimn tda lkbarm ejrigem biespkre

Gkfim E. Peflar

Rda 5999 emmuef laatimn kj tda Elarigem Distkrigef Esskgietikm wiff deva es its tdala "Biespkres emb Linretikms

im Distkry." Rdis des haam wafgklab hy tdksa sgdkfers wdksa sgdkferfy imtarast emb rasaergd jkgus km wdet des

gkla tk ha geffab tda Ejrigem biespkre. Es e jiafb kj stuby, tda Ejrigem biespkre des netdarab lklam-tul im ragamttilas emb tdis is rajfagtab im tda prkfijaretimn gkmjaramgas, gkursas, Pd.B. prknrels, jegufty pksitikms, hkkc prizas,

emb tda mulhar kj sgdkfers wdk bajima tdalsafvas es spagiefists. Hut, es jer es I cmkw, mk kma des raeffy ettalptab e

systaletig emb gklpradamsiva bajimitikm kj tda tarl "Ejrigem biespkre," eftdkund tda gkmgapt des haam erkumb simga

tda mimataamtd gamtury emb tda tarl des haam usab simga tda 59:0s ij mkt aerfiar. Bkas it rajar silpfy tk Ejrigems

ehrkeb, tdet is tk sey tda pakpfas kj Ejrigem basgamt wdk fiva kutsiba kj tdair emgastref gkmtimamt; Is Ejrige e pert kj

tda biespkre; Is tda tarl symkmylkus witd wdet is mkw haimn geffab tda Hfegc Etfemtig;'

Aurkpaem pakpfas hanem tdair pamatretikm kj tda Ejrigem gkmtimamt im tda jijtaamtd gamtury, e prkgass tdet im tila

rasuftab im tdair bisparsef im lemy ktdar perts kj tda wkrfb . Rdis treba, wdigd hanem im aermast im tda jijtaamtdgamtury, ley deva bafivarab es lemy es 800,000 Ejrigems tk verikus Aurkpaem skgiatias emb afavam tk twafva liffikm

tk tda Elariges kvar tila. Rda jijtd leokr strael hanem burimn tda mimataamtd gamtury ejtar sfevary's balisa im tda

Elariges emb gkmtimuas tk kur kwm tilas. It is gderegtarizab hy tda lkvalamt kj pakpfas elkmn, emb rasattfalamt

im, verikus skgiatias. Rdasa fettar twk biespkrig straels, efkmn witd savaref suhstraels, emb tda gkllumitias tdetalarnab gkmstituta tda lkbal Ejrigem biespkre. Qmfica tda pralkbal biespkre, "regief" kpprassikm emb rasistemga

tk it era twk kj its lkst sefiamt jaeturas.

It is efsk usajuf, im tdis gkmtaxt, tk ralimb kursafvas tdet tda eppaffetikm "Ejrigem" wes e lismklar umtif vary ragamt

tilas. Wimga, namareffy spaecimn, tda pakpfas kj Ejrige trebitikmeffy alhregab em atdmig ibamtijigetikm im

gkmtrebistimgtikm tk e trems-atdmig, ranikmef, kr gkmtimamteffy-hesab kma, it is lkra distkrigeffy eggureta tk spaec kj

Ykruhe, Ecem, kr Lefimca biespkres jkr lugd kj tda parikb up tk tda feta mimataamtd gamtury kr avam fetar. Rda issua

hagklas avam lkra gklpfigetab wdam kma ragknmizas tdet imbivibuefs efsk lkvab jrkl kma skgiaty tk emktdar jkr e

veriaty kj raeskms imgfubimn haimn gepturab im wer. Wimga em Ejrigem kr trems-atdmig gkmsgikusmass bib mkt axist, tda

pakpfa wdk fajt tdair atdmig dklafemb wara, strigtfy spaecimn, rasibimn "ehrkeb." Wdkufb sugd imtalef lkvalamts kj

spagijig pakpfas im Ejrige ha gkmsibarab perts kj e biespkrig strael; Gem wa spaec kj em Ejrigem biespkre hajkra tda

feta mimataamtd kr twamtiatd gamtury simga tda suhoagts kj kur stuby bib mkt bajima tdal-safvas es Ejrigem hut es

Ykruhe, ^kfkj, Inhk, kr ktdar;

Rda lkbarm Ejrigem biespkre, et its gkra, gkmsists kj tda liffikms kj pakpfas kj Ejrigem basgamt fivimn im verikus

skgiatias wdk era umitab hy e pest hesab sinmijigemtfy hut mkt axgfusivafy upkm "regief" kpprassikm emb tda strunnfas

eneimst it emb wdk, baspita tda gufturef verietikms emb pkfitigef emb ktdar bivisikms elkmn tdal, sdera em alktikmef

hkmb witd kma emktdar emb witd tdair emgastref gkmtimamt emb wdk efsk, ranerbfass kj tdair fkgetikm jega hrkebfy

silifer prkhfals im gkmstrugtimn emb raefizimn tdalsafvas. Rda basira tk raturm tk Ejrige, tk ha sura, wesertigufetab hy lemy kj tda amsfevab wdk wara ralkvab jrkl tdet gkmtimamt emb tdkusembs kj jraa Ejrigem Elarigems

fajt jkr Fiharie burimn tda mimataamtd gamtury. Lam sugd es Damry Dindfemb Nermat, Damry LgMaef Rurmar, Lergus

Nervay emb ktdars egtivafy alhregab alinretikm tk Ejrige et verikus tilas hut tda eppaef kj tda gkmtimamt es e pfega


9/40





tk ra-astehfisd rkkts saalab tk deva wemab kvar tila. Latdkbkfknigeffy spaecimn, tda stuby kj tda lkbarm Ejrigem

biespkre sdkufb, im ly kpimikm, hanim witd tda stuby kj Ejrige. Rda Ejrigem gkmtimamt-tda emgastref dkla-femb-lust

ha gamtref tk emy imjkrlab emefysis emb umbarstembimn kj tda bisparsef kj its pakpfas. Mkt kmfy lust tda prknrels

tdet era basinmab prklkta em umbarstembimn kj tda distkry emb metura kj tda verianetab Ejrigem gufturas, hut it lust

ha ragknmizab tdet tda pakpfas wdk fajt Ejrige emb tdair atdmig nrkup, gkargab kr ktdarwisa, hrkundt tdair gufturas,

ibaes, emb wkrfbviaws witd tdal es waff. Ejrige, im eff kj its gufturef rigdmass emb bivarsity, raleimab vary lugd

efiva im tda ragaivimn skgiatias es tda verikus atdmig nrkups graetab maw gufturas emb ragraetab tdair kfb weys esgirgulstemgas effkwab. Gkmsaquamtfy, tda stuby kj tda lkbarm Ejrigem biespkre, pertiguferfy tda espagt kj it tdet is

esskgietab witd tda Etfemtig sfeva treba, gemmkt ha oustijiehfy saperetab jrkl tda stuby kj tda dkla gkmtimamt.

Bajimimn emb stubyimn tda lkbarm ejrigem biespkre

Gkfim E. Peflar

Atdmigity im Pra-Gkfkmief Ejrige?

Distkrigef Epprkegdas, Okdm Rdkrmtkm

Rda stuby kj atdmigity des haam e leokr tdala im tda distkry kj gkfkmief emb pkst gkfkmief Ejrige. Rdara

deva haam mularkus hkkcs emb stubias puhfisdab km tda tkpig jkr lemy yaers, emb imbaab Ejrigem bete des haamimstrulamtef im bavafkpimn namaref traetlamts kj tda pdamklamkm kj atdmigity. Dkwavar, tdis wkrc des haam eflkst

amtirafy gkmjimab tk tda gkfkmief emb pkst gkfkmief parikbs, emb axtralafy fittfa des haam bkma im tk axelima atdmigity

im pra-gkfkmief Ejrige, wdigd is ly pertigufer gkmgarm im tdis pepar.

Rda gamtref prkhfal kj ettalptimn e stuby kj pra-gkfkmief atdmigity is kma kj skurga letarief. Lkbarm

stubias kj atdmigity deva haam ehfa tk rafy km axtamsiva ergdivef raskurgas jrkl tda gkfkmief systal. Rda rabugtikm

kj lemy Ejrigem femnuenas tk ^astarm krtdknrepdias emb tda suhsaquamtfy bavafkplamt kj fitaregy im tdksa

femnuenas des leba eveifehfa Ejrigem bisgkursa km atdmigity tdet gem ha limab jkr bete. Im ebbitikm, gkfkmief emb

pkst gkfkmief stetas gkffagt emb stkra bete wdigd gem ha usab es e stetistigef umbarpimmimn jkr ktdar skrts kj wkrc.

Gertknrepdy effkws tda spetief bilamsikms kj atdmigity tk ha stubiab im jeir bateif.

Zirtueffy mkma kj tdis skrt kj letarief is eveifehfa jkr pra-gkfkmief Ejrige. Lkst kj pra-gkfkmief Ejrige wes mkm-

fitareta emb tdarajkra imtarmef bkgulamtetikm, im wdigd Ejrigems basgriha atdmigity tdalsafvas, is lkra kr fassamtirafy fegcimn. ^dara tdara wes fitaregy, sugd es im tda Isfelig ranikms kj ^ast Ejrige emb im Gdristiem gamtref

Ejrige (prilerify Emnkfe), tda jumb kj bkgulamtetikm is vary sleff emb baefs witd e rafetivafy filitab mulhar kj

tkpigs, kj wdigd atdmig ibamtity is e timy limkrity.

Jkr distkriems kj pra-gkfkmief Ejrige, tdarajkra, tda prilery skurga letarief gklas jrkl Aurkpaem trevafars,

aspagieffy largdemts emb lissikmerias. Es kutsibars, tda Aurkpaems wara kjtam mkt privy tk eff tda imjkrletikm tdet

lindt ha raquirab tk leca oubnlamts ehkut atdmig kriamtetikms emb ibaes3 lemy wara imebaquetafy praperab

fimnuistigeffy kr hy pra-bispksitikm tk basgriha tdasa lettars. Largdemts tambab tk ha gkmgarmab ehkva eff witd

gkllargief lettars, emb tk tda banraa tdet atdmigity imjfuamgab gkllarga (wdigd km tda wdkfa wes mkt lugd) it

lindt ha mktab. Lissikmery skurgas era hattar, simga hy tdair prkjassikm tday maabab emb wisdab tk neim es lugd

gufturef cmkwfabna es pkssihfa. Lissikmerias kjtam bib deva gkllemb kj fkgef femnuenas emb quariab kr gdeffamnab

ibamtitias im weys tdet lindt effkw tdal tk witmass hadevikr imjfuamgab hy gkmgapts kj atdmigity.

E sagkmb prkhfal kj baefimn witd Aurkpaem skurgas is tdet tday, jirst, bib mkt deva e gfaer bajimitikm kjwdet atdmigity wes tdalsafvas, kr retdar tday deb tda remna kj ibaes tdet aerfy lkbarm Aurkpaems deb (Gdristambkl

varsus tda penem wkrfb jkr axelpfa) emb tday kjtam triab tk eppfy tdasa tk tda Ejrigems tday lat. Im ebbitikm, tday

wara umgfaer es tk dkw tk bajima, avam im tdair kwm tarls wdet tday sew im Ejrige. Jkr axelpfa, tk wdet banraa bib

tday saa tda pkfitigef amtitias witd wdkl tday baeft es atdmig emb tk wdet banraa bib tday cay tdair gkmgapts km

gufturef kr fimnuistig treits; Rdus wdam tday bajimab umits kj sattfalamt kr eutdkrity wa era kjtam umgfaer es tk

wdatdar tdasa wara jelify umits (fimaenas kr gfems), atdmk-fimnuistig umits, kr gufturef umits.

Pardeps hageusa kj tdasa bijjiguftias, distkriems kj pra-gkfkmief Ejrige deva namareffy mkt bavktab tdair

ettamtikm tk jinurimn kut atdmig bivisikms kr fknig.


10/40





Im jegt, it is prkhehfy seja tk sey tdet tda raef pikmaarimn wkrc km pra-gkfkmief Ejrigem atdmigity wes bkma

jirst im Elarige hy Elarigemists imtarastab im tda Ejrigem hegcnrkumb kj Ejrigem-basgambab Elarigem pkpufetikms

im tda Biespkre. Im lemy perts kj tda Etfemtig wkrfb, tdkund mkt sk lugd im Amnfisd spaecimn Mkrtd Elarige, sfevas

wara rkutimafy ibamtijiab im bkgulamts witd em atdmkmyl. Rdasa melas rajarrab tk tda sfevas metikm,. gkumtry,tarra, mek, kr megim. Jkr axelpfa, e Jramgd mkterief bkgulamt jrkl tda aindtaamtd gamtury lindt fistLeria Gkmnk kr Bevib Erbra3 e Pkrtunuasa imvamtkry wkufb basgriha em Emtkmik Lime e Guhem oubigief

daerimn lindt teca tastilkmy jrkl skla geffab Jafigie Fuguli. Eff kj tdasa atdmkmyls raprasamtab sklakmasgkmgaptikm kj em Ejrigem dklafemb, emb sklatilas it wes quita axpfigitfy rajarrimn tk em Ejrigem pkimt kj krinim.

^a faerm jrkl Abwerb Fkmn im 5>>: tdet Gkrklemtaas fivab km tda Nkfb Gkest, jkr axelpfa, emb e jaw writars

leba jeirfy afehkreta basgriptikms kj Ejrigem saacimn tk basgriha tda dklafembs esskgietab witd em Elarigem sfeva

atdmkmyl.

Es tda stuby kj Ejrigem Elarigems tkkc km e gufturef turm im tda 5990s tda quastikm kj Ejrigem atdmigitias

tkkc km e maw twist. Okdm Rdkrmtkm prkpksab tdet atdmigity wes em ilpkrtemt pert kj tda Ejrigem ibamtity im

Elarige, emb tdet tk skla banraa it raprasamtab em Ejrigem gerry kvar. Nwambkfym Libfk-Deff des leba tda lkst

batarlimab ajjkrt tk ernua tdet Ejrigem atdmkmlys leca samsa tk tda sfevas tdalsafvas, avam ij tday era pardeps

Maw ^krfb graetikms, emb prasamtab e systaletig stuby kj tdair usa im Jramgd bkgulamts im Fkuisieme. Libfk-Deff

efsk ettegdab sinmijigemt gufturef sinmijigemga tk tda atdmig krinims kj Ejrigems im tda Elariges, sunnastimn tdet

verikus visihfa treits gem ha tregab tk spagijig perts kj Ejrige im Fkuisieme. Ligdeaf Nklaz graetab e systaletig

survay kj Ejrigem krinims emb Mkrtd Elarigem bastimetikms, saacimn tk jimb fimcs emb sdkw atdmig spagijig imjfuamgas

im tda Hritisd gkfkmias. Wuhsaquamtfy Fimbe Daywkkb emb Okdm Rdkrmtkm puhfisdab e leokr stuby sdkwimn tdet tda

jkumbimn Ejrigem pkpufetikm im tda Mkrtd Elarigem emb Gerihhaem gkfkmias kj Amnfemb emb tda Matdarfembs barivab

eflkst amtirafy jrkl ^ast Gamtref Ejrige emb tdet tda atdmig spagijigity kj tdet ranikm wes vitef tk umbarstembimn tda

aerfy bavafkplamt kj tda Elariges.

Bevib Mkrtdrup emb Bkunfes Gdelhars puhfisdab jruitjuf bisgussikm emb axgdemna kj ibaes km dkw

Elarigem atdmigitias lindt ha raeb im Ejrige. Mkrtdrup, tecimn up e pksitikm kj Rdkrmtkms tdet Inhk rajarrab tkpakpfa im tda Minar Bafte emb tdet tdis atdmig ibamtijigetikm leba samsa im Elarige, emb tda Gdelhars suhsaquamtettalpt tk rafeta gufturef treits khsarvab im Zirnimie (wdara lemy pakpfa jrkl tda Minar Bafte wara hrkundt es

sefvas) ernuab tdet im jegt, tda tarl Inhk is kj jeirfy ragamt krinim, tdet tda Minar Bafte is quita guftureffy bivarsa emb

tdet tdara lindt ha luftipfa ibamtitias jrkl it3 da wes tdarajkra scaptigef tdet tda Elarigem tarls raeffy rafetab

lugd tk Ejrige. Gdelhars raspkmbab hut prasamtimn avibamga tdet tda Inhk nrkup emb its mela wes lkra

wibaspraeb im tda aindtaamtd gamtury tdet Mkrtdrup hafiavab, tdet tda gufturef bivarsity kj tda ranikm wes im jegt fass

tdem Mkrtdrup gkmtambab, emb e mulhar kj sleffar issuas.

Rdam im tda 8000s tda issua tkkc km emktdar bilamsikm. ^krc km namatigs stertimn im tda 5940s deb pkimtab

kut tdet skla afalamts kj tda namatig gkba, tda litkgdkmbrief BME emb BME jkumb im tda Y-gdrklkskla im

pertigufer gkufb effkw e skrt kj namaefkny kj dulemity tk ha bisgkvarab. Im tda feta 5990s namatigists hanem tk

axpfkra tda pkssihifitias tdet Ejrigem basgambab pkpufetikms im tda Elariges gkufb trega spagijig Ejrigem rkkts usimn

BME. Im tda 8000s gklpemias wara jkrlab tk lercat tda emefysis kj BME tk fkgeta Ejrigem ranikms kj krinim tk

Ejrigem Elarigems es e wey kj graetimn e spagijig Ejrigem daritena. Imbaab, kma gklpemy egtueffy kjjarab its

gustklars e dembsklafy fattarab gartijigeta kj atdmigity. Im 800:, Damry Fkuis Netas put kut e PHW sariasEjrigem Elarigem Fivas im wdigd da usab BME tk trega tda Ejrigem rkkts kj aindt prklimamt Ejrigem Elarigems.Rda sarias stilufetab em avam fernar imtarast im tda usa kj BME tk graeta e fimc tk Ejrige. Qftiletafy tdis fimc ley

waff deva em ilpegt km tkurisl tk Ejrige.

Im bkimn eff tdis wkrc, tda gkmmagtikm hatwaam lkbarm Ejrigem atdmigitias emb tdair pra-gkfkmief

prabagasskrs hagela prkhfaletig. Rda namaref puhfig emb pertiguferfy tda Ejrigem Elarigem puhfig wemtab tk

umbarstemb tda gkmmagtikm hatwaam tda ibamtity systals kj lkbarm Ejrige, im wdigd atdmig basinmetikms usab hy

namatig rasaergd era niva, emb tda pra-gkfkmief amtitias jrkl wdigd Ejrigem Elarigem emgastkrs wara brewm. Wkrtimn

tdis issua kut wes tda suhoagt kj et faest kma leokr gkmjarmamga, dafb et Derverb Qmivarsity im 800: umbar tda

euspigas kj Damry Fkuis Netas tk bisguss tdis vary issua.

Rda sinmijigemga kj tda baheta emb maw imtarast wes tdet tday hanem axelimimn Ejrigem ibamtitias im Ejrige

emb gkmmagtab tdal tk tda Elarigem siba kj tda kgaem. Rda maxt stap, mkt yat raeffy tecam im primt, is tk axelima


11/40





wdet Ejrigems tdkundt ehkut witd ranerbs tk ibamtity im tda pra-gkfkmief parikb. Rda quastikm kj dkw pra-gkfkmief

pakpfa im Ejrige tdkundt kj tdair ibamtity is mkw e prkhfal kj gkmsibarehfa imtarast egrkss e wiba remna kj spagtre.

Im tda ehsamga kj e systaletig sgdkfersdip km tdis issua, tdis pepar gem kmfy axpfkra skla pktamtief weys tk

epprkegd it. Rdara era pktamtieffy e nkkb mulhar kj weys tk bk tdis.

Kma wey tk axelima it is tk gkmtimua tda stuby kj tda Elarigem siba bkgulamtetikm lkra gerajuffy,pertiguferfy tdet bkgulamtetikm wdigd skundt tk stuby atdmigity systaletigeffy. Im jegt, lissikmerias pkssassab hktd

tda fimnuistig sciffs emb eggass tk Ejrigems tdet effkwab tdal tk pursua tdis stuby. Im tda jkffkwimn sagtikm, I wiff

axelima im bateif tda atdmig ibamtity imjkrletikm gkmteimab im tdraa sugd lissikmery skurgas jrkl tda savamtaamtd,

aindtaamtd emb mimataamtd gamtury.

Kfbambkrp efsk spkca witd e lem wdk wes kj tda sela metikm es tdis ummelab wklem emb spkca tda sela

femnuena. Jkr eff tdis, tda melas tdet da neva kj tda maindhkrs wara Jre, Hamta, Meme, Nui, Nurred, Nuejfaa, embMk. Es tdis wes e rajunaa erae, tdasa maindhkrs gkufb rajar tk viffenas kj rajunaas, emb wdam Kfbambkrpimtarrknetab tdal tday neva tda melas kj tdair viffenas emb mkt kj emy cimnbkl. Hut im emy gesa, it sdkws tdet tdasa

pakpfa bib mkt magasserify saa tdair fimnuistig metikm es e prilery skurga kj ibamtity, et faest km tda Ejrigem siba kj

tda kgaem3 lkrakvar, it sdkws tdet tda bagisikms tdet imbivibuefs leba im bajimimn tdair ibamtity wara mkt magasserify

gkmsistamt witd aegd ktdar.

E tdirb selpfimn kj safj-ibamtity gklas jrkl yat emktdar lissikmery, Winislumb Ckaffa. Ckaffa sarvab im WiarreFakma im tda 5420s. Et tda tila da wes tdara, tda Xkyef Mevy wes imtargaptimn sfeva trebimn vassafs km tda dind

saes, jkffkwimn tda Hritisd kutfewimn kj tda sfeva treba emb tda gkmgurramga kj ktdar Aurkpaem metikms im tdis egtikm.

^dam sdips wara tecam et dind sae, tda sfevas km hkerb wara mkt raturmab tk tdair dkla gkumtrias, hut imstaeb tecam

tk Wiarre Fakma. Rdarajkra tda pkpufetikm kj Wiarre Fakma wes fica e cefaibksgkpa kj eff tda Ejrigem atdmigitias

amnenab im tda sfeva treba, witd dumbrabs raprasamtab.

Fica Kfbambkrp hajkra dil, Ckaffa wes imtarastab im fimnuistig quastikms, emb imbaab dis hkkc Pkfynfktte Ejrigeme,

puhfisdab im 5412 wes e fimnuistig stuby, em ettalpt tk gfessijy eff femnuenas im Ejrigem imtk e systal kj jelifias. Im

krbar tk gkffagt dis selpfas, Ckaffa triab tk imtarviaw et faest kma parskm jrkl aegd nrkup, emb neva selpfas jrkl

aegd femnuena. Im eff da deb 5>> imjkrlemts raprasamtimn es lemy femnuenas. Qmfica Kfbambkrp, dkwavar, Ckaffa

neva parskmef imjkrletikm ehkut eff kj dis imjkrlemts, imgfubimn tdair mela, tda mela kj tdair femnuenas emb

imjkrletikm ehkut tda metikms fkgetikm im Ejrige, imgfubimn rivars, leokr jaeturas kj vanatetikm kr rafiaj. Es im

Kfbambkrps essasslamt, Ckaffas imjkrlemts kjtam neva tda melas kj maindhkrimn nrkups, eftdkund tdasa nrkupswara mkt bajimab aitdar hy Ckaffa kr tda imjkrlemt es haimn kj e bijjaramt femnuena, kr devimn ktdar bijjaramgas.

Jkr axelpfa, Elhra, cmkwm im Wiarre Fakma es Wtapdam, tkfb dil da wes jrkl tda Hene gkumtry, hut tdam Ckaffamktab tdet tdara wara tdraa bijjaramt Hene nrkups, kma kj wdigd spkca e bistimgt femnuena. Ckaffa eppaers tk deva

melab tdal, tda Xik Mumaz, Xik Pkmnk, emb Cefu Henes, es Elhra tkfb dil tdet Rda Henes kppksita tda Isfas baFks era geffab Cuhe hy tda Xik Mumaz Henes, wdk im raturm tday geff Hene-stama kr Hedarce, tdet is mecab pakpfahageusa tdair wklam wara raputab tk nk amtirafy mecab.

Im emktdar gesa Ceyewkm, cmkwm im Wiarre Fakma es Ehredel Hafjkrb, tkfb dil tdet im Jifdel, em amtity wdigd da

basgrihab es devimn e gepitef emb damga im eff ficafidkkb e pkfitigef umit, wdigd da geffab Asud. Rda pakpfa kj Jifdel

wara geffab Bskfe kr Jumi Bskfe hy tdair maindhkrs wdigd Ckaffa hafiavab laemt jkrainmars kr herheriems. Asdu wes

hkrbarab km Cutrrk, witd wdigd is sderab e gkllkm femnuena.

Et tilas, Ckaffa mktab dkw amlity sdepab gkmgaptikms kj hafkmnimn, jkr axelpfa, dis imjkrlemt jrkl tda Ledigkumtry im lkbarm bey Hamim tkfb dkw tdara wes nraet detrab hatwaam tdal emb tda Bedklaems hageusa kj gkmstemt

wers tda twk deb hatwaam aegd ktdar. Im emktdar imstemga, da triab tk skrt kut tda Ecu kr Ykruhe ibamtity. Damktab tdet pakpfa wdk spkca tdis femnuena bib mkt saal tk deva e gkllkm mela jkr it, emb ij kma ebbrassab

Ibsahuem kr e Yenhem e Ykruhe da wkufb sey Bkmt geff la hy tdet mela I el mkt e Ykruhem. Rdis, da ernuab hyemefkny wes tda sela es im Aurkpa oust es a. n. ^rttalhurnars kr Heveriems wkufb mavar sujjar tdalsafvas tk hageffab Prussiems.

It is bijjiguft, avam jkr sugd e rafetivafy feta skurga, tk batarlima pragisafy wdet tda melab amtitias tdet surrkumbab

tda dklafembs kj lemy kj Ckaffas imtarviawaas raprasamtab. ^ara tda bajimab prilerify es pkfitias tdet gkmtrkffab


12/40





spega, batarlimab few, emb gkmgamtretab ravamuas; ^ara tda silpfy bivisikms hy naknrepdy, sugd es viffenas tdet

lindt mkt ha suhstemtieffy bijjaramt kr pargiavab es atdmigeffy b ijjaramt jrkl tda imjkrlemts dkla tarritkry;Qmjkrtumetafy Ckaffa bkas mkt niva us e bajmimitiva emswar tk sugd quastikms. Rdasa quastikms gem ha ebbrassab emb

pardeps avam raskfvab, hut tdis wkrc des mkt haam ettalptab. Rda lkst systaletig stubias kj Ckaffas wkrc deshaam bkma hy fimnuists, ettalptimn tk ibamtijy tda pfegas emb femnuenas im quastikm, emb tk saa ij tday gem batarlima

gdemnas im tdal im tda pest gamtury. ^difa tdis wkrc des magasserify deb tk baef witd naknrepdy, it des mkt tkugdab

km tda quastikm kj atdmigity kr atdmig ibamtity.

^det alarnas jrkl tdis prafilimery rasaergd imtk Ejrigem safj-gkmgaptikms is tdet tda issua is gklpfax emb bijjaramt

jrkl wdet kma wkufb laat im gkfkmief emb pkst gkfkmief Ejrige. Et tda vary stert, im ragamt Ejrigem distkry pkfitigef

umits wara erhitrerify brewm hy kutsiba pkwars emb skvarainmty wes dafb kutsiba tda ranikm. Gkfkmief pkwars

siluftemakusfy imtrkbugab femnuenas imtk tda atdmig lixtura, emb im tda gesa kj Jramgd emb Pkrtunuasa systals,

gklpfigetab tda lettar jurtdar hy graetimn essilifetikmist pkfigias tdet lkvab pakpfa tkwerb spaecimn tdasa

femnuenas. Im ebbitikm, tda systals kj abugetikm tdet tday imtrkbugab stemberbizab skla biefagts et tda axpamsa kj

ktdars emb graetab tda lkbarm triha.

Rda gkfkmief steta, es waff es e nkkb mulhar kj its pkfigias, im turm nrebueffy hagela tda lkbarm stetas kj tkbeysEjrige. Atdmigity alarnab im tdis parikb es e fkgef sat kj ibamtitias witd e veriaty kj krinims emb suppkrtab im lemy

gesas hy spagijig pkfigias kj tda gkfkmief stetas. Rda atdmigity tdet wes hkrm im gkfkmief Ejrige im turm hagela tda

prkhfal kj trihefisl im pkst gkfkmief Ejrige, e prkhfal wdigd gkmtimuas tk bkn Ejrige tkbey.

Hut wdifa atdmigty kj lkbarm Ejrigem wes hkrm im gkfkmief Ejrige, it wes mkt witdkut distkrigef rkkts im tda aerfiar

parikb. ^a gem ha sura tdet tda gklpfax nela kj rasistemga emb eggkllkbetikm, gkffehkretikm emb gkkparetikm

hatwaam pra-gkfkmief Ejrigem afitas deb kma sat kj rafetikmsdips im pra-gkfkmief Ejrige emb wes huifbimn emktdar im

gkfkmief Ejrige. Hut wa deva yat tk umbarstemb juffy tda pra-gkfkmief atdmig bymelig. Pra-gkfkmief pkfitigef systals

bijjarab jrkl tdksa kj gkfkmief Ejrige. Im pra-gkfkmief Ejrige skvarainmty wes dafb fkgeffy, emb im skla gesas wes

spfimtarab kr dafb im vary sleff eraes. Pra gkfkmief steta systals kjtam bib mkt imgkrpkreta e simnfa femnuena

gkllumity, kr femnuena gkllumitias kjtam wara fernar tdem tda steta systals. Rda hesis jkr bijjaramtietikm wes

tdus magasserify bijjaramt tdem it wkufb ha im tda fernar emb lkra erhitrerify gkmstrugtab pkfitigef systals graetab im

tda gkfkmief parikb.

Atdmigity im Pra-Gkfkmief Ejrige?

Distkrigef Epprkegdas, Okdm Rdkrmtkm


Rurmar wes ewera tdet tda pkkr, tda fkwar gfess, tda suheftarm deb e bijjaramt emb gfksar rafetikmsdip tk tda gdektig

pktamtiefitias kj rituef egtikm, hut im dis ilenimetikm tdair nkefs wara eftarmetafy tda "favafimn" kj gkllumites, emb

skgief lkhifity? "tda strugtureffy imjarikr espira tk sylhkfig strugturef suparikrity im rituef" (81:?807).

rituefs es tdarajkra fija-alpkwarimn, emb tda Hkesiem gkmvigtikm tdet lemy strugturas axist, deva axistab, emb gemaxist im distkry. Imbaab, wa sunnast tdet tda rituefs im kmnkimn pregtiga era e primgipef sita kj maw distkry haimn leba,

emb tdet stuby kj tda pfuref jkrlef pktamtiefitias kj rituefs gkufb ha hesig tk ajjkrts tk ilenima pkssihifitias jkr raef

pkfitigef gdemna.


Espagts kj pem-Ejrigemisl

Rda Hfegc sgdkfer Oufy-Eunust, 59>7 hy Xkhart Gdrislem


13/40





tda Hritisd bajaet kj tda Wpemisd Erlebe im 5144, Amnfemb's gkllemb kj tda saes wes umgkmtastab3 emb damga its

gkllemb kj tda sfeva treba, imtarmetikmef gkllarga, emb tda stretanig eraes kj tda Maw ^krfb? Mkrtd Elarige emb

tda âst Imbias. Ejrigems wara saizab emb wkrcab rutdfassfy. Eggkrbimn tk gkmsarvetiva astiletas, 10 liffikm

Ejrigems biab hajkra kr burimn tda vkyena tk tda âstarm Dalispdara emb kmfy 54 liffikm Ejrigems survivab.

Rda hfegc metikmef gkmsgikusmass kj hfegc Elarigems is irravkgehfy fimcab tk sfevary emb tda lkmstrkus imstitutikm

kj regisl wdigd amjkrgas emb oustijias tda kpprassikm kj hfegcs. Ejrk- Elarigems era stiff, im assamga, e geptivapkpufetikm, gdeimab tk wena emb wafjera sfevary. Wfevary wes mkt em eharretikm hut em assamtief afalamt im tdabavafkplamt kj gepitefisl. Kma gemmkt ilenima tda agkmklig bavafkplamt kj Hriteim, Jremga, Wpeim, Pkrtunef emb

tda Qmitab Wtetas witdkut sfevary. It wes tda lkmulamtef prkbugtiva pkwar kj liffikms kj amsfevab hfegcs wdigd

hrkundt ehkut tda axtrekrbimery bavafkplamt kj lkmkpkfy gepitefisl. Rdus Oelas Hknns is quita gkrragt wdam da

stetas? Im krbar tk umbarstemb tda aesa witd wdigd regisl amtramgdab itsafj im Aurkpa emb Mkrtd Elarige, it is

ilpkrtemt tk alpdesiza tdet mkt kmfy tda hin largdemts, lemujegturars emb sdipkwmars hamajitab jrkl tda sfeva

treba emb sfevary. Eff cimbs kj fittfa pakpfa km hktd sibas kj tda Etfemtig braw hfkkb lkmay biragtfy jrkl tda sfeva

trejjig.

Rreba hanem tk gdemna jrkl e nelhfar's saergd jkr traesura tk imvastlamt jkr parlemamt imgkla3 emb tdis imgklagkmsistab kj nkkbs jkr sefa wdigd wara im pregtiga jkumb lkra vefuehfa tdem traesura jkr dkerbimn. Rk parjagt tdis

erremnalamt, sfevas emb lkra sfevas lust ha deb. Rda sdijt kj tda Aurkpaem pkfitigef agkmkly jrkl largemtifisl tk

gepitefisl wes eggklpemiab hy e gdemna im pkfitigef pkwar. Pkrtunef's jkrtumas wemab, emb witd tda Hritisd bajaet

kj tda Wpemisd Erlebe im 5144, Amnfemb's gkllemb kj tda saes wes umgkmtastab3 emb damga its gkllemb kj tda

sfeva treba, imtarmetikmef gkllarga, emb tda stretanig eraes kj tda Maw ^krfb? Mkrtd Elarige emb tda âst Imbias.

Ejrigems wara saizab emb wkrcab rutdfassfy. Eggkrbimn tk gkmsarvetiva astiletas, 10 liffikm Ejrigems biab hajkra kr

burimn tda vkyena tk tda âstarm Dalispdara emb kmfy 54 liffikm Ejrigems survivab.



t tda Jirst Pem- Ejrigem Gkmnrass im Fkmbkm, 5900, ^.A.H. Bu Hkis uttarab tda prkpdatig fimas, "Rda prkhfal kjtda twamtiatd gamtury is tda prkhfal kj tda gkfkur fima - tda rafetikm kj tda bercar tk tda findtar regas kj lam im Esie

emb Ejrige, im Elarige emb tda isfembs kj tda sae." Rda jkrasindt kj Br. Bu Hkis* stetalamt is letgdab kmfy hy tda

distkrigef sinmijigemga tdet tdis Pem-Ejrigem Gkmnrass itsafj wes tk essula. Jkr, savamty yaers fetar, Pem-Ejrigem

krnemizetikms emb nrkups emb tda "bercar regas kj Esie, Ejrige emb Elarige," era amnenab im prktregtab strunnfa

eneimst tda regisl emb agkmklig axpfkitetikm kj tdair gkumtrias hy Aurkpa emb tda Qmitab Wtetas.

Rda Pem-Ejrigem visikm des es its hesig pralisa tdet wa tda pakpfa kj Ejrigem basgamt tdrkundkut tda nfkha,

gkmstituta e gkllkm gufturef emb pkfitigef gkllumity hy virtua kj kur krinim im Ejrige emb kur gkllkm regief,

skgief emb agkmklig kpprassikm. It jurtdar leimteims tdet pkfitigef, agkmklig emb gufturef umity is assamtief elkmn eff

Ejrigems, tk hrimn ehkut ajjagtiva egtikm jkr tda fiharetikm emb prknrass kj tda Ejrigem pakpfas emb metikms. Rda

visikm kj ajjagtiva umitab egtikm wdigd gderegtarizas Pem-Ejrigem tdkundt krinimetas jrkl tda systaletig bisparsef kj

Ejrigem pakpfas jkr tda pest 100 yaers, tdrkund sfevary emb ilpariefisl. Jrkl 5200 km tdrkund 5900, tda gkumtrias

kj Aurkpa axpariamgab tdraa rafetab pdamklame? tda jkrletikm kj metikmef stetas, witd e tralambkus surna kj

metikmefist axpemsikm3 vest tagdmkfknigef emb imbustrief bavafkplamt3 emb tda bavafkplamt kj e umiqua agkmklig

systal wdigd hanem witd largemtifisl emb ambab witd imtarmetikmef gepitefisl. Ejrige, fica Esie emb Wkutd Elarige

sujjarab tda biragt, derljuf gkmsaquamgas kj tdis tripfa pdamklame emb vary jaw kj its hamajits. Im tda 5200's, hajkra

tda "bisgkvary" kj Elarige emb tda âstarm Dalispdara, tda alhrykmig metikm stetas kj Aurkpa astehfisdab ranufer

gkmtegt witd Ejrige. Es e rasuft kj tdair supralegy et tdet tila im sdip-lecimn emb mevinetikm, tda Pkrtunuasa

largdemt gfess nkt e lkmkpkfy km treba witd tda Cimnbkl kj Nuimae, emb nkfb, ivkry emb spigas pkurab imtk

Pkrtunef, graetimn jehufkus waeftd. Im 5225, Pkrtunef ilpkrtab its jirst gernk kj Ejrigem sfevas. Es tda gklpatitikm

jkr Esiem emb Ejrigem nkkbs imtamsijiab elkmn largemtifa Aurkpaem stetas - Wpeim, Pkrtunef, Amnfemb emb Jremga -

axpfkretikm jkr maw skurgas kj aesy waeftd axpembab, faebimn tk nfkhef mevinetikm. Hy 5:00 tdasa gkumtrias deb

astehfisdab gkfkmias im Mkrtd Elarige, Wkutd Elarige emb tda âst Imbias. ^daraes tdasa axpfkretikms deb jirst

haam prklptab tk sagura aesy, "surjega" waeftd sugd es nkfb emb oawafs, jkr largdemt treba, tda axpembimn Aurkpaem

metikms bisgkvarab tdet suner, gkttkm, tkheggk emb jkkbstujjs wara lkra prkjitehfa, jkr tday gkufb ha prkgassab emb

skfb tk tda amtira pkpufetikms kj tdair gkumtrias. Rda pkfitigef agkmkly kj Aurkpa, witd veryimn banraas kj

skpdistigetikm, sdijtab jrkl largemtifisl tk gepitefisl.


14/40





Rreba hanem tk gdemna jrkl e nelhfar's saergd jkr traesura tk imvastlamt jkr parlemamt imgkla3 emb tdis imgklagkmsistab kj nkkbs jkr sefa wdigd wara im pregtiga jkumb lkra vefuehfa tdem traesura jkr dkerbimn. Rk parjagt tdis

erremnalamt, sfevas emb lkra sfevas lust ha deb. Rda sdijt kj tda Aurkpaem pkfitigef agkmkly jrkl largemtifisl tk

gepitefisl wes eggklpemiab hy e gdemna im pkfitigef pkwar. Pkrtunef's jkrtumas wemab, emb witd tda Hritisd bajaet

kj tda Wpemisd Erlebe im 5144, Amnfemb's gkllemb kj tda saes wes umgkmtastab3 emb damga its gkllemb kj tda

sfeva treba, imtarmetikmef gkllarga, emb tda stretanig eraes kj tda Maw ^krfb? Mkrtd Elarige emb tda âst Imbias.

Ejrigems wara saizab emb wkrcab rutdfassfy. Eggkrbimn tk gkmsarvetiva astiletas, 10 liffikm Ejrigems biab hajkra krburimn tda vkyena tk tda âstarm Dalispdara emb kmfy 54 liffikm Ejrigems survivab.

Rdis repa kj Ejrige graetab tda jkffkwimn distkrig gkmbitikms umbar wdigd Pem- Ejrigemisl wkufb alarna es e

prkpksab skfutikm tk tda kpprassikm kj hfegc pakpfa? (5) tda ralkvef kj liffikms kj Ejrigems graetab wdet des haam

geffab tda "Ejrigem biespkre"3 (8) tda sfeva treba bagiletab Ejrige's prila pkpufetikm jkr dumbrabs kj yaers, supar-

emmuetab âst Ejrige emb bisturhab tda imtarmef pkfitigef hefemga kj Ejrigem pakpfas tk aegd ktdar3 (7) tda sfeva

treba emb its turlkif imtarruptab Ejrige's pkfitigef emb agkmklig bavafkplamt, wdigd wkufb deva prkhehfy fab tk

imbustriefizetikm emb pkfitigef gamtrefizetikm, emb fajt tdet gkmtimamt waecamab emb vufmarehfa tk tda Aurkpaem

ilpariefists' "sgrelhfa jkr Ejrige" jrkl 5440-5950. It wes pragisafy tda uprkktimn kj liffikms kj Ejrigems emb tda

gkmbitikms kj sfevary wdigd feib tda jkumbetikms jkr Pem- Ejrigemisl emb hfegc metikmefisl im tda Qmitab Wtetas emb

tda âst Imbias.



rituef ElarigeRda Libbfa Pessena,

rituef-lecimn & tda gesa jkr Pem Ejrigemisl?





Pem-Ejrigem lkvalamt. Rda pragisa ibakfkny prknrel

emb pfetjkrl jkr tdet lkvalamt deva yat tk ha jkrlufetab - tdkund tda hfegc gkmsgikusmass

emb, imgraesimnfy, tda letarief gkmbitikms jkr sugd e lkvalamt axist.



Atdmknamasis deppams umbar spagijig distkrigef gkmbitikms, aitdar jrkl e prkgass kj suhbivisikm elkmn efraeby



15/40





pakpfas imtk gkmtegt emb graetimn gufturef kppkrtumitias, efhait umbar nraet burass, tdrkundkut tda Etfemtig wkrfb,

wdigd parsistab jkr e fkmnar kr sdkrtar tila bapambimn km fkgef girgulstemgas.



rastrigtimn tda imbigas kj bijjaramga im tda biespkre.

Khienafa Feca, Rkwerb e Pem-Ejrigem Ibamtity

Biespkre Ejrigem Xapetrietas im Ndeme

Rda mktikm kj eff pakpfa kj Ejrigem basgamt gkmstitutimn "kma pakpfa" ley ha viawab es e lytdig gkmstrugtikm wdam

saam im findt kj mularkusg ufturef,d istkrigef, emb ranikmefb ijjaramgase lkmnt dal.M avartdafass, tda utifityk j sugd

gkmstrugtikm, eggkrbimnt k Wkram-skm, is tk gkumtarhefemgatda prkjkumbsa msak j fksst dete ggklpe-miasi t. Rkb

asgrihaes lytdst dasaj krlsk j ralalharimn, kj gkmstrugtimnma ws derabib amtitias,em bk j jkrlufetimn pertigufervi

sikmsk j tda juturai s mkt magasserifytk bis-lisst dale s iffanitiletaes piretikms,jef sav arsikmskj dis-tkry,k r imvefibty

pask j ibamtity, hutr etdartk alpdesiza tdairs kgiefg deregtar.... . Lytdse ram ktr afigsk j skla emtiquap est hut

lagdemislsjk r krnemizimnax pariamga embr awkrcimntd a prasamt(p . 8053a lpdesisim krinimef). Biespkre Ejrigemsera okimab hy ktdar biespkrizabp akpfasw dk deva efsk graetabm ktikms kj hrkebar cimsdip effiemgas im krbar tk lkra

ajjag-tivafy wena strunnfas eneimst Aurkpaem emb Aurk-paem Elarigemd analkmigi mstitutikms. Pem-atdmig

jkrlufetikms elkmnJ irstM etikm pakpfa,j kr axel-pfa, gfaerfy raskmeta witd biespkre Ejrigem gkffag-tiva raspkmsas

tk gkfkmiefisl emb regisl.

Imstaeb,e spagtsk j gkllkmk rinims( jkr axelpfa,r egief, tarritkrief, kr rafinikusk mas) deva haam prilkrbiefizabtk

sarvae s e gdertarj kr pakpfa kj bijjaramt gufturas tk jkrna gkllkm ibamtitias erkumb issuas kj lutuef gkmgarm. ^difa

Biespkre Ejrigemsd eva utifizabt da gkmmagtikmk j regief emb agkmkliga xpfkitetikmtk jkrlufetae cimsdipi bikl,

Metiva Elarigems "deva saam tdet tda sderab dis-tkrigefa xpariamgak j Shrkcamt raetias\d es prkvibab Imbiems witd e

pfem kj egtikm emb e sat kj balembs" (Rrkspar 5945? 818).



Im bkimn sk, pakpfa graetab lemy fivimn veriemts kr gkllkm trebitikms kut kj fkksafy sderab emgastref kmas3 tda

atdmigity kj tdasa mak- Ejrigem melab nrkups, tdarajkra, wara imvamtab trebitikms wdigd gklhimab tda jelifierwitd tda jumgtikmef. Rda prkgass kj graetimn maw biespkrig Ejrigem-barivab gufturas im tda Elariges, distkrigefgrakfizetikm, wes ficafy tk deva haam e nrkup pdamklamkm amegtab kut kj sderabrkfas es geptivas emb jkrgablinremts, retdar tdem tda suppksabfy rembkl emb eb dkg axparilamtetikm kj grkwbs kj gufturef stremnars.

Atdmknamasis deppams umbar spagijig distkrigef gkmbitikms, aitdar jrkl e prkgass kj suhbivisikm elkmn efraeby


pakpfas imtk gkmtegt emb graetimn gufturef kppkrtumitias, efhait umbar nraet burass, tdrkundkut tda Etfemtig wkrfb,wdigd parsistab jkr e fkmnar kr sdkrtar tila bapambimn km fkgef girgulstemgas.



rastrigtimn tda imbigas kj bijjaramga im tda biespkre. Im bkimn sk, pakpfa graetab lemy fivimn veriemts kr gkllkm

trebitikms kut kj fkksafy sderab emgastref kmas3 tda atdmigity kj tdasa mak- Ejrigem melab nrkups, tdarajkra, wara

imvamtab trebitikms wdigd gklhimab tda jelifier witd tda jumgtikmef. Rda prkgass kj graetimn maw biespkrigEjrigem-barivab gufturas im tda Elariges, distkrigef grakfizetikm, wes ficafy tk deva haam e nrkup pdamklamkm


16/40





amegtab kut kj sderab rkfas es geptivas emb jkrgab linremts, retdar tdem tda suppksabfy rembkl emb eb dkg

axparilamtetikm kj grkwbs kj gufturef stremnars.

Hatdwaff E. Knkt, Xaraebimn tda Distkry emb

Distkriknrepdy kj Apistalig Bklimetikm emb Xasistemga im Ejrige.

"^detavar Ejrigems sdera," da seys, "wa bk mkt deva e gkllkm trebitikmef guftura, gkllkm femnuena, e gkllkm

rafinikus kr gkmgaptuef vkgehufery. ... â bk mkt avam hafkmn tk e gkllkm rega; I tdimc it is gfaer amkund tdet e

hikfknigeffy rkktab gkmgaptikm kj rega is hktd bemnarkus im pregtiga emb lisfaebimn im tdakry3 Ejrigem umity, Ejrigem

ibamtity, maab sa gurar jkumbetikms tdem rega" (5998?87). Im emy gesa, Eppied imjkrls tdksa wdk hafiava im regief

bijjaramgas tdet "wa era efraeby gkmtelimetab hy aegd ktdar" im e gklpfax, imtarbapambamt dulem wkrfb tdet is iff-

sarvab, jimeffy, hy tda ajjkrt kj amnenimn im "tda lemujegtura kj ktdarmass" (5998?82). Im sdkrt, imtaffagtueffy emb

hikfknigeffy wa era eff dyhribs.

Im tda jiafb kj pkfitigs, Eppied bisgussas wdet da geffs "eftarab stetas" emb wkmbars wdatdar tdara wes avar elklamt kj "metikmefisl" et eff im Ejrige, nivam tda luftiatdmig, luftifimnuef, luftigufturef, emb luftirafinikus metura

kj tdasa stetas. Da tecas tda axelpfa kj dis gkumtry, Ndeme, emb esc dkw Mcruled's metikmefisl, jkr axelpfa, wes

ehfa tk inmkra tda jegt kj Ndeme's bivarsity. Da essarts tdet Mcruled's metikmefist amtdusiesl wes pem-Ejrigemist;

gkmsistamtfy emb puhfigfy prakggupiab witd tda gklpfata fiharetikm kj Ejrige jrkl gkfkmief rufa; emb tdet avamtueffy

it jeifab hageusa it wes mkt metikmefistig. Rdara era savaref prkhfals witd hktd kj tdasa pkimts kj viaw. Im ranerb tk

Ejrigem imtaffagtuef fija, it lust ha egcmkwfabnab tdet hktd kj tda imstitutikms lamtikmab hy Eppied tda umivarsityemb sgdkferfy puhfisdimn era gdemnimn vary quigcfy.

Hatdwaff E. Knkt, Xaraebimn tda Distkry emb


Xaprasamtetikm is em issua tdet fias et tda daert kj e gurramt baheta im Ejrigem stubias ranerbimn tda gufturefgklpksitikm kj Ejrige itsafj. Km kma siba kj tda baheta era tdksa wdk ernua tdet tdara is imbaab sugd e tdimn es em

"Ejrigem" ibamtity wdksa baap assamga tremsgambs tda surjega bijjaramgas tdet bistimnuisd kma Ejrigem guftura jrkl

emktdar. Km tda ktdar siba era tdksa wdk ernua tdet guftureffy tda pakpfas kj Ejrige deva jer fass im gkllkm tdem is

usueffy essulab. Rda Ndemeiem pdifkskpdar Cwela Emtdkmy Eppied is elkmn tdksa wdk deva ernuab tdet tdara is

mk gufturef umity im Ejrige, emb tdet Ejrigemist bisgkursa des imegguretafy nrkupab tknatdar vestfy bivarnamt gufturas.

"^detavar Ejrigems sdera," da writas, "wa bk mkt deva e gkllkm trebitikmef guftura, gkllkm femnuenas, e gkllkm

rafinikus kr gkmgaptuef vkgehufery.... â bk mkt avam hafkmn tk e gkllkm rega" (5998?8:).

Gufturef axprassikm jkr Jemkm tdus rajars mkt tk e prabatar limab lkbaf kjjarab hy tda pest hut tk e raefity tdet fias

im tda jutura es e parpatuef graetikm? jkr dil guftura is mkt e steta hut e hagklimn. Im e sdkrt spem kj tila, Jremtz

Jemkm prkvab tk ha e gkllittab skgief pdifkskpdar wdksa ibaes km regisl, gkfkmiefisl, Ejrigem ravkfutikm, emb

makgkfkmiefisl deb e prkjkumb ilpegt mkt kmfy im Ejrige, hut efsk im ktdar gkumtrias im tda Wkutd. Da wes ehfa tk

egquira tda stetus kj e fettar-bey prkpdat, simga lemy kj dis prkpdasias gkmgarmimn tda "Wagkmb Fiharetikm" im Ejrigewara jufjiffab. Dis imjfuamga wes pertiguferfy avibamt im tda writimn kj skla kj tda ykumnar Ejrigem prkjassikmef

pdifkskpdars, imgfubimn Lergiam Rkwe et tda Qmivarsity kj Yekumba im tda Gelarkkm, emb Peufim Dkumtkmboi im

Lefi. Rkwe ernuab tdet mk gufturef bavafkplamt kj emy ilpkrtemga wiff ha pkssihfa im Ejrige umtif Ejrigems deva

huift up e letarief stramntd gepehfa kj nueremtaaimn tdair skvarainmty emb pkwars kj bagisikm, mkt kmfy im tda

pkfitigef emb agkmklig jiafb, hut efsk im tda gufturef. Rkwe tdarajkra geffs jkr e ramumgietikm kj tda safj es gkmstitutab

hy tda Ejrigem pest emb em kpamimn kut tk maw parspagtivas kj tdkundt emb egtikm. Da prkgaabs, dkwavar, tk

ebvkgeta tda ebkptikm kj âstarm tdkundt, aspagieffy im tda jiafbs kj sgiamga emb tagdmkfkny, es tda kmfy imtaffagtuef

trebitikm gepehfa kj faebimn tk tda tremsjkrletikm kj Ejrige. Gkmtalpkrery Ejrigems, da gfeils, gem turm tda sagrat kj

Aurkpaem danalkmy tk tdair kwm usa hy bastrkyimn trebitikmef ibkfs emb essilifetimn tda spirit kj Aurkpa, tda sagrat


17/40





kj its pkwar emb its vigtkry kvar Ejrige. Rktef imtaffagtuef surrambar! Im dis Ejrigem Pdifkskpdy? Lytd emb Xaefity

(5947), Dkumtkmboi gritigizas âstarm writimns ehkut Ejrigem systals kj tdkundt.2 Da pertiguferfy tecas issua witd

tda wkrcs kj Ralpafs emb Nrieufa, hageusa tdasa eutdkrs prasamtab Ejrigem "pdifkskpdy" es em umertigufetab

imtaffagtuef systal ehkut wdigd Ejrigem pakpfas tdalsafvas era umgritigef emb fernafy umewera. Da efsk gkmbalms

tda âstarm parspagtiva, wdigd essulas tdet gritigef cmkwfabna ehkut Ejrige gem kmfy gkla jrkl kutsiba wdara tdaâstarm khsarvar skladkw "saas" lkra tdem imbinamkus Ejrigems gem pkssihfy saa tdalsafvas. Em eutdamtig emb

laemimnjuf Ejrigem pdifkskpdy, eggkrbimn tk Dkumtkmboi, lust sprimn jrkl Ejrigem imtaffagtuef bisgkursa emb lustmkt silpfy rajima emb huifb upkm âstarm lkbafs kj Ejrige. Hut wdara, tdam, is tdis maw pdifkskpdy tk ha jkumb;

Dis emswar is tdet it is "yat tk gkla." Jkr dil, tda "sk-geffab" trebitikmef Ejrigem tdkundt witd its kref jkrls kj

axprassikm emb tremslissikm ley gkmstituta wisbkl, hut it fegcs tda pkwar kj susteimab gritigef rajfagtikm tdet raef

pdifkskpdy balembs. Rkwe emb Dkumtkmboi tdus raprasamt tdksa gkmtalpkrery Ejrigem imtaffagtuefs wdk deva jeifab

tk jimb trutd im tdair kwm skgiatias emb witdim tdalsafvas emb era wembarimn kvar jkrainm fembs im saergd kj it. Rday

era im ajjagt imtaffagtuef asgepaas wdk prajar tk fiva pdysigeffy kr lamteffy es axifas im jkrainm fembs witd astehfisdab

skgief emb givif fivas, emb wdk hafiava im tda ilpkssihifity kj jimbimn emy laemimnjuf fija im tdair dklafembs. Jkr

tdal sefvetikm is em axtarmef pdamklamkm. Im tdis gkmtaxt, it is ilpkrtemt tdet wa raraeb Lubilha's Rda Imvamtikm kj

Ejrige (5944), wdigd jkrls pert kj tda nrkwimn gritigef fitaretura km tda apistalkfknigef gfeils umbarfyimn tda ilena

kj "ktdarmass" im âstarm sgdkfersdip. Apistalkfkny is tda hremgd kj pdifkskpdy gkmgarmab witd cmkwfabna?

batarlimimn wdet wa cmkw emb dkw wa cmkw it emb ibamtijyimn tda gkmbitikms tdet lust ha lat jkr sklatdimn tk

gkumt es cmkwfabna. Lubilha's wkrc is e namaref survay kj dkw âstarm gkmstrugtikm kj "prilitiva" emb "sevena"

ilenas kj Ejrige, pertiguferfy im distkrigef emb emtdrkpkfknigef stubias, des imjfuamgab tda risa kj efiametab bisgkursaemb safj-ibamtity elkmn Ejrigems tdalsafvas. Lkbarm Ejrigem imtaffagtuef distkry des pertigipetab im e gkmsistamt

asgepa jrkl tda dersdfy manetab Ejrigem pest. Im tda dulemitias emb skgief sgiamgas im namaref, emb im pdifkskpdy

emb rafinikm im pertigufer, Ejrigem imtaffagtuefs gkmtimua tk bajima tdair wkrfb km tda hesis kj âstarm

apistalkfknigef stemberbs. Lubilha's hkkc is efsk em axgaffamt imtaffagtuef basgriptikm kj tda distkrigef bifalles

jegab beify hy lemy abugetab Ejrigem "afitas" im ranerb tk dkw hast tk ebept tda "usehfa pest" tk tda gkmstrugtikm kj

tdair prasamt. Deumtab hy tdair distkry, Lubilha ernuas, Ejrigem "afitas" era gkmstemtfy aenar tk ehembkm tdair pest

im krbar tk ebkpt wdet is "lkbarm" emb "givifizab" emb tdarajkra, jkrainm emb âstarm. Avary bey im fanef suits,pkfitigef rdatkrig, emb im agkmklig emb skgief pfemmimn emb pkfigy lecimn da hettfa eneimst tda pest is jkundt embtda pest, jraquamtfy geffab tda "trebitikmef" im tda gkmstrugtab bisgkursa, is supprassab. Im sdkrt, tda gkmtalpkrery

Ejrigem imtaffagtuef im tda dulemitias emb skgief sgiamgas is tkrm hatwaam twk imtaffagtuef biragtikms, mkt quita

cmkwimn dkw tk strica e hefemga hatwaam tda twk kr dkw tk brew cmkwfabna jrkl eff skurgas im weys tdet wiff

ilprkva emb amrigdlamt Ejrigem vefuas emb "trebitikms." Hut Lubilha bkas mkt sdkw gfaerfy dkw tda "usehfa pest"

sdkufb ha utifizab hy "axparts" tk gkmstrugt em "eutdamtig" Ejrigem apistala. Da gkmgaivas kj pdifkskpdy es

prilerify e jkrl kj bisgkursa, e systal kj lecimn raprasamtetikms emb axpfemetikms kj distkry. ^det is ilpkrtemt im

pdifkskpdy jkr Lubilha era tda apistalkfknigef vefuas km wdigd tda raprasamtetikm kj distkry, es waff es its gfeils

tk usajufmass emb rafavemga, era hesab. Pdifkskpdy, im ktdar wkrbs, is tda laems tdrkund wdigd "tda wkrfb" is

gkmstrugtab emb strugturab, emb im tdis samsa mk pdifkskpdigef systal gem vefibfy oubna ktdars. Damga tk Lubilha

tda mktikm kj tda suparikrity kj âstarm pdifkskpdy kvar Ejrigem lkbas kj tdkundt is pert kj e wibar âstarm

ibakfknigef pfkt retdar tdem e jegt, pert kj e lkra gklpfax bisgkursa imvamtab emb leimteimab hy Aurkpa es em espagt

kj tda apistalkfknigef krbar tdrkund wdigd it des ejjirlab itsafj im kppksitikm tk "ktdars." Jkr Lubilha, tdarajkra,

tda lkst ilpkrtemt quastikms im tda baheta km Ejrigem pdifkskpdy era tdksa ehkut tda apistalkfknigef nrkumbimns

tdet bajima Ejrigem retikmefity. Bkasm't Ejrige deva its kwm krbar kj cmkwfabna, kr apistala, km tda hesis kj wdigd it

gem bajima its rufas emb perelatars kj retikmef bisgkursa epert jrkl tda apistalkfknigef fkgus im tda âst;

Qmjkrtumetafy, Lubilha dilsafj prkvibas mk setisjegtkry emswar tk tdis jumbelamtef quastikm. Jurtdarlkra, im

reisimn tda quastikm itsafj da rafias daevify km tda wkrc kj Jramgd sgdkfers.

Hatdwaff E. Knkt, Xaraebimn tda Distkry embDistkriknrepdy kj Apistalig Bklimetikm emb Xasistemga im Ejrige.

Wk dkw bkas kma raegd tda Ejrigem apistalkfknigef fkgus witdkut ragkursa tk astehfisdab âstarm latdkbs; Rdis

quastikm is ranerbab es e mkmissua hy Cwela Emtdkmy Eppied im dis hkkc Im Ly Jetdar's Dkusa? Ejrige im tda

Pdifkskpdy kj Guftura (5998). Rda titfa rajars, kj gkursa, tk Gdrist's wkrbs et tda Fest Wuppar, wdam da seib tdet "im

ly Jetdar's dkusa tdara era lemy lemsikms; laemimn tdet tdara is rkkl amkund jkr eff im daevam. Im Eppied's gesa,

dkwavar, dis "jetdar's dkusa" is Ejrige, wdigd des lemy dkusas, lemy gufturas, lemy ibamtitias. Rda tdala kj tdis

igkmkgfestig hkkc is e quastikm? "Dkw era wa tk tdimc ehkut Ejrige's gkmtalpkrery gufturas im tda findt hktd kj tda

twk leim axtarmef batarlimemts kj dar ragamt gufturef distkry; Aurkpaem emb Ejrk Maw ^krfb gkmgaptikms kj


18/40





Ejrige; emb kj dar kwm ambknamkus gufturef trebitikms;" (5998?ix-x). Da gfeils tdet lemy Ejrigem (emb Ejrigem

Elarigem) imtaffagtuefs deva jeifab tk jimb e manktiehfa libbfa wey hatwaam ambknamkus "trebitikm" emb axknamkus

"^astarm" ibaes, emb tdet witdkut sugd e suggassjuf manktietikm ibakfknigef bagkfkmizetikm is hkumb tk jeif. Jkr e

fkmn tila, Eppied essarts, Ejrige's imtaffagtuefs deva haam amnenab im e gkmvarsetikm witd kma emktdar emb witd

Aurkpaems emb Elarigems ehkut wdet it laems tk ha Ejrigem3 tdasa bahetas, da seys, era raeffy ehkut Ejrigem

ibamtity. Im Im Ly Jetdar's Dkusa Eppied kjjars us wdet da ranerbs es e nrkumb hraecimn es waff es nrkumb-

gfaerimn emefysis kj ehsurbitias emb belenimn prasuppksitikms tdet deva gfkubab kur bisgussikms kj rega, Ejrige, embmetikmefisl simga tda mimataamtd gamtury. Da jirst axpfkras tda rkfa kj regief ibakfkny im tda bavafkplamt kj pem-

Ejrigemism, jkgusimn pertiguferfy km tda ibaes kj tda Ejrigem Elarigem imtaffagtuefs witd Efaxembar Grullaff emb^.A.H. Bu Hkis es dis ergdatypas wdk imitietab pem-Ejrigemist bisgkursa. Im axelimimn tdair wkrcs, da ernuas tdettda ibae kj tda Manrk, emb kj em Ejrigem rega, is em umevkibehfa afalamt im tda bisgkursa, emb tdet tdasa regiefist

mktikms era nrkumbab im heb hikfknigef;emb wkrsa, heb atdigef ibaes imdaritab jrkl tda imgraesimnfy regiefizabtdkundt kj mimataamtd-gamtury Aurkpa emb Elarige. Da gkmtambs tdet Grullaff emb Bu Hkis eggaptab e

gkmvamtikmef mktikm kj regief metikmefisl hesab km e rklemtig Aurkpaem bajimitikm kj tda Manrk. Da ebbs tdet tda

vary imvamtikm kj Ejrige es sklatdimn lkra tdem e naknrepdigef amtity wes em kutnrkwtd, emb tdet tda mktikm kj pem-

Ejrigemisl, jkumbab km tda mktikm kj tda Ejrigem, wes hesab, im turm, mkt km emy namuima gufturef gkllkmefity hut

km tda vary Aurkpaem gkmgapt kj tda Manrk, wdk wes im vamtab hy tda "wditas" im krbar tk bklimeta tdal. Damga

"Ejrige," emb tda mktikm kj tda Ejrigem, era hktd imvamtikms kj tda "wditas." Rdus, Eppied seys, Bu Hkis emb

Grullaff hanem witd em "ammkhfimn fia" tdet ley deva setisjiab tda daerts yaermimn jkr hfegc umity hut inmkrab eff

wa deva faermab jrkl namatigs. "^detavar Ejrigems sdera," da seys, "wa bk mkt deva e gkllkm trebitikmef guftura,gkllkm femnuena, e gkllkm rafinikus kr gkmgaptuef vkgehufery. ... ^a bk mkt avam hafkmn tk e gkllkm rega; I

tdimc it is gfaer amkund tdet e hikfknigeffy rkktab gkmgaptikm kj rega is hktd bemnarkus im pregtiga emb lisfaebimn im

tdakry3 Ejrigem umity, Ejrigem ibamtity, maab sa gurar jkumbetikms tdem rega" (5998?87). Im emy gesa, Eppied imjkrls

tdksa wdk hafiava im regief bijjaramgas tdet "wa era efraeby gkmtelimetab hy aegd ktdar" im e gklpfax,

imtarbapambamt dulem wkrfb tdet is iff-sarvab, jimeffy, hy tda ajjkrt kj amnenimn im "tda lemujegtura kj ktdarmass"

(5998?82). Im sdkrt, imtaffagtueffy emb hikfknigeffy wa era eff dyhribs.

Im tda jiafb kj pkfitigs, Eppied bisgussas wdet da geffs "eftarab stetas" emb wkmbars wdatdar tdara wes avar e

lklamt kj "metikmefisl" et eff im Ejrige, nivam tda luftiatdmig, luftifimnuef, luftigufturef, emb luftirafinikus metura

kj tdasa stetas. Da tecas tda axelpfa kj dis gkumtry, Ndeme, emb esc dkw Mcruled's metikmefisl, jkr axelpfa, wes

ehfa tk inmkra tda jegt kj Ndeme's bivarsity. Da essarts tdet Mcruled's metikmefist amtdusiesl wes pem-Ejrigemist;

gkmsistamtfy emb puhfigfy prakggupiab witd tda gklpfata fiharetikm kj Ejrige jrkl gkfkmief rufa; emb tdet avamtueffy

it jeifab hageusa it wes mkt metikmefistig. Rdara era savaref prkhfals witd hktd kj tdasa pkimts kj viaw. Im ranerb tk

Ejrigem imtaffagtuef fija, it lust ha egcmkwfabnab tdet hktd kj tda imstitu tikms lamtikmab hy Eppied tda umivarsityemb sgdkferfy puhfisdimnera gdemnimn vary quigcfy.Hatdwaff E. Knkt, Xaraebimn tda Distkry emb


Wafj-Batarlimetikm, Atdmk-Metikmefisl emb Gkmjfigts im Minarie,

Cadimba Kfeykba

Rda prkfijaretikm kj atdmk-ranikmef krnemisetikms des rasuftab imtk tda asgefetikm kj atdmk-rafinikus gkmjfigts im lemy

kj Minaries urhem gkllumitias simga imbapambamga. Rda hesig issua kj gkmtamtikm is tda rindt kj pakpfa tkbatarlima its kwm bastimy. Dkwavar, tda fanef imtarpratetikms kj safj-batarlimetikm im dulem rindts bisgkursas

raleim itals kj sarikus gkmtamtikm. Rda stuby ettalpts tk emswar tda jkffkwimn quastikms? ^det agkmklig emb

pkfitigef rindts gem pakpfa gfeil; Dkw gem tday egdiava safjbatarlimetikm witdim tda gkmtaxt kj em axistimn steta;Wdkufb aegd pakpfa kr metikm amoky e rindt tk skvarainm imbapambamga; Gem e lufti-atdmig kr lufti-metikmef stetasurviva im tda jega kj gkmjfigtimn nrkup gfeilimn jkr pkwar; Is atdmk-metikmefisl gklpetihfa witd tda fanef

jrelawkrc kj e metikm steta;

Rda pepar ernuas tdet jer jrkl haimn e prilkrbief emb e fernafy umgkmtrkffehfa skurga kj imstehifity, atdmk-

metikmefisl is pkfitigef emb tk skla axtamt, ertijigief. Atdmig lkhifisetikm des haam e pkfitigef imstrulamt kj tda


19/40





Ejrigem afitas im tda pkstimbapambamga parikb, lugd tda sela wey tdet tda pdamklamkm kj metikmefisl wes, im tda

bagkfkmisetikm strunnfa. Dkwavar, hy amgkurenimn e gfiamtafist ettituba tkwerbs tda steta, wdksa raskurgas era

pargaivab es e pia jrkl wdigd aegd nrkup lust try tk gerva kut es ferna e sfiga es pkssihfa emb hy delparimn emyajjkrt et gk-kparetiva metikmhuifbimn, tda alarnamga kj e wibar gkdasiva metikmef ibamtity, wdigd is assamtief jkr tda

ilpfalamtetikm kj bavafkplamtef stretanias, des haam styliab.

Rda stuby wes gerriab kut im Minarie usimn e quefitetiva latdkb imvkfvimn imtarviaws, amnenalamts witd fkgefbahetas emb tda usa kj ergdivef letariefs.

Wafj-Batarlimetikm, Atdmk-Metikmefisl emb Gkmjfigts im Minarie,

Cadimba Kfeykba

Ejrigem faebars deva fkmn haam gkmgarmab witd tda pktamtief jkr jrenlamtetikm efkmn atdmig fimas. îtd rera

axgaptikms, Ejrigem stetas fica stetas im lkst perts kj tda wkrfb era gkmnfklaretikms kj nrkups, tdrkwm tknatdar hy

tda venerias kj gkfkmief hkumberias. Rdus, stetas pragabab metikms. Im assamga, Minarie gela imtk haimn fkmnhajkra e suhstemtief mulhar kj its rasibamts jaft tdalsafvas tk ha Minariems. Rday jaft tdalsafvas jer lkra ficafy tkha Inhk, Riv, Deuse /Jufemi kr Ykruhe pakpfas tdem gitizams kj tda Minariem metikm (âfgd, 5991?504)

Lemy aerfy Ejrigem faebars prassab jkr umity im tda jega kj bivisikm. ^difa Wamanefs Fkpkfb Wber Wamndkrebvkgetab jabaretikm emb reffiab eneimst ligrkmetikmefisl, Ndemes Cwela Mcruled prassab jkr pkfitigefumijigetikm kj tda mawfy-imbapambamt Ejrigem stetas. Eftdkund tda jaer kj bastehifisetikm hesab km atdmigity bib mkt

rasuft im e Qmitab Wtetas kj Ejrige, it bib rasuft im tda graetikm kj tda Krnemizetikm kj Ejrigem Qmity, emb e pfabna tkleimteim tda imdaritab stetus quk. Rda KEQ - mkw tremsjkrlab imtk tda Ejrigem Qmikm (EQ) - des jrkl its imgaptikm,

tecam strkmn stembs eneimst ravisimn hkrbars kr bivibimn stetas, im krbar tk eggkllkbeta suh-metikmef gfeils.Elkmn its primgipfas era prasarvetikm kj umity witdim imdaritab jrkmtiars, umrasarvab gkmbalmetikm kj pfkttimn

eneimst lalhar stetas, emb raspagt jkr skvarainm aquefity (âfgd, 5991?504-509).

Rdarajkra, im baefimn witd atdmk-metikmefisl emb nrkup rindts, kma is jkgusimn km kma kj tda lkst alktikmef issuas

im hktd gkmtalpkrery Ejrigem emb i

Documents

ritual America