CAHIERS DE RECHERCHE / WORKING PAPERS

03-03

L’impact des transferts publics

et des taxes sur la pauvreté

au Canada et aux États-Unis

Paul MAKDISSI,

Yannick THERRIEN

et Quentin WODON

UNIVERSITÉ DE SHERBROOKEFaculté des lettres et sciences humainesDépartement d’économique

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gìexwd hq 4<74 hw vrq u÷oh ìwdlw g*r�ulu ã fhuwdlqv jurxshv suìflv gh wudydloohxuv xqh

dvvxudqfh frqwuh od shuwh whpsrudluh gh uhyhqx suryrtxìh sdu oh fk÷pdjh1 Oh uìjlph

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ghv wudydloohxuv dexvhqw gx v|vwëph hq suryrtxdqw ohxu sursuh fk÷pdjh rx hq wrx0

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od jìqìurvlwì ghv suhvwdwlrqv/ hw srxu xwlolvhu od fdlvvh gh o*dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh srxu od

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vxu o*dvvxudqfh0hpsorl gh 4<<9,1

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vhorq oh wdx{ gh fk÷pdjh gdqv od uìjlrq gx wudydloohxu +RFGH/ 4<<<,1

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gh vhpdlqhv pd{lpdo gh suhvwdwlrqv d ìwì uìgxlw gh 83 ã 781 Xq vxssoìphqw shxw íwuh

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dqqìhv ;3/ oh jrxyhuqhphqw glplqxd oh prqwdqw gh fhv h{rqìudwlrqv/ ohv wudqvirupd

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614 Uìjlph gh shqvlrq

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hw o*ìwdw flylo gx frxsoh dydqw txh o*xq ghv frqmrlqwv qh gìfëgh1

615 Dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh

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oh surjudpph qh frxyudlw txh ohv wudydloohxuv gh o*lqgxvwulh hw gx frpphufh1 Lo ixw

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gh o*dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh1 Lo idxw dxvvl v*lqvfuluh dx exuhdx g*hpsorl gx jrxyhuqhphqw/

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g*dxwuhv frqglwlrqv1 Xqh sìulrgh gh uìiìuhqfh shqgdqw odtxhooh o*lqglylgx d wudydlooì

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gh od suhvwdwlrq g*dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh hvw uìgxlw1 Ohv suhvwdwlrqv vrqw dvvxmhwwlhv ã

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sdv dffhswì xq hpsorl vlplodluh ã fhoxl gdqv ohtxho hooh vh wurxydlw1

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gh 47 vhpdlqhv1 Xqh judqgh pdmrulwì ghv ìwdwv xwlolvhqw xqh iudfwlrq gx uhyhqx jdjqì

gxudqw od sìulrgh gh edvh rx oh wulphvwuh rü oh uhyhqx d ìwì oh soxv ìohyì srxu gì�qlu oh

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466' hw 695'/ vhorq ohv ìwdwv1 Ohv ìwdwv jdudqwlvvhqw ìjdohphqw xq prqwdqw plqlpdo

txl vh vlwxh hqwuh 8' hw ;:' sdu vhpdlqh1 Ohv eìqì�fldluhv shxyhqw wudydloohu ã whpsv

sduwlho ã frqglwlrq txh ohv uhyhqxv g*hpsorl qh gìsdvvh sdv xq fhuwdlq vhxlo1 Gdqv od

soxsduw ghv ìwdwv/ od sìulrgh pd{lpdoh g*ìoljlelolwì hvw olplwìh ã 59 vhpdlqhv1 Fhshq0

gdqw/ xq uëjohphqw hq yljxhxu ghsxlv ohv dqqìhv :3 shuphw g*doorqjhu ohv suhvwdwlrqv

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616 Dlgh vrfldoh

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43

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4<<;,1 Gh soxv/ oh uhyhqx idploldo euxw ghydlw íwuh lqiìulhxu g*xqh sduw ã 4;8( gh od

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Fhuwdlqv eìqì�fldluhv ghydlhqw íwuh lqvfulwv dx surjudpph MREV +Mre Rssruwxqlwlhv

dqg Edvlf Vnloov Wudlqlqj Surjudp, ylvdqw ã od irupdwlrq hq hqwuhsulvh/ ã od uhfkhufkh

g*hpsorl/ dx eìqìyrodw srxu ghv rujdqlvphv frppxqdxwdluhv hw2rx ã xq uhwrxu dx{

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sduwlflshu dx surjudpph MREV +Xuedq Lqvwlwxwh/ 4<<9,1 Ohv suhvwdwlrqv ìwdlhqw

uìgxlwhv gh prlwlì vl oh eìqì�fldluh qh frpsoìwdlw sdv oh surjudpph vdqv mxvwl�fdwlrq

ydodeoh1 Fhshqgdqw/ lo q*| dydlw sdv gh gxuìh olplwh srxu rewhqlu ohv suhvwdwlrqv srxu

dxwdqw txh ohv eìqì�fldluhv dlhqw ã ohxu fkdujh xq hqidqw gh prlqv gh 4; dqv1 Hq 4<<8/

o*dxwrulwì iìgìudoh �qdqêdlw 87( ghv gìshqvhv dvvrflìhv ã o*DIGF1 Hq Fdoliruqlh/ od

suhvwdwlrq phqvxhooh ìwdlw hq pr|hqqh gh 889' doruv tx*hooh q*ìwdlw txh gh 453' dx

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g*xq suhplhu hpsorl/ xqh uhfkhufkh g*hpsorl rx xq eìqìyrodw1 Od gxuìh pd{lpdoh ghv

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44

gh fhwwh olplwh gh whpsv hw gh ohxu irxuqlu xq dxwuh w|sh g*dlgh v*lov �qdqfhqw fhwwh

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gh eìqì�fldluhv +83( g*lfl 5335,1 Oh jrxyhuqhphqw iìgìudo v*hvw hqjdjì ã yhuvhu ghv

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45

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46

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47

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48

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49

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dyrlu ohv gl�ìuhqwhv srolwltxhv fdqdglhqqhv1 Suhqrqv/ sdu h{hpsoh/ od frpsdudlvrq

ghv surjudpphv g*doorfdwlrqv idploldohv hw g*doorfdwlrq gh fk÷pdjh dx qlyhdx gh od

uìgxfwlrq gh od surirqghxu gh od sdxyuhwì oruvtx*rq xwlolvh xq vhxlo h{wuíph1 Dx qlyhdx

gh o*lpsdfw plqlpdo/ ohv doorfdwlrqv idploldohv uìgxlvhqw od surirqghxu gh od sdxyuhwì

gh 313359 hw ohv doorfdwlrqv gh fk÷pdjh od uìgxlvhqw gh 31335:1 Dx qlyhdx gh o*lpsdfw

pd{lpdo/ o*ruguh hqwuh ohv ghx{ srolwltxhv hvw uhqyhuvì/ ohv doorfdwlrqv gh fk÷pdjh

uìgxlvdqw od surirqghxu gh od sdxyuhwì gh 3133:4 doruv txh ohv doorfdwlrqv idploldohv

od uìgxlvhqw gh 3134351

Od vroxwlrq sursrvìh frqvlvwh doruv ã frqvlgìuhu wrxv ohv ruguhv srvvleohv gh sur0

judpphv1 Oh wdeohdx 6 looxvwuh od surfìgxuh srxu fdofxohu o*lpsdfw ghv surjudpphv

gh shqvlrqv vxu o*lqflghqfh gh od sdxyuhwì dx Fdqdgd1 Od suhplëuh frorqqh lqgltxh

ohv gl�ìuhqwv djuìjdwv gh uhyhqx xwlolvìv srxu fdofxohu o*lqglfh vdqv ohv shqvlrqv1 Od

ghx{lëph frorqqh grqqh od olvwh ghv wudqvihuwv h{foxv gh o*djuìjdw1 Ohv frorqqhv 6 hw

7 grqqhqw od ydohxu gh o*lqglfh �f vdqv hw dyhf ohv shqvlrqv1 Od frorqqh 8 lqgltxh od

gl�ìuhqfh hqwuh fhv ghx{ lqglfhv1 Od suredelolwì txh ohv surjudpphv gh shqvlrqv vh

uhwurxyh gdqv od srvlwlrq lqgltxìh +r- E?� r� ��-*?-, sdupl wrxwhv ohv ruguhv srv0

vleohv gh srolwltxhv hvw grqqìh ã od frorqqh 91 Ilqdohphqw/ od ghuqlëuh frorqqh lqgltxh

od frqwulexwlrq ã o*lpsdfw pr|hq1

814 Srolwltxhv fdqdglhqqhv

Frpph oh prqwuh oh wdeohdx 7 hq dqqh{h/ o*hqvhpeoh ghv srolwltxhv fdqdglhqqhv d

uìgxlw gh soxv gh ;5( o*lqflghqfh gh od sdxyuhwì oruvtx*rq xwlolvh xq vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì

h{wuíph doruv txh o*lqglfh �f hvw sdvvì gh 3154:; ã 3136;8 E{ ' f��.b��1 Vl o*rq

uhjdugh o*h�hw dwwulexdeoh ã fkdfxqh ghv srolwltxhv/ rq uhpdutxh txh ghx{ g*hqwuh

hoohv rqw hx xqh lqflghqfh pdmhxuh vxu od sdxyuhwì1 Hq h�hw/ ã hx{ vhxov oh uìjlph

4;

gh shqvlrq sxeolf fdqdglhq +3145;;, hw o*dlgh vrfldoh +313753, rqw uìgxlw o*lqflghqfh

gh od sdxyuhwì gh soxv gh :; (1 O*dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh +3133<8, hw o*dlgh dx{ idploohv

+3133::, rqw hx shx g*h�hwv vxu fhooh0fl;1

O*hqvhpeoh ghv srolwltxhv d joredohphqw prlqv g*h�hwv oruvtxh o*rq xwlolvh xq vhxlo

gh sdxyuhwì prgìuì1 Rq uhpdutxh txh od sdxyuhwì d ìwì uìgxlwh gh 89( idlvdqw sdvvhu

o*lqglfh �f gh 31634 ã 31465: E{ ' f��SHe�1 Sulvh lqglylgxhoohphqw/ f*hvw hqfruh od

srolwltxh gh shqvlrq +314748, txl d oh soxv g*h�hw1 Sdu od vxlwh/ rq uhwurxyh o*dvvxudqfh0

fk÷pdjh +3134;<, txl gìsdvvh o*dlgh vrfldoh +3134;4, doruv txh o*dlgh dx{ idploohv

+313459, ylhqw hqfruh hq ghuqlhu1

Lo q*hvw sdv vxusuhqdqw gh yrlu txh o*dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh d soxv g*lpsdfw oruvtxh

o*rq xwlolvh xq vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì prgìuì/ fdu fhwwh srolwltxh hvw ghvwlqìh ã ghv pìqdjhv

txl rqw uìfhpphqw rewhqx xq uhyhqx gh wudydlo hw txl vrqw joredohphqw prlqv sdxyuhv1

Grqf/ fhv pìqdjhv vh uhwurxyhqw srxu vrxyhqw dx0ghvvxv gx vhxlo h{wuíph/ pdlv hq

ghvvrxv gx vhxlo prgìuì1 O*dlgh dx{ idploohv d dxvvl soxv g*h�hwv hq xwlolvdqw xq

vhxlo prgìuì +3133<8 frpsdudwlyhphqw ã 313459,/ hq sduwlh sdufh txh ghv prqwdqwv

vxssoìphqwdluhv vrqw wudqviìuìv dx{ pìqdjhv ã idleohv uhyhqxv txl wudydloohqw1 Hq

whuph devrox/ od srolwltxh gh shqvlrq d ìjdohphqw soxv g*lpsdfw vxu od sdxyuhwì

oruvtxh qrxv xwlolvrqv xq vhxlo prgìuì/ fkdtxh uhwudlwì uhfhydqw ghv suhvwdwlrqv gh

Vìfxulwì gh ylhloohvvh lqgìshqgdpphqw gx uhyhqx1

Od vlwxdwlrq frqwudluh vh surgxlw srxu o*dlgh vrfldoh1 Fh surjudpph ylhqw hq

dlgh dx{ pìqdjhv ohv soxv gìpxqlv gh od vrflìwì txl rqw vrxyhqw ghv uhvvrxufhv wuëv

olplwìhv< dydqw ohv wudqvihuwv hw ghyudlhqw/ srxu od soxsduw vlqrq wrxv/ vh uhwurxyhu vrxv

oh vhxlo h{wuíph1 Oruvtx*rq xwlolvh xq vhxlo prgìuì/ o*dlgh vrfldoh d prlqv g*h�hwv vxu

o*lqflghqfh gh od sdxyuhwì fdu oh prqwdqw ghv suhvwdwlrqv q*hvw sdv vx!vdqw srxu

gìsdvvhu oh vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì prgìuì1

Dqdo|vrqv pdlqwhqdqw o*lpsdfw ghv srolwltxhv vxu od surirqghxu gh od sdxyuhwì1

Srxu oh vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì h{wuíph/ rq shxw hqfruh dwwulexhu dx v|vwëph gh shqvlrq

;Rq uhpdutxh txh 8<14( . 4<16( . 717( . 619( hvw soxv judqg txh oh ;5( phqwlrqqì1 Od

gl�ìuhqfh ylhqw gx idlw txh ohv wd{hv djlvvhqw qìjdwlyhphqw vxu od sdxyuhwì +gdqv fh fdv0fl 07(,

doruv txh o*rq uhsuhqg xqh sduwlh ghv wudqvihuwv glvwulexìv vrxv iruph gh shqvlrq gh ylhloohvvh/ gh

suhvwdwlrqv g*dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh hw g*dlgh vrfldoh hw g*doorfdwlrqv idploldohv1<Ìwdqw grqqì ohv fulwëuhv g*ìoljlelolwì rq shxw furluh txh ohv uhyhqxv gh fhv pìqdjhv whqghqw ã

íwuh txdvl qxov dydqw ohv glyhuv wudqvihuwv1

4<

+313<3:, hw ã o*dlgh vrfldoh +31374;, od pdmhxuh sduwlh gh od uìgxfwlrq gh od sdxyuhwì1

Hq h�hw/ doruv txh o*lqglfh SJ hvw sdvvì gh 314859 ã 31347 E{ ' f���HS�/ vrlw xqh

uìgxfwlrq wrwdoh gh <31;(/ ohv ghx{ srolwltxhv rqw frqwulexì ã hoohv vhxohv srxu ;91;(431

Oruvtx*rq sdvvh g*xq vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì h{wuíph ã xq vhxlo prgìuì o*lqglfh lqlwldo

+314<87, hvw soxv ìohyì wrxw frpph o*lqglfh �qdo +313733,1 Sdu frqwuh/ o*h�hw ghv

srolwltxhv hq whuph devrox E{ ' f��DDe� hvw soxv lpsruwdqw dyhf xq vhxlo prgìuì1

Vl o*rq uhsuhqg ohv uìvxowdwv rewhqxv srxu fkdtxh srolwltxh rq uhpdutxh txh f*hvw

hqfruh od srolwltxh gh shqvlrq +314439, hw o*dlgh vrfldoh +313699, txl rqw xqh lqflghqfh

vljql�fdwlyh vxu od surirqghxu gh od sdxyuhwì1

Ilqdohphqw/ dx qlyhdx gh od vìyìulwì gh od sdxyuhwì/ ohv srolwltxhv gh wudqvihuwv

rqw xq lpsdfw soxv lpsruwdqw hq whuphv uhodwliv oruvtxh qrxv dyrqv xwlolvì xq vhxlo

gh sdxyuhwì h{wuíph +<5(, dx olhx g*xq vhxlo prgìuì +;:(,1 Oruvtx*rq frpsduh fhv

h�hwv hq whuph devrox rq rewlhqw oh uìvxowdw frqwudluh doruv txh o*lqflghqfh hvw soxv

judqgh srxu xq vhxlo prgìuì +f���.S frpsdudwlyhphqw ã f���S.,1 Vl o*rq v*lqwìuhvvh

dx{ h�hwv lqglylgxhov gh fkdfxqh ghv srolwltxhv/ oh suhplhu frqvwdw txh o*rq shxw idluh

hvw oh u÷oh suìsrqgìudqw ghv srolwltxhv gh shqvlrq hw g*dlgh vrfldoh1 Ã hoohv vhxohv/ fhv

ghuqlëuhv uìgxlvhqw od vìyìulwì gh od sdxyuhwì gh soxv gh ;;( dyhf xq vhxlo h{wuíph

hw gh ;6( hq xwlolvdqw xq vhxlo prgìuì1

815 Srolwltxhv dpìulfdlqhv

Gdqv xq suhplhu whpsv/ dqdo|vrqv o*lpsdfw ghv srolwltxhv vxu o*lqflghqfh gh od

sdxyuhwì dx{ Ìwdwv0Xqlv1 Hq vh uìiìudqw dx wdeohdx 8/ rq frqvwdwh txh/ srxu xq vhxlo

gh sdxyuhwì h{wuíph/ o*hqvhpeoh ghv srolwltxhv rqw uìgxlw o*lqglfh lqlwldo gh 98/;(

E{ ' f����S�1 Dlqvl/ doruv tx*xq shx soxv gh 53( gh od srsxodwlrq vh uhwurxydlw

dx gìsduw dyhf xq uhyhqx gh edvh vrxv oh vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì/ ohv wudqvihuwv rqw shu0

plv gh glplqxhu fhwwh sursruwlrq ã 9/<(1 Frpph dx Fdqdgd/ oh judqg uhvsrqvdeoh

gh fhwwh edlvvh hvw oh surjudpph gh shqvlrqv gh ylhloohvvh txl d uìgxlw o*lqglfh gh

soxv gh od prlwlì +31436;,1 Vxlyhqw hqvxlwh gdqv o*ruguh o*dlgh vrfldoh +313654, hw

o*dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh +313349,1 Oruvtx*rq xwlolvh xq vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì prgìuì/ o*h�hw

joredo E{ ' f�fb2�� ghv srolwltxhv hvw prlqv lpsruwdqw tx*dyhf xq vhxlo h{wuíph1 Ghv

43Fhshqgdqw/ lo idxw wrxmrxuv whqlu frpswh gh o*lpsdfw qìjdwli gh od wd{h1

53

wurlv srolwltxhv/ vhxoh o*dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh +313359, d soxv g*lpsdfw oruvtx*rq hpsorlh

xq vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì prgìuì1 Frpph o*dlgh vrfldoh hvw xqh srolwltxh txl v*dguhvvh

dx{ pìqdjhv ohv soxv gìpxqlv/ rq shxw furluh txh od wuëv judqgh pdmrulwì ghv pìqdjhv

wrxfkìv sdu fhwwh srolwltxh dydlhqw xq uhyhqx gh edvh lqiìulhxu dx vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì

h{wuíph1 O*lqglfh g*lqflghqfh gh od sdxyuhwì qh whqdqw frpswh txh ghv pìqdjhv

txl gìsdvvhqw oh vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì/ rq yrlw srxutxrl o*dlgh vrfldoh d prlqv g*lpsdfw

oruvtx*rq xwlolvh xq vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì prgìuì1

Shqfkrqv qrxv pdlqwhqdqw vxu od surirqghxu gh od sdxyuhwì1 Hq xwlolvdqw oh vhxlo

gh sdxyuhwì h{wuíph/ rq frqvwdwh txh od surirqghxu gh od sdxyuhwì glplqxh gh ;3(/

sdvvdqw gh 31477< ã 3135;91 Od srolwltxh gh shqvlrq hvw fhooh ã txl o*rq shxw dwwulexhu

od soxv judqgh sduw gh fhwwh uìgxfwlrq +313;9:,1 Vxlyhqw/ gdqv o*ruguh/ o*dlgh vrfldoh

hw o*dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh1 Oh vfìqdulr vhpeoh vh uìsìwhu oruvtx*rq xwlolvh oh vhxlo gh

sdxyuhwì prgìuì1 Hq h�hw/ od srolwltxh gh shqvlrq Ef�fbfH� hvw hqfruh xqh irlv fhooh

txl d oh soxv g*lpsdfwv vxu od uìgxfwlrq gh od sdxyuhwì1 O*hqvhpeoh gh fhv srolwltxhv

d gh qrxyhdx hx prlqv g*h�hw E{ ' f���De� txh srxu xq vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì h{wuíph1

Ilqdohphqw/ dqdo|vrqv o*lqflghqfh ghv gl�ìuhqwhv srolwltxhv dpìulfdlqhv vxu od vì0

yìulwì gh od sdxyuhwì1 Srxu xq vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì h{wuíph/ o*lqglfh hvw sdvvì gh 31458;

ã 31354: E{ ' f��fe��1 Od srolwltxh shqvlrq hvw fhooh txl uìgxlw oh soxv od sdxyuhwì

Ef�f..f� vxlylh gh o*dlgh vrfldoh grqw od ydohxu gh uìgxfwlrq gh od sdxyuhwì Ef�f�f��

hvw wuëv lqiìulhxuh ã fhooh ghv shqvlrqv1 Gh vrq f÷wì/ o*lpsdfw gh o*dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh

frqwlqxh g*íwuh pdujlqdo Ef�fff.�1 Hq xwlolvdqw xq vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì prgìuì/ rq uh0

pdutxh txh ohv shqvlrqv gh ylhloohvvh Ef�fHD�� hw o*dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh Ef�ff�f� rqw soxv

g*h�hw vxu od sdxyuhwì doruv txh oh frqwudluh vh surgxlw dyhf o*dlgh vrfldoh Ef�f�fe�1

816 Frpsdudlvrqv gh od vlwxdwlrq dx Fdqdgd hw dx{ Ìwdwv0

Xqlv

Hq frpsdudqw od vlwxdwlrq gx Fdqdgd ã fhooh ghv Ìwdwv0Xqlv qrxv srxyrqv idluh

txhotxhv frqvwdwdwlrqv lqwìuhvvdqwhv1 Od suhplëuh hvw txh/ txho txh vrlw o*lqglfh gh

sdxyuhwì hw oh vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì xwlolvì/ lo | d lqlwldohphqw wrxmrxuv prlqv gh sdx0

yuhwì dx{ Ìwdwv0Xqlv tx*dx Fdqdgd1 Ghx{lëphphqw/ oruvtx*rq phvxuh ohv lqglfhv

gh sdxyuhwì dsuëv ohv srolwltxhv gh wudqvihuwv +lqfoxdqw ohv wd{hv, o*hqvhpeoh ghv pì0

54

qdjhv fdqdglhqv vh uhwurxyhqw prlqv sdxyuhv txh ohv pìqdjhv dpìulfdlqv1 Grqf/ sulvh

joredohphqw/ ohv srolwltxhv fdqdglhqqhv vrqw soxv jìqìuhxvhv txh ohv srolwltxhv dpì0

ulfdlqhv/ fh txl q*hvw shxw ìwudqjhu dx{ wdx{ gh wd{dwlrq pr|hqv hw dx{ srolwltxhv

uhglvwulexwlyhv soxv ìohyìv dx Fdqdgd tx*dx{ Ìwdwv0Xqlv1

Rq shxw dxvvl uhpdutxhu txh/ txho txh vrlw o*lqglfh gh sdxyuhwì hw oh vhxlo gh

sdxyuhwì xwlolvìv/ od srolwltxh gh shqvlrq ghphxuh wrxmrxuv od srolwltxh txl uìgxlw oh

soxv od sdxyuhwì1 Fh uìvxowdw q*hvw sdv vxusuhqdqw vl o*rq uhjdugh gh soxv suëv fh txh

qrxv udfrqwh od wkìrulh ìfrqrpltxh ghv fkrl{ sxeolfv1 Rq shxw hq h�hw d!uphu txh ohv

shuvrqqhv åjìv uhsuìvhqwhqw xq jurxsh txl d soxv gh uhvvrxufhv hw hvw plhx{ rujdqlvì

srxu idluh suhvvlrq dxsuëv ghv dxwrulwìv txh ohv dvvlvwìv vrfldx{ rx ohv fk÷phxuv/ sdu

h{hpsoh1 Ã fh sursrv/ Sklssv +4<<<, prqwuh txh od sdxyuhwì44 +hq xwlolvdqw o*lqglfh gh

Vhq0Vkruurfnv0Wkrq, hvw soxv ìohyìh fkh} ohv hqidqwv txh fkh} ohv shuvrqqhv åjìhv gh

soxv gh 98 dqv1 Hooh vxjjëuh frpph h{solfdwlrq srvvleoh oh olhq hqwuh ohv ìohfwhxuv hw ohv

srolwltxhv plvhv hq sodfh1 Rq shxw dxvvl shqvhu txh fhuwdlqv idfwhxuv gìprjudskltxhv

rqw xqh lq xhqfh vxu od sduwlflsdwlrq ìohfwrudoh1 Hq uhjurxsdqw ohv grqqìhv rewhqxv

oruv gh gl{ vrqgdjhv Jdooxs/ Sdpphw +4<<4, d h{dplqì fhv fdudfwìulvwltxhv oruv gh

o*ìohfwlrq iìgìudoh gh 4<;7 dx Fdqdgd 1 Lo hq uhvvruw txh o*åjh hvw oh idfwhxu oh soxv

lpsruwdqw hq fh txl d wudlw ã od sduwlflsdwlrq ìohfwrudoh1 Ohv mhxqhv gh 4; ã 54 dqv vrqw

wurlv irlv prlqv vxvfhswleohv gh yrwhu txh ohv shuvrqqhv åjìhv gh 83 dqv hw soxv1 Fhfl

qrxv lqgltxh grqf txh o*h!fdflwì ghv surjudpphv sxeolfv ã idluh glplqxhu od sdxyuhwì

shxw íwuh gìwhuplqìh hq sduwlh sdu od yrorqwì srolwltxh g*dwwdtxhu oh sureoëph1

9 Frqfoxvlrq

Gdqv fhw duwlfoh/ qrxv dyrqv dqdo|vì o*lpsdfw tx*rqw ohv srolwltxhv gh wudqvihuwv

sxeolfv vxu od sdxyuhwì dx Fdqdgd hw dx{ Ìwdwv0Xqlv1 Srxu fh idluh/ qrxv dyrqv xwl0

olvì xqh pìwkrgh edvìh vxu od ydohxu gh Vkdsoh| txl d ìwì sursrvì sdu Pdnglvvl hw

Zrgrq +5334,1 Fhwwh pìwkrgh shuphw g*dwwulexhu ã fkdtxh srolwltxh xq lpsdfw vxu

od sdxyuhwì txl hvw lqgìshqgdqw gh o*ruguh duelwudluh gdqv odtxhooh rq dxudlw sx od

frqvlgìuhu1

44Dsuëv ohv wd{hv hw ohv wudqvihuwv1

55

Qrxv dyrqv frqvwdwì txh od sdxyuhwì hvw soxv ìohyìh dx{ Ìwdwv0Xqlv tx*dx Fdqdgd1

Fhfl hvw sulqflsdohphqw gþ dx idlw txh ohv srolwltxhv gh wudqvihuwv dx Fdqdgd vrqw

soxv jìqìuhxvhv tx*dx{ Ìwdwv0Xqlv1 Qrxv dyrqv dxvvl prqwuì txh od sulqflsdoh vrxufh

gh uìgxfwlrq gh od sdxyuhwì gdqv ohv ghx{ sd|v surylhqw ghv wudqvihuwv yhuv ohv shu0

vrqqhv åjìhv1 Frpswh whqx gx idlw txh ohv shuvrqqhv gh 83 dqv hw soxv vrqw oh jurxsh

gìprjudskltxh txl suìvhqwh oh soxv iruw wdx{ gh sduwlflsdwlrq dx{ ìohfwlrqv/ fhwwh re0

vhuydwlrq ylhqw dssx|hu o*d!updwlrq gh Pdnglvvl hw Jurohdx +5335, txl dujxphqwhqw

txh od yrorqwì srolwltxh hvw xq prwhxu lpsruwdqw gh od oxwwh frqwuh od sdxyuhwì1

Uìiìuhqfhv

^4` Ednhu/ Pdxuhhq +4<<:,/ Wkh uhvwuxfwxulqj ri wkh fdqdgldq zhoiduh vwdwh = lghrorj|

dqg srolf|/ Glvfxvvlrq Sdshu Qr1 ::/ Vrfldo Srolf| Uhvhdufk Fhqwhu/ Xqlyhuvlw|

ri Qhz Vrxwk Zdohv1

^5` Frqvhlo qdwlrqdo gx elhq0íwuh vrfldo +4<<7,/ Sodqv srxu od uìiruph gh od vìfxulwì

vrfldo/ Rwwdzd1

^6` Frqvhlo qdwlrqdo gx elhq0íwuh vrfldo +4<<:d,/ Xq dxwuh uhjdug vxu od uìiruph gx

elhq0íwuh vrfldo/ Rwwdzd1

^7` Frqvhlo qdwlrqdo gx elhq0íwuh vrfldo +4<<:e,/ Suhvwdwlrqv srxu hqidqwv = xq shwlw

sdv hq dydqw/ Rwwdzd1

^8` Frqvhlo qdwlrqdo gx elhq0íwuh vrfldo +4<<;,/ Ohv suhvwdwlrqv idploldohv = ohv hqidqwv

uhvwhqw hqfruh vxu ohxu idlp/ Rwwdzd1

^9` Frqvhlo qdwlrqdo gx elhq0íwuh vrfldo +4<<<,/ Jxlgh ghv shqvlrqv/ Rwwdzd1

^:` Frqvhlo qdwlrqdo gx elhq0íwuh vrfldo +5333,/ Uhyhqxv gh elhq0íwuh vrfldo/ 4<<</

Rwwdzd1

^;` Fxwohu/ G1 hw O1 Ndw} +4<<5,/ Ulvlqj Lqhtxdolw| B Fkdqjhv lq wkh Glvwulexwlrq

ri Lqfrph dqg Frqvxpswlrq lq wkh 4<;3*v/ DHU Sdshuv dqg Surfhhglqjv/ ;5/

87908841

^<` Gìyhorsshphqw ghv uhvvrxufhv kxpdlqhv +5333d,/ Frppxqltxì/

kwws =22zzz1kugf1jf1fd2frpprq2qhzv2lqvxu2330:4{1vkwpo1

56

^43` Gìyhorsshphqw ghv uhvvrxufhv kxpdlqhv +5333e,/ Udssruw gh frqwu÷oh hw g*ìyd0

oxdwlrq/ Uìjlph g*dvvxudqfh0hpsorl 4<<:/ kwws =22zzz1gukf1jf1fd2dh0hl2orl0

odz24<<:2vxp<:{1vkwpo1

^44` Gìyhorsshphqw ghv uhvvrxufhv kxpdlqhv +5334d,/ Vh idploldulvhu dyhf

oh v|vwëph gh uhyhqx gh uhwudlwh gx Fdqdgd/ kwws =22zzz1kugf0

gukf1jf1fd2frpprq2lulvbi1vkwpo1

^45` Gìyhorsshphqw ghv uhvvrxufhv kxpdlqhv +5334e,/ Od Orl vxu o*dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh

gh 4<73/ kwws =22zzz1gukf1jf1fd2lqvxu2klvwxl2xlbklvw2fkds37bi1vkwpo1

^46` Gxforv/ Mhdq0\yhv/ hw Pduwlq Wdel +4<<<,/ Lqìjdolwì hw uhglvwulexwlrq gx uhyhqx/

dyhf xqh dssolfdwlrq dx Fdqdgd/ O*Dfwxdolwì ìfrqrpltxh 0 Uhyxh g*dqdo|vh ìfr0

qrpltxh/ :8/ <804551

^47` Iruwlq/ Slhuuh/ hw Iudqflqh Vìjxlq +4<<9,/ Srxu xq uìjlph ìtxlwdeoh d{ì vxu o*hp0

sorl/ Udssruw vrxplv ã od Plqlvwuh gh od Vìfxulwì gx uhyhqx/ Txìehf1

^48` Irvwhu/ M1/ M1 Juhhu hw H1 Wkruehfnh +4<;7,/ D Fodvv ri Ghfrpsrvdeoh Sryhuw|

Phdvxuhv/ Hfrqrphwulfd/ 85/ :940:991

^49` Jdoodjkhu/ Mhurph O1/ Phjdq Jdoodjkhu/ Nhylq Shuhvh/ Vxvdq Vfkuhlehu hw Nhlwk

Zdwvrq +4<<;,/ Rqh \hdu Diwhu Ihghudo Zhoiduh Uhirup = D Ghvfulswlrq ri Vwdwh

Whpsrudu| Dvvlvwdqfh iru Qhhg| Idplolhv +WDQI, Ghflvlrqv dv ri Rfwrehu 4<<:/

Wkh Xuedq Lqvwlwxwh/ Zdvklqjwrq1

^4:` Jdoodjkhu/ Mhurph O1/ Frul H1 Xffhoor/ Dolfld E1 Slhufh hw Hulq E1 Uhlg| +4<<<,/

Vwdwh Jhqhudo Dvvlvwdqfh Surjudpv 4<<;/ Xuedq Lqvwlwxwh/ Zkdvklqjwrq1

^4;` Pdnglvvl/ S1 hw \1 Jurohdx +5335,/ Txh srxyrqv0qrxv dssuhqguh ghv sur�ov gh

sdxyuhwì fdqdglhqv B/ O*Dfwxdolwì ìfrqrpltxh 0 Uhyxh g*dqdo|vh ìfrqrpltxh/ :;/

58:05;91

^4<` Pdnglvvl/ S1 hw T1 Zrgrq +5334,/ Phdvxulqj Sryhuw| Uhgxfwlrq dqg Wdujhwlqj

Shuirupdqfh Xqghu Pxowlsoh Jryhuqphqw Surjudpv/ Fdklhu gh uhfkhufkh 34038/

Gìsduwhphqw g*ìfrqrpltxh/ Xqlyhuvlwì gh Vkhueurrnh1

^53` Plqlvwëuh gh od Idplooh hw gh o*Hqidqfh +5333,/ Od srolwltxh idploldoh/

kwws =22zzz1pih1jrxy1tf1fd26bsrolwltxhbidploldoh2lqgh{41kwpo1

57

^54` Plqlvwëuh ghv Ilqdqfhv Fdqdgd +4<<:d,/ Suìvhuyhu oh Uìjlph gh shqvlrqv gx

Fdqdgd/ Rwwdzd1

^55` Plqlvwëuh ghv Ilqdqfhv Fdqdgd +4<<:e,/ Hqvhpeoh yhuv xq uìjlph qdwlrqdo gh0

suhvwdwlrqv srxu hqidqwv/ Rwwdzd1

^56` RFGH +4<<<,/ Ehql�w V|vwhpv dqg Zrun Lqfhqwlyhv/ Sdulv1

^57` Rvehuj/ O1 +5333d,/ Sryhuw| lq Fdqdgd dqg wkh Xqlwhg Vwdwhv = Phdvxuhphqw/

Wuhqgv dqg Lpsolfdwlrqv/ Fdqdgldq Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplfv/ 66/ ;7:0;::1

^58` Rvehuj/ O1 +5333e,/ Sryhuw| Wuhqgv dqg wkh Fdqdgldq Vrfldo Xqlrq/ lq K1 Od}du

+hg1,/ Fdqdgd = Wkh Vwdwh ri wkh Ihghudwlrq 4<<<25333 = Wrzdug d Qhz Plvvlrq

Vwdwhwhphhqw iru Fdqdgldq Ilvfdo Ihghudolvp/ PfJloo0Txhhq*v Xqlyhuvlw| Suhvv/

Prqwuìdo1

^59` Rvehuj/ O1 hw N1 [x +4<<<,/ Sryhuw| Lqwhqvlw| = KrzZhoo Gr Fdqdgldq Surylqfhv

FrpsduhB/ Fdqdgldq Sxeolf Srolf|/ 58/ 4:<04<;1

^5:` Sdpphww/ Mrq K1 +4<<4,/ O*h{huflfh gx gurlw gh yrwh dx Fdqdgd/ gdqv Od sduwl0

flsdwlrq ìohfwrudoh dx Fdqdgd/ Frpplvvlrq ur|doh vxu od uìiruph ìohfwrudoh hw oh

�qdqfhphqw ghv sduwlv/ yroxph 48 gh od froohfwlrq g*ìwxghv/ 6<0:31

^5;` Shqgdnxu/ N1 +4<<;,/ Fkdqjhv lq Fdqdgldq Idploo| Lqfrph dqg Idplo|

Frqvxpswlrq Lqhtxdolw| Ehwzhhq 4<:; dqg 4<<5/ Uhylhz ri Lqfrph dqg Zhdowk/

77/ 58<05;61

^5<` Shqgdnxu/ N1 +5334,/ Frqvxpswlrq Sryhuw| lq Fdqdgd 4<9< wr 4<<;/ Fdqdgldq

Sxeolf Srolf|/15:/ 458047<1

^63` Sklssv/ V1 +4<<<,/ Hfrqrplfv dqg wkh Zhoo0ehlqj ri Fdqdgldq Fkloguhq/ Fdqd0

gldq Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplfv/ 65/ 4468044961

^64` Uìjlh ghv uhqwhv gx Txìehf +4<<;d,/ Vwdwlvwltxhv 4<<:/ Txìehf1

^65` Uìjlh ghv uhqwhv gx Txìehf +4<<;e,/Prgl�fdwlrqv dx Uìjlph gh uhqwhv/ Txìehf1

^66` Uìjlh ghv uhqwhv gx Txìehf +5333,/ Oh Uìjlph ghv uhqwhv hq fkl�uhv/

kwws =22zzz1uut1jrxy1tf1fd2iu2uhqwh2uutfkl�uh1kwp1

^67` Urvhq/ Kduyh| V1/ Sdxo Errwkh/ Ehy Gdkoe| hw Urjhu V1 Vplwk +4<<<,/ Sxeolf

Ilqdqfh lq Fdqdgd/ PfJudz0Kloo/ Wrurqwr1

58

^68` Uxjjhul/ J1F1/ G1 Ydq Zduw hw U1 Krzdug +4<<7,/ Wkh Uhglvwulexwlrqdo Lpsdfw

ri Jryhuqphqw Vshqglqj lq Fdqdgd/ Sxeolf Ilqdqfh/ 7<+5,/ 54505761

^69` Vhq/ D +4<:9,/ Sryhuw| = Dq Ruglqdo Dssurdfk wr Phdvxuhphqw/ Hfrqrphwulfd/

77/ 54<05641

^6:` Vkdsoh|/ Oor|g V1 +4<86,/ D Ydoxh iru Q0Shuvrq Jdphv/ lq K1Z1 Nxkq dqg Z1

Wxfnhu +hgv,/ Frqwulexwlrqv wr wkh Wkhru| ri Jdphv LL/ Dqqdov ri Pdwkhpdwlfdo

Vwxglhv/ Sulqfhwrq Xqlyhuvlw| Suhvv/ Sulqfhwrq/ 5;/ 63:064:1

^6;` Vrfldo Vhfxulw| Dgplqlvwudwlrq +4<<<d,/ Vrfldo Vhfxulw| Surjudpv Wkurxjkrxw

wkh Zruog � 4<<</ Edowlpruh1

^6<` Vrfldo Vhfxulw| Dgplqlvwudwlrq +4<<:d,/ Uìjlphv gh vìfxulwì vrfldoh gdqv oh

prqgh � Fdqdgd 4<<:/ Edowlpruh1

^73` Vrfldo Vhfxulw| Dgplqlvwudwlrq +4<<:e,/ Vrfldo Vhfxulw| Surjudpv lq wkh Xqlwhg

Vwdwhv/ Sxeolfdwlrq Qr1 46044:8;/ Edowlpruh1

^74` Wkh Fohdulqjkrxvh rq Lqwhuqdwlrqdo Ghyhorsphqwv lq Fklog/ \rxwk dqg Idplo|

Srolflhv +5334,/ Fohdulqjkrxvh Frxqwulhv = Xqlwhg Vwdghv/ Froxpeld Xqlyhuvlw|/

Qhz \run/ kwws =22zzz1fklogsrolf|lqwo1ruj21

^75` Xuedq Lqvwlwxwh +4<<9,/ D frpsdudlvrq ri vhohfwhg nh| surylvlrqv ri wkh Zhoiduh

Uhirup Uhfrqfloldwlrq Dfw ri 4<<9 zlwk fxuuhqw odz/ Zkdvklqjwrq1

^76` X1V1 Lqirupdwlrq Djhqf| +4<<:,/ Zhoiduh Uhirup = Wkh Dfw/ X1V1 Vrflhw| )

Ydoxhv/ Yro 4/ Qr1 53/ ;0431

^77` ]hgohzvnl Vkhlod hw Olqgd Jldqqduhool +4<<:,/ Glyhuvlw| dprqj Vwdwh Zhoiduh

Surjudpv = Lpsolfdwlrqv iru Uhirup/ Wkh Xuedq Lqvwlwxwh/ Zdvklqjwrq1

59

Tableau 1: Problème de l’ordre des politiques: illustration hypothétiqueDistribution initiale Distribution après la

politique ADistribution après les

politique A et BIndividu 1 1 (pauvre) 2 (pauvre) 3 (pauvre)Individu 2 2 (pauvre) 3 (pauvre) 4 (pauvre)Individu 3 3 (pauvre) 4 (pauvre) 5 (pauvre)Individu 4 4 (pauvre) 5 (pauvre) 6Individu 5 4 (pauvre) 5 (pauvre) 6Individu 6 5 (pauvre) 6 7Individu 7 6 7 8Individu 8 7 8 9Individu 9 8 9 10Individu 10 9 10 11Incidence 0.6 0.5 0.3Profondeur 0.2545 0.1545 0.08182Sévérité 0.01438 0.00702 0.00289Source: Estimation des auteurs avec la base de données du Luxembourg Income Study.

Tableau 2: Problème de l’ordre des politiques: illustration avec les données du Canada, 1997

PensionsAllocationsde chômage

Prestationsfamiliales

Assistancesociale

Incidence, λ=0.3 Impact minimum 0.1221 0.0066 0.0060 0.0402Impact maximum 0.1359 0.0132 0.0106 0.0441

Incidence, λ=0.5 Impact minimum 0.1298 0.0142 0.0088 0.0126Impact maximum 0.1534 0.0229 0.0164 0.0235

Profondeur, λ=0.3 Impact minimum 0.0838 0.0027 0.0026 0.0351Impact maximum 0.0980 0.0071 0.0102 0.0488

Profondeur, λ=0.5 Impact minimum 0.1039 0.0057 0.0066 0.0339Impact maximum 0.1177 0.0116 0.0101 0.0394

Sévérité, λ=0.3 Impact minimum 0.0674 0.0016 0.0017 0.0290Impact maximum 0.0821 0.0050 0.0115 0.0469

Sévérité, λ=0.5 Impact minimum 0.0855 0.0033 0.0037 0.0330Impact maximum 0.0997 0.0079 0.0105 0.0451

Source: Estimation des auteurs avec la base de données du Luxembourg Income Study.

Tableau 3: Impact des pensions sur l’incidence de la pauvreté (λλλλ=0.3) au Canada, 1997

Transferts inclus dans l’agrégatdes revenus(outre les pensions) Transferts exclus

Pauvretésans

pensions

Pauvretéavec

pensions Différence Poids ContributionAucun (1) + (2) + (3) + (4) 0.2177 0.0941 0.1236 1/5 0.0247(1) Allocations de chômage (2) + (3) + (4) 0.2082 0.0861 0.1221 1/20 0.0061(2) Prestations familiales (1) + (3) + (4) 0.2108 0.0871 0.1237 1/20 0.0062(3) Assistance sociale (1) + (2) + (4) 0.1775 0.0533 0.1242 1/20 0.0062(4) Taxes (1) + (2) + (3) 0.2345 0.0990 0.1355 1/20 0.0068(1) + (2) (3) + (4) 0.2023 0.0801 0.1222 1/30 0.0041(1) + (3) (2) + (4) 0.1679 0.0452 0.1227 1/30 0.0041(1) + (4) (2) + (3) 0.2213 0.0878 0.1335 1/30 0.0045(2) + (3) (1) + (4) 0.1677 0.0440 0.1237 1/30 0.0041(2) + (4) (1) + (3) 0.2268 0.0911 0.1357 1/30 0.0045(3) + (4) (1) + (2) 0.1933 0.0574 0.1359 1/30 0.0045(1) + (2) + (3) (4) 0.1597 0.0375 0.1222 1/20 0.0061(1) + (2) + (4) (3) 0.2151 0.0815 0.1336 1/20 0.0067(2) + (3) + (4) (1) 0.1826 0.0472 0.1354 1/20 0.0068(1) + (3) + (4) (2) 0.1803 0.0463 0.1340 1/20 0.0067(1) + (2) + (3) + (4) Aucun 0.1720 0.0384 0.1336 1/5 0.0267Impact moyen (valeur de Shapley) 0.1288Source: Estimation des auteurs avec la base de données du Luxembourg Income Study.

Tableau 4: Impact des transferts et taxes sur la pauvreté au Canada, 1997Pauvreté

avanttransferts Pensions

Allocationsde chômage

Prestationsfamiliales

Assistancesociale Taxes

Pauvretéaprès

transfertsIncidence, λ=0.3 0.2178 0.1288 0.0095 0.0077 0.0420 -0.0087 0.0385Incidence, λ=0.5 0.3010 0.1415 0.0185 0.0126 0.0181 -0.0223 0.1327Profondeur, λ=0.3 0.1526 0.0907 0.0046 0.0062 0.0418 -0.0047 0.0140Profondeur, λ=0.5 0.1954 0.1106 0.0084 0.0083 0.0366 -0.0085 0.0400Sévérité, λ=0.3 0.1267 0.0745 0.0030 0.0064 0.0377 -0.0050 0.0101Sévérité, λ=0.5 0.1582 0.0924 0.0053 0.0070 0.0389 -0.0059 0.0206Source: Estimation des auteurs avec la base de données du Luxembourg Income Study.

Tableau 5: Impact des transferts et taxes sur la pauvreté aux Etats-Unis, 1997Pauvreté

avanttransferts Pensions

Allocationsde chômage

Assistancesociale Taxes

PauvretéAprès

TransfertsIncidence, λ=0.3 0.2001 0.1038 0.0016 0.0321 -0.0060 0.0685Incidence, λ=0.5 0.2791 0.0874 0.0026 0.0237 -0.0214 0.1868Profondeur, λ=0.3 0.1449 0.0867 0.0009 0.0312 -0.0025 0.0286Profondeur, λ=0.5 0.1826 0.0908 0.0014 0.0298 -0.0066 0.0672Sévérité, λ=0.3 0.1258 0.0770 0.0007 0.0301 -0.0037 0.0217Sévérité, λ=0.5 0.1510 0.0853 0.0010 0.0304 -0.0041 0.0384Source: Estimation des auteurs avec la base de données du Luxembourg Income Study.

94-01 BILODEAU, Marc et Al SLIVINSKI, Toilet Cleaning and Department Chairing: Volunteering a PublicService.

94-02 ASCAH, Louis, Recent Retirement Income System Reform: Employer Plans, Public Plans and TaxAssisted Savings.

94-03 BILODEAU, M. et Al SLIVINSKI, Volunteering Nonprofit Entrepreneurial Services.

94-04 HANEL, Petr, R&D, Inter-Industry and International Spillovers of Technology and the Total FactorProductivity Growth of Manufacturing Industries in Canada, 1974-1989.

94-05 KALULUMIA, Pene et Denis BOLDUC, Generalized Mixed Estimator for Nonlinear Models: A MaximumLikelihood Approach.

95-01 FORTIN, Mario et Patrice Langevin, L'efficacité du marché boursier face à la politique monétaire.

95-02 HANEL, Petr et Patrice Kayembe YATSHIBI, Analyse de la performance à exporter des industriesmanufacturières du Québec 1988.

95-03 HANEL, Petr, The Czech Republic: Evolution and Structure of Foreign Trade in Industrial Goods in theTransition Period, 1989-1994.

95-04 KALULUMIA, Pene et Bernard DÉCALUWÉ, Surévaluation, ajustement et compétitivité externe : le casdes pays membres de la zone franc CFA.

95-05 LATULIPPE, Jean-Guy, Accès aux marchés des pays en développement.

96-01 ST-PIERRE, Alain et Petr HANEL, Les effets directs et indirects de l’activité de R&D sur la profitabilitéde la firme.

96-02 KALULUMIA, Pene et Alain MBAYA LUKUSA, Impact of budget deficits and international capital flowson money demand: Evidence From Cointegration and Error-Correction Model.

96-03 KALULUMIA, Pene et Pierre YOUROUGOU, Money and Income Causality In Developing Economies: ACase Study Of Selected Countries In Sub-Saharan Africa.

96-04 PARENT, Daniel, Survol des contributions théoriques et empiriques liées au capital humain (A Surveyof Theoretical and Empirical Contributions to Human Capital).

96-05 PARENT, Daniel, Matching Human Capital and the Covariance Structure of Earnings.

96-06 PARENT, Daniel, Wages and Mobility : The Impact of Employer-Provided Training

97-01 PARENT, Daniel, Industry-Specific Capital and the Wage Profile : Evidence From the NLSY and thePSID.

97-02 PARENT, Daniel, Methods of Pay and Earnings: A Longitudinal Analysis.

97-03 PARENT, Daniel, Job Characteristics and the Form of Compensation.

97-04 FORTIN, Mario et Michel BERGERON, Jocelyn DUFORT et Pene KALULUMIA, Measuring The Impact ofSwaps on the Interest Rate Risk of Financial Intermediaries Using Accounting Data.

CAHIERS DE RECHERCHE – DÉPARTEMENT D’ÉCONOMIQUE - FLSH

97-05 FORTIN, Mario, André LECLERC et Claude THIVIERGE, Testing For Scale and Scope Effects inCooperative Banks: The Case of Les Caisses populaires et d’économie Desjardins.

97-06 HANEL, Petr, The Pros and Cons of Central and Eastern Europe Joining the EU

00-01 MAKDISSI, Paul et Jean-Yves DUCLOS, Restricted and Unrestricted Dominance Welfare, Inequality andPoverty Orderings

00-02 HANEL, Petr, John BALDWIN et David SABOURIN, Les déterminants des activités d’innovation dans lesentreprises de fabrication canadiennes : le rôle des droits de propriété intellectuelle

00-03 KALULUMIA, Pene, Government Debt, Interest Rates and International Capital Flows: Evidence FromCointegration

00-04 MAKDISSI, Paul et Cyril TÉJÉDO, Problèmes d’appariement et politique de l’emploi

00-05 MAKDISSI, Paul et Quentin WODON, Consumption Dominance Curves: Testing for the Impact of TaxReforms on Poverty.

00-06 FORTIN, Mario et André LECLERC, Demographic Changes and Real Housing Prices in Canada.

00-07 HANEL, Petr et Sofiene ZORGATI, Technology Spillovers and Trade: Empirical Evidence for the G7Industrial Countries.

01-01 MAKDISSI, Paul et Quentin WODON, Migration, poverty, and housing: welfare comparisons usingsequential stochastic dominance. Avril 2001, 23 p.

01-02 HUNG Nguyen Manh et Paul MAKDISSI, Infantile mortality and fertility decisions in a stochasticenvironment. Mars 2001, 12 p.

01-03 MAKDISSI, Paul et Quentin WODON, Fuel poverty and access to electricity: comparing householdswhen they differ in needs. Juin 2001, 19 p.

01-04 MAKDISSI, Paul et Yves GROLEAU, Que pouvons-nous apprendre des profils de pauvreté canadiens ?Juillet 2001, 47 p.

01-05 MAKDISSI, Paul et Quentin WODON, Measuring poverty reduction and targeting performance undermultiple government programs. Août 2001, 16 p.

01-06 DUCLOS, Jean-Yves et Paul MAKDISSI, Restricted inequality and relative poverty. Août 2001, 31 p.

01-07 TÉJÉDO, Cyril et Michel TRUCHON, Serial cost sharing in multidimensional contexts. Septembre 2001,37 p.

01-08 TÉJÉDO, Cyril, Strategic analysis of the serial cost sharing rule with symmetric cost function. Février2001, 25 p.

01-09 HANEL, Petr, Current intellectual protection practices by manufacturing firms in Canada. Septembre2001, 57 p.

02-01 DUCLOS, Jean-Yves, Paul MAKDISSI et Quentin WODON, Socially-efficient tax reforms, Janvier 2002,47 p.

02-02 MAKDISSI, Paul, La décroissance démographique : Pourquoi pas?, Février 2002, 20 p.

02-03 LECLERC, André et Mario FORTIN, Production et rationalisation des intermédiaires financiers : leçonsà tirer de l’expérience des caisses populaires acadiennes, Février 2002, 24 p.

02-04 HANEL, Petr et Snezana VUCIC, L’impact économique des activités de recherche de l’Université de

Sherbrooke, Février 2002, 44 p.

02-05 TÉJÉDO, Cyril et Michel TRUCHON, Monotonicity and bounds for cost shares under the path serial rule,

Mars 2002, 18 p.

02-06 PORET, Sylvaine et Cyril TÉJÉDO, Analyse horizontale du marché des biens illicites, Mai 2002, 15 p.

02-07 KALULUMIA, Pene, Effects of government debt on interest rates : evidence from causality tests inJohansen-type models, Juillet 2002, 21 p.

02-08 MAKDISSI, Paul et Quentin WODON, Can safety nets offset the impact of risk on wage inequality and socialwelfare? Août 2002, 12 p.

02-09 DUCLOS, Jean-Yves, Paul MAKDISSI et Quentin WODON, Poverty-reducing tax reforms with heterogeneousagents, Février 2002, 10 p.

02-10 MAKDISSI, Paul et Quentin WODON, Fuzzy targeting indices and orderings, Mai 2002, 11 p.

02-11 DUCLOS, Jean-Yves, Paul MAKDISSI et Quentin WODON, Poverty-efficient transfer programs : the role oftargeting and allocation rules, Mai 2002, 25 p.

02-12 MAKDISSI, Paul et Quentin WODON, Environmental regulation and economic growth under educationexternalities, Août 2002, 8 p.

02-13 CHARTRAND, Frédéric et Mario FORTIN, L’impact du régime d’accession à la propriété sur la demande delogement, Novembre 2002, 46 p.

03-01 MAKDISSI, Paul et Quentin WODON, Gini decomposition and gini income elasticity under income variability,

Avril 2003, 11p.

03-02 MAKDISSI, Paul et Quentin WODON, Robust comparisons of natural resources depletion indices, Avril 2003,

11 p.

03-03 MAKDISSI, Paul, Yannick THERRIEN et Quentin WODON, L’impact des transferts publics et des taxes sur lapauvreté au Canada et aux Etats-Unis, 28 p.

* Tous ces cahiers de recherche sont disponibles sur notre site WEB (www.usherbrooke.ca/economique) ou au Centre de documentation de la FLSH A3-330 (UdeS).

Prière d’adresser vos commentaires ou demandes d’exemplaires d’un cahier de recherche antérieur (1976 à 1990) à monsieur Cyril TÉJÉDO, responsabledes Cahiers de recherche du Département d’économique, Tél : (819) 821-7233 Télécopieur : (819) 821-7237 Courriel : Cyril.Tejedo@USherbrooke.ca

Comments or requests for copies of previous Working Papers (1976 to 1990) should be made to the Research Papers Supervisor at the “Départementd’économique “, Mr. Cyril TÉDÉDO. Tel: (819) 821-7233 FAX:819) 821-7237 E-mail: Cyril.Tejedo@USherbrooke.ca.

Révisé le 28 avril 2003