soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTarebis ekonomikuri meqanizmibpa.ge/book/book47.pdf · sursaTi, bunebrivi resursebi, garemos dabinZureba. Seiqmna modeli `samyaro-3”. maTematikuri

marina nacvalaZe

soflis meurneobis mdgradi

ganviTarebis ekonomikuri

meqanizmi

gamomcemloba ùniversali~ Tbilisi 2009

2

monografiaSi gamokvleulia saqarTveloSi soflis meurneo-

bis mdgradi ganviTarebis problemebi, kerZod: mdgradi ganviTarebis

saerTaSoriso gamocdileba da erovnul tradiciebi globalizaci-

is procesSi; soflis meurneoba da mdgradi ganviTarebis Teori-

ul-meTodologiuri safuZvlebi; soflis meurneobis mravalfun-

qciuroba da mdgradi agraruli meurneobis principebi; mdgradi

soflis meurneobis Camoyalibebis strategiebi da modelebi; gan-

xilulia biologiuri soflis meurneobis koncefciis arsi, mizne-

bi da misi kavSiri soflis meurneobis mdgrad ganviTarebasTan; da-

xasiaTebulia saqarTveloSi biomeurneobebis Camoyalibebisa da gan-

viTarebis arsebuli mdgomareoba, miRebuli Sedegebi da perspeqti-

vebi; gaanalizebulia konkurentunariani agroseqtoris mdgradi

ganviTarebis prioritetebi; warmodgenilia soflis meurneobis

mdgrad ganviTarebaze moqmedi faqtorebis identifikacia, mdgradi

soflis meurneobis globaluri bazrebis analizi da regulireba;

ganxilulia soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTarebis xelisSem-

Sleli faqtorebi; amasTanave, warmodgenilia saxelmwifo politi-

kisa da sakanonmdeblo garemos roli mdgradi ganviTarebis uzrun-

velyofaSi.

naSromis ZiriTadi nawili exeba saqarTveloSi bioproduqte-

bisadmi momxmarebelTa damokidebulebisa da gadaxdisadmi mzadyof-

nis Sesaxeb kvlevas. am nawilSi aseve gaanalizebulia agraruli

politikisa da mdgradi soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis priori-

tetebi; warmodgenilia konkurentunariani agrosasursaTo seqto-

ris mdgradi ganviTarebis ekonomikuri meqanizmi.

redaqtori profesori e. xaraiSvili

recenzentebi: asocirebuli profesori m. CavleiSvili

asocirebuli profesori m. vaniSvili

© m. nacvalaZe, 2009

gamomcemloba ùniversali~, 2009

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, �: 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30

E-mail: [email protected]

ISBN 978-9941-12-914-8

3

winasityvaoba

`Cveni soflis meurneoba naturaluri produqte-

bis warmoebis gziT unda ganviTardes, rac SeiZleba

qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mZlavr berketadac

iqces, radgan msoflioSi ekologiurad sufTa produq-

tebze moTxovnileba sul ufro da ufro izrdeba. Tu

es ganxorcielda, igi did stimuls miscems rogorc

soflis meurneobis winsvlas, ise am sferoSi gadamamu-

Savebeli biznesis ganviTarebas da saerTaSoriso ba-

zarzec qarTul produqcias Tavis adgils daumkvid-

rebs”.

saaRdgomo epistole

uwmindesi da unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II,

2008 weli

Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi mdgradobis

cneba farTod gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva dargTan mimarTebaSi.

mdgradi ganviTareba aucilebeli pirobaa erovnuli ekonomi-

kis nebismieri dargis efeqtiani funqcionirebisaTvis. mdgra-

dobas gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba aqvs soflis meurne-

obaSi, radganac kvebis produqtebi gansakuTrebuli saxis

produqcias warmoadgens, romlis warmoebis done garantire-

buli da Sesabamisad mdgradi unda iyos. es dargi damokide-

bulia klimatur pirobebze da amave dros saqarTvelos sa-

sursaTo usafrTxoebis problemebs wyvets. unda gaviTvalis-

winoT isic, rom deficitisa da sursaTis xelmisawvdomobis

problemis simwvavis Semcireba umniSvnelovanesi pirobaa so-

cialuri da erovnuli daZabulobis Sesamcireblad. mosaxle-

obis arasaTanado sasursaTo momaragebas ZaluZs seriozulad

gaauaresos politikuri da ekonomikuri winsvlis procesi

da qveynis Sida usafrTxoebis udides safrTxed iqces.

problemis mniSvnelobaze isic metyvelebs, rom am sa-

kiTxze mravali samecniero naSromia Seqmnili. Tumca auci-

lebelia aRiniSnos, rom agrarul seqtorSi dRemde ar arse-

bobs mdgradobis erTmniSvnelovani ganmarteba, problemebis

kvlevis erTiani Teoria da meTodika. dRes sabazro garemo

4

axleburad, regularulad da kompleqsurad moiTxovs mTeli

rigi sakiTxebis gadaWras.

bioproduqtebis warmoeba mTel msoflioSi mniSvnelo-

van rols asrulebs mdgradi soflis meurneobis ganviTareba-

Si. is soflis meurneobis produqciis warmoebis alternati-

uli, mowinave, mzardi ekonomikuri potencialis mqone sis-

temaa, romelic gamoricxavs qimiuri sasuqebis, pesticidebis,

genmodificirebuli organizmebis gamoyenebas. is kanoniT re-

gulirdeba da meurneobis marTvisa da sursaTis warmoebis

meTodebi msoflioSi aRiarebul standartebs Seesabameba. bi-

oproduqciis bazari unikaluria im TvalsazrisiT, rom msof-

lioSi bioproduqciaze arsebuli moTxovna mniSvnelovanad

aWarbebs miwodebas.

soflis meurneobis dargebis mdgomareoba, maTi efeqti-

anoba da mdgradoba qveynis ekonomikuri usafrTxoebisa da

sasursaTo damoukideblobis ganmsazRvrelia. aqedan gamomdi-

nare, agroproduqciis warmoebis mdgradobaze gaZlierebuli

kontroli aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens im qveynebisaTvis,

romlebic agrarul politikas ganixilaven, rogorc priori-

tetulsa da strategiuls.

gamokvlevis mizania soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganvi-

Tarebis SefasebisaTvis Teoriul-meTodologiuri safuZvle-

bis SemuSaveba, mdgradi ganviTarebis funqcionirebis ekonomi-

kuri meqanizmis gansazRvra da misi srulyofis SesaZleblo-

bebis safuZvelze mosalodneli Sedegebis dasabuTeba.

avtori madlierebas gamoTqvams Tsu ekonomikisa da

biznesis fakultetis profesoris eTer xaraiSvilis, Sveica-

riis federaluri teqnikuri universitetis magistris, gare-

mosa da agraruli ekonomikis jgufis doqtorantis fati ma-

mardaSvilis, Telavis Rvinis marnis menjeris nino beraias,

kavkasiis universitetis kavkasiis biznes skolis bakalavris,

haifas (israeli) universitetis magistrantis laSa maWavari-

anisa da biologiur meurneobaTa asociacia ,,eklanas“ mimarT

kvlevis procesSi gaweuli guliTadi daxmarebisaTvis.

5

Tavi I. soflis meurneobis mdgradi

ganviTarebis Teoriul-meTodologiuri

safuZvlebi da principebi

1.1 globalizacia, soflis meurneoba da

mdgradi ganviTarebis Teoriul-meTodologiuri

safuZvlebi

Tanamedrove msoflio movlenaTa uCveulo sirTuleebi,

mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi, socialuri winaaRmdegobebi,

demografiuli afeTqebebi, adamianis bunebrivi garemo pirobe-

bis mkveTr gauaresebas axdens. adamianTa sameurneo saqmiano-

bis masStabebis zrdam, mecnierul-teqnikuri revoluciis

ganviTarebam gaaZliera bunebaze uaryofiTi gavlena, daarRvia

planetis ekologiuri wonasworoba.

XX saukunis meore naxevarSi mecnierebma, Semdgom

etapze politikosebma, udidesi mniSvneloba mianiWes adamian-

Ta sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi bunebrivi SezRudvebis prob-

lemebs. 1992 wels gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciam aR-

niSna stokholmis konferenciis 20 wlisTavi (`saerTaSori-

so konferencia garemosa da misi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb’’), sa-

dac miRebuli iqna mdgradi ganviTarebis programa _ `wesri-

gi XXI saukuneSi”. gaeros konferenciaze garemos Sesaxeb (q.

rio-de-Janeiro, 1992 weli) oficialurad gamocxadebul iq-

na Tezisi adamianTa amJamindeli da momavali Taobebis moT-

xovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad socialur-ekonomikuri amo-

canebisa da sasurveli garemos, bunebriv-resursuli poten-

cialis SenarCunebis problemebis dabalansebuli gadaWris

uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad SemoRebul iqna cneba

`mdgradi ganviTareba~. kacobriobis ganviTarebasTan mimarTe-

baSi es cneba swored iseT ganviTarebas niSnavs, romelic ar

ayenebs garemos gardauval zarals.

`mdgradi ganviTareba” niSnavs mudmiv, TandaTanobiT

zrdas. evropul enebSi am termins (Sustainable Development, Nachhaltige Entwicklung, Developement Durable) aqvs ufro viw-

6

ro gageba, kerZod, igi aris _ `TandaTanobiTi” (SeiZleba iT-

qvas `TviTsakmarisi”) ganviTareba, romelic ar ewinaaRmdegeba

kacobriobis samomavlo arsebobas da adrindeli an pirvande-

li mimarTulebiT mis ganviTarebas. termini `mdgradi ganvi-

Tareba” unda gavigoT rogorc `TviTuzrunvelyofadi”, anu

xangrZlivad arsebuli da ucvleli Tavisi ZiriTadi para-

metrebis mixedviT. rogorc zogierTi mecnieri Tvlis,

mdgradi ganviTarebis Teoriis ZiriTadi fesvebi unda veZeboT

tyis meurneobis germanul skolaSi1 da ekologiuri krizisis

gamwvavebaSi2. aRniSnuli Teoriis warmoSoba mWirdod ukav-

Sirdeba XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis meore naxevrisa da 70-

iani wlebis dasawyisSi mimdinare ekologiuri politikis

evolucias. mdgradi ganviTareba dRes-dReobiT miCneulia gan-

viTarebis erTaderT gzad.

araklasikuri mimarTulebis mecnierebma, romlebic am

Teoriaze Tavdapirvelad muSaobdnen, masSi Seitanes anti-in-

dustriuli, anti-teqnokratiuli da anti-pozitivisturi

mowodeba. im periodSi damtkicebas ar saWiroebda Semdegi

aqsioma: ekologiuri safrTxe gamowveulia industriuli

ekonomikuri ganviTarebiT, ekologiuri mdgradoba da ekono-

mikuri zrda SeuTavsebelia. am azrs eyrdnoboda garemos

dacvis Seaxeb 1972 wels stokholmSi Catarebuli gaerTiane-

buli erebis I konferencia3.

pirveli mniSvnelovani da cnobili saerTaSoriso do-

kumenti, sadac moxseniebulia mdgradi ganviTarebis Teoria,

SemuSavebuli iqna gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis gene-

1 The politics of sustainable development: global norms for national implementation // Environmental politics, Volume 5, #2, 1996, p. 4. 2 Розенберг Г.С., Черникова С.А., Краснощеков Г.П., Крылов Ю.М., Гелашвили Д.Б. Мифы и реальность устойчивого развития // Проблемы прогнозирования, №2, 2000, ст. 5. 3 iseve, rogorc rio-de-Janeiros 1992 wlis konferencia, es konferenciac

unda gamxdariyo msoflios didi saxelmwifoebis mTavrobaTa Sekrebad,

magram es ase ar moxda. sabWoTa kavSirma mas boikoti gamoucxada gaugeba-

ri mizezebis gamo.

7

raluri ansambleaze 1980 wels (`konservaciis globluri

strategia’’).1

mdgradi ganviTarebis gansazRvreba moxsenebis teqstSi

mdgomareobs SemdegSi: `mdgradi ganviTareba _ es iseTi gan-

viTarebaa, romelic saSualebas aZlevs amJamindel Taobas da-

ikmayofilos Tavisi moTxovnilebebi da amave dros ar miaye-

nos ziani momavali Taobebis moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis

SesaZleblobebs”2.

ekologiuri usafrTxoebis misaRwevad (maT Soris

grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi arsebuli bunebrivi resursebis

raodenobisa da xarisxis SenarCunebiT), mdgradi ganviTareba

gulisxmobs erovnuli Semosavlis maqsimalur da optimalur

ganawilebas, romelic miRebuli unda iyos arsebuli ekono-

mikuri ganviTarebiT, ukve miRweuli ekonomikuri zrdiT. ami-

saTvis saWiroa resursebis mobilizacia, romelTa nawili

miemarTeba specifikur ekonomikur sferoebSi, maT Soris bu-

nebis dacviTi seqtorisaTvis. mxolod ganviTarebul ekonomi-

kaSi xdeba SesaZlebeli ekologiuri seqtoris ganviTareba,

sadac mogeba resursmomxmarebeli dargebidan resursdamzog-

vel dargebSi unda gadanawildes. mdgradi ganviTarebis koncefciis adekvaturi da naTeli

Sinaarsia asaxuli v. lafertis gansazRvrebaSi: `mdgradi

ganviTareba _ normatiuli koncefciaa, romelic axorcie-

lebs cxovrebis pirobebis regulirebas. es regulireba xor-

cieldeba egreTwodebuli ganviTarebis oTxi principis sa-

fuZvelze:

• `ganviTarebis principi-1” (mdgradi ganviTareba mowo-debulia daakmayofilos adamianTa ZiriTadi saWiroebebi da

yvela macxovreblis cxovrebis done);

• `ganviTarebis principi-2” (planetis mTliani mosaxe-

lobis cxovrebis Tanabari doneebi);

1 Seqmnili bunebis SenarCunebis (konservaciis) msoflio kavSiris, veluri bu-

nebis msoflio fondis da UNEP-is (United Nations Environmental Program) mier. 2 The World Commission on Environment and Development, "The Brundtland Commission", Our Common Future, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987, p. 43.

8

• `mdgradobis principi-1” (rac miiRweva bunebrivi re-sursebis frTxili gamoyenebiT, amowurvis, biomravalferov-

nebis, bunebis regeneraciuli unaris rRvevis gareSe);

• `mdgradobis principi-2” (amJamindel Taobis moTxov-

nilebebis dakmayofleba momavali Taobebis moTxovnilebaTa

zianis miyenebis gareSe, igive cxovrebis donis pirobebSi)”1.

saboloo jamSi, yvela CamoTvlili ayalibebs erTian

princips, romelic safuZvlad udevs mTels am Teorias _ es

aris `garemo plius ganviTareba.”

sqema 1

zemoTCamoTvlili yvela principi Tanasworia, Tumca

centraluri adgili maT Soris ukavia `mdgradobis princips

_ 1 da 2”.

mdgradi ganviTarebis `filosofia” efuZneba Tanaswo-

robas (RaribTa uflebebi, `TaobaTaSorisi” eTika), Sor-

smWvretelobas (windaxedulobis principi) da sistemur mid-

1 W.M. Lafferty The politics of sustainable development: global norms for national implementation // Environmental politics, Volume 5, #2, 1996, p. 7.

v. lafertis mdgradi ganviTarebis oTxi principi

9

gomas (ekonomikuri, socialuri da garemosdacviTi faqtore-

bis urTierTkavSiris gageba).

me-XX saukunis II naxevarSi samecniero-teqnikurma

progresma erTis mxriv, gaaZliera sazogadoebis sawarmoo,

teqnologiuri, saomari potenciali, meores mxriv, aiZula

sazogadoeba alaparakebuliyo globalur problemebsa da

safrTxeebze. samecniero sazogadoebriobis SiSma globaluri

ganadgurebis Taobaze asaxva hpova a. einSteinis, b. raselisa

da sxva mecnierebis cnobil manifestSi, romelis 1955

wels gamoqveynda. SemdgomSi gamoqveynda ssrk-s mecnierebaTa

akademiis mier n. moiseevis xelmZRvanelobiT SemuSavebuli

maTematikuri modeli, romelic aRwerda sazogadoebasa da

cocxal da aracocxal bunebaSi mimdinare procesebs da iwi-

naswarmetyvela e.w. àtomuri zamTari”.

kacobriobis daRupvis realurma safrTxem, kerZod jer

àtomuri”, xolo Semdeg energetikuli da ekologiuri Cixe-

bis gaCenam katalizatoris roli Seasrula da globaluri

problematikis kvlevebi erTdroulad ramodenime mimarTule-

biT warmarTa. sistemuri dinamikis principebsa da globalur

modelebze `samyaro-1” da `samyaro-2”-ze dayrdnobiT j. fo-

resterma da d. medouzma gaaanalizes 5 cvladis urTier-

TkavSiri. es cvladebia: kapitaldabandebebi, mosaxleoba,

sursaTi, bunebrivi resursebi, garemos dabinZureba. Seiqmna

modeli `samyaro-3”. maTematikuri meTodebiT modelirebam

cxadyo, rom arsebuli urTierTqmedebis tendenciis SenarCu-

neba da ganviTarebis faqtorebis zrda, msoflio sazogadoeb-

riobas ukve XXI saukunis I naxevarSi globalur resursul

katastrofamde miiyvans. am katastrofis Tavidan acilebas

SevZlebT mxolod `nulovani zrdis” reJimze gadasvliT.

globalizaciis pirobebSi, mdgradi ganviTarebis prob-

lema msoflios yvela qveynis saerTo problemad iqca. riT

10

izomeba mdgradoba? mecnierebi sxvadasxva tipis kriteriu-

mebs asaxeleben, magaliTad:1

• ekonomikuri _ wminda mimdinare Rirebuleba (NPV)2; • socialuri _ genderuli analizi;

• garemosdacviTi _ garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefaseba

(gzS); strategiuli garemosdacviTi Sefaseba;

dRes-dReobiT msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi da regio-

nebSi adgilobrivi mdgradi ganviTarebis programebs sul

ufro xSirad amuSaveben; samTavrobo moxsenebebSic xSirad

imeoreben imas, rom qveyana iswrafvis mdgradi ganviTarebisa-

ken. sazogadoeba am dros fiqrobs, rom es dakavSirebulia

ekologiasTan. sinamdvileSi marTlac swored ekologiidan

daiwyo yvelaferi, rodesac `romis klubma” aRniSnul prob-

lemasTan dakavSirebiT SeSfoTeba gamoTqva. magram yvela eko-

logiuri problema Tanamedrove msoflios sazogadoebrivi

ganviTarebis problemebSi aisaxeba. dasavleTis qveynebis gage-

biT mdgradi ganviTareba _ es aris ekologiurad sufTa war-

moeba moxmarebis donis mudmivi zrdis SenarCunebiT ganviTa-

rebul qveynebSi. Tumca ufro metad mniSvnelovania am sakiT-

xis sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri gageba.

saqarTvelos konstituciis 37-e muxlSi aRniSnulia:

` 3. yvelas aqvs ufleba cxovrobdes janmrTelobisaT-

vis uvnebel garemoSi, sargeblobdes bunebrivi da kulturu-

li garemoTi. yvela valdebulia gaufrTxildes bunebriv da

kulturul garemos.

4. adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis usafrTxo garemos uz-

runvelsayofad, sazogadoebis ekologiuri da ekonomikuri

interesebis Sesabamisad, axlandeli da momavali Taobebis in-

1 z. lomTaZe, mdgradi ganviTareba, safrTxeebi da SesaZleblobebi, 7/18/2006. 2 wminda mimdinare Rirebuleba (Net Present Value – NPV) warmoadgens pro-eqtTan dakavSirebuli dadebiTi da uaryofiTi fuladi nakadebis dRevande-

li Rirebulebebis (PV) jams.

11

teresebis gaTvaliswinebiT saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs gare-

mos dacvasa da racionalur bunebaTsargeblobas.”1

problemis axsnisaTvis mniSvnelovania kavSirebis axsna

mdgrad ganviTarebasa da moxmarebis dones Soris. mdgrad

ganviTarebaze gadasasvlelad RonisZiebebi unda gatardes

saxelmwifos doneze da ufro metic, msoflio doneze.

mdgradoba da usafrTxoeba mocemuli sistemis umniS-

vnelovanesi maxasiaTebelia. maTi dapirispireba ar SeiZleba,

TiToeuli maTgani mocemul sistemas Taviseburad axasiaTebs.

pasiur sistemaSi mdgradi ganviTareba gulisxmobs:

• `stabilur ganviTarebas” (Sustainable Development); • krizisebis ararsebobas an maT minimalur rodenobas;

• elementTa `saarsebo garemos” SedarebiT mudmivobas.

rac ufro mdgradia mocemuli sistema, misi struqtu-

ra, calkeuli elementebis urTierTdabalanseba, miT ufro

maRalia da usafrTxo misi xarisxi. sistemis elementebs So-

ris propociebisa da kavSirebis darRveva iwvevs mis destabi-

lizacias da uCvenebs sistemis gadasvlas usafrTxo mdgoma-

reobidan safrTxeSi, daSlis realur SesaZleblobas. maSasa-

dame, mdgradoba usafrTxoebis safuZvelia, misi umniSvnelo-

vanesi Semadgeneli nawilia.

zemoT naTqvamis gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTvelos mdgra-

di ganviTareba gulisxmobs sazogadoebrivi moTxovnebis dak-

mayofilebas momavali TaobebisaTvis zianis miuyeneblad,

struqturuli dabalansebis safuZvlze.

saqarTvelos usafrTxo ganviTareba moicavs aramarto

mis mdgrad ganviTarebas, erovnuli interesebis dacvas, ara-

med agreTve xelisuflebis institutebis mzadyofnasa da

unars, Seqmnas erovnuli interesebis realizaciisa da dac-

1 saqarTvelos konstitucia (miRebulia 1995 wlis 24 agvistos), Tavi

meore, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuf-

lebani.

http://www.constcourt.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=19&info_id=73

12

vis sazogadoebis socialur-politikuri da ekonomikuri

stabilurobisa da ganviTarebis meqanizmi.1

agraruli seqtori rogorc msoflio ekonomikis, aseve

saqarTvelos ekonomikis umniSvnelovanesi sferoa. soflis

meurneobis wili msoflio ekonomikaSi 50%-s, Sida dasaqme-

bis 20%-s, xolo ganviTarebadi ekonomikuri sistemis mqone

qveynebSi _ dasaqmebis 90% Seadgens. es unikaluri, biolo-

giur procesebze mWidrod damokidebuli warmoebaa, romlis

ganviTarebas aramarto ekonomikuri, aramed tradiciuli da

erovnuli mniSvnelobac aqvs.

amJamad TviT `soflis meurneobis~ cnebas zogjer uf-

ro farTod ganmartaven, vidre es adre iyo. mis Sesatyvisad

mecnierebi xSirad xmaroben termins _ àgraruli seqtori”.

Cven SevecdebiT zogierTi Camoyalibebuli cnebebisa da ter-

minebis xelaxla gaazrebas.

istoriulad, soflis meurneobis qveS sakuTriv mxo-

lod miwisa da pirutyvis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli

warmoeba igulisxmeba. amJamad sasoflo dasaxlebebSi sakmaod

rTuli infrastruqtura arsebobs Tavisi eleqtroqselebiT,

gzebiT, komunaluri momsaxurebis obieqtebiT da a.S.

Cveni azriT, `soflis meurneobis” qveS aseve unda igu-

lisxmebodes yvela is meurneoba, romelic sasoflo teri-

toriebze funqcionirebs. im warmoebas ki, romelic miwisa

da pirutyvis gamoyenebasTanaa dakavSirebuli, mizanSewonilia

àgraruli” vuwodoT (laT. Agrarius _ miwis, miwasTan dakav-Sirebuli). es naklebad Cveuli terminia, magram misi arsi

ufro adekvaturi gaxlavT. `sasoflo dasaxleba~, ufro mar-

Tebuli iqneba mivusadagoT yvelafer imas, rac soflis

mcxovreblebTanaa dakavSirebuli da ara marto maT saqmiano-

basTan miwaze da pirutyvis gamoyenebiT. vinaidan ucxour

literaturaSi mecnierebi da praqtikosebi `mdgradi soflis

1 T. basilia, a. silagaZe, T. CikvaiZe _ postsocialisturi transformacia:

saqarTvelos ekonomika XXI saukunis mijnaze, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 463.

13

meurneobis”, `soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTarebis” cne-

bebs iyeneben, amitom kvlevaSic Cvenc am cnebas viyenebT.

radgan sameurneo subieqtTa erTobliobis mdgradi gan-

viTarebis qveS maT ekonomikur da teqnikur ganviTarebas

vgulisxmobT, amitom `soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTa-

rebis~ sityvaTSeTanxmeba Tavis TavSi moicavs `sasoflo te-

ritoriebis mdgrad ganviTarebasac”, romelSic umniSvnelova-

nesia socialuri sakiTxebis prioritetuloba. Cvens qveyana-

Si, mraval sasoflo teritoriaze dasaqmebisa da soflis

mosaxleobis Semosavlebis problema yvelaze aqtualuri

rCeba. amitomac saqarTveloSi soflis meurneobisa da sasof-

lo teritoriebis mdgrad ganviTarebas upirvelesi mniSvne-

loba eniWeba. Tu saqme exeba TviT dargs, sferos, misi ganvi-

Tarebis tendenciebs warmoebis, menejmentis, marketingisa da

finansuri analizis kuTxiT, igi SesaZloa Seicvalos termi-

niT: àgraruli meurneobis mdgradi ganviTareba”

soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTarebis qveS SeiZleba

gavigoT rogorc mdgradoba ekonomikuri da teqnikuri ganvi-

Tarebis, warmoebis zrdis, misi efeqtianobis amaRlebis

TvalsazrisiT, aseve rogorc mdgradoba dabalansebuli gan-

viTarebis TvalsazrisiT (gamomdinare bunebriv-resursuli

SesaZleblobaTa poziciebidan).

sasoflo teritoriebis mdgradi ganviTareba sxvadasxva

poziciebidan ganixileba. erT SemTxvevaSi, upiratesad eko-

logiuri aspeqtebi ganixileba, xolo meoreSi _ upiratesad

socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqtebi. msoflios ganviTarebul

qveynebSi moxda sasoflo teritoriebis ganviTarebis prob-

lematikis ori Semdegi mimarTulebiT dajgufeba:

• mdgradi ganviTarebis (Sustainable Development) prob-lemebi, aSkara ekologiuri mimarTulebiT, Sesabamisad termi-

nisa _ `gamZle~ (`Sustainable“); • sasoflo ganviTarebis (Rural Development) probleme-

bi, romelic dakavSirebulia socialur mimarTulebasTan da

sasoflo adgilis ganviTarebis kompleqsurobasTan, Sesabami-

sad terminisa ,,sasoflo~. (`Rural“)

14

am problematikidan pirveli mimarTuleba moicavs sof-

lis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTarebis cnebas.

zogadad ki, mdgradobis cneba sasoflo teritoriebis

ganviTarebis mTeli problematikis momcvelia. amasTan, kom-

pleqsuri (mravaldargobrivi) ganviTarebis problematika

mdgradi ganviTarebis problematikis Semadgeneli nawili

xdeba da Tavis TavSi socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis,

bunebis mowyobis, kulturul-istoriuli memkvidreobis Se-

narCunebisa da ganviTarebis da sxva problematikas moicavs.

socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTareba ki, Tavis mxriv, samoqala-

qo sazogadoebis ganviTarebis da soflis macxovrebelTa

cxovrebis donis problemebTanaa dakavSirebuli.

mniSvnelovania imis garkveva, Tu romeli problemebia

yvelaze aqtualuri, romelTa gadaWris gareSec ver movaxer-

xebT mdgrad ganviTarebaze gadasvlas. unda gamoiyos sasof-

lo teritoriebis ganviTarebis specifikur problemaTa jgu-

fi, romlebic samwuxarod ver poulobdnen Tavis gadawyvetas

arsebul samecniero mimarTulebaTa da praqtikul qmedebaTa

farglebSi. am problemaTagan ZiriTadia:

• TviTganviTarebis safuZvelze sasoflo teritoriebis

ganviTarebis organizacia da dagegmareba;

• TviTmmarTvelobis procesebSi soflis sazogadoebis

aqtiuri Cabma;

• agraruli warmoebis diversifikacia, sasoflo teri-

toriebze saqmianobis alternatiuli saxeobebis daCqarebuli

ganviTareba;

• sasoflo (da ara marto sasoflo-sameurneo) sakon-

sultacio saqmianobis ganviTareba;

• sasoflo teritoriebis marketingi da sxv.

saqarTveloSi sasoflo teritoriebis ganviTarebis pi-

robebi da SesaZleblobebi sxvadasxvagvaria. niadagur-klima-

turi da ekonomikur-geografiuli potencialis mixedviT sa-

soflo teritoriebis tipologizaciis gareSe amis gakeTeba

warmoudgenelia. unda ganisazRvros:

15

• bunebrivad romel teritoriebze Camoyalibdeba efeq-

tiani agraruli warmoeba;

• romel teritoriebs aqvT potenciali warmoebis al-

ternatiuli saxeobebisa da adamianTa sxva samewarmeo moRva-

weobisaTvis (magaliTad, rekreaciuli zonebis saxiT);

• romel teritoriebzea saWiro cxovrebis da adamianTa

garkveuli, Tundac naklebad efeqtiani saqmianobis mxardaWe-

ra politikuri an sxva strategiuli mosazrebebidan gamom-

dinare, kerZod, teritoriaze kontrolis SenarCunebis miz-

niT;

CamoTvlili problemebis gadasaWrelad aucilebelia

axali mravalaspeqtiani samecniero mimarTulebis da Sesabami-

si disciplinebis Camoyalibeba, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelo-

bis, sakonsultacio samsaxurebisa da mecnierebisTvis kadre-

bis momzadebisa da gadamzadebis sakiTxTa gadaWra.

1.2 soflis meurneobis mravalfunqciuroba

da mdgradi soflis meurneobis principebi

soflis meurneoba warmoadgens erovnuli ekonomikis

mniSvnelovan dargs. soflis meurneobis dargs rigi Tavise-

burebebi axasiaTebs:

1. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi funqcionireben ferme-

ruli meurneobebi, Tumca bazarze SesaZlebelia iyos msxvi-

li sawarmoc, magram umetes SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia seqto-

ris monopolizeba. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, SedarebiT wvril

soflis meurneobis sawarmoebs bazarze zemoqmedebis mizniT

ar SeuZliaT Camoayalibon raime jgufebi. aseve, calkeul

fermers ar SeuZlia warmoebis iseTi moculobis miRweva,

romelic mas saSualebas miscemda mniSvnelovani zegavlena

moexdina sabazro fasebze. soflis meurneobis produqciis

bazarze yovelTvis bevri gamyidvelia imisaTvis, rom romeli-

16

me maTganma mniSvnelovnad Secvalos fasi, rac ar unda didi

raodenobis produqti awarmoos.

ganviTarebul qveynebSi, miuxedavad soflis meurneobis

bazarze saxelmwifos mniSvnelovani Carevisa, dargSi Sesvla

da dargidan gasvla sakmaod Tavisufalia. ganviTarebuli

ekonomikis qveynebSi arsebobs sakmaod kargad momuSave sa-

soflo-sameurneo miwis bazari, farTod aris danergili misi

arenda, arsebobs ipoTekuri krediti, romelic aiolebs fer-

mis SeZenas. yvelaferi es ki niSnavs imas, rom soflis meur-

neobaSi warmoebis Seqmnis nebismier msurvels saSualeba aqvs

miiRos ZiriTadi resursebi da piriqiT, yoveli fermeri, ro-

melsac aqvs arasakmarisi mogeba Tavisi meurneobidan, SeuZ-

lia gayidos is raime iuridiuli, institucionaluri da

ekonomikuri SezRudvis gareSe.

amrigad, agrarul seqtorSi arsebobs srulyofili

konkurenciis ZiriTadi piroba: 1. bazarze didi raodenobiT

gamyidvelebis arseboba, romlebic gavlenas ver axdenen sa-

bazro fasebze, radganac ar aqvT miwodebis didi moculoba;

2. gamyidvelebis Tavisufleba bazarze SesvlaSi da bazris

datovebaSi. e.i. soflis meurneoba es aris dargi xasiaTdeba

srulyofili konkurenciis bazris struqturiT, rac ekono-

mikis sxva dargebSi iSviaTad gvxvdeba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom aseTi mtkiceba safuZvliania im Sem-

TxvevaSi, Tu saqme ganviTarebul qveynebs exeba, sadac srul-

yofili bazari arsebobs. ganviTarebad qveynebSi es ase ar

aris. aq sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis bazarze gamyidvelTa

raodenoba ufro metia, vidre ganviTarebul qveynebSi. es

imiT aixsneba, rom soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebuli mosax-

leobis xvedriTi wili maRalia (40-45%). miwis bazrisa da

produqciis warmoebisa da resursebis gamoyenebis ganuviTa-

rebloba aZnelebs da SeuZlebelsac ki xdis bazarze Ses-

vlas da bazridan gasvlas; garda amisa, ganviTarebad qveyneb-

Si srulyofil konkurencias gzas uRobavs susti da araTa-

nabrad ganviTarebuli sabazro infrastruqtura, mwarmoeble-

bisaTvis fasebis Sesaxeb informaciis xelmiuwvdomloba da

17

rogorc Sedegi, Suamavlebis mier fermerebze zemoqmedebis

SesaZlebloba;

2. soflis meurneobis meore mniSvnelovani Tavisebure-

ba aris miwis gamoyeneba, romelic aramarto bazisia, aramed

warmoebis saSualeba. soflis meurneobaSi miwis, rogorc

resursis umniSvnelovanesi damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa niadagis

nayofiereba, romelic xSirad araerTgvarovania.

teqnikuri progresis ganviTarebasTan erTad soflis me-

urneobis warmoebis damokidebuleba miwasTan dakavSirebiT

TandaTanobiT Semcirda, ganviTarda maRalintensiuri teqno-

logiebi mefrinveleobaSi, meTesleobaSi. miuxedavad amisa, mi-

wa kvlav rCeba ZiriTad warmoebis saSualebad soflis meur-

neobaSi. miwa, iseve rogorc yvela resursi, SezRudulia da

es Tviseba warmoSobs miwis rentis fenomens.

3. sasoflo-sameurneo warmoeba mkveTradaa damokidebu-

li garemo pirobebze. maRali agraruli kulturis mqone

qveynebSic ki, sadac gamoiyeneba maRalintensiuri teqnologi-

ebi soflis meurneobaSi, agraruli warmoebis Sedegebi Zve-

leburad ganuWvreteli rCeba. gvalva, wyaldidoba, mavneble-

bi, mcenareTa da cxovelTa masobrivi daavadebebi agrarul

seqtors kapitalis CadebisaTvis SedarebiT maRalriskian

sferod aqcevs.

4. soflis meurneobis produqciis diversifikaciis Se-

saZlebloba metad SezRudulia. ueWvelia, rom teqnikuri

progresi am dargSi uzrunvelyofs mcenareTa da cxovelTa

saxeobebis sul ufro srulyofilad kultivirebuli saxee-

bisa da jiSebis gamoyenebas. magram seleqciuri saqmianoba Zi-

riTadad mimarTulia axali saxeobis mcenareebisa da cxove-

lebis sawarmoo Tvisebebis srulyofisken: avadobis, mavneb-

lebis, bunebis arasasurveli gavlenis Semcirebisaken, pro-

duqtiulobis da teqnologiurobis zrdisaken, maT Soris me-

qanizebuli da xSirad avtomatizirebuli teqnologiebis ga-

moyenebiT. magram seleqcionerebis mier srulyofili xorba-

li an stafilo misi samomxmareblo TvisebebiT igive rCeba

18

da momxmareblebisaTvis am produqtebis sargeblianobis gaz-

rda Znelia.

am TvalsazrisiT, soflis meurneobis produqciis mwar-

moeblebi sxva seqtorebis mwarmoeblebisagan gansxvavebiT,

SezRudulebi arian produqciis fasebis awevaSi. Sedegad ag-

raruli seqtoris ganviTarebis istoriis manZilze fasebis

pariteti soflis meurneobis produqtze ar icvleba agra-

ruli seqtoris sasargeblod. aSS-is agraruli seqtoris ma-

galiTze XX saukunis manZilze SeiZleba davakvirdeT, rom

fasebi fermerebis produqtze CamorCeboda fasebis zrdas im

warmoebis saSualebebze, romlebsac fermerebi yidulobdnen.

5. soflis meurneobis produqtze da sursaTze moT-

xovna specifikuria da aqvs rigi Taviseburebebi. kvebis pro-

duqtebi da sasoflo sameurneo produqcia, maTi damzadebi-

saTvis saWiro nedleuli, miekuTvneba pirveladi aucileblo-

bis produqts, amitom maTze moTxovnis safaso elastikuro-

ba rogorc wesi, 1-ze naklebia, anu araelastikuria. momxma-

reblebi yiduloben sursaTis ZiriTad saxeobebs maTze fase-

bis gadidebisa da Semcirebis miuxedavad da praqtikulad

ucvleli moculobiT. daaxloebiT gaangariSebulia, rom sa-

soflo-sameurneo produqciaze elastikurobis koeficienti

industriul qveynebSi saSualod Seadgens 0,20 _ 0,25, e.i.

imisaTvis, rom gaizardos produqciis gasaReba 10%-iT, fer-

merma fasebi unda Seamciros 40-50%-iT. moTxovnis safaso

elastikuroba purze Seadgens 0,15%-s, xorcze – 0,64%-s,

kvercxze – 0,32%-s. kvebis produqtebis mxolod Zalian co-

ta raodenobas aqvs elastikuri moTxovna fasebis mixedviT.

Sedegad, fasebis Semcireba agrosasursaTo seqtorSi ar kom-

pensirdeba gasaRebis gadidebiT da iwvevs amonagebis Semcire-

bas.

ganviTarebul qveynebSi mosaxleoba sursaTze Tavisi Semo-

savlis arcTu ise did nawils xarjavs. es garemoeba aseve ga-

napirobebs sasoflo-sameurneo produqtze da sursaTze moT-

xovnis safaso elastikurobis Semcirebas. sazogadoebis ganvi-

TarebasTan erTad, misi wevrebis keTildReobis zrdis Sedegad

19

ojaxis Semosavlis wili, romelic modioda kvebaze, ganuxre-

lad mcirdeba, Sesabamisad ecema moTxovnis safaso elastiku-

roba sasursaTo produqtebze. e.i. moTxovnis dabali safaso

elastikuroba da misi klebadoba aris sasoflo-sameurneo

produqtis da sursaTze moTxovnis erT-erTi Tavisebureba.

6. moTxovna soflis meurneobis da sasursaTo produq-

ciaze araelastikuria Semosavlis mixedviTac. didi xania

SemCneulia, rom cxovrebis dabali donis pirobebSi, rodesac

kvebaze ojaxis Semosavlis ZiriTadi nawili ixarjeba, oja-

xis mier yovel damatebiT gamomuSavebul TanxiT ojaxi cdi-

lobs, upirveles yovlisa, daikmayofilos misi moTxovna

sursaTze. rodesac gamokvebis problema aRar aris upirvele-

si, maSin damatebiT gamomuSavebuli Tanxa gamoiyeneba sxva sa-

qonlisa da momsaxurebis SesaZenad. amitom Semosavlis zrdas-

Tan erTad kvebis produqtebze da Sesabamisad, soflis meur-

neobis produqtebze moTxovna araproporciulad izrdeba.

7. sasoflo-sameurneo produqtze dabali elastikuro-

ba warmoSobs e.w. grZelvadian fermerul problemas. Tavis-

Tavad, moTxovnis dabali elastikuroba jer kidev ar aris

ekonomikis seqtorisaTvis problema, Tu miwodeba ar izrdeba

anda umniSvnelod izrdeba. magram saqme imaSia, rom bolo sau-

kunis manZilze agrarulma seqtorma umniSvnelovanesi mecnie-

rul-teqnikuri progresis gavlena ganicada: cxenis Zala Se-

icvala meqanikuri ZaliT, moxda fermebis eleqtrifikacia, mi-

neraluri sasuqebis gamoyenebam da qimiuri saSualebebiT mce-

nareTa dacvam SesaZlebeli gaxada mosavlis mniSvnelovnad

gazrda, miRweulia progresi cxovelTa da mcenareTa seleqci-

aSi. mkveTrad gaizarda agraruli Sromis mwarmoebluroba _

Tu gasuli saukuneSi amerikeli fermeri kvebavda 4 adamians,

dReisaTvis es maCvenebeli TiTqmis 100 adamiania. amrigad, sa-

soflo-sameurneo produqciis miwodebam swrafi zrda daiwyo.

rogorc aRvniSneT, soflis meurneoba mWidrod ukav-

Sirdeba garemos, aminds, mcenareTa da cxovelTa avadobis

gavrcelebas da a.S. sasoflo-sameurneo mwarmoeblebis mier

produqciis fizikuri moculoba kontrols ar eqvemdebareba

20

absolutur gamosaxulebaSi. meore mxriv, milionobiT mcire,

qveynis teritoriaze ganfenil mwarmoeblebs praqtikulad ar

SeuZliaT molaparakeba warmoebis erTiani kontrolisaTvis

sabazro koniunqturis regulirebis mizniT. Sedegad wliuri

agraruli warmoebis meryeoba Cveulebriv movlenad iTvleba.

magram safaso elastikuroba soflis meurneobis produqteb-

ze dabalia, es ki imas niSnavs, rom mcire cvlilebas moT-

xovnaSi Tan sdevs fasebis mniSvnelovani cvlileba.

8. soflis meurneoba maRalkonkurentuli dargia. baz-

ris kanonebis ZaliT Semosavlebis Semcirebis paralelurad

unda moxdes fermerebis gadadineba am dargidan saqmianobis

sxva, ufro momgebia sferoSi. Tumca praqtikaSi es ase ar

xdeba, yovel SemTxvevaSi, iseTi doniT ara, rogoradac mcir-

deba fermerTa Semosavlebi.

pirvel rigSi, gansxvavebiT ekonomikis sxva dargebisa-

gan, soflis meurneoba _ es aris ara marto warmoebis sfe-

ro, aramed cxovrebis sferoc. msoflioSi Zalian bevri ada-

miania dakavebuli agraruli SromiT ara marto imitom, rom

es maTi biznesia, aramed glexuri (fermeruli) cxovrebis

wesiT igi masTanaa dakavSirebuli. Sedegad, dasaqmeba am seq-

torSi ar reagirebs ekonomikis koniunqturaze iseTive tem-

piT, rogorc sxva dargebSi. maSasadame, agraruli Sromis mo-

biloba sakmaod dabalia. aqedan gamomdinareobs soflis

cxovrebis wesisa da fermeris Tavisebureba. es gamoxatulia

gansakuTrebuli damokidebulebiT cxovrebisa da Sromis wes-

Tan, ganpirobebulia mosaxleobis am nawilisaTvis damaxasia-

Tebeli gansakuTrebuli sazogadoebrivi konservatizmiT.

meore mxriv, maSinac ki, rodesac fermeri tovebs fer-

mas, misi miwa ar gamodis sasoflo-sameurneo brunvidan, ara-

med xvdeba sxva fermeris xelSi. amgvarad isini afarToeben

Tavis meurneobas da xdeba sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis

miwodebis SenarCuneba.

mesame mxriv, soflis meurneobaSi danaxarjebis struq-

turaSi mudmivi danaxarjebi absoluturad aRemateba cvale-

bad danaxarjebs. SeiZleba Semcirdes msxvilfexa rqosani pi-

21

rutyvis suladoba rZeze moTxovnis Semcirebis sapasuxod,

magram fermas mainc sWirdeba saeqspluatacio da remontis

xarjebi. garda amisa, ganviTarebul qveynebSi sasoflo-same-

urneo miwebis didi nawili ipoTekiTaa dakavebuli, e.i. fer-

merebi valdebulni arian gadaixadon garkveuli sargeblis

ganakveTi miuxedavad warmoebis moculobisa. zustad aseve,

Tu meurneobis gaZRola xdeba arendirebul miwaze, fermerma

unda gadaixados sargeblis ganakveTi. saojaxo fermerul me-

urneobas ar SeuZlia mniSvnelovnad Seamciros warmoebaSi da-

saqmebulTa ricxvi, ramdenadac ZiriTadi samuSao Zala _ es

misi ojaxia, romlis ganTavisuflebac SeuZlebelia bazris

Secvlili koniunqturidan gamomdinare. Uufro metic, ekono-

mikuri krizisis periodebSi, rodesac Semosavlebis Semcireba

xdeba, adgili aqvs soflis mosaxleobis qalaqebSi gadinebas.

amrigad, resursebis mobiluroba soflis meurneobaSi grZel-

vadiani fermeruli problemebis gaRrmavebas iwvevs.

soflis meurneobaSi Sromis mwarmoeblurobis dinamika,

dargis mTlian produqtze gaangariSebiT mocemulia cxrilSi #1.

sityvaTSeTanxmeba `soflis meurneoba” umetesad pozi-

tiur datvirTvas atarebs. magaliTad, biologiuri, organu-

li, racionaluri, glexuri, mdgradi da sxv. xolo rig Sem-

TxvevebSi negatiurs: produqtivisturi, qimizirebuli da sxv.

terminebs Soris es gansxvavebebi naTlad gviCvenebs, Tu rao-

den mravalferovania Tanamedrove soflis meurneobebis mode-

lebi. amasTanave am modelTa ricxvi ganuxrelad izrdeba.

termini _ soflis meurneobis mravalfunqciuroba -

aramarto axali termini, aramed azrovnebisa da moqmedebis

stilic gaxda. es naTlad Cans sasoflo-sameurneo miznebiT

bunebis gamoyenebis dros wamoWrili problemebis ekologi-

uri, ekonomikuri, kulturul-istoriuli aspeqtebis er-

Toblivi analizis drosac. evrokavSiris meore evropul

konferenciaze aRiniSna, rom sasoflo-sameurneo regionebis

ganviTareba mxolod soflis meurneobas veRar daeyrdnoba.

igi moiTxovs agrosamrewvelo seqtoris diversifikacias

22

soflis meurneobis mTliani produqtis saSualowliu-

ri indeqsi da mTliani produqti erT dasaqmebulze soflis

meurneobaSi 1989-2005 wlebSi.

cxrili #1

soflis meurneobis

mTliani produqti

mTliani produqti erT

dasaqmebulze soflis

meurneobaSi

avstria 1,3 5,7

avstralia 2.0 2,4

belgia-luqsenburgi 0,7 3,9

didi britaneTi 2,1 3,8

germania 1,3 4,9

saberZneTi 2,0 --

dania 2,6 6,2

irlandia 2,6 6,0

espaneTi 2,8 7,9

italia 1,4 5,0

kanada 1,8 2,2

niderlandebi 2,8 4,7

norvegia 2,3 5,3

portugalia 1,9 1,8

aSS 2,0 2,3

TurqeTi 2,9 2,8

fineTi 2,1 5,9

safrangeTi 2,1 5,9

SvedeTi 2,0 4,7

iaponia 0,6 4,6

wyaro: OECD da FAO monacemebi1

1ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso organizacia

(Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development-OECD), romelic Ca-

moyalibda 1961 wels da axdens industriuli qveynebis ekonomikuri po-

litikis koordinacias. misi wevrebis ricxvi 30-s Seadgens da masSi Sedis

iseTi qveynebi, rogorebicaa aSS, kanada, iaponia, Ggermania, safrangeTi, ga-

erTianebuli samefo, samxreT korea da avstralia. gaeros sursaTis da

soflis meurneobisa organizacia (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations-FAO) dafuZnda 1945 wels da ganviTarebad qveynebs exmareba

soflis meurneobis, metyeveobis da meTevzeobis meTodebis daxvewaSi.

23

rogorc SigniT, aseve gareTac. amave dros, gaTvaliswinebu-

li unda iyos misi rekreaciuli funqciebi.

soflis meurneobis e.w. èvropuli modelis” dacva ev-

ropuli Tanamegobrobis erT-erTi prioritetul misiad rCe-

ba. es modeli diferencirebulia seqtorebis, regionebisa

da fermebis mixedviT. igi asaxavs evropuli sazogadoebis

specifikur istorias, kulturas, mis arCevans da centra-

lur koncefciad soflis meurneobis mdgrad ganviTarebasTan

Serwymuli mravalfunqciuroba gvevlineba. konkurentunari-

an warmoebasTan erTad am modelma unda uzrunvelyos adgi-

lobrivi landSaftebis da momaragebis lokaluri qselebis

SenarCuneba. soflis meurneoba civilizaciis nawilia: pro-

duqcia, tradiciebi, ojaxuri fermebi, kulturuli lan-

dSaftebi _ yvelaferi es masTan mWidro kavSiriSia. evro-

pis soflis meurneobaSi ekologiuri darRvevebi (landSaf-

tis fragmentacia, biotipebis gaqroba, miwaTmowyobis radika-

luri Secvla) ewinaaRmdegeba kulturis Zireul faseulo-

bebs. aqedan gamomdinare biomravalferovnebis SenarCuneba ev-

ropuli kulturis sakiTxia1.

evropuli agraruli politika radikalurad icvleba

globaluri ekonomikis gavlenis gaZlierebasa da evrokavSi-

ris gafarToebasTan erTad. mTavari momenti aris is, rom

ganviTarebul qveynebSi produqtis deficiti misma siWarbem

Secvala, xolo garemos da cxovrebis komfortuli pirobe-

bis SenarCuneba prioritetul sakiTxad iqca. mravalfunqciu-

robis koncefcia am problemebs win swevs da maT sasoflo-

sameurneo produqtebis warmoebis problemis gverdiT ayenebs

gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca arsebuli miwis resursebis gamo-

yenebis scenarebis Sefasebis sakiTxi dgeba.

ekologiis kuTxiT, soflis meurneoba nawilobrivad

SeiZleba Canacvldes bunebrivi ekosistemebis restavraciiT.

es SeiZleba ekonomikurad gamarTlebuli gaxdes garkveul

1 Dorian G., Defending the European Rural and Agricultural Model at the WTO. 2001. p.7 www.rural-europe.aeidl.be

24

pirobebSi, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Tanamedrove pirobebSi

soflis meurneobas dotaciuri xasiaTi aqvs da minimaluri

wvlili Seaqvs ganviTarebuli qveynebis mTlian Sida produq-

tSi. barieri SeiZleba gaxdes socialuri da kulturul-is-

toriuli faseulobebi, romlebic SenarCunebas soflis me-

urneobis tradiciul models unda umadlodnen.

sofeli ara marto simbolo, aramed adamianis mravalsa-

ukunovani moRvaweobis produqtia. evropaSi pirveladi lan-

dSaftebi mxolod Zalian SezRudul teritoriebze Senar-

Cunda. 1990 wlebis dasawyisSi am problemis mimarT intere-

si sagrZnoblad gaizarda mas Semdeg, rac gatarda reforma:

èvrokavSiris erTiani sasoflo-sameurneo politika” (The EU Common Agricultural Policy - CAP). am periodSi oficialur

doneze gadaidga pirveli nabijebi, raTa momxdariyo produqti-

vizmis ideebisgan gamijvna da soflis meurneobis ekologiuri

funqciis damkvidreba. XXI saukunis dasawyisisaTvis swored am

safuZvelze moxda mravalfunqciurobis koncefciisa da sof-

lis meurneobis evropuli modelis Camoyalibeba.

mravalfunqciurobis koncefciis Sesabamisad gamoyofen

4 ZiriTad nawils:

1. sofeli, rogor sacxovrebeli garemo;

2. soflis sawarmoo funqciebi;

3. garemos dacva; 4. kulturul-socialuri aspeqtebi.

soflis meurneobis mravalfunqciurobis koncefciisa

da soflis meurneobis evropuli modelis Camoyalibeba

CAP-s ukavSirdeba. evropis organuli fermeruli gaerTia-

nebis zogadi miznebi da SemoTavazebebi ganxilulia doku-

metSi, romelic ganviTarda organuli soflis meurneobis sa-

erTaSoriso federaciis _ IFOAM-is (International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements)1

evropis regionaluri

jgufSi. misi mTavari mizania ekologiurad mdgradi soflis

1 organuli soflis meurneobis moZraobis saerTaSoriso federacia, ro-

melSic 700-ze meti organizacia gawevrianebuli 96 qveyanaSi.

25

meurneobis produqciis sistemis danergva mTel msoflioSi,

raTa yvela qveynis mosaxleoba momaragdes usafrTxo, jan-

mrTeli sakvebiTa da wyliT. A

am sistemebis mTavari maxasiaTeblebia:

• daeyrdnos umTavresad adgilobriv, ganaxlebad resur-

sebs;

• efeqturad gamoiyenos biologiuri procesebis poten-

ciali;

• SeinarCunos niadagis biologiuri aqtivoba da nayofi-

ereba;

• maqsiamlurad gadaamuSavos mcenareebi da organuli

nivTierebebi, sakvebis narCenebis CaTvliT;

• ar gamoiyenos arabunebrivi naerTebi da ar ganaxorci-elos arabunebrivi procesebi;

• warmoebis sistemaSi, aseve soflis meurneobis teri-

toriebze SeinarCunos biologiuri mravalferovneba;

• gazardos cxovelebi ekologiurad sufTa garemoSi,

swori dietiT.

es kriteriumebi gamoyenebuli unda iqnas sxvadasxva

gzebiT. magram es SesaZlebeli iqneba maSin, roca ekologiu-

ri mdgradobis principebi gavlenas iqonieben warmoebis sis-

temis relevantur socialur, ekonomikur da politikur

faqtorebze. es moiTxovs:

• fermerebi uzrunvelyofili iyvenen warmoebisaTvis

saWiro pirobebiT, rogorciaa miwis, wylisa da genetikuri

resursebis gamoyeneba;

• normaluri ekonomikuri pirobebi, romelic fermero-

bidan adekvatur Semosavals uzrunvelyofs;

• adgilobrivi da regionaluri warmoeba prioritetu-

li unda iyos agrarul politikaSi;

• tradiciuli fermerobis sistemebi iyos daculi da

aRiarebuli rogorc codnis mniSvnelovani wyaro;

• sakvebis mwarmoeblisTvis mTavari motivacia ar unda

iyos fuli.

26

sqema 2

mdgradoba, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ar warmoadgens

formalur dadgenilebas, romelic agronomiuli qmedebebiTaa

gansazRvruli. is aseve xSirad moiTxovs fundamentur-

struqturul da socialur-ekonomikur cvlilebebs. organu-

li fermerobis moZraobas ar aqvs pretenzia mdgradobis am

ZiriTadi principebis eqskluziur saavtoro uflebebze. pi-

riqiT Tvlian, rom es principebi unda miiRos da ganaxorci-

elos yvelam. vercerTi fermeruli sistema ver uaryofs am

principebs didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, risi naTeli magaliTic

gaxlavT evropis soflis meurneobis problemebi.

organuli fermeroba mowinave da yvelaze kargad ganvi-

Tarebuli midgomaa mdgradi soflis meurneobisaTvis. mzardi

momxmareblebisa da maTi mudmivi mxardaWeris wyalobiT da-

arsda sertificirebuli organuli seqtori, anu sistemis

modeli maRali mdgradobis moTxovnebiT. organuli soflis

meurneoba gaxda inovaciebisa Semomtani mTeli soflis meur-

neobis seqtorisaTvis.

27

bolo 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi, evropis soflis meurneo-

ba daaxasiaTes, rogorc aramgradi resursebis mqone da gare-

mos damabinZurebeli es gamowveulia Warbi raodenobis war-

moebiT, rac Zveli industriuli sistemebis bralia.1.

dResdReobiT, mTavar mizans warmoadgens zedmeti war-

moebis SezRudva, teqnikuri progresis araswori gamoyenebiT

miRebuli negatiuri Sedegebis aRmofxvra, rogoricaa sof-

lis mosaxleobis Semcireba, garemos dabinZureba da jan-

mrTelobisaTvis mavne sakvebi.

ar arsebobs aranairi dasabuTebuli argumenti imisa,

riTac raodenobrivi zrda CAP-is umTavres miznad darCe-boda. evropa sakmarisze meti raodenobis sakvebs awarmoebs.

CAP-is axali wesdebebi miznad isaxavs mwarmoeblurobis

gazrdis motivaciis Semcirebas, axali miznebi ki fokusire-

bulia xarisxze. maT Soris yvelaze fundamentaluria:

1. ekologiuri mdgradoba. arsebobs ekologiuri limi-

tebi, romelTa mixedviT soflis meurneoba unda ganviTardes.

2. ekonomikuri da socialuri mdgradoba. saWiroa Seiq-

mnas ekonomikuri da socialuri pirobebi ekologiurad

mdgradi soflis meurneobis mxardasaWerad. magram `veranairi

gziT ver Seicvleba ekologiuri limitebi, ekonomikuri da

socialuri survilebidan gamomdinare”2.

amsterdamis konvenciis mixedviT, mdgradi ganviTareba

evropis umTavres mizanadaa aRiarebuli. CAP-ma momaval miz-

nad unda daisaxos mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis xelSewyoba.

rogorc organuli soflis meurneobis moZraobis saerTaSo-

riso federaciis _ IFOAM-is evrokavSiris regionuli

jgufis xedvaSia naTqvami, `Cven ki movlenebs odnav win vus-

wrebT da vambobT, rom CAP-is upirvelesi mizani, mwarmeob-

1 A Sustainable Agricultural Policy for Europe, Position paper on CAP review and reform, IFOAM EU Regional Group April 2002. p. 2 2 A Sustainable Agricultural Policy for Europe, Position paper on CAP review and reform, IFOAM EU Regional Group, April 2002. p. 5-6

28

lurobis nacvlad, unda gaxdes mgradoba”1. dokumentSi ase-

ve aRniSnulia, rom radgan soflis meurneoba mravalfunqci-

uria, CAP-ma mdgradobasTan erTad sxva Tvisebebis Camoyali-

bebac unda daisaxos miznad, kerZod:

• sakvebis usafrTxoeba. CAP-ma unda uzrunvelyos sak-

vebis usafrTxoeba ara marto evropis moqalaqeebisaTvis,

aramed ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvisac.

• produqtis xarisxi. Pproduqtis xarisxs didi mniS-vneloba unda mieniWos, unda iyos janmrTelobisTvis usaf-

rTxo. sakvebis usafrTxoeba ar aris sakmarisi, produqti

unda iyos adamianis janmrTelobisTvis sasargeblo.

• gamWvirvaleoba. momxmarebels sruli ufleba aqvs

icodes informacia produqtis Semadgenlobisa da warmomav-

lobis Sesaxeb.

• biomravalferovneba. soflis meurneoba tradiciulad

Semoqmedia. es tradicia unda SenarCundes da ganviTardes.

• eTikuri xarisxi. warmoebis yvela aspeqti, rogoricaa

cxovelebis movla, daqiravebuli personalis samuSao piro-

bebi, eTikur normebs ar unda gascdes.

• soflis ganviTareba. CAP-ma unda uzrunvelyos ekono-

mikuri sicocxlisunarianoba evropis yvela kuTxeSi.

• windaxeduloba. windaxeduloba iqnes gamoCenili teq-

nologiuri cvlilebebis ganxorcielebisas. amasTan erTad,

ZalaSi unda darCes CAP-is Zveli miznebi.

• fermebis Semosavali. soflis meurneobiT mcxovreb

sazogadoebas cxovrebis normaluri pirobebi unda hqondes.

• sursaTis fasi. racionaluri fasi momxmarebisa da ga-

dasaxadebis gadamxdelTaTvis.

• stabiluri bazari. stabiluri fasebis damyareba.

1 A Sustainable Agricultural Policy for Europe, Position paper on CAP review and reform, IFOAM EU Regional Group, April 2002. p. 6

29

mdgradi soflis meurneobis miznebi da faqtorebi

sqema 3

rogorc bolo wlebis publikaciaTa analizi gvaCvenebs,

mecnier ekonomistebi cdiloben sabazro ekonomikur pirobeb-

Si mdgradobis sakiTxebi ganixilon warmoebis poziciiT.

mdgradobas gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba aqvs soflis

meurneobaSi. agrosasursaTo seqtoris mdgomareoba, misi

efeqtianoba da mdgradoba qveynis ekonomikuri usafrTxrebi-

sa da sasursaTo damoukideblobis ganmsazRvrelia. aqedan ga-

momdinare, agroproduqciis warmoebis mdgradobaze gaZliere-

buli kontroli aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens im qveynebi-

saTvis, romlebic agrarul politikas ganixilaven, rogorc

prioritetulsa da strategiuls.

magram dRes-dReobiT mecnierebi, politikosebi, saerTa-

Soriso organizaciebi soflis meurneobis mdgrad ganviTare-

basTan erTad sul ufro da ufro xSirad saubroben mdgra-

di soflis meurneobis Sesaxeb. problemis mniSvnelobaze

isic metyvelebs, rom am sakiTxze mravali samecniero naS-

romia Seqmnili.

30

XIX saukuneSi, evropaSi gaCnda Teoria `mdgradi gle-

xuri meurneobis” Sesaxeb. am Teoriis fuZemdeblebi (k. klav-

ki, g. gexti, l. brentalo) icavden mcire sasoflo meurneo-

bis upiratesobas msxvilTan SedarebiT. mogvianebiT, soflis

meurneobis industrnalizaciasTan dakavSirebiT, am Teoriam

transformacia ganicada `saojaxo (fermeruli) meurneobis

mdgradobis” Seswavlis mimarTulebiT, romlis momxreebma (p.

samuelsoni, g. nikhauzi, g. pribe) Seiswavles maRalmeqanize-

buli warmoebis mdgradoba daqiravebuli Sromis _ saojaxo

fermis gamoyenebiT.

rigi mecnierebi mdgradobas sasoflo kulturebis mo-

savlianobis cvalebadobis Semcirebas ukavSireben (v.m. obu-

xovi, a.f. fortunatovi, n.s.Cetverikovi). es azri jer kidev

XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi Camoya-

libda.

mdgradobis moTxovnebs organuli (biologiuri) sof-

lis meurneoba pasuxobs, sadac xdeba organuli (bio) pro-

duqtebis warmoeba. igi unda iyos adgilobriv fermerul,

socialur, geografiul da klimatur faqtorebze morgebu-

li. mdgrad soflis meurneobas mecnierebi sxvadasxva ter-

minebiT gansazRvraven _ organuli, biologiuri, ekologiuri

da isini, rogorc sinonimebi ise ixmareba.

termini òrganuli” pirvelad gamoiyena l. nortburma

wignSi: `Sexede miwas”1. termini òrganuli soflis meurneo-

ba” cnobili gaxda mxolod XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi.

1997 wels organul soflis meurneobas mecnierma mark lip-

sonma uwoda òrganika” anu ò-sityva”. man am dargs sakmaod

problemuri iarliki miakera2.

1 Northbourne L., Look to the Land. Basis Books, London. 1940. p. 23 2Lipson, M. Searching for the ‘O–Word’: An Analysis of the USDA Current Research Information System (CRIS) for Pertinence to Organic Farming. Organic Farming Research Foundation, Santa Cruz. 1997. pp.5-6.

31

termini òrganuli soflis meurneoba” ganimarta saer-

TaSoriso standartSi ,,Codex Alimentarius GL32”1. aq aRniS-nulia, rom: òrganuli saflis meurneoba holistikuri war-

moebis menejmentis sistemaa, romelic axdens da xels uw-

yobs ekosistemis sijansaRes, biomravalferovnebas, biologi-

ur ciklebsa da niadagis biologiur aqtiobas. amis ganxor-

cieleba xdeba agronomiuli, biologiuri da meqanikuri me-

Todebis gamoyenebiT yvelgan, sadac SesaZlebelia, sinTeTiku-

ri masalebis CanacvlebiT, raTa yvela specifikuri funqcia

sistemis SigniT ganxorcieldes2.

SemdgomSi es termini gafarTovda da amjerad is moi-

cavs organuli da biodinamikuri produqtebis miwodebis

mTlian jaWvs, dawyebuli warmoebis faqtorebiT, masalebiT

da nedleuliT, damTavrebuli saboloo saxis mza produqci-

iT. igi aseve moicavs ara marto fermerul warmoebas, aramed

mis kulturul da socialur aspeqtebsac. zogierTi mecnie-

ri Tvlis, rom òrganuli moZraobis” magivrad, dRes-dReo-

biT ufro misRebia vixmaroT termini _ òrganuli indus-

tria”3. organuli soflis meurneobis mzardi socialuri

da politikuri roli gvkarnaxobs, rom igi ufro metia,

vidre òrganuli industria”.

cxrilSi #2 Sedarebulia soflis meurneobis ori mo-

deli – fermeroba, rogorc industriuli sawarmo da ferme-

roba, rogorc biologiuri sistema.

termini `konvenciuri soflis meurneoba” aRniSnavs do-

minantur, industriul, standartul soflis meurneobas,

fermerul saqmianobas, rac mTels msoflioSi gamoiyeneba.

1 The Guidelines for the Production, Processing, Labeling and Marketing of Organically Producer Foods GL 32 – 1999, Rev. 1- 2001, p.4. 2 FAO 1999. Organic Agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Accessed 26/2/99. http://www.fao.org/unfao/bodies/COAG/COAG15/X0075E.htm 3 Cornish, P., Stewart, T., Certification – case studies with Australian market gardeners. In: Thompson, R. (ed.) Cultivating Communities. Proceedings of the 14th IFOAM Organic World Congress. Victoria, Canada, Ottawa Canadian Organic Growers,. 21 to 28 August, 2002, p. 222.

32

rogorc wesi, konvenciuri soflis meurneoba ar awesebs

SezRudvebs gamoyenebul masalebsa da teqnikaze imis garda,

rac kanoniTaa gaTvaliswinebuli. garkveulwilad konvenciu-

ri da organuli soflis meurneobebi erTmaneTs avsebs.

soflis meurneobis industriuli da biologiuri

modelebis Sedareba

cxrili #2

konvenciuri (industriuli)

modeli

organuli (biologiuri)

modeli

energiatevadi informaciatevadi

wrfivi procesi cikluri procesi

ferma rogorc sawarmo ferma rogorc ekosistema

warmoebis gayofa warmoebis integracia

gamxoloebuli warmoeba mravalgvari warmoeba

monokultura mcenareebisa da cxovelebis

mravalferovneba

dabali Rirebulebis produqtebi maRali Rirebulebis produqtebi

erTjeradi gamoyenebis mowyobiloba mravaljeradad gamoyenebadi

mowyobilobebi

pasiuri marketingi aqtiuri marketingi

unda aRiniSnos, rom termini ,,konvenciuri” moicavs me-

nejeruli strategiebis did sxvadasxvaobas. magaliTad, kon-

venciuri marcvleulis mwarmoebeli SeiZleba iyenebdes mine-

ralur sasuqs, amave dros xmarobdes saqonlis nakels da

Tavs aridebdes pesticidebis gamoyenebas. organuli soflis

meurneoba moicavs mTel sistemas dawyebuli ganawilebidan

(distribuciis qselidan) damTavrebuli agrosamrewvelo gav-

lenis monitoringiT1.

ekonomikuri mdgradobis uzrunvelsayofad saWiroa ar-

Ceul iqnas momgebiani warmoeba. ekonomikuri mdgradoba

didadaa damokidebuli sawarmos arCevanze, finansur dagegmva-

1 Carruthers, G. and Tinning, G. 2003. Where, and how, do monitoring and sustainability indicators fit into environmental management systems? Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43(3): pp. 317–318.

33

ze, marketingze, riskebis menejmentsa da saerTod, karg me-

nejmentze.

metad mniSvnelovania socialuri mdgradoba. socialu-

ri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis magaliTebia: Sesyidvebis gan-

xorcieleba adgilobrivi momwodeblebisagan, adgilobriv

momxmareblebTan kavSirebis Zieba, momxmarebelze orientire-

buli gadawyvetilebebis Zieba warmoebaSi da menejmentSi. so-

cialuri mdgradoba amave dros moicavs fermaSi mcxovrebi

da momuSave adamianebis cxovrebis xarisxs. masSi Sedis ko-

munikaciis kargi xarisxi, ndobisa da urTierTdaxmarebis ar-

seboba1.

mdgrad fermerobaze gadasvlis procesSi yvelaze didi

problema aris is, Tu rogor unda moergos ekonomikuri

momgebianobis, socialuri gaumjobesebis da ekologiuri ga-

jansaRebis principebi Tems, fermas da finansur procesebs.

menejeruli koncefciebi, romelic SeiZleba gamoviye-

noT am miznebis misaRwevad, aris Semdegi:

• niadagis dafarva mcenareTa monacvleobiT;

• miwis damuSavebis konservaciuli meTodebis gamoyeneba;

• kultivirebis mravalferovneba;

• marcvleulis brunva;

• damcavi nargavebisa da mwvane sasuqis gamoyeneba. amrigad, yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba

mokled CamovayaliboT mdgradi soflis meurneobis principe-

bi. mdgradi soflis meurneoba erTdroulad pasuxobs ekono-

mikur, bunebrivi garemos da socialur miznebs. radgan am

miznebis gadafarva xdeba, maTi marTva erTdroulad xorci-

eldeba. ekonomikuri mdgradoba saWiroebs momgebiani warmoe-

bis wesis arCevas da srulyofil, yovelmxriv finansur da-

gegmvas. socialuri mdgradoba saWiroebs, rom fuli brunav-

des adgilobriv ekonomikaSi. garemos mdgradoba gulisxmobs

ekosistemis oTxi procesis (energiis nakadebis, wylisa da

1 Burleson, Wayne and Connie Burleson, Rut Buster: A Visual Goal Setting Book, Sloping Acre Publishing Company, Absarokee, Montana, 1994. p.45.

34

mineraluri ciklis da sicocxlisunariani ekosistemis dina-

mikis) karg mdgomareobaSi SenarCunebas.

miwis gamoyenebis strategiebi, romelic mimarTulia

mdgradi ganviTarebisaken moicavs:

• mcenareTa monacvleobas wlis ganmavlobaSi;

• moxvnis Tavidan acilebas;

• biomravalferovnebis gazrdas yvelgan, sadac SesaZle-

belia;

• damcavi nargavebis gamoyenebas; • nakelis farTod gamoyenebas;

• memcenareobisa da mecxoveleobis produqtebis warmo-

ebis integrirebas;

• mogebis dagegmvas; • gamargvlis, qimiuri sasuqebisa da pesticidebis ga-

moyenebis minimumamde dayvanas;

• saWiro masalis adgilobrivad SeZenas;

• adgilobrivi mosaxleobis dasaqmebas da cxovrebis xa-

risxis amaRlebas.

grZelvadian periodSi, agraruli politika sruliad

Seicvleba imgvarad, rom organuli warmoeba zedmeti speci-

fiuri stimulebis daxmarebis gareSe sakmaod konkurentuna-

riani gaxdeba.

35

1.3 mdgradi soflis meurneobis

Camoyalibebis strategiebi da modelebi

bunebasTan dapirispirebam, mis mimarT momxmareblurma

damokidebulebam mZime da damafiqrebeli Sedegebi moutana

Cvens civilizacias. ganviTarebasTan erTad, sazogadoebas

sul ufro meti bunebrivi resursebi sWirdeba, maTi maragi

ki mcirdeba. cxadia, bunebaze adamianis zemoqmedeba gardauva-

lia, magram es ar unda iyos mxolod gamoyenebiTi, vinaidan

bunebis kanonebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli saqmianoba, saboloo

jamSi, savalalo Sedegebis momtania.

dRes ekonomikur-ekologiuri procesebi msoflio mas-

StabiT erTmaneTTan urTierTkavSirSia. garemos dabinZureba

dedamiwis erT regionSi aucileblad moaxdens gavlenas sxva

regionze ekologiuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri Tvalsaz-

risiT. amJamad rTulia soflis meurneobaSi pirvelyofili

bunebrivi mdgomareobis SenarCunebaze saubari - ekologebis

pozicia imaSi mdgomareobs, rom ar Seqmnan dabinZurebis da-

matebiTi wyaroebi.

bunebisadmi frTxili, zomieri midgoma organuli (bio-

logiuri) meurneobis koncefcias udevs safuZvlad (saerTa-

Soriso SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad biologiuri, organuli, ekolo-

giuri sinonimuri terminebia). es koncefcia gulisxmobs,

adamianebis mier bunebrivi resursebis imgvarad gamoyenebas,

romelic dedamiwaze sicocxles ar daazianebs.

organuli moZraoba globalur soflis meurneobaSi

warmogvidgeba, rogorc mravalprofiliani niSa seqtori. ase-

ve sainteresoa ganvixiloT tendenciebi, romlebmac Tanamed-

rove organul soflis meurneobaze didi gavlena moaxdina.

imisaTvis, rom gavigoT organuli soflis meurneobis miznebi

da praqtikuli Sedegebi, aseve aqve ganvixilavT misi ZiriTa-

di principebis evolucias.

XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi qimi-

uri da mZime mrewvelobis ganviTarebas soflis meurneobaSi

qimiuri sasuqebisa da pesticidebis, agreTve sasoflo-same-

36

urneo teqnikisa da teqnologiebis aqtiuri danergva mohyva,

ramac erTgvari revolucia moaxdina agrarul dargSi: gai-

zarda mosavlianoba, Semcirda xeliT Sroma, Sesabamisad Sem-

cirda produqciis TviTRirebulebac. am periodSi yuradReba

ar eqceoda agrobiomravalferovnebas, miwisqveSa wylebis

menejments, niadagis sijansaRes, ramac eWvqveS daayena SeuCe-

rebeuli da mudmivi warmoebis idea. es faqti cnobilia eg-

reTwodebuli `mwvane revoluciis” saxeliT.

`mwvane revolucias” safuZveli daedo 1943 wels meq-

sikis mTavrobis sasoflo-sameurneo programiT da rokfele-

ris fondis mier. am programiT udides warmatebas miaRwia

norman borlougma, romelmac gamoiyvana xorblis mravalnai-

ri maRalefeqturi jiSebi, ris safuZvelzec meqsikam mTlia-

nad uzrunvelyo sakuTari Tavi xorbliT da misi eqsporti

daiwyo. qveyanaSi 15 wlis manZilze mosavlianoba 3-jer gai-

zarda. borlougis miRwevebi gamoyenebul iqna kolumbiis, in-

doeTis, pakistanis seleqciur samuSaoebSi da 1970 wels man

nobelis premia miiRo.

`mwvane revoluciam’’ dedamiwis mosaxleobis udidesi

nawilis gamokvebis saSualeba Seqmna, gaaujobesa cxovrebis

xarisxi. magram amave dros, mineraluri sasuqebisa da pesti-

cidebis farTod gavrcelebam wamoWra ekologiuri xasiaTis

problemebi. miwaTmoqmedebis intensifikaciam daarRvia niada-

gis xarisxi, ramac gamoiwvia damlaSeba da gaudabnoeba, mZime

metalebiT dabinZureba da garemos ekologiuri mdgomareobis

degradacia.

indoeTsa da sxva ganviTarebad qveynebSi Tavdapirvelad

soflis meurneobis dawyebiTi stadia ar ayenebda zians gare-

mos. mecxoveleoba da mcenareebis moyvana ekologiuri aspeq-

tebis dacviT mimdinareobda. miwis damuSaveba mxolod bu-

nebrivi sasuqiT xdeboda. axlandeli meurneobisgan gansxva-

vebiT, didi raodenobiT mosavali ar modioda, magram ekolo-

giurad sufTa produqtebi iqmneboda.

37

me-19 saukunis Sua wlebSi germanelma iustus von Lie-

bigma1 aRmoaCina, rom mcenareebi ikvebebian haeridan miRebuli

azotiTa da naxSiroJangiT iseve, rogorc niadagidan miRebu-

li mineralebiT. man gamoigona azotze damzadebuli sasuqi.

daaxloebiT erTi saukunis Semdeg, miulerma gamoscada axali

Semadgenloba, diqlor-difenil-triqlormeTilmeTani (ddt)

romelic, misi azriT, ìdealuri iaraRi” aRmoCnda mwerebTan

sabrZolvelad. germanelma qimikosma oTmar zeidlerma2 es

Semadgenloba pirvelad 1874 wels SeimuSava. amis Semdeg

misgan warmoebuli iqna sxvadasxva qimiuri inseqticidi, rom-

lebic mzaddeboda azotis, fosforisa da kaliumisagan. am

qimiuri saSualebebis Tavdapirveli warmateba sakmaod STam-

beWdavi iyo. rodesac gairkva, rom maTi moxmareba did zians

ayenebs niadags, garemo ukve sagrZnoblad iyo dabinZurebuli.

msoflioSi cnobilia faqti, rodesac niadagis qimiuri damu-

Savebisas gamoyenebuli ddt aRmoCenil iqna antarqtidaSi

cxovelebs Soris, romlebic aTaseuli kilometris daSore-

biT cxovrobdnen am qimikatis gamoyenebis adgilidan3.

soflis meurneobis produqciaze momxmareblis moTxov-

nilebis gazrdis fonze, sursaTiT mosaxleobis uzrunvelyo-

fis problemis amgvari gadaWra namdvili sensacia iyo. mag-

ram, rogorc xSirad xdeba, droTa ganmavlobaSi gaCnda prob-

lemebi: pirvel rigSi praqtikosma glexebma da Semdeg mecni-

erebma SeniSnes, rom mosavlianobis matebasTan erTad, mavne-

belTa da daavadebebis ricxovnobam, mcenareTa gamZleobam qi-

miuri preparatebis mimarT imata. maTTan brZolisaTvis saWi-

ro xdeboda qimiuri preparatebis asortimentisa da dozebis

gazrda. garda amisa, qimiuri sasuqebis gamoyenebiT gamoifita

niadagi da misi nayofierebis aRdgena qimiuri sasuqebis uf-

ro intensiur gamoyenebas iTxovda. mecnierebma da glexebma

gaacnobieres, rom soflis meurneoba sul ufro damokidebu-

li xdeboda qimiur industriaze.

1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig 2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othmar_Zeidler 3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Revolution

38

soflis meurneobis ganviTarebiT gamowveulma garemos

dazianebam saWiro gaxada efeqturi da myari zomebis miReba.

mecnierebma daadgines, rom mdgradi soflis meurneobis stra-

tegiebsa da modelebs ekologiuri sayrdeni gansazRvravs. XX

saukunis dasawyisSi biologiuri soflis meurneobis koncef-

cias safuZveli Cauyara Sveicarielma mecnierma hans miulerma,

romelmac meuRlesTan erTad SeimuSava bio-organuli miwaT-

moqmedebis safuZvlebi. amosavali principi iyo glexis TviT-

Segnebis amaRleba, glexuri meurneobis damoukideblobisa da

mdgradi ganviTarebis miRweva, rac gulisxmobda:

• soflis meurneobis qimiur mrewvelobaze damokidebu-

lebisgan ganTavisuflebas - qimiuri sasuqebisa da sxva saSu-

alebebis gamoyenebis SezRudvas, mcenareTa dacvisa da niada-

gis nayofierebis amaRlebisaTvis sakuTari meurneobis resur-

sebis maqsimalur gamoyenebas;

• produqciis gasaRebaSi damoukideblobis miRwevas _

produqciis xarisxis gaumjobesebiT sakuTari bazris mopove-

bas im momxmarebelze gaTvliT, romelic dainteresebulia

saRi sakvebiTa da sufTa garemoTi.

qimiuri mrewvelobis uaryofiTi zemoqmedebiT gamowveu-

li problemebi XX saukunis dasawyisSi jer kidev ar iyo

bolomde gamokveTili da Seswavlili. Tumca, biologiuri

meurneobis fuZemdeblebma sworad Seafases konvenciuri sof-

lis meurneobis mosalodneli Sedegebi da gansazRvres bio-

logiuri soflis meurneobis ZiriTadi principebi:

1. Caketili ciklis uzrunvelyofa. ekologiuri Tval-

sazrisiT, gulisxmobs Tavis Sekavebas qimiuri sasuqebisa da

pesticidebis, agreTve, konvenciuri saTesle masalisa da sa-

qonlis sakvebis SeZenisagan; ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT Cake-

tili wrebrunva meurneobis resursebis aqtiuri gamoyenebiT

amcirebs fermeris danaxarjebs da meurneoba naklebad damo-

kidebuli xdeba qimiur mrewvelobaze;

2. niadagis nayofierebis amaRleba sakuTari resurse-

biT. mecnierebic da gamocdilebac adasturebs, rom niadagis

39

nayofierebas, mcenaris zrdasa da adamianis janmrTelobas

Soris pirdapiri kavSiri arsebobs;

3. bunebrivi resursebisadmi frTxili damokidebuleba.

biologiuri soflis meurneobis koncefciis mixedviT, bune-

bisadmi frTxili damokidebuleba gulisxmobs ara marto da-

mabinZurebeli zemoqmedebis Tavidan acilebas, aramed bunebri-

vi resursebis imgvarad xarjvas, rom ar dairRves bunebrivi

balansi. magaliTad, saZovrebis eqspluataciisas aucilebelia

morigeobiTi Zovebis principis dacva;

4. bunebriv kanonzomierebaTa gaTvaliswineba da gamoye-

neba. es biologiuri soflis meurneobis erT-erTi mniSvne-

lovani principia. praqtikuli miznebis garda (mcenareebisa

da cxovelebis mavneblebisa da daavadebebisagan dacva), bio-

meurneobaSi stabiluri garemos SenarCuneba da jiSTa mra-

valferovneba, bunebrivi kanonzomierebebisa da regulirebis

meqanizmebis gaTvaliswineba, xels uwyobs bunebis dacvasa da

gadaSenebis piras myofi adgilobrivi jiSebis SenarCunebas;

5. maRalxarisxovani sakvebi produqtebis warmoeba _

biomeurneobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizania. garemos saerTo

dabinZurebis arsebul fonze, niadagSi yovelTvis arsebobs

mavne nivTierebebis narCeni raodenobeba _ pesticidebis, sa-

suqebis an nebismieri sinTezuri nivTierebebis garkveuli ra-

odenoba, romlebic bolomde ar daiSala da SesaZlebelia

sxvadasxva formiT arsebobdes niadagSi, mcenareSi an sabo-

loo produqtSi. miuxedavad amisa, vinaidan biomeurneobaSi

ar gamoiyeneba mineraluri sasuqebi da mcenareTa dacvis qi-

miuri saSualebebi, saboloo produqciaSi ar unda iyos nar-

Ceni raodenobebi.

biomeurneobis ideam Sveicariis Semdeg mxardamWerebi

sxva qveynebSic moipova. Tavdapirvelad germaniaSi, Semdeg

ki msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi Seiqmna organizaciebi, maT

Soris fermerTa gaerTianebebi, romelTa misia biologiuri

miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba iyo. Tavdapirve-

lad biomeurneobis ideas msoflios yvela qveyanaSi garkve-

uli undoblobiT uyurebdnen, rasac Tavisi mizezebi hqonda:

40

sqema 4

biomeurneobis mowyobisa da biomeTodebis arasakmarisi cod-

na, dabalkvalificiuri da mcire raodenobis sakonsultacio

samsaxurebi, arasaTanado mxardaWera saxelmwifos mxridan,

bioproduqciis bazris neli tempiT ganviTareba da sxv.

Tanamedrove etapze konvenciuri soflis meurneobis

uaryofiTi gavlena meurneobasa da garemoze cxadia. misi Se-

degia is, rom:

• qimiuri pesticidebisa (sinTezuri nivTierebebi, rom-lebic gamoiyeneba mavne organizmebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolve-

lad) da mineraluri sasuqebis gamoyenebam daaziana niadagis

struqtura da daeca misi bunebrivi nayofiereba;

• qimiuri herbicidebisa (sinTezuri nivTierebebi, romle-

bic gamoiyeneba sarevelebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad) da mi-

neraluri sasuqebis gardaqmnis produqtebma daarRvies niada-

gis cocxali organizmebis kvebiTi reJimi, Seamcires maTi

ricxovnoba, dairRva organul nivTierebaTa balansi, rac Ta-

vis mxriv uaryofiTad aisaxeba mcenaris srulfasovan kvebaze;

• mcenareTa dacvis qimiuri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT

dairRva ekologiur wonasworoba, ramac gavlena moaxdina

41

arasamizne organizmebzec. magaliTad, qimiuri preparatebis

gamoyenebis Sedegad iRupebian iseTi sokoebic, romlebic Ta-

vis mxriv mavneblebs asnebovneben da xels uSlian maT masi-

ur gamravlebas. qimiuri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT fermeri

ebrZvis ara mxolod konkretul mavnebels, aramed Tavisdau-

neburad zogierT sasargeblo mwersac, romelic Tavis mxriv

sxva mavneblis bunebrivi mteria - Sesabamisad, erTi mavneb-

lis gavrcelebis problema ixsneba, magram xdeba sxva mavneb-

lis ricxovnobis zrdis stimulireba;

• qimiuri pesticidis gamoyeneba garkveuli drois man-

Zilze amcirebs daavadebaTa da mavnebelTa ricxovnobas, mag-

ram igi gavlenas ver axdens populaciis TviTaRdgenis unar-

ze, ufro metic - ramdenime Taobis ganmavlobaSi mavnebeli

gamoimuSavebs gamZleobas konkretuli preparatis mimarT.

zogierT SemTxvevaSi vrceldeba sruliad axali daavadebac.

Sesabamisad, saWiro xdeba pesticidis dozis gazrda an Sec-

vla ufro Zliermoqmedi pesticidiT - amdenad, fermeri mud-

mivad damokidebuli xdeba qimiur mrewvelobaze;

• garemos datvirTvam qimiuri sasuqebiTa da pesticide-biT daarRvia bunebrivi kvebiTi jaWvi, am nivTierebaTa myari

metabolitebi (nivTierebis daSlis da gardaqmnis Sualeduri

produqtebi) aRmoCnda sasmel wyalSi, haerSi, bunebriv

wyalsacavebSi, Cairecxa niadagis Rrma fenebSi, moxvda arasa-

mizne organizmebSi da saboloo jamSi saxezea garemos glo-

baluri dabinZureba;

• sakvebi produqtebis xarisxi da gemovnebiTi Tvisebebi gauaresda. hormonuli preparatebis narCeni raodenobebi na-

povnia xorcsa da rZis produqtebSi. bostneulSi, xilSi da

sxva produqtebSi _ nitratebi;

• adamianebis janmrTelobas safrTxe Seeqmna rogorc

uxarisxo sakvebi produqtebis mxridan, ise muSaobis dros

qimiur nivTierebebTan mWidro kontaqtis gamo;

• safrTxe Seeqmna soflad arsebul socialur struq-

turebs - dairRva soflis tradiciuli yofa da sofeli ag-

roindustriis nawili xdeba.

42

ekologiuri problemebidan gamomdinare, soflad arse-

buli socialur-ekonomikuri sakiTxebis gamwvavebaze mravali

mecnieri amaxvilebs yuradRebas. CvenTvis metad saintereso

aRmoCnda cnobili indoeli soflis meurneobis dargis mec-

nieris, monkombu sambasivan svaminatanis kvlevebi, romelic

cnobilia rogorc ìndoeTis mwvane revoluciis” da `marad-

mwvane revoluciis” avtori. igi am sakiTxs ase ganixilavs:

`daCqarebuli tempiT wylis, miwisa da biosferos ganadgure-

bas mivyavarT ara mxolod siRaribemde, aramed aseve soci-

alur da genderul usamarTlobamde. rodesac dabalSemosav-

liani fermerebi da meTevzeebi kargaven Taviani bunebrivi re-

sursebis didi nawils, maT sxva gza aRar rCebaT da midian

qalaqebSi, raTa ojaxebi gamokvebon”1. maT `garemos ltol-

vilebs” uwodeben.

unda aRiniSnos, rom soflidan qalaqSi masobrivi gada-

saxleba zrdis qalaqis mosaxleobas da iwyeba samoqalaqo

problemebi. ekologiur degradacias mivyavarT ekonomikur prob-

lemebamde da Semdgom socialur dezintegraciamde” (sqema5).

2000 wlisTvis globaluri mosaxleoba daaxloebiT 6

miliards Seadgenda, xolo mecnierTa varaudiT 2025 wlis-

Tvis 7,9 miliards miaRwevs2. yvelaze metad izrdeba anu

CineTis, indoeTis da afrikis mosaxleoba.

mecnieris mier wamoyenebuli `maradmwvane revoluciis”

idea efuZneba ekonomikur, garemosa da socialur mdgradobas.

mosaxleobis moTxovnilebebis uzrunvelyofisTvis soflis me-

urneobis ganviTareba ekologiuri aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT

unda moxdes. soflis meurneoba ar unda gafarTovdes marJina-

lur miwebze, tyis teritoriebisa da ekosistemebis xarjze.

`mwvane revolucia’’ unda gardaiqmnas `maradmwvane revoluci-

ad’’, romelic dafuZnebuli iqneba ekologiuri, genderuli da

socialuri principebis samarTlianobaze.

1 Kesavan PC, Swaminathan MS., Strategies and models for agricultural sustainability in developing Asian countries. M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, India, 2007, p 6. 2 www.un.org

43

sqema 5

svaminatanis mier Camoyalibebuli iqna mdgradi soflis

meurneobis kvleviTi organizacia, romelmac ganaviTara e.w.

`biosoflis paradigma” romelsac ori mTavari mizani aqvs:

mwvane da maradmwvane revoluciebis ZiriTadi principebi

sqema 6

1. agrowarmoebis ekologiuri

safuZvlebis degradacia

2.. fermeruli ojaxebis

urbanul regionebSi dasaq-

mebis zrda

2.1. mxolod axalgazrdebi

toveben agrarul regions

2.2. mTeli ojaxi tovebs

agrarul regions

3. socialuri disbalansi

4. a. urbanuli zrda da

produqtiuli usafrTxoebis

Semcireba

b. fermeruli aqtivobis daqveiTeba

da kvebis mrewvelobis Semcireba

M

mwvane revolucia Mmaradmwvane revolucia

bunebrivi resursebis erTian menejmentze

damyarebuli mdgradi agrowarmoeba

Sedegze orientirebuli da

laboratoriul kvlevaze

damyarebuli agrowarmoeba

44

1. resursebis mdgradi menejmenti;

2. ekoteqnologiebis ganviTareba bunebis dasacavad, si-

Raribis aRmosafxvrelad, sakvebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvel-

yofisTvis.

mecnierma aRwera, Tu rogor mivyavarT biosoflebs

mdgradi ekonomikis da soflis ganviTarebamde, sakvebis

usafrTxoebamde, biosferos SenarCunebasa da gamoyenebamde.

es SesaZlebeli xdeba am tipis soflebis teqnikuri resurs-

centrebiT, (rasac bio-centri ewodeba), mikrosesxebiT, ro-

melTac ramdenime nacionaluri banki gascems da arsebuli

bazrebis urTierTdakavSirebiT.

svaminatanis kvlevebSi mdgradi soflis meurneoba da-

kavSirebulia ganviTarebadi qveynebis Raribi mosaxleobis

sakvebis usafrTxoebasTan. garkveulwilad, es amarTlebs mo-

sazrebas imis Sesaxeb, ekologiuri revolucia unda iyos

ganxiluli rogorc soflis meurneobis revoluciisa da in-

dustriuli revoluciis Semgomi movlena. am ekologiurma

revoluciam unda gadaarCinos kacobrioba da dedamiwa. yu-

radReba eqceva im faqts, rom warmoebis gazrdis da bazris

mogebis sworxazovani midgoma mdgradi soflis meurnoebis-

Tvis damRupvelia.

bolo ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi `mwvane revoluciiT”

miRebuli gamocdileba amis kargi magaliTia. arsebiTad gan-

sxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan `mwvane” da `maradmwvane revolu-

ciis” kvleviTi meTodebi da ganviTareba. `mwvane revoluci-

is” dros, teqnologiebi emyareboda marcveulis kvlevas.

Mmiwa dabinZurebuli iyo mineraluri sasuqebiT da sruliad

ar aqcevdnen yuradRebas imas, Tu rasQsWirdeboda miwas si-

jansaRis SesanarCuneblad. specialuri drenaJis gareSe miwis

uzomod morwyvam damlaSeba da gaudabnoeba gamoiwvia. Sede-

gad, warmoebidan ucabedi mogebis miRebis mizanma gaanadgura

SesaZlo sargeblis miRebis samomavlo Sansi.

CineTSi bolo dros xSirad iyeneben termins `mwvane

soflis meurneoba”. Ees aris kultivaciis sistema IPM-is,

kompleqsuri kvebiTi danamatebisa da komleqsuri bunebrivi

45

menejmentis sistemebis daxmarebiT. `mwvane soflis meurneo-

ba” ar gamoricxavs mineralebisa da qimiuri sasuqebis minima-

lur, magram aucilebel gamoyenebas.

`TeTri soflis meurneoba” warmoadgens iseT sistemas,

romelic iyenebs ZiriTadad mikroorganizmebs, kerZod sokos.

misi koncefcia 1986 wels CineTSi Camoyalibda. es saxeli

mas TeTrxalaTiani mecnierebisa da teqnikosebis gamo ewo-

da, romlebic atarebdnen maRalteqnologiur procesebs sak-

vebis pirdapir mikroorganizmebidan warmoebis mizniT. `ma-

radmwvane revoluciisTvis” igi efuZvneba organul soflis

meurneobas, eko-soflis meurneobas, mwvane soflis meurneo-

bas, EMS soflis meurneobas, TeTri soflis meurneobas da

èrTi Calis Reris revolucias”.

iaponelma mecnierma, masanobu fukokam Tavis wignSi

èrTi Calis Reros revolucia (`The One-Straw Revolution: Introduction to Natural Farming”), axsna bunebrivi fermerobis sistema. misi azriT, arsebobs 4 ZiriTadi principi1:

1. aranairi kultivacia;

2. araviTari qimiuri sasuqebi;

3. araviTari mocelva (sarevela mniSvnelovania miwis

nayofierebis SesanarCuneblad, unda gakontroldes, magram

ar moicelos);

4. mosavali ar unda iyos damokidebuli qimiur nivTie-

rebebsa da momwamlav pesticidebze.

avtoris azriT, dedamiwa Tesavs da TviT mcenaris fes-

vebis saSualebiT, mikroorganizmebis moqmedebiT, patara cxo-

velebis da Wiayelebis daxmarebiT uvlis mcenareebs. miwas

Tu ar SevexebiT, is SeinarCunebs nayofierebas cxoveluri

da mcenareuli cxovrebis bunebriv ciklTan urTierTqmede-

biT. sarevela exmareba miwas nayofierebis SenarCunebasa da

biologiuri kavSiris balansSi. Aamis gamo, sarevela unda

iyos miwaSi, magram unda gakontroldes. am meTodiT fukokas

1 Fukuoka M., The one-straw revolution: Introduction to Natural Farming, India Press, 1992, p.182

46

mwvane da maradmwvane revoluciebis

ganxorcielebis gzebi1

cxrili #3

Mmwvane revolucia:

warmoebis gazrda, romelic mo-

gebazea dafuZnebuli

Mmaradmwvane revolucia:

grZelvadiani warmoebis ganviTareba, eko-

logiuri zianis miyenebis gareSe

1. cvlilebebi mcenaris struq-

turasa da mosavlis raodenoba-

Si.

2. fiziologiuri riTmis cvli-

leba, romelzec ar moqmedebs

fotoperiodizmi.

3. produqti inaxeba didxans.

1. organuli soflis meurneoba: mosav-

lis moyvana yovelgvari qimiuri danama-

tebis gareSe.

2. mwvane soflis meurneoba: mosavlis

moyvana parazitebis kontroliT (Pest Management), kompleqsuri sakvebi danama-

tebiT da kompleqsuri resursebis menej-

mentis sistemiT.

3. eko soflis meurneoba: dafuZnebuli

wylis, miwisa da biosferos ekonomiaze,

tradiciuli codnisa da ekologiuri

sifrTxilis daxmarebiT.

4. EMS soflis meurneoba: efeqturi

mikroorganizmebis gamoyeneba fermerul

sistemaSi.

5. TeTri soflis meurneoba: soflis me-

urneobis sistema, romelic efuZneba

Zlieri mikroorganizmebis gamoyenebas,

kerZod ki sokos.

6. èrTi Calis Reros“ revolucia: fer-

merobis bunebrivi sistema, qimiuri sasu-

qebis, pesticidebisa da herbicidebis ga-

reSe.

1 akrze 1650 funti brinjis erT-erTi saxeoba moyavda (da-

axloebiT 3 tona 1 akrze, 7.4 tona heqtarze). samwuxarod,

literaturaSi sxva damatebiTi informacia ar moipoveba.

meore mxriv, `maradmwvane revolucia” ar gulisxmobs

mxolod erTi an ori saxis marcvleulis moyvanas, aramed

1 Kesavan PC, Swaminathan MS., Strategies and models for agricultural sustainability in developing Asian countries. M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, India, 2007, p 9.

47

racionaluri fermeruli sistemis midgomas, romelic dai-

cavs miwas, wyals, biosferos da bunebrivi resursebis me-

nejments. miwis movlas da wylis menejments didi yuradReba

eTmoba. Sinauri cxovelebis fekaluri masebi afxvierebs mi-

was, marcveulis narCenebs ki cxovelebi miirTmeven. erTi an

ori marcvleulis magivrad, SemoTavazebulia sxvadasxva mar-

cvleuli, Teslebi, parkosnebi.

mcire fermerebi, resursebis SezRudulobis pirobebSi,

iZulebulni iqnebian ekonomiurad gamoiyenon resursebi,

awarmoon miwisa da wylis menejmenti, racionaluri gamoye-

non sasuqebi. bolo dros ganviTarebuli Tanamedrove infor-

maciuli da komunikaciuri teqnologiebi yvelaze metad

uWers mxars `maradmwvane revolucias~. svaminatanma deta-

lurad daamuSava `mwvane revoluciis” `maradmwvane revolu-

ciad” gardaqmisaTvis aucilebeli teqnologiebi, dagegmva da

menejmenti.

`mwvane revoluciis” Secdomaze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom soflis meurneobis mwarmoeblurobis gazrdis

mizniT gadadgmuli nabijebi unda iTvaliswinebdes niadagis,

wylis, garemos mravalferovnebis, atmosferos, ganaxlebadi

resursebis da a.S. dacvas. am miznisken gza aris soflis me-

urneobis sistema, romelSic gaerTianebulia warmoebis, bune-

bis mravalferovnebis da niadagis xarisxis SenarCunebisa da

gaumjobesebis meTodebi.

amitom Zlieri soflis meurneoba gaigivebulia mdgrad

soflis meurneobasTan romelic, Tavis mxriv, moicavs sof-

lebis mdgrad ganviTarebas.

mdgradi soflis meurneobisaTvis inovaciebis Semomtani

biowarmoeba gaxda. mas mecnierebi sxvadasxva terminiT gan-

sazRvraven. magaliTad, germanul da frangulenovan qveyneb-

Si gamoiyeneba termini `biologiuri” (Biologique, Biologi-sche), inglisurenovan qveynebSi ixmareba termini _ òrganu-

48

li” (Organic), espanurSi _ èkologiuri” (Ecologico).1 sa-qarTvelom germanul-franguli modeli airCia da kanoniT

daadgina terminebi `bioproduqti/biowarmoeba”. terminebi bi-

ologiuri, organuli, ekologiuri _ ixmareba rogorc sino-

nimebi; sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gamoiyeneba gansxvavebuli termi-

nologia, rac ganpirobebulia enis TaviseburebebiT, xolo

sakiTxisadmi midgoma da Sesabamisi meTodebi yvela qveyanaSi

msgavsia.2

Tanamedrove organuli soflis meurneobis fesvebi ga-

dajaWvulia im soflis meurneobis dabadebasTan, romelsac

Cven amJamad “industriul” soflis meurneobas vuwodebT.

organuli soflis meurneoba iyo erTaderTi SesaZlo gza,

sanam fermerebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi ar gaxdeboda sxvadas-

xva sasuqebi, biocidebi, medikamentebi, meqanizacia, romelic

industriul soflis meurneobas axasiaTebs. am resursebis

ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi fermerebs meti gamosavali arc

hqondaT da biologiuri da ekologiuri sistemebis SigniT

muSaobdnen. am perspeqtividan Tu SevxedavT, organuli sof-

lis meurneoba ZiriTadi da wamyvenia, xolo koncenciur

soflis meurneoba misgan mxolod gamoiyo. es gayofa me-19

saukuneSi moxda, rodesac aRmoaCines, rom mcenareebi nakeli-

dan ara organuli nivTierebebis, aramed mineraluri marile-

bis aTvisebas axdenen. sie hemfri devim da jastus von lie-

bigma saTave daudes am Teorias da gamoaqveynes TavianTi ide-

ebi `sasoflo-sameurneo qimiis elementebi”3 da òrganuli

qimia da misi gamoyeneba soflis meurneobasa da fiziologia-

Si.”4 maTi argumentebi iyo is, rom araorganulma mineralur-

ma sasuqebma unda Caanacvlos nakeli, rac soflis meurneo-

1 jorjaZe m., SatberaSvili e., saqarTvelos kanoni `biologiuri agrowar-

moebis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb”. zogadi mimoxilva. – Jurn. àgroinfo’’,

#49 [18] aprili, 2008, gv. 42. 2 biologiur meurneobaTa asociacia “elkana”, broSura #1. 2004. gv. 3. 3 Davy, H.. Elements of Agricultural Chemistry. In a Course of Lectures for the Board of Agriculture. W. Bulwer, London. 1813. 4 von Liebig, J., Organic Chemistry in its Application to Agriculture and Physiology. Taylor and Walton, London. 1840.

49

bas samecniero relsebze gadaiyvans da amiT gaizrdeba misi

mwarmoebluroba da efeqtianoba. sasoflo-sameurneo revo-

lucia 1740-ian wlebSi daiwyo da masTan erTad gaCnda pir-

veli araorganuli sasuqis komerciuli warmoeba. ra Tqma

unda rogorc yvela revolucias, masac ar Cauvlia Secdome-

bis gareSe da mxolod meore msoflio omis dawyebis peri-

odSi moxda am praqtikis farTod gavrceleba1.

1924 wels ànTrofosofiis” damaarsebelma rudilf

Steinerma waikiTxa leqcia soflis meurneobis sakiTxze, sa-

dac man Camoayaliba biodinamikuri soflis meurneobis sawyi-

sebi, romelic organuli soflis meurneobisagan principu-

lad gansxvavdeba, radgan mas sulieri, mistiuri da astro-

logiuri aspeqtebi gaaCnia. man TiTqos iwinaswarmetyvela in-

dustriuli soflis meurneobis kritika da ganviTarebis ax-

leburi gza dasaxa. pirveli organuli sertifikati da mar-

kirebis sistema `demetri” Seiqmna 1924 wels Steineris Za-

lisxmeviT.2

am dros cnobili mecnieri, robert mkkarisoni atareb-

da kvlevebs indoeTis mebrZolebs Soris. man yuradReba miaq-

cia imas, rom maT Soris faqtiurad ar arsebobda dasavleT-

Si Cveulebrivad qceuli daavadebebi. mecnierma amaSi dainaxa

ara daavadebis gamomwvevi mizezebis ararseboba, aramd is,

rom am adamianebs ufro mZlavri sasicocxlo energia hqon-

daT da amis mizezad is janmrTeli sakvebi miiCnia, romliTac

isini ikvebebodnen _ Zalian mcire raodenobiT xorciT, ume-

tesad ki mcenareebiTa da marcvleuliT, romelTa moyvana na-

keliT gamdidrebul mindvrebSi xdeboda. am mimarTulebiT

muSaoba gaagrZela mkkeinma. igi dakvirvebas awarmoebda vir-

Txebis or jgufze, romelTa erT nawils indoelTa sakvebs,

1 Grigg, D. English Agriculture: An Historical Perspective. Blackwell, Oxford. 1989. 2 Rundgren, G., History of organic certification and regulation. In: Rundgren, G. and Lockeretz, W. (eds) IFOAM Conference on Organic Guarantee Systems – Reader.International Harmonisation and Equivalence in Organic Agriculture. International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements, Tholey-Theley, Nuremberg, Germany. 17–19 February 2002, p. 5.

50

meore jgufs ki ingliseli Raribi ojaxis racions awvdida.

pirveli jgufi viTardeboda, xolo meore jgufs rigi daava-

debebis garda negatiuri sociologiuri efeqtebic Tan er-

Tvoda. aman mecnieri im daskvnamde miiyvana, rom mniSvnelova-

nia janmrTeli sakvebi moyvanil iqnas niadagze, romelic na-

keliTa da sxva organuli bunebrivi sasuqiT mdidrdeba.

1920 wlebSi indoeTSi aseve moRvaweobda mecnieri sir

albert hovardi. man daaarsa eqperimentuli soflis meurne-

obis sakvlevi instituti. igi didi yuradRebiT akvirdeboda

indoeli glexebis muSaobas da ambobda, rom gacilebiT meti

iswavla maTgan, vidre Tavisi mecnieruli eqsperimentebidan.

hovardma SeimuSava mTeli rigi mcenareTa zrdis teqnologi-

ebi da gamoikvlia, Tu rogor moqmedebda fermis cxovelebis

janmrTelobaze is, Tu rogor moiyvanes furaJi. mecnieri

darwmunda, rom mWidro kavSiri arsebobs niadagis sijansaRe-

sa da masze gazrdili mcenareebisa da cxovelebis janmrTe-

lobas Soris, ramac ubiZga aeTvisebina is tradiciuli kom-

postis damzadebis wesebi, rasac indoeli glexebi iyenebdnen.

es gamocdileba man Camoayaliba wignSi `soflis meurneobis

narCeni produqtebi1” romlis meSveobiTac es codna yvela

kontinentze gavrcelda.

organuli pionerebis Semdgom talRaze gavlena iseTi

mecnierebis naSromebma da publikaciebma moaxdina, rogorebic

iyvnen hovardi, makkarisoni da Steineri. swored am meore

talRis meSveobiT sicocxle STaebera organul moZraobas

da Seiqmna pirveli asociaciebi: rodalis instituti aSS-Si, niadagi da janmrTeloba axal zelandiaSi da niadagis asoci-

acia gaerTianebul samefoSi. pensilvaniaSi (aSS) rodalma organuli soflis meurne-

obis principebi praqtikaSi pirvelad 1930-iani wlebis bo-

los mosinja. igi male mixvda, rom niadagis bunebrivi sijan-

saRis gafrTxilebiTa da aRdgeniT adamianis janmrTelobas

1 Howard, A. 1931 The Waste Products of Agriculture: Their Utilization as Humus. Oxford University Press, London.

51

aumjobesebda. 1947 wels man daaarsa niadagisa da janmrTe-

lobis fondi, romelsac mogvianebiT rodalis instituti

daerqva. swored man gamoaqveyna mTeli rigi publikaciebi

organuli fermerobisa da mebaReobis janmrTelobasTan kav-

Sirze, romelSic naTlad Camoayaliba Tavisi filosofia:

,,janmrTeli niadagi udris janmrTel sakvebs da udris jan-

mrTel adamianebs”.

gaerTianebul samefoSi ev balfurma wamoiwyo `hoglis

eqsperimenti” romlis saSualebiTac axdenda organuli da

araorganuli warmoebis Sedarebas grZelvadian periodSi. man

aseve dawera Zalian mniSvnelovani naSromi `cocxali su-

li”1, romelic nawilobriv `hoglis eqsperimentiT” iyo na-

karnaxevi. igi iyo niadagis asociaciis pirveli wevri da da-

maarsebeli 1946 wels axal zelandiaSi. am asociaciaze ad-

re Seiqmna `niadagisa da janmrTelobis asociacia”, romelic

1942 wels doqtorma gai Capmenma daaarsa.

SveicariaSi organuli moZraobis pionerebi hansi da ma-

ria miulerebi iyvnen. Steineris biodinamikuri soflis meur-

neobis swavlebani herr miuleris STagonebis wyaroc gaxda. 1950-ianebSi man SeimuSava ,,organul-biologiuri” fermero-

bis meTodi. hans peter ruSma, eqimma, mikrobiologma da miu-

leris megobarma mecnieruli safuZveli miuyena miuleris

naSroms da gamoaqveyna Tavis naSromSi “niadagis fertilo-

ba”2. es moZraoba metad formalizebuli gaxda 1970-ianebSi,

rodesac `biolendis” savaWro niSnis, am droisTvis germania-Si yvelaze umsxvilesi sertifikatis qveS gaerTianda3.

iaponiaSi movlenebi am moZraobisgan damoukideblad vi-

Tardeboda. 1936 wels mokiCi okadam wamoiwyo `bunebrivi

fermeroba”, romelic moicavda sulier da agronomiul as-

peqtebs adamianTa modgmis gasaumjobeseblad. mas sakmao

1 Balfour, E. The Living Soil. Faber and Faber, London., 1943. 2 Rusch, H.P.. Bodenfruchtbarkeit. Karl F. Haug Verlag, Heidelberg, 1964. 3 Haccius, M., Lünzer, I. Organic agriculture in Germany. In: Graf, S. and Willer, H.(eds) Organic Agriculture in Europe. Results of the Internet Project Stiftung Ökologie und Landbau, Bad Dürkheim. 2000. p. 109. www.organic–europe.net

52

msgavseba hqonda Steineris biodinamikur principebTan da an-

TrofosofianTan. iaponiaSi aseve dafuZvnda sekai kiunsiu ki-

os organizacia, romelic dResac agrZelebs ,,kunseis buneb-

rivi fermerobis” gaZRolas da propagandas. am mimdinareobis

Sto, mokiCi okadas asociacia, daarsda 1980 wels da misi

mizani iyo, rom mecnierulad daedasturebinaT Tavisi ferme-

robis meTodebis vargisianoba. daaxloebiT imave dros, ro-

desac okadam daaarsa Tavisi moZraoba, masanobu fukuokam

gansxvavebuli midgoma gamoiCina bunebrivi fermerobis mimarT

iaponiaSi. mas ganaTleba miRebuli hqonda mikrobiologisa da

niadagis mecnierebis sferoebSi da wamoiwyo martivi soflis

meurneobis praqtika, romelic cnobilia saxeliT: “fermero-

ba arafris gakeTebiT” (,,Do Nothing Farming”)1. okadas msgav-sad fukuokas fermerul midgomas sulierebis safuZveli

edo (Fukuoka, M. 1978. One Straw Revolution. Rodale Press, Emmaus). am moZraobam daamtkica, rom organuli fermeroba

ara marto evropuli, aramed globaluri fenomenicaa.

1962 wels raCel garsonis mier `wynari gazafxulis”

(Rachel Carson, ,,Silent Spring”) gamoqveyneba faqtobrivad Semob-runebis wertili iyo da SegviZlia CavTvaloT, rom Tanamed-

rove organuli da garemos dacvis moZraobebi aq ideben sa-

Taves. es cvlileba SeiZleba revoluciadac CavTvaloT. SeiZ-

leba iTqvas, rom organuli moZraoba meore msoflio omis

Semdgomi daviwyebisagan garemos dacvis moZraobam gadaarCina.

,,wynarma gazafxulma” msoflios Tvali auxila im da-

mangrevel Zalaze, rac pesticidebsa da sxva toqsinebs gaaC-

niaT globaluri garemos wonasworobis mimarT. am naSromma

mTeli rigi argumentebi wamoayena industriuli fermerobis

winaaRmdeg im argumentebis garda, rac tradiciul organul

moZraobas gaaCnda.

1960-ian wlebSi, im dros, rodesac `wynari gazafxu-

li” gamoqveynda, mniSvnelovan socialuri cvlilebebs hqonda

1 Setboonsarng, S., Gilman, J. Alternative Agriculture in Thailand and Japan. HORIZON Communications, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. Accessed 6/9/00. 1999. www.solutions–site.org/cat11_sol85.htm

53

adgili. am periodSi mravali politikuri da filosofiuri

azrebi Camoyalibda da problemebi wamoiWra, maT garSemo ki

Zalian mwvave debatebi imarTeboda. bevri maTgani organuli

moZraobis ganviTarebisaTvis gadamwyveti aRmoCnda. amis maga-

liTad gamodgeba medousebis, randersis da behrensis naSromi

`zrdis sazRvrebi”1, romelSic ganxilulia msoflio popu-

laciisa da globaluri ekonomikis problemebi da dasmulia

kiTxva: ra moxdeba, Tuki msoflio populaciiis zrda isev

ukontrolo iqneba? ra SeiZleba gakeTdes imisaTvis, rom

msoflio ekonomika gawvdes yvelas da amave dros dedamiwis

fizikur SesaZleblobebs Seesabamebodes? kidev erTi naSromi,

Sumaxeris `patara da mSvenieri: ekonomika romlisaTvisac

adamianis interesebi mniSvnelovania”2 ufro metad radikalu-

ri ideebiT iyo ganmsWvaluli. masSi gadmocemulia idea, rom

upriania ekonomikur zrdaze vTqvaT uari da ekonomikis mTa-

var miznad sicocxlis xarisxi gamovacxadoT.

1970-ian wlebSi organuli soflis meurneoba ganviTar-

da èko-soflis meurneobis” saxeliT, gaZlierda Sesabamisi

organizaciebi, romlebic Ziridadad fermerebis sertifici-

rebis procesze iyvnen fokusirebulni. Tumca es mainc sof-

lis meurneobis da saxelmwifo politikis ZiriTadi mimar-

Tulebebis miRma rCeboda.

rac Seexeba Tanamedrove organul moZraobas, igi radi-

kalurad gansxvavdeba misi pioneruli formebisagan. axla mis

RerZs garemos mdgradoba warmoadgens, maSin rodesac pione-

rebis Sexedulebebi adamianis da niadagis janmrTelobas ar

scildeboda.

globaluri qselis formireba erT-erTi mTavari stadi-

aa, romlis Seqmnis Semdegac SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom poli-

tikurma da socialurma moZraobebma simwifis asaks miaRwies.

1 Meadows, D.H., Meadows, D.L., Randers, J. and Behrens, W.W. Limits to Growth. AReport for the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament of Mankind. Universe Books, New York. 1972. 2 Schumacher E.F., Small is Beautiful: A Study of Economics as if People Mattered. 1974.

54

organuli moZraobisaTvis es barieri gadailaxa 1972 wels

organuli soflis meurneobis moZraobis saerTaSoriso fede-

raciis _ IFOAM-is (International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements) SeqmnasTan erTad, romelic dRemde erTaderTi

globaluri organuli arasamTavrobo organizaciaa. misi Seqmna

da ganviTareba sakmaod rTuli iyo. igi gadaiqca erT-erT avto-

ritetul moZraobad, romlis azrsac sakmao pativs scemen ro-

gorc saxelmwifo, aseve arasaxelmwifo organizaciebi. IFOAM-is misiaa organuli moZraobis mTeli misi mravalferovnebiT

warmarTva, gaerTianeba da daxmareba.12

organizaciis mTavari miznebia:

• mTel msoflioSi organul soflis meurneobaze av-

toritetuli informaciisa gavrceleba, am moZraobis ganvi-

Tarebis xelSewyoba da codnis urTierTgacvla;

• saerTaSoriso politikur forumebze organuli moZ-

raobis warmoCena;

• organuli xarisxis saerTaSoriso garantad aRiareba;

• saerTaSoriso standartebis dawesebiTa da sertifi-cirebis proceduris SemuSavebis gziT organuli garantiebis

sistemis Seqmna da sertifikatebis gamcemi wevri organizaci-

ebisaTvis sertificirebis uflebebis gadacema;

• organuli seqtoris monawileTa dafiqsireba.

1980-ian wlebSi organuli moZraobis naxtomisebri zrda

aRiniSna. soflis meurneobis intensifikacia saxelmwifo erovnu-

li politikis erT-erT amocanad iqca. organuli sakvebi pro-

duqtebi SeTavazebul iqna rogorc alternativa da maRal soci-

alur-ekonomikur jgufebSi igi sakmaod ,,moduric” gaxda. ro-

gorc amerikeli profesori j. gutmani aRniSnavs, `namdvilad

ironiis Semcvelia is faqti, rom organuli sakvebis yidva da

1 Woodward, L. and Vogtmann, H.. IFOAM’s organic principles. Ecology and Farming 36: 2004, p. 24. 2 Guthman, J. Agrarian Dreams: The Paradox of Organic Farming in California. University of California Press, Berkeley, 2000

55

moxmareba socialuri statusis maCvenebeli gaxda, rac ewinaaR-

mdegeba organuli soflis meurneobis principebs”1.

organuli soflis meurneoba globaluri xdeba. dasav-

leT evropis da CrdiloeT amerikis industriuli qveynebis

miRma origanuli soflis meurneobis mkveTri zrda SeimCneo-

da 1980-ian wlebSi okeaniis qeynebSi, centralur da sam-

xreT amerikaSi, aziasa da afrikaSi. bevr am regions sakuT-

riv Tavisi fermerobis sistemebi hqonda, romlebic SesaZ-

loaA organul soflis meurneobas mivakuTvnoT. maT SesaZ-

lebloba hqondaT daxmareba mieRoT saxelmwifosgan da orga-

nuli soflis meurneobis mxardamWeri gare daxmarebis fonde-

bidan, aseve am mimarTulebis adgilobrivi arasamTavrobo orga-

nizaciebidan. mniSvnelovania is, rom am dros msoflioSi ukve

arsebobda am mimarTulebis adgilobrivi da regionaluri moZ-

raobebi. cxrilSi #4 moyvanilia naklebad ganviTarebuli qvey-

nebis fermerebisaTvis adaptirebis procesSi organuli soflis

meurneobis xelSewyobi da Semaferxebeli faqtorebi.

biologiur da ekologiur procesebze aqcentirebiT da ad-

gilobrivi resursebis gamoyenebiT adgilobrivi vaWroba loka-

lur fermerul sistemebSi Zalian kargad ergeba organiul sof-

lis meurneobas. centralur da samxreT amerikaSi organulma

soflis meurneobam kargad moikida fexi. aRsaniSnavia argentinis

organuli fermebi, romelTac dakavebuli farTobis mixedviT

msoflioSi meore adgili ukavia. aseve aRsaniSnavia meqsikis fer-

mebi, romlebic raodenobiT msoflioSi pirvel adgilzea2.

samxreT da centralur amerikaSi aseTi fermebi umete-

sad eqsportze arian orientirebulni. magram iseTi socia-

lur-ekonomikuri winaaRmdegobani, rogoricaa siRaribe da

miwis gamofitva Taviseburad cvlian organuli soflis me-

urneobis danergvisa da adaptaciis process. argentinas

1 Guthman, J. Agrarian Dreams: The Paradox of Organic Farming in California. University of California Press, Berkeley., 2000. 2 Organic Agriculture: A Global Perspective, Edited by Paul Kristiansen, Acram Taji and John Reganold Published by CSIRO PUBLISHING, 2006, p.8.

56

organul soflis meurneobaze gadasvlis stimulebi da

xelSemSleli faqtorebi naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi1

cxrili #4

stimulebi

Semaferxebeli faqtorebi

_ mwvane revoluciis teqnolo-

giebSi imedgacrueba

_ organuli soflis meurneobis Sesa-

xeb informaciis nakleboba

_ mwvane revoluciis maRali

Rirebuleba

_ ekonomikuri da politikuri mxarda-

Weris nakleboba

_ revoluciuri teqnologiebi _ intensiuri soflis meurneobis gata-

rebis mizniT presingis ganxorcieleba

_ organuli soflis meurneobis

Tavsebadoba adgilobriv codnasTan

_ ucxouri organizaciebis mier dawe-

sebuli sertificirebis maRali fasebi

_ garemos dacvis da ganviTare-

bis moZraobebis gavlena

_ soflis regionebSi ganaTlebis dabali

donis gamo aRicxvianobis mouwesrigebloba

_ sabazro SesaZleblobebi _ zogierT qveyanaSi savaWro libera-

lizaciis ararseboba, rac eqsportis

gafarToebas xels uSlis

organuli warmoebisaTvis gankuTvnili aqvs 3 mln heqtari,

xolo am miwis 74%-s organuli fermerebis 5% flobs.2

1980-ian wlebSi argentinis organulma moZraobam mkac-

ri sertificirebis procesi danerga, Seqmna myari saeqspor-

to kavSirebi da mTavrobisgan sakmao daxmarebac miiRo. rac

Seexeba biomravalferovnebas, argentinaSi sakmaod warmatebu-

lad viTardeba genetikurad modificirebuli kulturebis

moyvana, romelsac farTobis mixedviT, aSS-s Semdeg, meore

adgili ukavia. igi 2003 wlisaTvis 10 mln heqtars,3 xolo

2005 wels _ 14.2 mln heqtars Seadgenda 1.

1 wyaro: Walaga, C. Organic agricultural trade: the state of the art in Africa. In: Lockeretz, W.and Geier, B. (eds) Quality and Communication for the Organic Market. Proceedings of the 6th IFOAM Trade Conference. International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), Tholey-Theley, Germany. 2000 2 Yussefi, M. Development and state of organic agriculture worldwide. In: Willer, H. and Yussefi, M. (eds) The World of Organic Agriculture. Statistics and Emerging Trends 2004. International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), Bonn. p. 13. 2004. 3 Coffman, B. Portrait of Global GMO Usage Update. Monsanto, Cambridge. Accessed 3/10/02, 2001.

57

argentinis msgavsad meqsikas eqsportze gaaqvs Tavisi

organuli oriduqtis udidesi nawili. am produqtis 70%-s

yava Seadgens2. fermebis mTliani raodenobidan mcire mewar-

meebs aq 94% uWiravT, romelic 28 000 sertificirebul

fermerul meurneobas iTvlis. garda amisa, aq mcire raode-

nobiT aris ereTwodebuli didi finkebi (mamulebi), sadac

mohyavT kakao, Saqari da yava. adreuli biodinamiuri ferme-

bisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic pirvelad 1967 wels gamoC-

ndnen da sertifikatebi miiRes yavis warmoebaSi, organuli

soflis meurneoba 1980-ian wlebSi wamoiwia da 1990 wlebi-

dan sakmao daxmarebas iRebs mTavrobisgan. amave dros is ga-

vida ucxour, ZiriTadad aSS bazrebze.

rac Seexeba kubas, 1990 wliebis dasawyisSi sabWoTa kav-

Siris kolafsTan erTad man ZiriTadad dakarga rogorc bazari,

aseve soflis meurneobis sferoSi subsidiebic. aman kubis sof-

lis meurneoba aiZula, rom moeZia nedleulis gasaRebis al-

ternatuli bazrebi3. kubam SeimuSava programa da daiwyo orga-

nuli soflis meurneobis ganviTareba da xelSewyoba. Seiqmna

treiningebis da sertificirebis qselebi, moxda fermebis res-

truqturizacia. miuxedavad imisa, rom kubas uari ar uTqvams

,,konvenciuri,” intensiuri tipis, Cveulebriv soflis meurneo-

baze, mainc, brinjis warmoebis daaxloebiT 65% da bostneu-

lis 50% organuli wesiT iwarmoeba.

www.monsanto.co.uk/news/ukshowlib.phtml?uid=6043 1 Human Genome Project Information., Genetically Modified Foods and Organisms. Genome Programs of the US Department of Energy Office of Science, Oak Ridge. Accessed 15/10/04., 2004. www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/gmfood.shtml 2 Tovar, L.G. and Cruz, M.A.G. 2004. Mexico. In: Willer, H. and Yussefi, M. (eds) The World of Organic Agriculture. Statistics and Emerging Trends 2004. International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements, Bonn. p. 138. 2004. 3 Kilcher, L., Organic agriculture in Cuba: The revolution goes green. Journal of Agriculture in the Tropics and Subtropics 102(2): p.187., 2001.

58

aziaSi ganviTarebulia sxvadasxva sistemebi, romelic

Tavsebadia organul soflis meurneobasTan1. Cv.w.aR-mde

1000-600 wlebSi indoeTSi mTeli rigi nawarmoebebi Seiqmna,

romelSic detalurad iyo gadmocemuli soflis meurneobis

principebi da praqtikebi. indigenuri meTodebi dResac coc-

xalia Tanamedrove indoeTSi da fermerebs exmareba organu-

li principebiT warmarTon TavianTi saqmianoba2.

miuxedavad imisa, rom mdgrad soflis meurneobas Zali-

an didi xnis istoria aqvs CineTSi, me-20 saukunis fermeru-

li praqtikis Zireulma modernizaciam gamoiwvia is, rom

tradiciuli soflis meurneobis warmoebis praqtika faqtiu-

rad mitovebuli iqna da codna daikarga. mxolod gasuli sa-

ukunis 80-ian wlebSi daiwyo CineTma kvlevebi da mdgradi

soflis meurneobisaken svla. 1990 wels CineTi msoflio

ekologiur bazarze gamoCnda pirveli produqtiT _ Cai.

1994 wels aq daarsda organuli sakvebi produqtebis ganvi-

Tarebis centri, xolo momdevno wels gamoqveynda naciona-

luri organuli standartebi3.

organuli soflis meurneoba mxolod ramodenime afri-

kul qveyanaSia ganviTarebuli. magaliTad, keniaSi amJamad af-

rikis organuli fermerebis yvelaze meti raodenobaa4. sene-

galiSi da burkina-fasoSi daarsda arasamTavrobo organiza-

1 Setboonsarng, S. Gilman, J. Alternative Agriculture in Thailand and Japan. HORIZON Communications, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. Accessed 6/9/00. 1999. www.solutions–site.org/cat11_sol85.htm 2 Mahale, P., Sorée, Y. National study: India. In: UNESCAP (ed.) Organic Agriculture and Rural Poverty Alleviation. Potential and Best Practices in Asia. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP), Bangkok. 2002. p. 77. 3 Zong, H. National study: China. In: UNESCAP (ed.) Organic Agriculture and Rural Poverty Alleviation. Potential and Best Practices in Asia. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP), Bangkok. 2002., p. 60. 4 Parrott, N. and Marsden, T. The Real Green Revolution. Organic and Agroecological Farming in the South. Greenpeace Environmental Trust, London., 2002.

59

ciebi, romelTa ZalisxmeviTac moxda organuli fermerobis

danergva.

1980-ian wlebSi mecnierebma didi daintereseba gamoiCi-

nes organuli soflis meurneobis warmoebis mimarT, maT So-

ris maTac, vinc maincdamaic ar emxroboda soflis meurneo-

bis warmoebis alternatiul meTodebs. am sferoSi wina pe-

riodis samecniero bumma sabolood asaxva hpova nikolas

lampkinis sakmaod seriozul naSromSi òrganuli fermero-

ba,” romelic 1990 wels gamoqveynda.

1970-ian wlebSi dawyebuli tendenciebi 1980-ian wleb-

Si gaaqtiurda da 90-ian wlebsa da axal aTaswleulSi sak-

maod ganviTarda _ moTxovna da miwodeba eqsponencialuri

zrdis tendencias inarCunebda. mdgradi soflis meurneobis

yovelwliuri zrda 20-30%-s Seadgenda. moxda misi forma-

luri, politikuri da sakanonmdeblo aRiareba. amas mohyva

saxelmwifoTaSorisi SeTanxmebebi saerTaSoriso organuli

vaWrobis xelSewyobaSi, romelic ZiriTadad standartebis

SesabamisobaSi moyvaniT gamoixateba, rac imas gulisxmobs,

rom eqsportiori qveynis sertificirebis standartebi unda

Seesabamebodes importiori qveynis standartebs.

mniSvnelovani politikuri gadawyvetilebebi iqna miRe-

buli FAO-Si. sazogadoeba SeSfoTebulia sursaTis warmoe-

bis sistemebiT, kvebis produqtebis xarisxiT. sul ufro

xSirad modis informaciebi avstraliaSi, aziaSi ,,genuri in-

JineriiT’’ damzadebuli produqtebis Taobaze, romelic sa-

zogadoebis yuradRebas ipyrobs. es garkveulwilad politi-

kuri problemac ki xdeba. mecniereba gaxda is xelsawyo,

romlis saSualebiTac demonstrirebas ukeTeben organuli

soflis meurneobis upiratesobebs da im problemebs, rome-

lebic industrul warmoebaSi arsebobs1. am sferoSi infor-

maciaze didi moTxovna aRiniSneba.

1 Pretty, J.N., Brett, C., Gee, D., Hine, R.E., Mason, C.F., Morison, J.I.L., Raven, H., Rayment, M.D. and van der Bijl, G., An assessment of the total external costs of UK agriculture. Agricultural Systems 65(2): 2000, p.123.

60

1990-ian wlebis bolos gavrcelda azri imis Taobaze,

rom organuli soflis meurneoba intensiuri soflis meur-

neobis kvals daadga da kargavs im upiratesobebs, rac mas

unda hqonoda. es gamoixateba imaSi, rom organuli produq-

tebis wili, romelic did supermarketebSi iyideba, Zalian

gaizarda. aseve gaizarda gadazidvis manZili, raTa dakmayo-

fildes is qveynebi, sadac organuli warmoeba aqtiurad ar

viTardeba. am problemis gadaWris mcdelobas warmoadgenda

aSS-Si da did britaneTSi sasoflo-sameurneo bazrebis gax-

sna, sadac moxda maTi restruqturizacia da mxolod adgi-

lobrivad warmoebuli produqti iyideba1.

saqarTvelos dRevandel realobaSi sakiTxi ase dgas:

ra midgomebisa da meTodebis gamoyenebaa SesaZlebeli, raTa

soflis meurneobaSi davnergoT rogorc ekologiuri, ise

socialuri da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT gamarTlebuli

sistema? aseTi sistemis Camoyalibeba saqarTveloSi biolo-

giur soflis meurneobas SeuZlia. 2007 wlis 1 marts miRe-

bul iqna saqarTvelos kanoni `biologiuri agrowarmoebis

ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb.” es kanoni awesrigebs saqarTveloSi

biologiuri meurneobis mowyobas, marTvas, bioproduqciis

warmoebas, gadamuSavebas, realizacias, agreTve masTan dakav-

Sirebul sxva urTierTobebs. kanonis Sesabamisad, mdgradi

(organuli) soflis meurneobis cnebis magivrad Cven vsargeb-

lobT biologiuri soflis meurneobis cnebiT.

kanonSi gamoyenebulia terminebi Semdegi mniSvnelobiT:

a) biologiuri meurneoba – sasoflo-sameurneo opera-

ciebis mowesrigebuli sistema, romelic moicavs meurneobis

dagegmvis, marTvis da produqciis warmoebis meTodebs da

romelic xels uwyobs cocxali organizmebisa da garemos

iseT urTierTdamokidebulebas, rodesac SenarCunebulia bu-

nebrivi wonasworoba. „biologiuri meurneobis“ sinonimebia

„ekologiuri meurneoba“, „organuli meurneoba“;

1 Vanzetti, D. and Wynen, E. Does it make sense to buy locally produced organic products? In: Hall, D. and Moffitt, J. (eds) Economics of Pesticides, Sustainable Food Production and Organic Food Markets. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 2002., p. 199.

61

b) „bioproduqcia“ (an sityvaTa nebismieri kombinacia,

romelSic gamoyenebulia „eko“, „bio“, „organuli“) – pro-

duqcia, romlis warmoebis da Semdgomi gadamuSavebis, Senax-

vis, transportirebis, SefuTvis, etiketirebisa da realiza-

ciis wesebi Seesabameba biowarmoebis standartis moTxovnebs

da romlis etiketze arsebobs am Sesabamisobis damadasture-

beli niSani da warwera. biowarmoebis Sesabamisi standarte-

bisa da misi moTxovnebis Sesaxeb Cven mogvianebiT visaubrebT.

am kanonis miznebia:

a) saqarTveloSi soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTa-

rebis xelSewyoba biologiuri meurneobis seqtoris Camoya-

libebiT;

b)niadagis nayofierebis aRdgenisa da gaumjobesebis

xelSewyoba arasinTezuri sistemebisa da bunebrivi sasuqebis

gamoyenebiT;

g) bioproduqciis warmoebis, gadamuSavebisa da reali-

zaciis wesebis dadgena;

d) biowarmoebis, misi sertificirebisa da monitorin-

gis principebis Camoyalibeba;

e) mcenareTa da cxovelTa mavneblebisa da daavadebebis

winaaRmdeg biologiuri meTodebis gamoyenebis stimulireba;

v) saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad sertifici-

rebuli da etiketirebuli bioproduqciis arsebul saerTa-

Soriso an/da saqarTveloSi moqmed standartebTan Sesabami-

sobis miRweva;

z) bioproduqciis bazris ganviTareba;

T) bioproduqciis warmoebis gziT adgilobrivi kvebis

mrewvelobis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba da misi eqsportis

stimulireba;

i) biomravalferovnebis SenarCuneba rogorc kultu-

rul, ise bunebriv landSaftebSi.

am kanoniT gansazRvrulia Semdegi ZiriTadi amocanebi:

a) soflis meurneobis produqciis warmoebisas garemos

dabinZurebis Tavidan acileba da ekosistemebis wonasworobis

SenarCuneba;

62

b) niadagis nayofierebis amaRleba;

g) soflis meurneobis mdgradobisa da garemos geneti-

kuri mravalferovnebis SenarCunebis xelSewyoba, rac gulis-

xmobs kulturuli da veluri mcenareebis, aseve Sinauri da

gareuli cxovelebis sasicocxlo pirobebis SenarCunebas;

d) cxovelebisaTvis iseTi pirobebis Seqmna, romlebic

ar ewinaaRmdegeba maT bunebriv ganviTarebas;

e) bioproduqciis warmoebisas ganaxlebadi resursebis

gamoyeneba.

biologiuri meurneobis ZiriTadi miznebia:

1. miwis, wylis resursebis swori gamoyeneba; warmoebi-

sa da gadamuSavebis procesSi ganaxlebadi resursebis far-

Tod gamoyeneba;

2. bioagrowarmoebis procesSi bunebrivi sistemebisa da

ciklebis harmoniuli urTierTzemoqmedeba, agro da bunebri-

vi biomravalferovnebis SenarCuneba, warmoebis mdgradi sis-

temebis gamoyeneba, mcenareTa da cxovelTa garemos SenarCu-

neba;

3. memcenareobasa da mecxoveleobas Soris harmoniuli

wonasworobis miRweva; cxovelebisaTvis iseTi saarsebo pi-

robebis Seqmna, rogoric Seesabameba maT bunebriv instin-

qtebs;

4. maRali sakvebi Rirebulebis mqone produqtis warmo-

eba; socialurad, ekonomikurad da ekologiurad gamarTle-

buli warmoebis, gadamuSavebisa da distribuciis erTiani

sistemis Camoyalibeba;

5. garemos dabinZurebis Semcireba; adgilobrivi codni-

sa da tradiciuli sasoflo-sameurneo sistemebis danergva,

biomeurneobaSi momuSaveebisaTvis jansaRi garemosa da Sro-

mis adekvaturi anazRaurebis miReba.

mecnierebi sul ufro da ufro xSirad svamen kiTxvas:

pasuxobs Tu ara biologiuri meurneoba mdgradobis proble-

mas? imisaTvis, rom biologiuri meurneoba mdgradobis moT-

xovnebs pasuxobdes, igi morgebuli unda iyos adgilobriv

fermerul, socialur, geografiul da klimatur faqtoreb-

63

ze. biologiuri meurneobis evropuli forma, gansakuTrebiT

misi amJamindeli bazrisken orientirebuli stili, SeiZleba

sulac ar iyos saukeTeso sistema sxva qveynebisaTvis. bio-

logiuri meurneobis principebi yovel konkretul adgilmde-

bareobas unda ergebodes, magaliTisaTvis yovelTvis arse-

bobs iseTi adgili, sadac garkveuli kulturis mosavlis

moyvana SeuZlebelia mdgradobis principebis dacviT arsebu-

li biologiuri meTodebis farglebSi. OECD-is moxsenebaSi aRniSnulia, rom rac ufro metad cnobili xdeba biologiu-

ri meurneobis ekologiuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri sa-

fuZvlebis mzardi rolis Sesaxeb da farTovdeba urTier-

TTanamSromloba am sferoSi, SesaZlebelia xdeba racionalu-

ri gadawyvetilebebis miReba biologiuri meurneobis limit-

ebsa (SezRudvebsa) da perspeqtivebze. aseve SesaZlebelia

warmatebis miRwevis zogadi principebis identificireba1. evropaSi gavrcelebuli soflis meurneobis warmoebis

principebi, sadac faqtiurad pirvelad hpova am mimarTule-

bam ganviTareba, saqarTvelosTvis yvelaze misaRebia.

bevr qveyanaSi, biologiur meurneobas sakmao wili uka-

via sursaTisa da soflis meurneobis mTlian warmoebaSi. igi

xSirad xorcieldeba `pirdapir momxmarebelTan” sabazro ni-

Sis povniT an produqtis fermaSive gadamuSavebis organize-

biT. adgilobriv socialur da agronomiul pirobebze adap-

tirebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda mdgradi fermerobis strategie-

bis ganxorcieleba. aman ki mTel msoflioSi mdgradi da mom-

gebiani organuli warmoebebis gaCenas Seuwyo xeli da uCvena,

rom organuli soflis meurneobas SesaZloa wamyvani roli

ekavos2.

konvenciuri soflis meurneobis uaryofiTi gavlenis

Tundac zedapiruli analizi seriozuli argumentaciaa bio-

logiuri soflis meurneobis ideis sasargeblod, magram bio-

meurneobaze gadasvlis praqtikam aCvena, rom es procesi

1 OECD, Organic Agriculture Sustainability, Markets and Policies. Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris. 2003. p. 5. 2 Stokstad, E. Organic farms reap many benefits. Science 296: 1589, 2002, p. 8;

64

glexisa da momxmareblis fsiqologiis, msoflmxedvelobis

Secvlas, samyarosadmi damokidebulebis gadaxedvasac moiT-

xovs _ arCevani unda gakeTdes dRevandel garantirebul ke-

TildReobasa da xvalindel, SesaZlebelia gaurkvevel, mag-

ram momxiblav perspeqtivas Soris.

mravali eqsperti Tvlida, rom biomeurneobis upirate-

sobis dasamtkiceblad sakmarisia glexis darwmuneba aseTi

meurneobis mowyobis teqnikur SesaZleblobasa da momgebiano-

baSi, risTvisac mTavar argumentad biomeurneobis nakleb da-

naxarjebsa da specifikur bazarze bioproduqciis maRal

fass asaxelebdnen. amasTan, gavrcelebuli iyo mosazreba,

rom biomeurneoba mxolod mcire da saSualo glexuri meur-

neobebisaTvisaa misaRebi da eWviT uyurebdnen biomeurneobe-

bis kooperirebis sakiTxs.

SemdgomSi msoflioSi mimdinare integraciis procesebma

da biomeurneobebis gamocdilebam aRniSnuli mosazrebebis ga-

daxedvis aucilebloba moiTxova. dRis wesrigSi dadga bio-

logiuri produqciis gadamuSavebis, marketingisa da biofer-

merTa kooperirebis sakiTxebi. praqtikam aCvena, rom biopro-

duqciis warmoeba did farTobebze SesaZlebelia da kooperi-

rebis fonze sakmaod momgebianicaa. aqedan gamomdinare, biome-

urneobis koncefciam ufro farTo datvirTva miiRo: mis

farglebSi moeqca iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa agro da biom-

ravalferovnebis SenarCuneba, gadamamuSavebeli saqmianoba, bi-

oproduqciis marketingi, socialuri samarTlianobisa da

adamianTa uflebebis dacva, soflis infrastruqturis ganvi-

Tarebis xelSewyoba da sxv. Sesabamisad gafarTovda biomeur-

neobis miznebic _ man, garemosa da adamianTa janmrTelobis

dacvis garda, ekologiuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri gan-

viTarebac moicva.

evrogaerTianebaSi biologiuri soflis meurneobis

zrdisa da ganviTarebis mizniT evrokomisiam 2004 wlis iv-

nisSi miiRo èvropis samoqmedo gegma organuli sursaTisa

da soflis meurneobisaTvis” _ samoqmedo dokumenti, rome-

lic 21 saprogramo punqtisagan Sedgeba. samoqmedo gegma Se-

65

muSavebulia evropaSi biologiuri soflis meurneobis seq-

toris zrdisa da aseT produqtebze momxmareblis moTxovni-

lebis gafarToebis sapasuxod.

termini òrganuli soflis meurneoba” rogorc zemoT

avRniSneT, ganimarta saerTaSoriso kvebiT standartebiT

(`Codex Alimentarius”), magram SemdgomSi es termini gafar-Tovda da amjerad is moicavs organuli da biodinamikuri

produqtebis miwodebis mTlian jaWvs, dawyebuli warmoebis

faqtorebiT, masalebiT da nedleuliT, damTavrebuli sabo-

loo saxis mza produqciiT. igi aseve moicavs ara marto

fermerul warmoebas, aramed mis kulturul da socialur

aspeqtebsac.

biologiuri meurneoba msoflio soflis meurneobis

warmoebis mxolod mcire nawilia, romelic, Tavis mxriv,

globaluri socio-ekonomikuri sistemis da misi dominantu-

ri kulturuli faseulobebis kidev ufro mcire nawilia.

Sesabamisad biologiuri meurneobis SesaZlebloba, rom Se-

samCnevi gavlena iqonios magaliTad saerTaSoriso vaWrobaze,

samuSao Zalasa da agroqimiur politikaze, sakmaod SezRu-

dulia. organuli programis ganviTarebas Tu gadavxedavT,

cxadi gaxdeba, rom miuxedavad swrafi zrdisa, misi ganviTa-

reba msoflio bazrisa da politikis mier koreqtirdeba1.

saqarTveloSi biomeurneobis ideis propaganda da biome-

urneobebis Camoyalibeba 1994 wlidan daiwyo saqarTvelos

mwvaneTa partiis mier dafuZnebuli arasamTavrobo organiza-

ciis, biologiur meurneobaTa asociacia èlkanas” xelSew-

yobiT. èlkanas” Seqmnis mizani iyo saqarTveloSi socialu-

rad da ekonomikurad mdgradi, biologiuri glexuri meurne-

obis ganviTareba, romelic qveyanaSi Camoayalibebda ekologi-

urad sufTa produqtebis warmoebis tradicias. igi xels

uwyobs wevr glexebs biomeurneobis CamoyalibebaSi, kooperi-

1 Norse, D., Tschirley, J. Agriculture and the environment: changing pressures, solutions and trade-offs. In: Bruinsma, J. (ed.) World Agriculture: Towards 2015/2030. An FAO Perspective. Earthscan Publications and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, London. 2003. p. 335-336.

66

rebis, mcire samewarmeo saqmianobis dawyebisa da bioproduq-

ciis gasaRebis procesSi. amasTan asociacia zrunavs saqar-

TveloSi agrobiomravalferovnebis dacvasa da mdgrad gamo-

yenebaze. èlkana” 1996 wlidan IFOAM-is wevria.

67

Tavi II. saqarTvlos soflis meurneobis

mdgradi ganviTarebis faqtorebi da

prioritetebi

2.1 soflis meurneobis mdgrad

ganviTarebaze moqmedi faqtorebis identifikacia

saqarTvelos soflis meurnobis ganviTarebis Tanamed-

rove tendenciebi da momavlis perspeqtivebi didad aris gan-

sazRvruli ganvlil wlebSi mimdinare reformebis xasiaTiT

da Sesrulebis xarisxiT. amitom SevecdebiT mokled mimovi-

xiloT ganvlili wlebis dargSi mimdinare movlenebi da ga-

vaanalizoT statistikuri informacia.

2003 wels soflis meurneobis seqtori xasiaTdeboda

7 procentiani zrdis maCvenebliT, rac ganpirobebuli iyo

metnaklebad xelsayreli bunebrivi pirobebiT da soflis me-

urneobis seqtorSi ganxorcielebuli struqturuli refor-

mebiT (miwis privatizacia da miwis bazris Camoyalibebis

procesis dawyeba). soflis meurneobasa da kvebis produq-

tebis damuSavebaze modioda mTliani Sida produqtis 20%.

sasoflo-sameurneo miwebs daaxloebiT 3 milioni heqtari

ekava. am wels saqarTvelos sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis

eqsportma evrokavSirSi daaxloebiT 25-26 milioni evro

Seadgina. ZiriTadi saeqsporto saqoneli iyo Rvino, Txili

da mineraluri wylebi. privatizebuli miwis nakveTebis sa-

Sualo zoma 0,22 heqtars Seadgenda.

2003 wels, wina welTan SedarebiT aRiniSneboda sof-

lis meurneobis yvela ZiriTadi produqciis warmoebis zrda.

kerZod, miRebuli iqna marcvleulis, xorbleulis, simindis,

mzesumziris, kartofilis, bostneulis, xilis, Cais, citru-

sebis da yurZnis kulturebis gazrdili mosavali. 2003

wels gazrdili produqtiuloba aRiniSna aseve mecxoveleo-

bis dargebSic (xorcis, rZisa da kvercxis warmoeba).

miuxedavad soflis meurneobis seqtorSi miRweuli

garkveuli progresisa, am wels dafiqsirda mTeli rigi

68

problemebi. soflis meurneobaSi arsebuli Sromis nayofie-

reba gacilebiT dabali iyo (daaxloebiT 4-jer), vidre eko-

nomikis sxva seqtorebSi. saojaxo meurneobebis umravlesoba

Zalian mcire da xeliT Sromaze iyo damokidebuli. dargSi

gamoyenebuli iyo moZvelebuli teqnika; Rrmavdeboda miwis

nayofierebis klebis problema; did problemebs qmnida moZve-

lebuli sarwyavi da sadrenaJo sistemebi. am problemaTa ga-

dawyveta ki xelsayrel pirobebs Seqmnida seqtorSi investi-

ciebis mosazidad. seqtoris samomavlo ganviTarebisaTvis

mTavrobis samoqmedo politikis erT-erTi mTavar mimarTule-

bad, arsebuli problemebis mogvarebasTan erTad, iqca saSi-

nao bazris dacva kontrabanduli da falsificirebuli sa-

qonlisagan.

miwis reformis ganxorcielebis Sedegad 2003 wlisaT-

vis privatizebul iqna saxnavi miwebis daaxloebiT 25 pro-

centi da ijariT gaica daaxloebiT 30 procenti. am period-

Si qveyanaSi mTliani muSaxelis 30 procenti dasaqmebuli

iyo soflis meurneobaSi. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom soflis me-

urneobaSi didi iyo TviTdasaqmebis wili, romelic mxolod

saarsebo minimums uzrunvelyofda.

saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2003 wlis 15 oqtombris

sxdomaze ganixiles sakiTxi „adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis

usafrTxo garemos uzrunvelyofis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb”.

saqarTvelos soflis meurnoebis saministros daevala `sa-

sursaTo uvneblobis” kodeqsis proeqtis SemuSaveba da mTav-

robisTvis wardgena. kanonis mizani iyo momxmarebelTa jan-

mrTelobis da ekonomikuri interesebis dacva. kanonis regu-

lirebis sferos warmoadgenda:

• bazarze gatanili sakvebis uvneblobis moTxovnebi;

• sakvebis uvneblobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT erTiani

saxelmwifo kontroli;

• riskis analizze damyarebuli politikis ganxorcie-

leba;

• sakvebTan dakavSirebuli riskis Taobaze mwarmoeblisa

da momxmareblis informireba;

69

kanonproeqti parlamentma 2005 wlis ivnisSi ganixila

da pirveli mosmeniT miiRo.

2004 wels uaryofiTi zrdis tempi dafiqsirda sof-

lis meurneobis sferoSi. sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis

saerTo farTobma 3025.8 aTasi ha Seadgina, aqedan saxnavi –

26,5%, mravalwliani nargavebi – 8,7%, saTibi _ 4,8%, xo-

lo saZovari _ 59,4%. am wels soflis meurneobaSi dasaq-

mebuli iyo 970 aTasi kaci, rac mTlianad erovnul ekonomi-

kaSi dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis 54,4%-s Seadgenda1.

2004 wlis ianvarSi dasrulda evrokomisiis soflis

meurneobis generaluri direqtoratis warmomadgenlebsa da

saqarTvelos mxareTa Soris molaparakebebi, romlis Sedega-

dac dasrulda evrokavSiris mier qarTuli Rvinis oficia-

luri cnobis procesi. Sedegad, Rvinis qarTvel mewarmeebs

SesaZlebloba miecaT evrokavSiris bazarze Rvinis eqsporti

SeuzRudavi raodenobiT ganexorcielebinaT. qarTvel mewarme-

ebs eqsportis ganxorcielebisas unda waredginaT VII serti-

fikati. igi aris mesame qveyanaSi gacemuli dokumenti, sadac

detaluradaa daxasiaTebuli esa Tu is Rvino, romelic gan-

kuTvnilia evrokavSiris bazarze Sesatanad. 2004 wels Rvi-

nis registrirebulma eqsportma 48 milion aSS dolars mi-

aRwia.

2004 wels aSS-s mTavrobis mier àTaswleulis gamow-

vevis programis” farglebSi, saqarTvelo 17 qveyanas Soris

daxmarebis mimRebad dasaxelda. qarTuli mxaris winadadebiT

dagegmili iyo finansuri daxmarebis (200 milion aSS do-

larze meti) gamoyeneba regionuli infrastruqturis (gzebi

da energo seqtori) da strategiuli seqtorebis _ soflis

meurnebisa da turizmis reabilitaciisaTvis. 2004 wels

pirdapirma ucxourma investiciebma Seadgina 499,1 milioni

aSS dolari (maT Soris 43,4 milioni aSS dolari reinves-

1 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi, kvartaluri mimoxilva, 2004 we-

li, #3, www.geplac.org

70

tirebuli Semosavlebis saxiT) 337,6 milion aSS dolarTan

SedarebiT 2003 wels.

2005 wels 2004 welTan SedarebiT marcvlovani da

parkosani kulturebis warmoeba 30,4 aTasi toniT (anu 4,5

procentiT) gaizarda, xorblis _ 4,4 aTasi toniT (anu 2,4

procentiT), simindis _ 16,2 aTasi toniT (anu 3,9 procen-

tiT), parkosani kulturebis _ 5,9 aTasi toniT (anu 35,5

procentiT), bostneulis _ 6,6 aTasi toniT (anu 1,6 pro-

centiT), xilis _ 70,0 aTasi toniT (anu 43,8 procentiT),

citrusis _ 84,3 aTasi toniT (anu 3,2-jer), yurZnis _ 70,0

aTasi toniT (anu 38,9 procentiT); Semcirda mzesumziris

warmoeba 3,9 aTasi toniT (anu 17,5 procentiT), kartofi-

lis _ 28,4 aTasi toniT (anu 6,8 procentiT), baRCeulis _

4,0 aTasi toniT (anu 3,7 procentiT); Cais warmoeba gasu-

li wlis doneze darCa da Seadgina 20,0 aTasi tona1. 2005

wlis monacemebis mixedviT, saSemodgomod moxnuli iyo 130,8

aTasi heqtari. saSemodgomo kulturebi daTesili iqna 99,2

aTas heqtarze, rac moxnuli farTobis 75,8 procents Sead-

genda.

2005 wlis pirvel naxevarSi miwis reformis ganxor-

cielebis Sedegad saxnavi miwebis daaxloebiT 25 procenti

privatizebuli iqna da daaxloebiT 30 procenti ijariT iq-

na gacemuli.

2005 wlisTvis, sxva proeqtebs Soris, soflis meurne-

obis saministro, msoflio bankTan erTad, axorcielebda me-

lioraciuli sistemis sareabilitacio proeqts. mosalodne-

li iyo, rom mokle vadaSi gaizrdeboda am proeqtSi kerZo

mesakuTreTa (fermerTa) monawileoba da maT mier am mimar-

TulebiT gaRebuli investiciebi moimatebda. soflis meurne-

obis infrastruqturis ganviTarebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi as-

peqti teqnologiurad modernizebuli, maRalefeqturi da

energoekonomiuri sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikis Semoyvana gax-

1 statistikuri publikacia: statistikuri biuleteni, 2005,

www.stsistics.ge

71

da. am mimarTulebiT kerZo investiciebis mosazidad mTavroba

daiwyo sawarmoo saSualebebze lizingis meqanizmis amoqmede-

bis xelSewyoba.

qarTuli Rvinis eqsportis xelisSemwyob faqtorad Se-

iZleba CaiTvalos 2004 wlis 30 noembers saqarTvelos

soflis meurneobis saministros mier, evrokavSiris daxmare-

biT Rvinis xarisxis kontrolis sagamocdo laboratoriis

gaxsna. germaniis teqnikuri daxmarebis sazogadoebam (GTZ) laboratoriis dasamontaJeblad da uaxlesi aparaturiT aR-

WurvisaTvis 1,4 milioni evro gaiRo, xolo saqarTvelos

mxaris Tanadafinansebam damatebiT 400 aTasi lari Seadgina.

evrokavSiris specialur organoebSi akreditirebis gavlis

Semdeg laboratorias qarTuli Rvinis mwarmoeblebze serti-

fikatis gacemis SesaZlebloba mieca.

2005 wels qveyanaSi daiwyo meTesleobis programis

ganxorcieleba. biujetidan gamoyofili 600 aTasi lari aT-

visebul iqna miwaTmoqmedebis samecniero-kvleviTi institu-

tis mier. am wels warmoebuli iyo 460 tona maRalrepro-

duqciuli kartofili (`marabeli”), 187,5 tona simindis ji-

Sebisa da hibridebis Tesli.

saqarTveloSi pirvelad daiwyo uviruso kartofilis

Teslis warmoeba da pirveladi meTesleoba. gaizarda kerZo

seqtoris roli meTesleobis sferoSi, gaCndnen maRalxaris-

xiani Teslis mwarmoebeli fermerebi.

sakiTxis aqtualurobidan gamomdinare gadawyda sasof-

lo-sameurneo kulturebis meTesleobis programis dafinanse-

ba 6,5 milioni lariT. aRniSnuli Tanxis aTviseba unda mom-

xdariyo kerZo seqtoris mier, unda gamxorcielebuliyo ma-

Ralreproduqciuli TesliT qveynis etapobrivi uzrunvelyo-

fa, rac saSualebas miscemda miwaTmosargebleebs mkveTrad

gaezardaT mosavlianoba damatebiTi danaxarjebis gareSe.

amave wels ganxorcielda SvedeTis saerTaSoriso ganvi-

Tarebis saagento (SIDA) proeqti `saqarTveloSi rZisa da

merZeveobis seqtoris mxardaWera” kaxeTis regionSi. proeqti

72

iTvaliswinebda merZeveobis mxardaWeris kompleqsur Ronis-

Ziebebs, kerZod:

• fermerTa kooperirebis xelSewyobas;

• rZisa da rZis nawarmis marketingis ganviTarebaSi

mxardaWeras;

• Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo (sasursaTo uvneblobis CaT-

vliT) bazis daxvewas.

iaponiis mTavroba saqarTveloSi grantis saxiT 1998

wlidan anxorcielebda sasursaTo warmoebis zrdis progra-

mas (2KR), romelic iTvaliswinebda qveynis manqana-traqtor-

Ta parkis ganaxlebas da teqnikur gadaiaraRebas. misi mimdi-

nareobis periodSi iaponiis mxaris mier Semotanilia 1480

erTeuli sasoflo sameurneo teqnika. 2005 wels Seiqmna 12

agrosainJinro serviscentri.

2005 wels daiwyo soflis ganviTarebis proeqtis ganxorcieleba. proeqtis mTavar mizans warmoadgenda saqar-

TveloSi kerZo da konkurentunariani soflis meurneobis

ganviTareba, sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis warmoeba-gadamu-

Saveba. proeqtis xangrZlivoba 4 wliT ganisazRvra. proeq-

tis erT-erT yvelaze did komponents dakrediteba warmoad-

genda. komerciuli bankebisaTvis sasesxo resursebis 10

wlis vadiT gadacemiT soflis meurneobis seqtorSi unda

ganxorcielebuliyo saSualo da grZelvadiani sainvesticio

proeqtebis dafinanseba.

2006 wels sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoebs sasoflo

meurneobaTa saerTo raodenobaSi 0.13 procenti ekava. cxri-

li #6 gviCvenebs sasoflo meurneobebis raodenobas 2006

da 2007 wlebSi.

2006 wlidan Seiqmna soflis meurneobis saministros

saqveuwyebo organo `sursaTis uvneblobis, veterinariisa da

mcenareTa dacvis erTiani erovnuli samsaxuri. dainerga Ta-

namedrove laboratoriuli sistema, gamoiyo 57 mln aSS do-

lari, romelic unda moxmareboda erovnuli referentuli

laboratoriis, sami epidemiologiuri monitoringisa da 8

savele sadguris mowyobas. 2006 wels saxelmwifo biujeti-

73

dan 4 mln lari daixarjeba saSiSi infeqciuri daavadebebis

sawinaaRmdego profilaqtikuri vaqcinaciasaTvis.

dasaqmebulTa wili saqarTvelos soflis meurneobaSi1

cxrili #5

weli Ddasaqmebulia,

sul (aTasi kaci)

maTgan soflis me-

urneobaSi, aTasi

kaci

wili mTlian da-

saqmebaSi, %

2000 1839,3 957,5 52,1

2001 1877,7 989,9 52,7

2002 1839,2 988,4 51,0

2003 1814,5 995,6 54,9

2004 1783,3 962,4 54,0

2005 1744,6 947,8 54,3

2006 1747,3 966,4 55,3

2007 1704,0 910,0 53,4

sasoflo meurneobebi saqarTveloSi 2006-2007 wlebSi2

cxrili #6

2006 2007

saqarTvelo 802 800

maT Soris:

aWaris ar 52 52

imereTi 176 176

samegrelo da zemo svaneTi 107 108

guria 40 40

raWa-leCxumi da qvemo svaneTi 32 32

Sida qarTli 79 79

mcxeTa-mTianeTi 39 39

kaxeTi 124 124

qvemo qarTli 104 102

samcxe-javaxeTi 49 48

saqarTvelos regionebis 24-saaTianma uwyvetma eleqtro-

momaragebam stimuli misca qveyanaSi gadamamuSavebeli sawarmo-

1 wyaro: saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba 2007, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis saministro, statistikis departamenti, statistikuri krebu-

li, http://www.statistics.ge/main.php?pform=95&plang=2 2 iqve

74

ebis amoqmedebas. 2004-2006 wlebSi saqarTveloSi amoqmedebu-

li soflis meurneobis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebis maCveneb-

lebi regionebis mixedviT mocemulia danarTSi #8.

meRvineobis sferos Zireuli reforma 2005 wlidan da-

iwyo. am wlis monacemebiT gaSenebuli iyo 60.5 aTasi heq-

tari venaxi da 146 Rvinis qarxana funqcionirebda, romelTa-

gan 2005-2006 wlebSi Seiqmna 30 sawarmo. axali sawarmoe-

bis mSeneblobam pirdapiri gavlena moaxdina venaxebis farTo-

bebis zrdaze da bolo ori wlis ganmavlobaSi 5000 heqtar-

ze meti axali venaxi gaSenda. es procesi intensiurad

grZeldeboda 2007 welsac.

soflis meurnoebis saministros mier Seswavlili iqna

7 adgilwarmoSobis mikrozona, romelic Sesabamisad regis-

trirebuli saerTaSoriso inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dac-

vis organizaciaSi (WIPO). venaxebis sruli pasportizacia

2007 wels dasrulda, ris Sedegadac dadgindeba Tvrameti

mikrozonis zusti sazRvrebi.

qarTuli Rvinis popularizaciis mizniT, mTavrobam axa-

li bazrebis mosapoveblad daafinansa sxvadasxva RonisZiebe-

bi. 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi q. londonSi `vinopolis”-is sagamo-

feno darbazSi warmodgenili iqna saqarTvelos mevenaxeoba-

meRvineobis eqspozicia-gamofena-degustacia.

bolo wlebidan, saqarTveloSi daiwyo mniSvnelovani

saerTaSoriso proeqtebis gamxorcieleba, romlebic orien-

tirebuli iyo gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis ganviTarebaze:

• soflis meurneobis proqti (RDP - msoflio banki,

2006-2009 wlebi, biujeti 34,7 mln dolari). proeqtis

miznia sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis warmoeba /gadamuSave-

ba/ realizaciis mTliani sistemis xelSewyobas, soflad fi-

nansuri institutebis gaZlierebas.

• aTaswleulis gamowvevis proeqtis “Millennium Challenge”-is erTerT msxvil komponents swored sawarmoTa

ganviTareba warmoadgenda, romlis mixedviTac gaTvaliswine-

buli iyo regionaluri ganviTarebis fondis saqmianoba (32.5 mln dolari). dasaxul iqna mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis

75

grZelvadiani sarisko kapitalisa da teqnikuri daxmarebis

uzrunvelyofa. amavdroulad, komponentiT gaTvaliswinebuli

iqna teqnikuri daxmarebisa da grantebis (15.0 mln dolari)

SeTavazeba im fermerebisa da agrobiznesis warmomadgenel-

TaTvis, romlebic Sida bazrebs amaragebdnen.

sul am periodSi saerTaSoriso proeqtebidan da biu-

jetidan soflis meurneobaSi 320 milion larze meti iqna

investirebuli.

2005 wels miRebul iqna kanoni `saxelmwifo sakuT-

rebaSi arsebuli sasoflo-sameurneo miwis privatizebis Se-

saxeb”. 2007 wels kanonSi Sevida mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi,

romlis Tanaxmadac miwaTmosargebleebs miecaT SesaZlebloba

SeRavaTiani pirobebiT mieRoT sakuTrebaSi miwa, gamoe-

yenebinaT is kreditis uzrunvelyofis saSualebad. am peri-

odSi qveyanaSi 3 milion heqtarze meti sasoflo-sameurneo

miwa iyo, aqedan:

• saxnavi _ 800 aTasi heqtari; • mravalwliani nargavebiT dakavebuli _ 265 aTasi heq-

tari;

• saZovari _ 1795 aTasi heqtari; • saTibi _ 143 aTasi heqtari; saqarTvelos kanoniT ̀ saqarTvelos 2007 wlis sa-

xelmwifo biujetis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos soflis meurneo-

bis saministros sistemis saqveuwyebo dawesebulebebisa da

saxelmwifo RonisZiebebis, miznobrivi programebis, mmarTve-

lobiTi aparatis SenaxvisTvis damtkicebuli iyo sabiujeto

saxsrebis - 33620,0 aTasi lari, ucxoeTidan miRebuli da-

finansebis wyaroebiT da grantebiT ganxorcielebul investi-

ciur proeqtebSi Tanadafinansebis xarjebi - 1160,0 aTasi

lari. sul saxelwifo biujetis saxsrebi Seadgens -

34780,0 aTas lars, kreditebi da grantebi 13200,0 aTas

lars. soflis meurneobis sferosTvis gamoyofili asignebe-

bis moculoba Seadgenda 47980,0 aTas lars.

qmediTi RonisZiebebi agrobiomravalferovnebis, sasur-

saTo usafrTxoebisa da agraruli seqtoris mdgradi da

76

usafrTxo ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT gulisxmobs ekonomiku-

ri meqanizmisa da saTanado berketebis amoqmedebiT soflis

meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis iseTi damxmare sistemebisa da

garemos Seqmnas, romelic SesaZlebels gaxdis ekologiurad

sufTa, ekonomikurad momgebiani da saerTaSoriso bazarze

aRiarebuli produqciis warmoebas. am ideis gonivruli da

efeqtiani realizeba SesaZlebelia agro-sasursaTo seqtoris

ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi mdgradi politikis SemuSavebiT da

erovnuli prioritetebis Sesabamisad ganxorcielebiT, rac

uzrunvelyofs garemos, momxmarebelTa, fermerTa da agro-

mwarmoebelTa dacvas da xels Seuwyobs am ukanasknelTa

stabilur da momgebian saqmianobas.

ganviTarebisken mimarTuli strategiuli zomebi, qmede-

bebi da sakanonmdeblo normebi droisaTvis Sesaferisi unda

iyos. saqarTvelos soflis meurneobaSi dRes arsebuli viTa-

reba ganpirobebulia Semdegi faqtorebiT:

warmoebis sferoSi:

• erovnuli ekonomikis daaxloebiT 15% pirdapir damo-

kidebulia soflis meurneobis seqtorze, xolo multipli-

katoris efeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZloa es ricxvi 30%-

ze meti iyos;

• 1990 wlidan sursaTisa da soflis meurneobis seq-

torSi gamoSvebis mTliani realuri Rirebuleba mniSvnelova-

nad Semcirda, xolo 2000 wlidan dRemde ar aRiniSneba misi

arsebiTi zrda;

• bolo wlebSi SeimCneva mecxoveleobis produqciis

warmoebis neli, magram stabiluri zrda;

• saSualo mosavlianoba potenciuri SesaZleblobis

mxolod 1/3-s Seadgens;

• saqarTvelos saxnav-saTesi farTobebis daaxloebiT

1/3 ar gamoiyeneba warmoebaSi.

vaWrobis sferoSi:

• aRiniSneba sasoflo-sameurneo eqsportis realuri

Rirebulebis arsebiTi zrda;

77

• sursaTisa da sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis impor-

ti 52%-iT sWarbobs eqsports;

dasaqmebisa da Semosavlebis sferoSi:

• umuSevrobis done qveyanaSi 13 procents Seadgens (es daaxloebiT 450 aTasi kacia) da Semcirebis tendenciiT ar

xasiaTdeba. arasruli dasaqmebis done kidev ufro maRalia.

• bolo monacemebiT soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulia

Sromisunariani mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 53,4 procenti. igi-

ve maCvenebli 1990 wels mxolod 25 procents Seadgenda1.

SedarebisaTvis, dasavleTis qveynebSi soflis meurneobaSi

dasaqmebulTa raodenoba wliTi-wlobiT mcirdeba.

• sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis realizaciidan miRe-

buli Semosavlebis wili ojaxuri meurneobebis fulad Se-

mosavlebSi 2007 wlis monacemebiT 7,8 procents Seadgens.

moxmarebis sferoSi:

• momxmarebelTa Semosavlebis 60 procentze meti sur-

saTze ixarjeba. SedarebisTvis, dasavleTis qveynebSi es maC-

venebeli 15-20 procents ar aRemateba;

• mosaxleobis 50 procentze meti dRiurad 2100 ka-

loriaze naklebs moixmars. kaloriebis moxmarebis msoflio

sasursaTo programis mier rekomendirebuli dRiuri norma

2100 kalorias Seadgens;

• mosaxleobis 25 procentze meti dRiurad 1600 ka-

loriaze naklebs moixmars, rac mniSvnelovnad naklebia

msoflio sasursaTo programiT rekomendebul minimumze;

sasoflo-sameurneo kapitalis sferoSi:

• agro-sasursaTo seqtorSi kapitalis utilizaciis

dRes arsebuli done savaraudod 600 milion lars aWarbebs;

• seqtoris sruli potencialiT amoqmedebisaTvis auci-

lebeli kapitalis moculoba 2 miliard lars Seadgens, rac

1 saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba 2007, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTa-

rebis saministro, statistikis departamenti, statistikuri krebuli, http://www.statistics.ge/main.php?pform=95&plang=2

78

imas niSnavs, rom sadReisod arsebuli kapitalis deficiti

TiTqmis 1.5 miliard lars utoldeba.

dargis ganviTarebisaTvis prioritetad miCneuli unda

iqnas infrastruqturis gaumjobeseba, romlis ganviTarebac

agrobiznesisTvis xelsayreli iqneba. es aris:

- saimedo da gamarTulad funqcionirebadi sakredito

kavSirebi da asociaciebi, seqtorze orientirebuli komerci-

uli bankebi;

- ganviTarebuli miwis bazari;

- ganviTarebuli gadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba;

- sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikisa da teqnologiuri xaze-

bisTvis lizinguri momsaxurebis danergva;

- efeqturi sadazRvevo sistema. momaval aTwleulSi saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis

warmatebuli ganviTareba didadaa damokidebuli sagareo faq-

torebze. aqedan yvelaze mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri da de-

mografiuli sakiTxebi, social-politikuri faqtorebi da

samomxmareblo da sacalo gayidvis tendenciebia. es yvelafe-

ri erTad asaxavs potenciuri adgilobrivi da saeqsporto

bazrebis SesaZleblobebsa da riskebs.

soflis meurneobis mdgrad ganviTarebaze moqmed faq-

torTa Soris mniSvnelovania demofrafiuli faqtori. saqar-

Tvelos dRevandel demografiul mdgomareobas sami ZiriTadi

faqtori gansazRvravs:

1. grZeldeba qveynis mosaxleobis kleba;

2. mimdinareobs mosaxleobis TandaTanobiTi daberebis

procesi;

3. mosaxleobis bunebrivi zrda TiTqmis nulis tolia.

savaraudod, pirveli faqtori danarCeni oriTaa ganpi-

robebuli. qveynis mosaxleobis Semcireba, umeteswilad,

axalgazrda da Suaxnis muSaxelis dakargvam gamoiwvia. Tavi-

dan amis mizezi afxazeTis konfliqti iyo, Semdeg ki qveyni-

dan mosaxleobis ucxoeTSi ukeTesi ekonomikuri pirobebis

saZebnelad gasvla.

79

demografiuli da ekonomikuri faqtorebi savaraudod

mniSvnelovan zegavlenas moaxdens sursaTisa da soflis me-

urneobis seqtorze. soflis meurneobas problemebi eqmneba,

roca fermaSi mxolod asakovani mosaxleoba rCeba. saqarTve-

loSi aseTi viTareba ar Seiqmneba am seqtorSi arsebuli

arasruli dasaqmebisa da fermebis gamsxvilebis aucileblo-

bis gamo. amdenad, am demografiuli da ekonomikuri sakiTxe-

bis mniSvneloba ukavSirdeba ara samuSao Zalas, aramed fer-

merTa produqtebis fasebs, romelTac moTxovna, bazrebis

mdebareoba da sidide gansazRvravs.

samwuxarod soflis meurneoba, rogorc ekonomikis um-

sxvilesi komponenti da saSualovadian periodSi mdgradi

ganviTarebis savaraudod didi potencialis mqone seqtori,

yvelaze naklebad finansdeba rogorc saxelmwifos, ise ker-

Zo seqtoris mier.

soflis meurneobis SedarebiT mZime mdgomareoba mou-

lodneli ar unda iyos. aqamde aravis gamouCenia didi Za-

lixmeva am seqtoris sruli potencialiT amoqmedebis xe-

lisSemSleli problemebis aRmosafxvrelad. uaxloes war-

sulSic ki, roca mTavrobis Semosavlebi da donorTa daxma-

reba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda, mTavrobis biujetidan soflis

meurneobisaTvis gamoyofili Tanxebi, seqtoris moTxovnis

gaTvaliswinebiT, kvlav minimalur doneze rCeboda. dRevan-

del dRemde am seqtorSi gatarebuli RonisZiebebi ufro me-

tad mTavrobis xarjebisa da Carevis minimizaciisken iyo mi-

marTuli, vidre misi produqtiulobis zrdaze. sxva RonisZi-

ebebi, sairigacio sistemis reabilitaciis msgavsad, mxolod

nawilobrivaa dasrulebuli, an mxolod saSualo da grZel-

vadian periodSi gamoiRebs mniSvnelovan ekonomikur Sedegebs.

sxva iniciativebi marTalia produqtiulobis zrdazea orien-

tirebuli, magram imdenad mcire masStabis an eqsperimentuli

xasiaTisaa, rom maTi dadebiTi efeqtebi minimaluria.

samwuxarod mosalodneli ar aris, rom seqtoris

mdgomareoba uaxloes momavalSi arsebiTad gaumjobesdeba. am-

Jamad soflis meurneobis umTavresi amocana saSualo da

80

grZelvadian periodSi mniSvnelovani zrdis misaRwevad auci-

lebeli safuZvlebis momzadebaa.

2.2 konkurentunariani agroseqtoris mdgradi ganviTarebis prioritetebi

sasursaTo seqtoris ganviTareba saqarTvelos erTiani

socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani da princi-

puli sakiTxia. saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba arakonkuren-

tunariania, xolo fermeruli meurneobebis Semosavali _ Za-

lian dabali.

soflis meurneobis mdgradi da stabiluri ganviTareba

uaRresad mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos ekonomikisaTvis. agra-

rul politikaSi mTavari roli kerZo seqtors eniWeba da

igi agraruli politikis amomaval princips warmoadgens. sa-

qarTvelos agraruli politikis mizani xelsayreli biznes

garemos Seqmna da kerZo investiciebis waxalisebis uzrun-

velyofa unda iyos.

saqarTvelos mravalferovani klimaturi zonebi da

mdidari bunebrivi resursebi soflis meurneobis da

agrobiznesis seqtorebis samomavlo ganviTarebis potenci-

als warmoadgens. produqciis mzardi raodenobisa da xaris-

xis fonze, saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis produqcia uke-

Tes konkurencias gauwevs importirebul sursaTs, riTac

soflis Raribi mosaxleobis cxovrebis done gaumjobesdeba.

agrobiznesis problemaTa Soris mniSvnelovania teqnologi-

is, gadamuSavebis, marketinigis, marTvis unar-Cvevebis da kre-

ditebis xelmisawvdomobis sakiTxebi.

agraruli politikis prioritets saqarTvelos moqala-

qeTaTvis bazarze xelmisawvdomi da uvnebeli sursaTis miwo-

deba warmoadgens. pirveladi da gadamamuSavebeli agraruli

warmoebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, agraruli seqtoris sa-

Wiro infrastruqturiT uzrunvelyofa mniSvnelovani sakiT-

xia, romelsac gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces.

81

mniSvnelovani faqtoria is, rom saqarTvelos soflis

meurneobis warmoeba realurad arasodes yofila bazarze

orientirebuli. amdenad, potenciurad momgebiani saeqsporto

produqciis sawarmoeblad dResdReobiT arsebuli sawarmoo

danadgarebi da aRWurviloba araefeqtiani da moZvelebulia.

konkurentunariani gadamuSavebuli produqciis gatana saer-

TaSoriso bazarze, rogoricaa wvenebi, koncentratebi da

sxva, modernizebul gadamamuSavebel cikls moiTxovs.

saxelmwifos mniSvnelovani roli akisria gadamamuSave-

beli mrewvelobis mdgrad ganviTarebaSi, rac upirvelesad

mdgomareobs pirveladi warmoebis saTanado infrastuqturis

(xarisxiani nergebi, mcenareTa dacvis saSualebebi da sxva)

ganviTarebis xelSewyobaSi da komerciul warmatebas ganapi-

robebs. gadamamuSavebel warmoebaSi saerTaSoriso standar-

tebis SemoReba da saqonlis SefuTvis da transportirebis

sakiTxebis mowesrigeba qarTvel mewarmeebs saerTaSoriso ba-

zarze Sesvlas gauadvilebs. msgavsi sawarmoebis amoqmedeba

komerciuli TvalsazrisiT amarTlebs mcire agraruli meur-

neobebis (magaliTad mcire kerZo xexilis baRebis) arsebobas.

marketingi saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis eqsporti-

saTvis Semdgom mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoadgens. soflis

meurneobis seqtori saWiroebs axal midgomebs, raTa gamov-

lenil iqnes qarTuli saqonlis gasaRebis bazrebi. marketin-

gulma strategiam unda gansazRvros bazrebis is niSa, sadac

arsebobs qarTuli produqciis ganTavsebis realuri SesaZ-

lebloba.

saxelmwofom unda uzrunvelyos myari SesaZleblobebi

da garantiebi soflis meurneobis seqtorSi investiciebis

mozidvis mizniT. aqedan gamomdinare, soflis meurneobis Sem-

dgom ganviTarebaSi, mTavrobis roli swored strategiis Ca-

moyalibebaSi mdgomareobs. aRniSnuli strategia unda moi-

cavdes gadamamuSavebeli warmoebis xarisxis standartis Se-

moRebas, pirveladi warmoebisaTvis konkurentunariani gare-

mos Seqmnas, brendis da marketinguli strategiis Camoyali-

bebas, serTificirebisa da regulirebis saWiroebis Sefasebas.

83

koniakis spirti, mwvanili, Txili, mandarini, vaSli, xurma,

Cai, dafnis foToli da sxv. 2006-2007 wlebSi sasoflo-sa-

meuneo produqciis eqsporti ukrainaSi daaxloebiT 80%-iT

gaizarda. axalma qarTulma saeqsporto saqonelma _ qar-

Tulma mwvanilma ukrainis bazris 70% ukve daikava. ukarai-

nis da dsT-s sxva qveynebis garda, qarTuli mwvanili ukve

gavida poloneTsa da germaniaSi. uaxloes momavalSi ki qar-

Tuli mwvanili holandiaSic gaigzavneba1.

gasuli aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi Txilis warmoebam saer-

TaSoriso bazrebze arsebul mzard moTxovnaze reagireba mo-

axdina. sabazro meqanizmebma, investiciebis zrdasTan erTad,

advili gaxada saerTaSoriso bazarze konkurentunariani

dargis warmoqmna da misi ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba ganapi-

roba. 2005-2006 wlebSi saqarTveloSi Txilis mosavali

16,4 aTasi tonidan 23,3 aTasi tonamde gaizarda. 2007 wels

wina welTan SedarebiT Txilisa da sxva kaklovnebis eqspor-

ti 11 mln aSS dolariT gaizarda da 65 122 mln dolari

Seadgina. saerTaSoriso bazarze am wels Txilis fasi 7 aSS

dolars Seadgenda, xolo evropaSi moxaluli Txilis fasi

_ daaxloebiT 9 aSS dolars. 2007 wlis monacemebiT ned-

leuls mosaxleobisagan 4-6 larad ibarebdnen. eqsportiore-

bi acxadebdnen, rom fasma kritikul zRvars miaRwia da Tu

kidev moimata, Txilis eqsporti ukve ararentabeluri gaxde-

boda. Txili da sxva kaklovnebi umsxvilesi saqsporto sa-

qonelTa pirvel aTeulSi Sedis da saqarTvelos msoflio

bazris 5-7% uWiravs. adgilobrivi produqciis 80% eqspor-

tze ucxoeTSi ukrainis, germaniis, Sveicariis, poloneTisa

da CexeTis bazrebze gadis.

bolo wlis ganmavlobaSi, saqarTvelodan eqsporti gai-

zarda somxeTSi _ 58%-iT, germaniaSi _ 65%-iT, belgiaSi

_ 40%-iT, belorusiaSi _ 28%-iT. yazaxeTSi _ 46%-iT.

2007 wels saqarTvelos mTlian importSi soflis me-

urneobis produqciis importis wili 14,6%-s Seadgenda. ro-

1Jurnali àgroinfo”, #3 [17], marti, 2008, gv. 2

82

2007 wels soflis meurneobis sferoSi, saqarTvelos

savaWro urTierTobebi 91 qveyanasTan hqonda. qarTuli pro-

duqcia eqsportze msoflios 63 qveyanaSi gavida, xolo im-

porti 85 qveynidan ganxorcielda. agrosasursaTo seqtorSi

saqarTvelos dadebiTi savaWro balansi hqonda 17 qveyanasTan.

am qveynebSi ZiriTadi saeqsporto saqonelia: Txili, citru-

si, ualkoholo gaziani sasmelebi, wiTeli da TeTri Rvinoe-

bi, spirtiani sasmelebi, dafnis foToli, sunelebi, Cai da

mineraluri wylebi.

2007 wels soflis meurneobis produqciis eqsporti-

importis savaWro saldo uaryofiTi iyo da 488 mln aSS

dolars Seadgenda. mTlian eqsportSi agrosasursaTo pro-

duqciis eqsportis wili 22%-ia. amave wels agrosasursaTo

produqciis eqsportma 274 mln aSS dolari Seadgina (diag-

rama 1), xolo importma 762 mln aSS dolari (diagrama 2).

340

225

274

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

2005 weli 2006 weli 2007 weli

diagrama 1. saqarTvelodan agrosamrewvelo produqciis eqspor-

tis dinamika 2005-2007 wlebSi (mln aSS dolari)

agrosasursaTo produqciis eqsportis mixedviT, um-

sxvilesi savaWro partnioria ukraina (28%), sadac ZiriTa-

dad gadis TeTri da wiTeli Rvinoebi, mineraluri wylebi,

84

gorc diagrama 2-dan Cans, ukanaskneli sami wlis ganmavloba-

Si agrosasursaTo produqciis importi zrdis tendenciiT

xasiaTdeboda da 2007 wels 2006 welTan SedarebiT 28,4%,

xolo 2005 welTan SedarebiT 75%-iT gaizarda.

2007 wels ruseTi kvlav inarCunebda pirvel adgils

da agro-sasursaTo importSi 25%-s Seadgenda, meore adgil-

ze iyo ukraina _ 17,6%-iT, mesame adgils TurqeTi ikavebda,

romlis wilad 9,04% modioda. ZiriTadi savaWro partnio-

rebi aseve iyvnen yazaxeTi, brazilia, germania, azerbaijani,

safrangeTi da belorusia.

saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis arasaeqsporto seqto-

ris zrda mniSvnelovania importis Canacvlebis da siRaribis

daZlevis TvalsazrisiT. es seqtori agreTve mniSvnelovania

qarTuli soflis meurneobis unikaluri agraruli mraval-

ferovnebis SenarCunebis mxriv. swored amitom, arasaeqspor-

to, magram tradiciuli agraruli dargebis (magaliTad, me-

marcvleoba, mecxoveleoba da a.S.) SenarCuneba sabolood da-

debiT socialur efeqts gamowvevs da soflad sursaTis

usafrTxoebas uzrunvelyofs.

434

594

762

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

2005 weli 2006 weli 2007 weli

diagrama 2. saqarTveloSi agrosamrewvelo produqciis im-

portis dinamika 2005-2007 wlebSi (mln aSS dolari)

damuSavebuli miwis mcire moculobis, CamorCenili aga-

raruli teqnologiebis da sawarmoo saSualebebis maRali

danaxarjebis pirobebSi, garkveul agrarul dargebs dabali

85

konkurentunarianoba da saeqsporto Rirebuleba gaaCniaT. am-

denad, arasaeqsporto dargebis konkurentunarianobis asamaR-

leblad erTaderTi gza am seqtoris produqtiulobis zrda-

Si mdgomareobs.

arasaeqsporto saqonlis produqtiulobis gazrdisTvis

unda ganxorcieldes Semdegi RonisZiebebi:

� srulyofili saTesle jiSebis aTviseba saTesle me-

urneobis mowyobilobebis gaumjobesebis gziT (mag. xorbali,

qeri, simindi);

� marketinguli meqanizmebis gaumjobesebis mxardaWera;

3%

4%

5%

5,10%

5%

2%

2%

18%

8%

6%

Tevzi gayinuli

mcenareuli zeTi

xorci da sakvebi subproduqtebi

Tambaqo

Sokoladi da kakaos Se3mcveli

mza sakvebi produqtebi

puri comeluli, sakonditro

nawarmi

rZe da naRebi Sesqelebuli

xorbali da meslini

lerwmis an Warxlis Saqari

xorblis an xorbal-Wvavis

fqvili

3%

4%

5%

5,10%

5%

2%

2%

18%

8%

6%

Tevzi gayinuli

mcenareuli zeTi

xorci da sakvebi subproduqtebi

Tambaqo

Sokoladi da kakaos Se3mcveli

mza sakvebi produqtebi

puri comeluli, sakonditro

nawarmi

rZe da naRebi Sesqelebuli

xorbali da meslini

lerwmis an Warxlis Saqari

xorblis an xorbal-Wvavis

fqvili

diagrama 3. umsxvilesi sasaqonlo poziciebi agrosasursaTo

produqciis importSi 2007 wels (mln aSS dolari)

mecxoveleoba warmoadgens momdevno mniSvnelovan dargs

importis Canacvlebis TvalsazrisiT (mag. rZis produqtebi).

am dargisTvis realuri SesaZleblobebi arsebobs, raTa daak-

mayofilos adgilobrivi moTxovna. amdenad, jiSebis gaumjo-

beseba da xelovnuri ganayofierebis danergva soflis meur-

neobis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani komponentia. amave dros

86

unda aRiniSnos, rom grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi mecxoveleo-

bis bizness garkveulwilad saeqsporto potencialic gaaCnia.

qarTul Cais amJamad ZiriTadad mcire zomis 18 ojaxu-

ri sawarmo amuSavebs. plantaciebs ki 30 aTasi heqtaris

farTobi ukavia, saidanac SedarebiT maRali xarisxis am

droisaTvis mxolod naxevaria. Cais arsebuli plantaciebis

aRricxva da Sida bazarze importis qarTuli produqciiT

Canacvlebis miRwevis SesaZlebloba arsebobs guriaSi, sameg-

releSo, imereTsa da aWaraSi Cais Tanamedrove fabrikebis

mSeneblobis gziT, rosTvisac saWiro investiciebi SesaZloa

mTavrobis grZelvadiani sesxiT dafinansdes.

saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba saukeTeso bunebriv-

klimaturi pirobebis mqonea. magram rogorc TviT konkuren-

ciaSi, aseve konkurentunarianobaSi adgilmdebareobis roli

TiTqmis ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli. yovel SemTxvevaSi, arse-

bobs misi Semcirebis tendencia. Cveni bazari gajerebulia

importuli, xSirad dabalxarisxiasni da janmrTelobisaTvis

mavne sakvebi produqtebiT. qveyanas ar gaaCnia ZiriTadi sak-

vebi produqtebis (marcvleuli, xorci, rze, cximi) warmoe-

bis strategiuli minimaluri done.

konkurentunariani agroseqtoris mdgradi ganviTarebi-

saTvis erT-erT pirobad klasterebis Camoyalibeba migvaCnia.

maikl porteris nacionaluri, saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi

konkurentunarianobis TeoriaSi wamyvani roli swored klas-

terebs eTmoba1. klasteri aris geografiuli niSniT koncen-

trirebuli, urTierTdakavSirebuli kompaniebis, specialize-

buli mimwodeblebis, Sesabamisi dargebis firmebis jgufebi,

gansazRvrul sferoebSi konkurenti, magram maT saqmianobas-

Tan dakavSirebuli da erToblivad momuSave organizaciebi

(mag: universitetebi, standartizaciis saagentoebi, savaWro

organizaciebi). klasterebi damaxasiaTebelia praqtikulad

yvela nacionalur, regionul da qalaqis ekonomikisTvis,

1 Майкл Портер, Конкуренция, М.: «Вильямс», 2006. c. 608.

87

gansakuTrebiT kargad ganviTarebuli ekonomikis mqone saxel-

mwifoebSi.

ekonomikaSi ara dargebisa da firmebis izolirebuli

forma, aramed klasterebis upiratesoba aSkaraa. klasterebi

eqsportis gazrdasa da ucxouri investiciebis mozidvaSi ma-

moZravebel Zalas warmoadgenen. agroseqtorSi klasterebis

ganviTarebis faqtorebi moceulia sqemaze 7.

sqema 7

metad mniSvnelovania klasterebis ganviTareba soflis

meurneobis kuTxiT. misi geografiuli masStabebi SeiZleba

meryeobdes erTi qalaqidan an regionidan qveynamde an SeiZ-

leba rig mezobel qveynebamdec ki. klasterebi umetes Sem-

TxvevebSi moicaven mza produqtis kompaniebs an momsaxure

(servisul) kompaniebs, warmoebis, specializebuli faqtore-

bis, komponentebis, manqanebis da aseve momsaxurebaTa mimwo-

deblebs, safinanso institutebs, firmebs Sesabamis dargebSi.

88

klasterebi SeiniSneba rogorc msxvil, ise viwro sfe-

roebSi, biznesis lokalur saxeebSi, rogorebicaa sarestor-

no saqme, avtomobilebiT vaWroba, antikvaruli maRaziebis

qseli. gansakuTrebiT kargad miesadageba igi soflis meurne-

obas da misi qvedargebis ganviTarebas, turistul biznesTan

erTad.

sqema 8

msoflio bazarze qarTul produqts industriuli ag-

rowarmeobis dabalfsian, xSir SemTxvevaSi subsidirebul

produqciasTan uwevs konkurencia. saqarTvelos nayofieri

miwa da kargi klimaturi pirobebi xelsayrelia maRalxaris-

xiani sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis farTo asortimentis

warmoebisaTvis, maT Soris yurZenis, Txilis (miwis Txili,

nuSi, kakali da wabli), Cais, citrusebisa da sxvadasxva xi-

lis warmoebisaTvis.

89

sqema 9

saqarTveloSi warmoebuli produqcia yovelTvis gamo-

irCeoda maRali xarisxiTa da saukeTeso gemovnuri Tvisebe-

biT: Tumca rTuli landSafturi reliefis, sasoflo-same-

urneo savargulebis mkveTri fragmentaciisa da rigi sxva mi-

zezebis gamo qarTul sasoflo-sameurneo produqcias Zalze

gauWirdeba fasebiT konkurencia gauwios sxva qveynebis ma-

sobrivi warmoebis sasoflo-sameurneo poduqtebs. saqarTve-

los mxolod xarisxiani, gansakuTrebuli produqciiT SeuZ-

lia msoflio bazarze sakuTari adgilis damkvidreba.

maRalxarisxiani sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis baz-

rebs Soris prioriteti bioproduqtebis bazars eniWeba.

msoflioSi bioproduqciis bazarze arsebuli moTxovna jer

kidev aWarbebs miwodebas. amasTan, sasursaTo seqtorSi es

erTaderTi bazaria, romelic swrfad izrdeba – biowarmoe-

bis zrdam bolo 10 wlis manZilze 200%-ze meti Seadgina,

xolo 5 wlis manZilze – 50%-ze meti1. es tendencia ufro

1 m. jorjaZe, e.SatberaSvili, saqarTvelos kanoni `biologiuri agrowar-

moebis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb” zogadi mimoxilva, Jurnali agroinfo,

#49 [18] aprili, 2008. gv. 6

90

metad mas Semdeg gamovlinda, rac konvenciuri soflis meur-

neobis bazari faqtobriv stagnacias ganicdis. evropeli eq-

spertebis TvalsazrisiT, qarTul bioproduqcias evropis

bazrebze gasvlis kargi SesaZlebloba aqvs. es SeiZleba iyos

Semdegi produqtebi: samkurnalo da aromatuli mcenareebi,

Rvino, Tafli, bostneuli, xili, CiTilebi, Ciri, kakali,

wvenebi, egzotikuri saweblebi, marcvleuli da parkosani

kulturebi, Cai, saneleblebi, eTerzeTebi da sxv.

boiwarmoebis ekonomikuri efeqtianobis sasargeblod

SegviZlia ramodenime argumentis moyvana, kerZod:

aRsaniSnavia is, rom saqarTveloSi biowarmeobaze ga-

dasvla garkveulwilad ufro iafi dajdeba, vidre intensiu-

ri meurneobis operireba bazarze. saqarTvelos saTib-saZov-

rebze umniSvnelo mineraluri sasuqebi Sedioda, amitom ar

aris saWiro mineraluri sasuqebis uaryofiTi efeqtis aRmo-

safxvrelad movicadoT sul mcire 10 weli. saqarTvelos me-

urneobaSi amJamadac naklebad iyeneben qimiur pesticidebsa

da sasuqebs, amitom konversiis (biomeTodebze gadasvlis pe-

riodi) SeiZleba or wlamde Semcirdes, rac nakleb danaxar-

jebTan da sirTuleebTan iqneba dakavSirebuli. im pirobebSi,

rodesac intensiuri warmoebis meurneobebi srulad moiSala,

meurneobebis umetesoba araefeqtiania, xolo mosavlianoba

dabali. biomeTodebis gamoyeneba da mdgradi sasoflo-sameur-

neo warmoebis sistemebis danergva zrdis mosavlianobas da

ZiriTadi safrTxe – produqciis raodenobis Semcireba, ro-

melic intensiuri warmoebis meurneobebs biowarmeobaze ga-

dasvlisas emuqreba, saqarTveloSi minimumamdea Semcirebuli.

biowarmoebaSi xeliT Sromis wili gacilebiT metia,

vidre intensiur meurneobaSi, rac Sesabamisad bioproduqciis

faszec aisaxeba. ganviTarebul qveynebSi aseTi xarjebis wili

gansakuTrebiT maRalia. saqarTveloSi muSaxeli SedarebiT

iafia da meqanizaciis dabali donis gamo konvenciur warmoe-

baSic aqtiurad gamoiyeneba. amitom es faqtori produqciis

TviTRirebulebaze gansakuTrebul gavlenas ver moaxdens.

91

bioproduqciis maRal xarisxs gansakuTrebuli mniSvne-

loba aqvs rogorc saeqsporto, ise Sida bazrisaTvis. garda

biowarmeobis standartebisa, fermerul da gadamamauSavebel

warmoebaSi xarisxis misaRwevad aucilebelia sanimuSo sa-

soflo-sameurneo praqtikisa da xarisxis marTvis efeqtiani

sistemebis danergvis stimulireba (mwarmoebelTa informire-

ba da swavleba) da kontroli, ris aucilebl winapirobasac

`sursaTis uvneblobis da xarisxis Sesaxeb”, aseve `mcenareTa

dacvisa” da `veterinriis Sesaxeb” kanonebisa da Sesabamisi

kanonqvemdebare aqtebis realuri amoqmedeba da sursaTis uv-

neblobis, veterinariisa da mcenareTa dacvis samsaxuris

efeqtiani amuSaveba warmoadgens.

biowarmeobis ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi ukve Seqmnili

aqvs sastarto pirobebi. saxelmwifos mxridan swori agra-

ruli politikis gatarebisa da biowarmoebis ganviTarebis

xelSewyobis pirobebSi, bioseqtors imis potenciali aqvs,

rom mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanos saqarTvelos soflis

meurneobis aRorZinebis saqmeSi. biowarmeoba, rogorc xaris-

xze orientirebuli, mzardi da perspeqtiuli sasoflo-same-

urneo sistema, samomavlod saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis

erT-erTi strategiuli prioriteti unda iyos. saqarTvelom

Tavis sityva unda Tqvas globalur masStabebSi da pirvel

rigSi, ra Tqma unda, evropis masStabiT. unda Camoyalibdes

institucionaluri sistemebi, romlebic awarmoebs saqarTve-

losTvis maRali gemovnebiTi Tvisebebis mqone produqcias da

gaxdis eqsportis sagnad.

2.3 mdgradi soflis

meurneobis globaluri bazrebi da regulaciebi

saqarTvelo kulturul mcenareTa mravalferovnebis

warmoSobis erT-erTi centria. samwuxarod, im tradiciuli

kulturebis jiSebis umravlesoba, romlebic saukuneebis man-

Zilze qarTveli glexebis mier iqmneboda, amJamad gadaSenebis

92

piras imyofeba. kulturul mcenareTa adgilobrivi jiSebi

kargad eguebian arsebul garemo pirobebs. maT didi ekonomi-

kuri potenciali aqvT da es maT unikalurobasa da mraval-

ferovnebaSi devs.

migvaCnia, rom saqarTveloSi tradiciuli kulturebis

aRdgena-gavrceleba, ekologiurad sufTa produqciaze moT-

xovnis zrdasa da ekoturizmis ganviTarebasTan erTad, mcire

da saSualo meurneobebis mdgradobis saukeTeso perspeqtivas

qmnis.

dargis reformis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba unda iyos

soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba, fermerTa gaer-

Tienebebis Seqmna da gamsxvileba, ekologiurad sufTa da

sxva sasoflo sameurneo produqtebis eqsportze orienta-

ciis da gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis da soflis meurneo-

bis sxvdasxva dargebis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba.

agraruli mravalferovnebis dacva pirvel rigSi, bio-

logiuri meurneobebis ganviTarebiT aris SesaZlebeli, rom-

lis Sedegadac moxdeba adgilobrivi kulturebis saxeobebisa

da jiSebis farTo gamoyenebis xelSewyoba. aq warmoebuli

produqcia konkurencias ver gauwevs did qveynebs iafi pro-

duqciis warmoebiT. Cveni soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis

winapiroba aq warmoebuli produqciis unikaluroba da maRa-

li xarisxi unda gaxdes. am mxriv bioproduqcias didi mniS-

vneloba eniWeba, ramdenadac jerjerobiT msoflioSi biobaza-

ri erTaderT niSad rCeba, sadac moTxovna miwodebas aWar-

bebs. migvaCnia, rom ganviTarebuli biomeurneobebis, rogorc

sasoflo-sameurneo praqtikis saukeTeso formis damkvidreba

saxelmwifoSi aramarto jansaRi sursaTis, jansaRi garemosa

da momavali Taobebis sawindaria, aramed mas mzardi ekonomi-

kuri potenciali moepoveba.

organuli produqtebis yvelaze didi moxmareba mdidar

qveynebSi aRiniSneba. globaluri organuli bazari daaxloe-

biT 25 miliardi aSS dolaris Rirebulebisaa, romlis naxe-

vari CrdiloeT amerikaze modis, daxloebiT naxevari ki _

evropul qveynebze. mxolod 3% nawildeba danarCen qveyneb-

93

ze1. tradiciuli organuli produqtebi aris marcvleuli,

xili, bostneuli, xorci da rZis produqtebi, magram moT-

xovna iseT produqtebze rogoricaa Rvino, yava da Saqari

aseve izrdeba.

bioproduqciis bazari msoflioSi sakmaod ganviTarebu-

lia. biologiuri soflis meurneobis seqtori amJamad 120-

ze met qveyanaSi viTardeba. avstriasa, Sveciasa da Sveicaria-

Si biologiuri soflis meurneoba mTliani sasoflo-sameur-

neo teritoriis 10%-s Seadgens, avstriis mTianeTSi ki -

50%-s. germaniaSi daaxloebiT 10 aTasi biomeurneobaa, ita-

liaSi - 60 aTasi, avstriaSi 20 aTasi. iseT qveyanaSi, rogo-

ricaa egvipte, 1000-mde adamiani biodinamiuri meTodiT miRe-

bul produqcias awvdis daaxloebiT 7000 farmacevtul da

3000 Cveulebriv maRazias; ugandaSi 7000 meurneoba orga-

nul bambas awarmoebs, meqsikaSi ki daaxloebiT 10 000 mcire

meurneoba - organul yavas. momxmareblis mzardi moTxovna

gamoikveTa iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa argentina, poloneTi,

iaponia, avstralia. avstraliaSi 1,7 mln. ha miwis farTobi,

sadac awarmoeben bioproduqcias, sertificirebulia.

bolo monacemebiT dasavleT evropaSi bioproduqcia

mTliani sasursaTo produqciis 1-2%-s Seadgens. bioproduq-

ciis realizeba ukve supermarketebis qseliTac xdeba. mag.,

daniaSi sertificirebuli bioproduqciis 70% supermarke-

tebSi iyideba, germaniaSi 3000-4000 maRazia bioproduqciiT

vaWrobs. es, ra Tqma unda, momxmareblis mzardi moTxovnile-

biTaa ganpirobebuli.

bazarze biologiuri produqciis aRiarebis TvalsaCi-

no magaliTia bavSvTa kvebis produqtebis damamzadebeli kom-

paniebis saqmianoba. bavSvTa kvebis produqtebis damamzadebeli

germaniis wamyvani kompaniebi, romelTa kapitaldabandeba we-

liwadSi daaxloebiT 140 mln aSS dolaria, nedleuls mxo-

lod sertificirebuli biomeurneobebidan iReben.

1 Organic Agriculture, Background iformmation, http://www.mukwano-ustralia.org/organic_agriculture

94

bolo wlebSi bioproduqciis msoflio bazari mniS-

vnelovan cvlilebebs ganicdis. Tu adre bioproduqcia mxo-

lod elitarul momxmarebelze iyo gaTvlili, dRes ukve

gaCnda am produqciiT rigiTi momxmareblis dainteresebis

tendencia, gaizarda konkurenciac. Tu Tavdapirvelad biop-

roduqciis ZiriTad momwodeblebad ganviTarebuli qveynebi

iTvlebodnen da isini akontrolebdnen bazars, dRes afrikis,

laTinuri amerikisa da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebi serio-

zul ganacxads akeTeben biobazarze da warmatebebsac aRwe-

ven. amasTan, mniSvnelovnad amaRlda bioproduqciis xarisxi

da gamkacrda standartis moTxovnebic.

organul menejments daqvemdebarebuli farTobebi

kontinentebis mixedviT

azia; 13%

laTinuri

amerika; 20%

evropa; 21%

avstralia;

39%

afrika; 3%

Crdilo

amerika; 4%

diagrama 4

95

bioproduqciis saerTaSoriso bazris ganviTarebis procesSi

moxda misi seqtorebad dayofa: dReisaTvis biobazari praqti-

kulad moicavs saqonlis mTel speqtrs, kerZod, sakveb pro-

duqtebTan erTad, biobazarze gamoCnda sarecxi saSualebebi,

kosmetika (romelic didi popularobiT sargeblobs), tan-

sacmeli da sxv.

biobazris avtoritetuli analitikosebi varaudoben,

rom bioproduqciiT vaWrobis moculoba momdevno 10 wlis

manZilze gaizrdeba da 100 mldr. dolars miaRwevs. zrdis

wilis didi nawili aSS-sa da iaponiaze eqneba. biobazris

zrdis perspeqtivebs adasturebs is faqtic, rom iseTi kor-

poraciebi, rogioricaa NESTLE da UNILEVER ukve Sevidnen biobazarze.

dRevandel terminologiaSi terminebi ekoproduqtebi

da bioproduqtebi erTnairi mniSvnelobiT ixmareba. orive

maTgani gulisxmobs ekologiuri anu biomeurneobiebis Seq-

mnas. biowarmoeba gacilebiT rTulia, vidre Cveulebrivi

produqciis warmoeba: biomeurneobaze gadasvlisaTvis fer-

mers sami weli mainc sWirdeba - swored am droSi xdeba ni-

adagidan adre Setanili qimiuri sasuqebisa da sxva qimiuri

metabolitebis gamodevna. amasTan, biowarmoeba gulisxmobs

warmoebis yvela etapze xarisxis gacilebiT mkacr kon-

trols. sertifikatis misaRebad biomewarmes gacilebiT mkac-

ri moTxovnebis Sesruleba uwevs, vidre Cveulebrivi pro-

duqciis mwarmoebels. bazarze bioproduqciiT vaWroba regu-

lirdeba Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobiT. aRniSnuli kanonebi moi-

cavs standarts, romlis mixedviTac unda moxdes produqci-

is warmoeba da aRwerilia RonisZiebebi, rimlebic dasaSvebia

biomeurneobaSi. amasTan ikrZaleba `bio”, èko” da a.S. sta-

tusis gamoyeneba serTificirebis gareSe.

dReisaTvis mdgradi soflis meurneobis sferoSi Car-

Tuli fermerebis raodenoba, biomeurneobebis farTobi da bi-

oproduqciis bazari yovelwliurad izrdeba. msoflioSi

ekologiuri warmoebisa da eqspertizis sferoSi wamyvani ad-

gili ukavia aSS-s, iaponias da dasavleT evropis qveynebs.

96

diagrama 5

diagrama 6

eqspertebis SefasebiT ekoproduqciis bazari erT-erTi swra-

fad mzardi da dinamikuria. specialistebi varaudoben, rom

97

XXI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi msoflioSi warmoebuli

produqciisa da teqnologiebis 40% ekologiuri iqneba.

ekomeurneobebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT erT-erTi

wamyvani evropuli qveyna aris avstria. avstriis mosaxleo-

bis 4,2% dakavebulia soflis meurneobaSi. mcire ekologiu-

ri meurneobebis (ojaxuri fermebis tipis) raodenoba dRei-

saTvis 19 aTass aRwevs da moicavs daaxloebiT 298 aTas

heqtar farTobs, rac avstriis sasoflo-sameurneo savargu-

lebis 11,6%-s da fermebis saerTo raodenobis 9,2%-s Sead-

gens. avstriis fermerTa asociaciebis monacemebiT sertifi-

cirebuli ekofermebis 2/3 orientirebulia mecxovelebaze,

xolo 1/3 _ memcenareobaze.

avstriaSi ekomeurneobebis ganviTarebas xeli Seuwyo

samma ZiriTadma faqtorma: federalurma subsidiebma, gare-

mosdacviTma programam da mecxoveleobis fermebis ganviTare-

bisTvis erTob xelsayrelma pirobebma1. daxmarebis programis

amuSaveba seriozuli stimuli aRmoCnda avstriis fermerebi-

saTvis _ 10 wlis manZilze (1990-2000) ekofermebis raode-

noba 12-jer gaizarda2. ekoproduqciiT Sida sabiTumo vaWro-

bis wliuri moculoba 218 milion evros aRwevs, rac qveynis

bazris moculobis 3%-s Seadgens. ekoproduqtebis 50% Cve-

ulebrivi savaWro qselSi iyideba, 13% - specializebul ma-

RaziebSi, 10% - sazogadoebrivi kvebis qselSi (restornebi,

sastumroebi, sakonditroebi, skolebi), xolo 7 %-s - Tvi-

Ton fermerebi yidian bazrobebze.

avstriaSi amJamad funqcionirebs 7 makontrolirebeli

organo. maT Soris wamyvani adgili ukavia ABG (Austria Bio

1 àvstriis nacionaluri daxmarebis programa bunebrivi sasicocxlo pi-

robebis damcveli eqstensiuri fermerobis gasaviTareblad~ _ OePUL, ro-melic 1995 wlidan amoqmedda. avstriis ekofermebis 95% am programis

farglebSi iRebs subsidiebs. programis realizacia xorcieldeba evroga-

erTianebis fondidan (50 %), federaluri (30%) da adgilobrivi (20%)

wyaroebidan. 2 dundua T., ekologiuri soflis meurneoba avstriaSi, biologiur meur-

neobaTa asociacia èlkanas” broSura `biomeurne”, #2 (13) 2006, gv. 4

98

Garantie). ekofermis TiToeuli inspeqtireba daaxloebiT 110-

130 evro jdeba. saxelmwifos mxridan ekofermebis xelSew-

yobis programas Tan axlda ekoproduqciis farTo sarekla-

mo-sainformacio kampania.

arsebuli situacia ganpirobebulia Semdegi faqtorebiT:

• Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo baza;

• saxelmwifos mxridan seriozuli xelSewyoba (saxel-

mwifo dotacia, SeRavaTebis sistema ekofermerebisaTvis);

• ekoproduqciis gasaRebis meqanizmebis arseboba; • momxmareblisa da mwarmoeblebis ekologiuri cnobie-

rebis maRali done da sxv.

evropaSi bioproduqciis bumia. evropis momxmareblis

aseT ganwyobaze miuTiTebs is faqtic, rom SveicariaSi dai-

xura `makdonaldis~ qseli da evropaSi gaZlierda Fast Food-is (swrafi kvebis) alternativa – Slow Food-is (neli kve-

bis) qseli. misi slogania: rogor produqtebs gTavazobT

Slow Food-i? gemriels+sufTa+patiosani=mdgradi, xarisxiani

produqtebi1.

evropaSi bioproduqtebis popularoba sareklamo baz-

ris gajerebulobamac gamoiwvia – sareklamo informaciis si-

uxvem iseT masStabebs miaRwia, rom momxmarebeli TiTqmis

uyuradRebod tovebs ama Tu im cnobil brends, mas mxolod

is ainteresebs, aris Tu ara etiketze warwera `bio~.

eqspertebis SefasebiT ekoproduqciis bazari erT-erTi

swrafad mzardi da dinamikuria. specialistebi varaudoben,

rom XXI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi msoflioSi warmoebuli

produqciisa da teqnologiebis 40% ekologiuri iqneba.

bioproduqtebis erT-erTi udidesi mimwodebelis, Cinu-

ri bazris gafarToveba adgilobriv da saerTaSoriso arealze

Cineli fermerebisTvis qmnis imis saSualebas, rom awarmoon

ufro metad mdgardi sasoflo sameurneo produqti. Cineli

momxmareblebi upirateobas aniWebdnen mwvane sakvebs da mzad

arian maRali fasi gadaixadon. DSedegad Cinuri bazrebi gajer-

1 www.slowfoodfoundation.com

99

da organuli sakvebiT. CineTSi organuli sakvebis warmoebas da

eqportze gatanas sakaod didi potenciali aqvs1.

rac Seexeba saqarTveloSi biobazris ganviTarebis per-

speqtivebs, jer Cven Sors varT evropuli modelisagan. mag-

ram TbilisSi, ukve SeimCneva momxmarebelTa fenis Camoyali-

beba, romelic jansaRi kvebis momxrea da mzad aris gansxva-

vebuli fasi gadaixados. aRsaniSnavia pozitiuri cvlileba

saxelmwifos agraruli politikis sferoSic. qveyanaSi biop-

roduqciis warmoebisaTvis Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo bazis

Camoyalibebis pirveli nabijebi ukve gadadgmulia.

saqarTveloSi biologiur meurneobaTa asociacia èlka-

nam” SeimuSava bioagrowarmoebis standartebi da safuZveli

Cauyara saqarTveloSi da samxreT kavkasiaSi sertificirebis

samsaxuris Seqmnas. 2004 wlisaTvis asociaciaSi gawevriane-

buli iyo 240-mde biomeurne. biomeurneobebis saerTo far-

Tobi 1000 ha-s Seadgenda, rac saqarTvelos sasoflo-same-

urneo savargulebis 0,09%-s warmoadgens. ,,elkanas” wevre-

bis mier warmoebul bioproduqcias sakuTari momxmarebelic

hyavs, magram biobazari, mTeli Tavisi infrastruqturiT,

praqtikulad ar arsebobs.

biologiur meurneobaTa asociacia ,,elkanam” muSaoba

daiwyo agrobiomravalferovnebis dacvisa da mdgradi gamoye-

nebis sakiTxebze. am mizniT 1998 wels ,,elkanam” daafuZna

agrobiomravalferovnebis dacvis sazogadoeba ,,dika”, rom-

lis ZalisxmeviT ,,elkanas” wevr fermerTa meurneobebSi

(sxvadasxva dros 170-ze met fermerTan) iTeseba xorblis,

qeris. Romis, fetvis, ospis, cercvis, muxudos da sxva adgi-

lobrivi jiSebi. amasTan Seiqmna kulturuli mcenareebis ni-

muSebis sacavi. 2004 wlisaTvis ,,elkanas” sacavSi kultu-

ruli mcenareebis 300-mde nimuSia daculi.

amave wels ,,elkanas” xelSewyobiT samcxe-javaxeTSi da-

iwyo proeqtis _ ,,saqarTvelos agrobiomravalferovnebis

1 Richard Sanders, A Market Road to Sustainable Agriculture? Ecological Agriculture, Green Food and Organic Agriculture in China, Development and Change 37(1): 201–226 (2006). Institute of Social Studies 2006.

100

aRdgena, konservacia da mdgradi gamoyeneba” ganxorcieleba.

proeqtis farglebSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo saTesle da sar-

gavi masalis Segroveba koleqciebSi dacvisa da Semdgomi

gamravlebis mizniT; specialuri programebis SemuSaveba adgi-

lobriv mcenareTa genetikuri resursebis gamravlebiT daka-

vebul fermerTaTvis; mwarmoebelTa adgilobrivi asociacie-

bis Camoyalibeba; adgilobriv kulturul mcenareTa gamok-

vlevis safuZvelze strategiuli niSa-produqtebis SerCeva

da axali produqtebis popularizacia.

èlkana” erT-erTi warmatebuli organizaciaa, romelic

2009 wlis Tebervlis monacemebiT aerTianebs biomeurneobebs:

_ axalcixeSi _ 196 wevrs („farezi“);

dargebis mixedviT (axalcixis garda) elkanas wevri

fermerebis raodenoba qvedaregebis mixedviT Seadens:

_ mebostneobaSi _ 43 wevri (farezis garda);

_ mefutkreobaSi _ 66 wevri;

_ meRvineobaSi _ 94 wevri;

_ mecxoveleobaSi _ 99 wevri;

_ mexileobaSi _ 172 wevri;

bioproduqtebis mwarmoebeli aqtiuri regionebia kaxe-

Ti, samegrelo, guria. èlkana”aseve aerTianebs 5 saeparqio

da 3 samonastro meurneobebs1.

2007 wlis 1 oqtombers ZalaSi Sesulma saqarTvelos ka-

nonma `biologiuri agrowarmoebis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb” sa-

marTlebrivi safuZveli Seuqmna msoflioSi soflis meurneobis

erT-erT yvelaze mzard sistemis _ biowarmoebis ganviTarebas.

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, kanonis Tanaxmad biosertifikatis ar-

mqone piris mier etiketze iseTi warweris gakeTeba (sityvTa

da SesityvebaTa nebismieri kombinacia, sadac gansazRvrebad iq-

neba èko”, `bio”, òrganuli da sxv), romelic momxmareblebs

afiqrebinebs, rom produqcia warmoebulia biowarmeobis stan-

dartebis Sesabamisad, kvalificirdeba rogorc falsifikacia

da kanoniT isjeba. samwuxarod, adgilobrivi sasursaTo indus-

1 monacemebi aRebulia boilogiur meurneobaTa asociacia èlkanaSi”

101

triis lobirebis Sedegad, kanonis gardamaval debulebebSi Se-

vida cvlileba, romlis mixedviTac am wesis gavrceleba 2012

wlis 31 dekembramde SeCerebulia im mwarmoeblebis mimarT,

romlebic kanonis amoqmedebis droisaTvis msgavsi niSandebis

produqcias awvdidnen saqarTvelos bazars. saeqsporto pro-

duqciaze es SeRavaTi ar gavrceldeba. cxadia, es debuleba

arajansaR konkurencias uwyobs xels, amkvidrebs ormag stan-

dartebs da mwarmoeblebs saSualebas uqmnis momxmarebeli Sec-

domaSi Seiyvanon. `bioproduqtis” sinonimebis etiketebze data-

nebis akrZalva gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania Sida bazarze sa-

momxmareblo kulturis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. qarTvel

momxmarebels ufleba aqvs icodes, ra xarisxis produqts mo-

ixmars. msgavsi precendenti msoflioSi araerTia. evropaSi bio-

warmeobis Sesaxeb regulaciis SemoRebisas, sayovelTaod cnobi-

li konpania `danonis” lobirebiT regulaciis analogiuri mux-

lis amoqmedeba 5 wliT gadaido.

kompania `beRelis~ ZalisxmeviT, romlis mizania biop-

roduqciis bazris Camoyalibeba da ganviTarebis xelSewyoba

saqarTveloSi da aseve zrunva qarTuli bioproduqciis ev-

ropis bazarze damkvidrebisaTvis, èlkanas~ wevri biofermere-

bis produqcia ukve iyideba Tbilisis sxvadasxva supermarketSi

da specializebul maRraziebSi, Tumca maTi ricxvi mcirea.

biowarmoebis samarTlebrivi regulirebis aucilebloba

am sferoSi arsebuli saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi sistemiTaa

ganpirobebuli. saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi sistema Sedgeba

saerTaSoriso da saxelmwifo, aseve kerZo standartebisa da

regulaciebisagan, romleTagan saerTaSoriso standartebi yve-

laze zogadia, xolo saxelmwifo _ SedarebiT konkretuli da

ufro mkacri. aseve arsebobs kerZo standartebi, romlebic ki-

dev ufro mkacria da amave dros, Seesabameba rogorc saerTa-

Soriso, ise Sesabamis saxelmwifo standarts.

102

sqema 9

dReisaTvis msoflios mravali qveynisaTvis organuli

meurneoba soflis meurneobis prioritetul seqtorad iqca.

biomeurneobebis ganviTareba-gafarToebas sufTa sakvebze mom-

xmareblis moTxovnilebis mateba ganapirobebs. magram momxma-

rebeli Txoulobs produqciis sandoobis garantiebs - igi

ixdis gansxvavebul fass bioproduqciaSi da surs, rom fal-

sifikaciisagan daculi iyos. am process aregulirebs sertifi-

cirebis programa, romelic standartebisagan (wesebi), inspeq-

ciisa (Semowmeba) da uSualod sertificirebisagan Sedgeba.

sertificirebis programis ganxorcieleba xdeba damou-

kidebeli setificirebis organoebis mier.

adgilobrivi standartebis SemuSavebisas calkeuli qve-

yana Tu regioni xelmZRvanelobs saerTaSoriso normebiTa da

wesebiT, magram es standartebi SesaZloa saerTaSorisoze

mkacric iyos, vinaidan saerTaSoriso standartSi mocemulia

bioagrowarmoebis ZiriTadi principebi da is minimaluri

moTxovnebi, romelTa dacva savaldebuloa bioproduqciis

warmoebisa da misi aRiarebisaTvis. adgilobrivi, erovnuli

an regionuli standartebis SemuSaveba ki, qveynis an regio-

nis geografiuli mdebareobis, socilur-ekonomikuri mdgoma-

103

reobis, kulturuli faseulobebis, eqsportis strategiis,

garemos dabinZurebisa da sxva mravali faqtoris gaTvalis-

winebiT xdeba.

sertificirebis organo gascems sertifikats, romelic

garantias iZleva, rom konkretul meurneobaSi (an sawarmo-

Si) produqciis moyvanis, gadamuSavebisa da Senaxvis dros ar

gamouyenebiaT akrZaluli nivTierebebi da meurneobis mowyo-

bis, marTvis principebi Seesabameba standartebis moTxovnebs.

swored aseTi tipis sertifikati aZlevs uflebas meurnes

gayidos Tavisi produqcia, rogorc bioproduqcia da mas

momxmarebelTa ndobis mopovebaSi exmareba.

calke sakiTxia TviT sertificirebis organos aRiare-

bis sakiTxi. damoukidebel da kompetetentur organod aRia-

rebisaTvis saWiroa imis dadastureba (akreditacia), rom

sertificirebis organo icavs standartebs, misi struqtura

da samuSao procedurebi Seesabameba saerTaSoriso moTxov-

nebs da igi kvalificiurad da obieqturad atarebs sertifi-

cirebas.

sertificirebis organos akreditacia xdeba adgilobriv

(erovnul an regionul) an saerTaSoriso doneze.

Cveni qveynisaTvis bioproduqciis sertificirebis gan-

xorcielebis sxvadasxva gza arsebobs:

• saerTaSoriso aRiarebis mqone sertificirebis orga-nosTan xelSekrulebis gaformeba, rodesac xdeba am organos

mier SerCeuli inspeqtoris mier konkretuli meurneobis in-

speqtireba, Semdeg ki daskvna warudgindeba sertificirebis

organos, romlis safuZvelzec sertificirebis organo gas-

cems sertifikats;

• e.w. Tana-sertificirebis sistemis gamoyeneba, rodesac adgilobrivi sertificirebis organo atarebs meurneobis in-

speqcias, amzadebs daskvnas, xolo gadawyvetilebas sertifi-

katis gacemaze miiRebs saerTaSoriso avtoritetis mqone

sertificirebis organo;

• adgilobrivi damoukidebeli sertificirebis organos

Seqmna, romelic aRiarebul iqneba rogorc adgilobriv, aseve

104

saerTaSoriso doneze da damoukideblad Caatarebs sertifi-

cirebis yvela proceduras.

kompetentur organod aRiarebisaTvis sertificirebis

organo unda akmayofilebdes saerTaSoriso moTxovnebs

(EN45011 an ISO-665). am moTxovnebiT gansazRvrulia: rogo-

ri unda iyos sertificirebis organos organizaciuli

struqtura, ra procedurebi unda Caataros da ra dokumen-

tacias unda flobdes, rogor unda uzrunvelyos am organom

xarisxis kontroli, rogor unda Catardes inspeqcia, ra ti-

pis sertifikatebi SeuZlia gasces da sxv.

sertificirebis organos adgilobrivi akreditaciisaT-

vis, aucilebelia qveyanaSi Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo bazis

arseboba da standartebisa da sertificirebis sistemis har-

monizacia saerTaSoriso moTxovnebTan; amis Semdeg SesaZle-

belia diplomatiuri gzebiT mesameuli qveynebis siaSi mox-

vedra.

Tu qveyanaSi ar arsebobs Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo baza,

saerTaSoriso aRiarebis mopovebisaTvis sertificirebis or-

ganos SeuZlia mimarTos saerTaSoriso akreditaciis orga-

nos, magaliTad IFOAM-s, evrogaerTianebas da saerTaSoriso moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi miiRos akreditacia.

am gziT saerTaSoriso aRiarebis mopoveba sertificire-

bis organos weliwadSi minimum 8000 evro ujdeba, xolo

adgilobriv akrditacias wlebi sWirdeba. arsebobs sxva gzac

bioproduqciis ganxorcielebisaTvis _ partnioruli urTi-

erTobebis damyareba saerTaSoriso aRiarebis mqone sertifi-

cirebis organoebTan da misi avtoritetiT sargebloba.

organuli standartebi ar aris statikuri da ucvle-

li. sertificirebis standartebis gadaxedva da Secvla ra-

modenime weliwadSi erTxel xdeba.

mdgradi soflis meurneobis erTiani qseli (The Sustainable Agriculture Network) koordinacias uwevs am mimar-TulebiT msoflioSi mdgradi soflis meurneobis standar-

tebze muSaobas da yovel sam weliwadSi erTxel axdens maT

gadaxedvas. standartebis bolo versia miRebul iqna 2008

105

wlis TebervalSi. 2005 wels mdgradi soflis meurneobis

qselma miiRo standartebis saboloo versia, ris Semdegac

maTi ricxvi erTiT gazarda, nacvlad cxrisa gaxda aTi.

axali punqti moicavs sayovelTao usafrTxoebas da janmrTe-

lobas. Ees punqti gamoeyo mSromelTaTvis samarTliani da

saukeTeso pirobebis Seqmnis punqts. sabolood standartebi

moicavs Semdeg aT punqts:1

1. socialuri da bunebrivi garemos marTvis sistema;

2. eko sistemis konservacia;

3. veluri bunebis dacva;

4. wylis konservacia;

5. samarTliani da saukeTeso pirobebis Seqmna mSro-

melTaTvis;

6. sayovelTao janmrTeloba da usafrTxoeba;

7. saTemo gaerTianebebis urTerTobebi;

8. mosavlis integrirebuli marTva;

9. niadagis menejmenti da konservacia;

10. integrirebuli narCenebis menejmenti;

saqarTvelos kanoni `biologiuri agrowarmeobis gan-

xorcielebis Sesaxeb” bioagrowarmeobis mxolod ZiriTad

principebs gansazRvravs, xolo ufro detaluri regulacie-

bi mocemulia saqarTvelos saxelmwifo standartSi `biopro-

duqciis ZiriTadi moTxovnebi da warmoebis wesebi” (sst

68:2007). kanoni `bioloiuri agrowarmeobis ganxorcielebis

Sesaxeb” saerTaSoriso standartis _ Codex Alimentarius GL 32-isa2 da evrokaSiris Sesabamisi regulaciis (EEC #2092/91) principebis gaTvaliswinebiT SemuSavda. Codex Alimentarius-is” komisiis mier dadgenili GL 32-iT moTxov-nebi iqna gaTvaliswinebuli saxelmwifo standartis SemuSa-

vebis drosac.

1 Sustainable Agriculture Standard, Sustainable Agriculture Network, February 2008. 2 The Guidelines for the Production, Processing, Labeling and Marketing of Organically Producer Foods (GL 32 – 1999, Rev. 1- 2001).

106

uaxloes momavalSi damtkicdeba `bioproduqciis warmo-

ebisas nebadarTuli nivTierebebis nusxa”. eqsportis ganviTa-

rebis TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rom es

nusxa zedmiwevniT Seesabamebodes GL 32-is moTxovnebs. daS-vebuli nivTierebebis gansazRvrisas, sasurvelia gaTvaliswi-

nebuli iyos agreTve strategiuli saeqsporto bazrebis _

evrokavSirisa da aSS-is regulaciebis moTxovnebic, romle-

bic zogierT SemTxvevaSi ufro mkacria (gansakuTrebit EEC #2092/91, vidre GL 32-isa).

warmoebis biostandartebTan Sesabamisoba sagangebod ak-

reditebulma, damoukidebelma sertificirebis organom unda

daadasturos. am mizniT asociacia èlkanas” iniciativiTa da

Sveicariis ganviTarebis saagentos (SDC) da EPER/HEKS-is (Sveicaria) finansuri mxardaWeriT saqarTveloSi dafuZnda

da funqcionirebs biosertificirebis organo _ Sps `kavkas-

serti”. analogiuri sertificirebis organoebi dafuZnda

somxeTsa da azerbaijanSic. aRsaniSnavia, rom samxreT kavka-

siaSi dafuZnebuli sertificirebis organoebs saerTo bios-

tandarti da erTiani xarisxis marTvis sistema aqvT da sa-

erTaSoriso bazrebze erTiani niSniT _ `grin kaukasus”

(Green Caucasus) apireben gasvlas. dReisaTvis somxeTsa da

saqarTvelos sertificirebis organoebs ukve miRebuli aqvT

germanuli akreditaciis organos, DAP-is saerTaSoriso ak-reditacia. savaraudod, am niSnis mqone, anu saerTaSoriso

moTxovnebis mixedviT sertificirebuli pirveli qarTuli

bioproduqcia bazarze 2008 wels ukve gamoCndeba. miuxeda-

vad am optimizmisa migvaCnia, rom es procesebi ar iqneba

martivi da mosalodnelia seriozuli barierebic.

mdgradi soflis meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis aucile-

belia, rom warmoebis mTeli jaWvi (mindvridan _ momxmareb-

lamde) garkveul principebs Seesabamebodes. kanonma moicva

rogorc pirveladi warmoeba, ise gadamuSaveba, SefuTva, Se-

naxva, transportireba, sertificireba, etiketireba, realiza-

cia da importi. qveyanaSi aseve moqmedebs saqarTvelos saxel-

107

mwifo standarti `bioproduqciis ZiriTadi moTxovnebi da

warmoebis wesebi”, sadac mocemulia detaluri regulaciebi.

amrigad, biowarmeoba moicavs moqmedebaTa mTel jaWvs

da am jaWvis TiToeuli rgoli garkveul CarCoebSia moqceu-

li. SezRudvebi ekologiuri, kulturuli da moraluri

principebidan gamomdinareobs. xarisxi bioproduqtis auci-

lebeli niSania da sasurvelia, warmoebisas biostandartTan

erTad gamoiyenebodes iseTi standartebic, rogoricaa GAP, HACCP an ISO 800. amis gamo sertificirebis dros mowmdeba swored warmoebis procesi da xdeba warmoebis sertificire-

ba, rac gvaZlevs imis garantias, rom warmoebis am sistemiT

miRebuli produqti namdvilad `bioproduqtia” da ara ubra-

lod ùsafrTxo” produqti.

bioproduqciis maRal xarisxs gansakuTrebuli mniSvne-

loba aqvs rogorc saeqsporto, ise Sida bazrisaTvis. xaris-

xis misaRwevad fermerul da gadamamauSavebel warmoebaSi,

garda biowarmeobis standartebisa, aucilebelia sanimuSo

sasoflo-sameurneo praqtikisa da xarisxis marTvis efeqtia-

ni sistemebis danergvis stimulireba (mwarmoebelTa infor-

mireba/swavleba) da kontroli, ris aucilebel winapiroba-

sac `sursaTis uvneblobis da xarisxis Sesaxeb”, aseve `mce-

nareTa dacvisa” da `veterinriis Sesaxeb” kanonebisa da Sesa-

bamisi kanonqvemdebare aqtebis realuri amoqmedeba da sursa-

Tis uvneblobis, veterinariisa da mcenareTa dacvis samsaxu-

ris efeqturi amuSveba warmoadgens.

108

Tavi III. soflis meurneobis mdgradi

ganviTarebis mimarTulebebi

saqarTveloSi

3.1 bioproduqtebisadmi momxmarebelTa

damokidebuleba da gadaxdisadmi mzadyofna

bioproduqtebis msoflio bazari 2005 wels 25 mili-

ard dolarad iyo Sefasebuli.1 bioproduqtebis fasi qveynis

Sida bazarze, Cveulebriv produqciaze saSualod 25-30%-iT

metia. Tumca zogierTi produqti (xorcis nawarmi, mcenareu-

li zeTi) ufro Zviricaa - Cveulebrivze 50%-iT. xSirad

organulad moyvanili sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis Ses-

yidvis Semaferxebel faqtorad saxeldeba maRali fasebi da

misi gavrcelebis arxebis deficiti.2 magnusonis da sxvaTa mixedviT3 “Cvevis” koncefcia nawilobriv xsnis imas, Tu

ratom aris ase mcirericxovani organuli sakvebi produq-

tebis regularuli myidveli, miuxedavad maTi dadebiTi da-

mokidebulebisa.

kvlevebi, romlebic exeba bioproduqtebisadmi momxma-

rebelTa damokidebulebisa da gemovnebis Seswavlas iSviaTia,

magram aseTi kvlevebi arsebobs4. kvlevis Sedegebi amtkicebs,

rom momxmareblebs dadebiTi damokidebuleba aqvT biopro-

1 Yussefi, M. (2004), “Development and state of organic agriculture word-wide”, in Wilier, H. and Yussefi, M. (Eds), The World of Organic Agriculture 2004, Statistics and Emerging Trends, 6th ed., International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements, Adelaide. 2 O’Donovan and McCarthy, 2002; Hill and Lynchehaun, 2002; Magnusson et al., 2001; Gil et al., 2000; Gendall et al., 1999; Pearson, 2001 3 Magnusson, M.K., Arvola, A., Koivisto Hursti, U.K., Aberg, L. and Sjoden, P.O. (2001), “Attitudes towards organic foods among Swedish consumers”, British Food Journal, Vol. 103 No. 3, pp. 209-226. 4 Stefanic et al., 2001; Squires et al., 2001; Gil et al., 2000; Magnusson et al., 2001; Chinnici et al., 2002; Harper and Makatouni, 2002; Gendall et al., 1999; Pearson, 2001; Conner, 2004; among others.

109

duqtebisadmi. es produqtebi iTvleba rogorc ufro jansa-

Ri, saRi, vidre Cveulebrivi alternatiuli produqtebi da

swored es aris yidvis Sesaxeb momxmarebelTa gadawyvetile-

bis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani mizezi.1 mecnierebma daadgines, rom sursaTis Sesyidvis dros

yvelaze mniSvnelovani kriteriumi aris: gemo, produqtis

sijansaRe, vargisianobis vada da produqtis xarisxobrivi

aspeqtebi. am sferSi Catarebuli kvlevebidan metad sainte-

resoa magnusonisa da sxvaTa gamokvlevebi2. gamokiTxva Ca-

tarda evrokavSiris qveynebSi (EU),3 ramac aCvena, rom sakve-

bis SerCevisas yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtorebi aris xaris-

xi/axali produqti, gemo, jansaRi dieturi maxasiaTeblebi,

fasi, ojaxuri preferenciebi da Cvevebi4. vondelma da bu-

gem5 aCvenes, rom gemo, produqtis siaxle, Sesaxedaoba da

sakvebi Rirebuleba arsebiTia xilisa da bostneulis arCe-

vis dros. verbekma6 moaxdina demonstrireba, rom belgiaSi

axali xorcisTvis xuTi mniSvnelovani kriteriumi moqmedebs

– siaxle, xarisxi, gemo, samkurnalo Tvisebebi da hormone-

bisagan Tavisufleba.

1 Chinnici, 2002; Harper, Makatouni, 2002; O’Donovan, McCarthy, 2002; Hill, Lynchehaun, 2002; Hutchins, Greenhalgh, 1995; Beharrel, MacFie, 1991; Pearson, 2001. 2 Magnusson, M.K., Arvola, A., Koivisto Hursti, U.K., Aberg, L. and Sjoden, P.O. (2001), “Attitudes towards organic foods among Swedish consumers”, British Food Journal, Vol. 103 No. 3, pp. 209-226. 3 Lennernas, M., Fjellstrom, C., Becker, W., Giachetti, I., Schmitt, A., Remaut de Winter, A.M. and Kearney, M. (1997), “Influences on food choice perceived to be important by nationally representative samples of adults in the European Union”, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 51 No. 2, pp. S8-S15. 4 Lennernas, M., Fjellstrom, C., Becker, W., Giachetti, I., Schmitt, A., Remaut de Winter, A.M. and Kearney, M. (1997), “Influences on food choice perceived to be important by nationally representative samples of adults in the European Union”, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 51 No. 2, gv. S8-S15. 5 Wandel, M. and Bugge, A. (1997), “Environmental concern in consumer evaluation of food quality”, Food Quality and Preference, Vol. 8 No. 10, pp. 19-26. 6 Verbeke, W. (2001), “Beliefs, attitude and behaviour towards fresh meat revisited after the Belgian dioxin crisis”, Food Quality and Preference, Vol. 12 No. 8, pp. 489-498.

110

yvela kvlevis Sedegebi amtkicebs, rom momxmareblebs

dadebiTi damokidebuleba aqvT bioproduqtebisadmi.1 bioproduqtebis mwarmoebelTaTvis gansakuTrebiT Sem-

zRudveli faqtoria maRali danaxarjebis done (gansakuTre-

biT SromiTi), arasakmarisi nou-hau da Cveulebrividan or-

ganul soflis meurneobaze gadasvlis sirTule (biowarmeo-

baze gadasvla saqarTveloSi ufro iafi dajdeba, vidre inten-

siuri meurneobis awyoba, vinaidan dRes-dReobiT saqarTveloSi

naklebad iyeneben qimiur pesticidebsa da sasuqebs. amitom kon-

versiis periodi Seileba or wlamde Semcirdes da nakleb sir-

TuleebTan iyos dakavSirebuli).

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom bioproduqtebi sezonuri xasia-

Tisaa da misi gamoyenebis xangrZlivoba, asortimenti da fa-

si sezonebis mixedviT SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad Seicvalos.2 yvela es faqtori arTulebs marketings da bioproduqtebze

sacalo fasebis dadgena Znelia3.

TbilisSi bioproduqtebisadmi momxmarebelTa damokidebu-

lebis SeswavlisaTvis Sesabamisi informaciis miRebis mizniT

Cvens mier Catarda kvleva. kvlevis gziT SevecadeT gamogvev-

lina, Tu ra etapzea saqarTveloSi bioproduqtebis bazaris

ganviTareba, dagvedgina aris Tu ara sakmarisad gaTviTcnobiere-

buli momxmarebeli bioproduqtebis Sesaxeb.

kvlevis ZiriTadi mizani saqarTvelos dedaqalaqSi _ Tbi-

lisSi bioproduqtebisadmi momxmarebelTa damokidebulebis Se-

saxeb Sesabamisi informaciis miRebSi mdgomareobda. Cven SevZe-

liT gamogvevlina, Tu ra etapzea saqarTveloSi bioproduq-

1 Chinnici et al., 2002; Harper and Makatouni, 2002; O’Donovan and McCarthy, 2002; Hill and Lynchehaun, 2002; Hutchins and Greenhalgh, 1995; Beharrel and MacFie, 1991; Pearson, 2001. 2 Squires, L., Juric, B. and Cornwell, B.T. (2001), “Level of market development and intensity of organic food consumption: cross-cultural study of Danish and New Zealand consumers”, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 18 No. 5, pp. 392-409. 3 Gil, J.M., Gracia, A. and Sanchez, M. (2000), “Market segmentation and willingness to pay for organic products in Spain”, The International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, Vol. 3 No. 2, pp. 207-226.

111

tebis bazaris ganviTareba, SevecadeT dagvedgina aris Tu ara

sakmarisad gaTviTcnobierebuli momxmarebeli bioproduqtebis

Sesaxeb.

kvlevis procesSi Cven veyrdnobodiT aprobirebul meTo-

dologias. pirispir gamokiTxviT Cvens mier Sedgenil kiTxvar-

ze pasuxi gasca 170 momxmarebelma. Seswavlil iqna bioproduq-

tebisadmi maTi damokidebuleba, yidvis sixSire, miwodebis sak-

marisoba da dakmayofileba, Sexedulebebi. yvela statistikuri

kvleva Catarda SPSS paketis gamoyenebiT. kvlevis sirTule mdgomareobda sakvlevi jgufis mraval-

ferovnebaSi da respodentTa SerCeva-dajgufebaSi. kvlevis Se-

degad gamoikveTa momxmarebelTa sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris pre-

ferenciebis mkveTri sxvadasxvaoba, amitom Semdgomi kvlevebis-

Tvis saWiroa momxmareblebTa dajgufeba garkveul jgufebad,

raTa Sedegadac dadgindes, Tu romeli segmentebia ufro metad

mgrZnobiare bioproduqtis marketingisaTvis.

kvlevis mniSvneloba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi saerTo

warmodgenas gviqmnis TbilisSi bioproduqtebTan momxmarebel-

Ta damokidebulebisa da Sesyidvis qcevisa Sesaxeb. kvlevis

Sedegebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas marketinguli qmedebis

samomavlo dagegmisaTvis.

axla ki SevecadoT detalurad davaxasiaToT kvlevis

procesi da miRebuli Sedegebi:

Cvens xelT arsebuli informaciis mixedviT dRemde ar

yofila aranairi kvleva, romelic exeba organuli produq-

tebis moxmarebas saqarTvelos dedaqalaqSi. amitom metad

saintereso iyo TbilisSi organul sakveb produqtebze mom-

xmareblebelTa Sexedulebisa da midgomebis Sesaxeb informa-

ciis da garkvuli codnis miReba. kvlevis Sedegebi SeiZleba

gamoyenebuli iqnas organuli produqtebis marketinguli

dagegmvis, samizne segmentebis identificirebisaTvis, Sesaba-

misi gavrcelebis arxebisa da bioproduqtebis winsvlisaT-

vis (fromouSenisaTvis).

gamokiTxva Catarebul iqna sam etapad. pirvel etapze

(2006 wlis 29-30 dekemberi, Tbilisi, saqarTvelos dedaqa-

112

laqi) Catarda pirispir gamokiTxva winasaaxalwlo bazroba-

ze, sadac warmodgenili iyo qarTuli soflebis sxvadasxva

saxis produqtebi, iseTebi rogoricaa: Rvino, arayi, yveli,

Tafli, nigozi, xorcis produqtebi, Ciri, CurCxela da sxv.

gamokiTxva Sesrulda SemTxveviTi SerCevis meTodiT

bazrobis 60 vizitorisaTvis, romlebic erTmaneTisagan gan-

sxvavdebodnen asakiT, sqesiT, ganaTlebiTa da socialuri

fenisadmi mikuTvnebiT. interviuebi aRebul iqna mxolod im

momxmareblebisgan, romlebmac isurves monawileoba mieRoT

am gamokiTxvaSi. meore etapze (2007 wlis 28-30 dekemberi,

Tbilisi, saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi) gamokiTxva Catarda pir-

veli gamokiTxvis analogiuri anketebiT da igive procedu-

riT. meore gamokiTxvaSi sul 70 respodenti gamoikiTxa.

mesame etapze (2008 weli) gamokiTxva Catarda Tbili-

sis saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fa-

kultetis TanamSromlebTan da studentebTan. misi xan-

grZlivoba TiToeul respodentTan daaxloebiT 5-7 wuTis

Seadgenda. sul gamokiTxuli iqna 40 respodenti, maT Soris

20 studenti da 20 TanamSromeli.

Cvens mier Sedgenili kiTxvari (ix. danarTi #18) Sed-

geboda 25 kiTxvisgan, romlebic kiTxvebis ramodenime jgu-

fad iyo dayofili. aRsaniSnavia is, rom kiTxvarSi nacvlad

terminisa `bioproduqti,” Cven gamoviyeneT termini èkolo-

giurad sufTa sakebi produqtebi” (miuxedavad am aspeqtSi

misi aramarTebulobisa), radgan migvaCnia, rom sazogadoebis

farTo fenebisaTvis es ukanaskneli ufro gasagebi da nacno-

bia.

kiTxvebis umetesoba Sedgeboda sami savaraudo pasuxi-

sagan, xolo zogi Seicavda pasuxis ramdenime variants. ori

kiTxva iyo Ria tipis.

bioproduqtebis ramodenime atributi (Tavisebureba)

Sefasebuli iqna 5 baliani sistemiT, sadac 1 Seesabameboda

TaviseburebaTa dabal dones, xolo 5 Seesabameboda Tavise-

burebaTa maRal dones. atributebi izomeboda subieqturi

da raodenobrivi maCveneblebiT. is moicavda: samkurnalo

113

Tvisebebs, gemos, moxmarebis vadas, fass, xarisxs da Sesaxe-

daobas.

anketis bolo nawili exeboda respodentebis socio-

ekonomikur maxasiaTeblebs. sxvadasxva demografiuli Tavise-

burebebs Soris, rogoricaa sqesi, asaki, ganaTleba da Semo-

savlebi, respodentebs ekiTxebodnen Tu sad gaizardnen, ra-

Ta SesaZlebeli yofiliyo gansxvavebis moZebna soflis da

qalaqis mosaxleobis midgomebs Soris.

sakvlev jgufSi SerCeul iqna 110 qali da 60 mamakaci.

respondentebis saSualo asaki 36 weli iyo. gamokiTxulTa

70% iyo umaRlesi ganaTlebiT. daaxloebiT 25% _ arasru-

li umaRlesi ganaTlebiT, 5% _ saSualo an profesiuli

ganaTlebiT.

gamokiTxulTa daaxloebiT 4% cxovrobda eqvsi da me-

ti wevrisgan Semdgar ojaxSi, 13% _ xuTi da meti, daax-

loebiT 35% _ oTxi, 27%-ze cota meti sami, 16% _ ori,

xolo 5% _ erTi wevrisagan Semdgar ojaxSi cxovrobda.

respondentTa 14%-s ar hyavda bavSvebi, 35%-s hyavda 1-dan

7 wlamde asakis, 27%-s _ 8-dan 14 wlamde asakis, xolo

24%-s _ 14 welze da meti asakis bavSvebi.

ojaxis umetesobisaTvis (38%) saSualo Tviuri Semo-

savali Seadgenda 1000-dan 2000 lars. 2%-s hqonda 100

larze naklebi Semosavali, 12%-s _ 100-dan 500 laramde,

xolo 28%-s 500-dan 1000 laramde Semosavali. mxolod

20%-s hqonda 2000 larze meti Semosavali.

gamokiTxulTa daaxloebiT 57% izrdeboda soflad,

xolo 43% _ qalaqad; qalaqSi mcxovrebTa 74% aseve so-

felSi izrdeboda. maTgan mxolod 30% Cadioda sofelSi

regularulad.

respondentebs pirvel rigSi vekiTxebodiT, arian Tu

ara bioproduqtebis momxmareblebi. 45%-ma am kiTxvaze da-

debiTad upasuxa.

respondentTa umetesobas (89%) sjera, rom gansxvaveba

biologiur da Cveulebriv produqtebs Soris arsebobs, 8%

eWvobs, 3% naklebad aris darwmunebuli. Semdgom analizSi

114

CavrTeT mxolod iseTi respondentebi, romlebmac aRniSnes,

rom am gansxvavebas xedaven.

respondentebis daaxloebiT 10% adasturebs, rom biop-

roduqtebs yidulobs yoveldRe, 25% _ kviraSi ramdenjer-

me, 41% _ TveSi ramdenjerme, xolo 24% saerTod ar yidu-

lobs, an yidulobs Zalian iSviaTad. gamokiTxulTa 22% kma-

yofilia adgilobrivi warmoebis bioprodutebiT, 27% _ ar

aris kmayofili, xolo 51% naklebadaa kmayofili.

kvlevebis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom demografiuli maxa-

saTeblebidan gamomdinare, arsebobs gansxvaveba samomxmareb-

lo qcevaSi1. mecnierebi aseve Tvlian, rom qalebs ufro

aqvT midrekileba bioproduqtebis yidvisadmi, vidre mamaka-

cebs.2 amasve adasturebs Cveni gamokiTxvac – qalebis daax-

loebiT 65% da kacebis daaxloebiT 35% yidulobs biopro-

duqtebs. gamokiTxvis Sedegebidan Cans, rom ganaTlebuli adamia-

nebi, ufro xSirad yiduloben bioproduqtebs, vidre sxva

momxmareblebi. aRmoCnda, rom umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone

respondentebis 85% bioproduqtebs yidulobs ufro xSi-

rad, vidre arasruli da saSualo (profesiuli) ganaTlebis

mqoneni. respondentebis daaxloebiTY 23% aRniSnavs, rom

maT bioproduqtebi uSualod mwarmoeblebisagan iyides. yve-

laze xSirad nayidi bioproduqtebidan dasaxelda xili da

bostneuli (25%). gamokiTxulTa umravlesoba yvelaze xSi-

rad moixmars rZis produqtebs (24%), Tafls (20%), Rvi-

nos (22%), Cais (9%) (naxazi #6).

1 Radman M., Consumer consumption and perception of organic products in Croatia, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Marketing, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia, 2005, p. 5-6. 2 Davies, A., Titterington, A. and Cochrane, C. (1995), “Who buys organic food? A profile of the purchasers of organic food in Northern Ireland”, British Food Journal, Vol. 97 No. 10, p. 17-23.

115

diagrama 7. TbilisSi xSirad moxmarebuli bioproduqtebi

aseve, qalaqis macxovreblebi (daaxloebiT 38%) biop-

roduqtebs yiduloben ufro xSirad, vidre soflis mosax-

leoba (24%). aRsaniSnavia isic, rom respondentTa is nawi-li, romelic izrdeboda sofelsa an raionul centrSi, mag-

ram amJamad cxovrobs TbilisSi, ufro metad afasebs biop-

roduqtebs, vidre qalaqSi gazrdili mosaxleoba. Tumca,

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, qalaqSi gazrdili mosaxleobis

ufro meti nawili aris bioproduqtebis momxmarebeli, vid-

re soflis mosaxleoba. gamokvleviT aseve dadginda, rom

sxva socialur-demografiuli Taviseburebebi bioproduqte-

bis yidvis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis sixSireze mniSvnelovan

zemoqmedebas ar axdens.

aRsaniSnavia, rom msgavsi Sedegebi miRebul iqna sici-

lieli,1 xorvati1 da irlandieli mecnierebis mier biopro-

1 Chinnici, G., D’Amico, M. and Pecorino, B. (2002), “A multivariate statistical analysis on the consumers of organic products”, British Food Journal, Vol. 104 Nos. 3/4/5, p. 187-199.

116

duqtebis (organuli sakvebi produqtebis) momxmareblebis

Sesaxeb kvleviT. 2 bevri momxmarebeli ver asaxelebda im adgilebs, sadac SeiZ-

leba Sesabamisi produqtebis yidva. gamokiTxulTa 81% ar icnobs

arcerT qarTul firmas, romelic awarmoebs bioproduqtebs.

savaraudod, momxmareblebi bioproduqtebad Tvlian im

produqtebs, romelic nayidia uSualod mwarmoeblebisagan

(fermerebisagan, glexebisagan). Cveni kvlevis Sedegad Cans,

rom Tbiliseli momxmarebeli kargad ar aris informirebu-

li biowarmoebis Sesaxeb.

bioproduqtebis momxmarebelTa maRali maCveneblis ki-

dev erTi mizezi SeiZleba iyos sakvlevi jgufis specifiku-

roba. SesaZloa vivaraudoT, rom winasaaxalwlo soflis

produqtebis bazris momxmareblebi ufro metad arian dain-

teresebuli bioproduqtebis SeZeniT, vidre saSualo sta-

tistikuri momxmarebeli, radganac Tbiliseli momxmareble-

bi yovelTvis elodebian, rom winasaaxalwlo bazrobaze ga-

motanili iqneba saRi, saojaxo fermeruli produqtebi.

metad saintereso gamodga momxmarebelTa gadaxdisadmi

mzadyofnisa da yidvis Sesaxeb miRebuli savaraudo samomav-

lo gadawyvetilebebis kvleva. respondentebis 89% Tvlis,

rom bioproduqtebis fasebi maRalia, mxolod 11%-s miaCnia,

rom es fasebi xelmisawvdomia.

anketis mixedviT, respondentebs vTxovdiT aseve mieTi-

TebinaT Cveulebriv sakveb produtebTan SedarebiT, surT Tu

ara bioproduqtebSi gadaixadon ufro maRali fasi da ra

aris is Tanxa, romelsac isini damatebiT gadaixdian. respo-

dentTagan 14%-ma uari ganacxada damatebiTi Tanxis gadaxda-

ze; 21% Tvlis, rom naklebad eqneba SesaZlebloba gadaixa-

dos damatebiTi Tanxa, xolo momxmarebelTa umetesoba (65%)

1 Radman M., Consumer consumption and perception of organic products in Croatia, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Marketing, University of Zagreb, Croatia, 2005, p. 7-8. 2 O’Donovan, P. and McCarthy, M. (2002), “Irish consumer preference for organic meat”, British Food Journal, Vol. 104 Nos. 3/4/5, p. 353.

117

survils gamoTqvams gadaixados damatebiTi Tanxa, romelic

10%-s Seadgens. respondentTagan 9% gadaixdida damatebiT

50%-mde da mxolod 7% gamoTqvams survils bioproduqtebi-

saTvis damatebiT gadaixados 100% (ix. diagrama 8).

aRsaniSnavia is, rom Cveni kvlevis Sedegebi emTxveva

msoflioSi analogiuri kvlevebis Sedegebs.1 respondentebis 78% da meti acxadebs, rom SedarebiT

dabali fasebis SemTxvevaSi, isini ufro xSirad da didi

odenobiT bioproduqtebs iyiddnen. respondentebis 16%-ze

naklebi ar ganixilavs fass, rogorc SemzRudvel faqtors.

respodentTa 67% fiqrobs, rom momavalSi ufro xSirad

iyidis bioproduqtebs. mxolod 28% Tvlis, rom biopro-

duqtebs SeiZens bavSvebisTvis mainc. mxolod 5%-s miaCnia,

rom albaT ar iyidis bioproduqtebs momavalSi.

diagrama 8. momxmarebelTa damokidebuleba

bioproduqtebis fasTan

1 Stefanic, I., Stefanic, E. and Haas, R. (2001), “What the consumer really wants: organic food market in Croatia”, Die Bodenkultur, Vol. 52 No. 4, p.. 323-328. Hutchins, R.K. and Greenhalgh, L.A. (1995), “Organic confusion: sustaining competitive advantage”, Nutrition & Food Science, Vol. 95 No. 6, p. 11-14. Radman M., Consumer consumption and perception of organic products in Croatia, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Marketing, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia, 2005. p. 9-10.

118

unda aRiniSnos, rom bioproduqtebis samomavlo Ses-

yidvis mniSvnelovnad ufro maRali albaToba aRniSnuli iq-

na umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone momxmarebelTa Soris.

14%

65%

21%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

ar

gadaixdis

mzadaa

gadaixados

ar SeuZlia

gadaxda

diagrama 9. bioproduqtebis mimarT momxmarebelTa

gadaxdisadmi mzadyofna

kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom respondentebi biopro-

duqtebs ganixilaven jansaRi da kargi xarisxis produqtad.

Tumca isini aseve Tvlian, rom AaseTi produqtebi sakmaod

Zviria. momxmareblebi am produqtebis naklad miiCneven misi

Senaxvis mokle vadas. aseve ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamen pro-

duqtis garegnuli ieriT.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom qalebi mamakacebTan SedarebiT

upiratesobas aniWeben bioproduqtebs da Tvlian, rom is

aris maRali xarisxis da ufro gemrieli; aseve ufrosi asa-

kis momxmareblebi ufro erTgulni arian bioproduqtebisad-

mi, vidre axalgzrdebi.

momxmarebelTa bioproduqtebis miwodebiT uzrunvelyo-

fis done damokidebulia sqesze, yidvis sixSireze da Ses-

yidvis samomavlo savaraudo gadawyvetilebaze _ bioproduq-

119

tisaTvis gadaixados damatebiTi fasi. bioproduqtebis miwo-

debiT respondentebis kmayofilebis gamosakvlevad Cven gamo-

viyeneT xuTbaliani Sefasebis sistema, sadac 5 bali aRniS-

navs Zalian kargs, xolo 1 – Zalian cuds.

rogorc aRmoCnda, respondentTa didi raodenoba, arc

Tu ise kargad icnobs bioproduqtebis miwodebas TbilisSi.

miwodebiT kmayofilia respodentebis mxolod 28%, romle-

bic mas afaseben, rogorc `kargs”, xolo 5 % _ rogorc

`Zalian kargs”. respodentTa 21% miwodebis kmayofilebis

dones afasebs `damakmayofileblad”, 27% _ `cudad”, xolo

19% _ `Zalian cudad”. kvlevis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom qa-

lebi ufro kamyofilni arian bioproduqtebis arsebuli mi-

wodebiT, vidre kacebi.

sursaTis usafrTxoebisa da kanonmdeblobisadmi damo-

kidebulebis Seswavlis dros respondentTa 42%-ma aRniSna,

rom saqarTvelos ara aqvs sursaTis xarisxis Sesabamisi

standartebi. mxolod 9% fiqrobs, rom es standartebi

kargad aris gansazRvruli. respondentebis 49%-s warmod-

gena ara aqvT saqarTveloSi sursaTis standartebis Sesaxeb.

kvlevis Sedegebi gviCvenebs momxmarebelebis arasakma-

ris ndobas sursaTis standartebis mimarT, magram yvelaze

metad aRsaniSnavia kanonmdeblobis Sesaxeb qarTveli momxma-

reblebis araadekvaturi codna.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba aRvniSnoT, rom bioproduqtebs

qarTveli momxmarebeli miiCnevs rogorc jansaR, kargi xarisxi-

sa da gemos produqtebad. Tumca es produqtebi miCneulia ro-

gorc sakmaod Zviri da arc Tu ise kargi Sesaxedaobis. momxma-

reblebi kargad ar icnoben bioproduqtebis mimwodeblebs ba-

zarze. momxmarebelTa umetsobas aqvs sakmaod dadebiTi damoki-

debuleba bioproduqtebisadmi da acxadeben mzadyofnas, gadai-

xadon momatebuli fasi aRniSnul produqtebSi.

kvlevam gviCvena, rom respondentTa umravlesobas ar

smenia biowarmoebis Sesaxeb, ris gamoc umetesoba Tavs ari-

debda gamokiTxvas. amitom, momxmarebelTa am kuTxiT infor-

mirebuloba da ganaTleba unda iqces erT-erT upirveles

120

miznad bioproduqtis mwarmoebelTaTvis. mniSvnelovani amo-

canaa is, rom momxmarebeli gaxdes ufro gaTviTcnobierebu-

li, Tu ra aris bioproduqti, rogor unda moxdes misi di-

ferencireba bazarze. saganmanaTleblo RonisZiebebi, gamofe-

nebi da sxva aqtivobebi unda imarTebodes arasamTavrobo

organizaciebisa da biomwarmoebelTa organizaciebis mier.

bioproduqtebis reklamirebas, gansakuTrebiT SesaZlo sa-

distribucio arxebSi, didi yuradReba unda daeTmos.

am kvlevis SezRudvaa is, rom igi Semoifargla saqar-

Tvelos erTi regioniT _ Tbilisi. damatebiT kvlevebs unda

daeqvemdebaros saqarTvelos sxva regionebic.

seriozuli konkurenciis miuxedavad, qarTul biopro-

duqcias saerTaSoriso bazarze Rirseuli adgilis dakaveba

SeuZlia. saerTaSoriso bazarze gasasvlelad bioproduqciis

seqtoris arCeva yvelaze perspeqtiuli da saimedo gzaa. es

erTaderTi seqtoria, sadac moTxovna jerjerobiT Warbobs

miwodebas. aRniSnul process xels uSlida saerTaSorisod

aRiarebuli sertifikatis arqona, SesafuTi masalis xelmi-

uwvdomloba, cudi lojistika da sxva faqtorebi.

3.2 soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTareba

da agraruli politikis prioritetebi

saqarTvelos agraruli politikis strategia mimarTu-

li unda iyos Semdegi miznebis miRwevisken:

• saqarTvelos sasoflo-sameurneo potencialis sru-

lad aTviseba da produqciis konkurentunarianobisa da xa-

risxis gazrda;

• qveynis sasursaTo usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa, adgi-

lobrivi produqciiT importis Canacvleba;

• sasoflo-sameurneo produqtze qveynis saeqsporto

potencialis zrda, tradiciul da axal bazrebze poziciebis

gaZliereba;

121

• soflad Semosavlebis gazrda da eqsportze orienti-

rebuli gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis ganviTareba.

miznebis misaRwevad dargis ZiriTadi amocanebidan aRsa-

niSnavia Semdegi:

• tradiciuli bazris dabruneba da gasaRebis axali

bazris mopoveba;

• sasoflo-sameurneo infrastruqturis reabilitacia;

• sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikis ganaxleba da agrosain-

Jinro centrebis Seqmna;

• meTesleobis sistemis ganviTareba;

• sursaTis uvneblobis infrastruqturis srulyofa;

• gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis xelSewyoba;

• mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis dargis reforma; • sasoflo-sameurneo miwis bazris ganviTareba;

• fermerTa kooperaciuli sawarmoebis ganviTareba;

• iafi da grZelvadiani kreditebis sistemis Camoyali-

beba;

• produqtiulobisa da mosavlianobis zrdisaTvis sa-

konsultacio qselis Seqmna;

• Sida bazris dacva falsificirebuli, kontrabanduli

da dempinguri produqciisgan;

• mcenareTa da cxovelTa unikaluri jiSebis dacva,

tradiciuli dargebis aRorZineba da ganviTareba;

saqarTvelos Tanmimdevruli integracia evro-atlanti-

kur sivrceSi saqarTvelos mTavrobis sagareo da saSinao

politikis mTavari prioritetia. evrokavSirTan daaxloeba

da integracia qveynis istoriul-kulturuli da ekonomiku-

ri amocanaa. am etapze aucilebelia saqarTvelos kanonmdeb-

lobis evropul kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizacia, evropuli

standartebisa da normebis danergvis xelSewyoba, evrokav-

SirTan savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ganviTareba da

evropul iniciativebSi aqtiuri monawileoba.

saqarTvelos agraruli seqtoris ganviTarebis ZiriTadi

orientirebi unda moicavdes:

122

• agraruli, gadamuSavebeli seqtoris, turizmis, in-

frastuqturis da maRali teqnologiebis ganviTarebisTvis

pirobebis uzrunvelyofas;

• garemos dacviTi maRali standartebis danergvas da

ekologiuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofas;

miuxedavad imisa, rom evrokavSirSi ukve Camoyalibda

saerTo sagareo da usafrTxoebis politika, ganviTarda sa-

erTo Tavdacvis politika, SemuSavda saerTo evropuli armi-

is ganviTarebis gegma da dainiSna saerTo sagareo da usaf-

rTxoebis politikis umaRlesi warmomadgeneli, evrokavSiri

mainc rCeba ekonomikur gaerTianebad da ekonomikuri maCveneb-

lebi umTavresi kriteriumia, riTac fasdeba kandidati qvey-

nebis vargisianoba kavSirSi gasaerTianeblad. am kriteriume-

bis dakmayofilebamde ki saqarTvelos jer kidev bevri aklia.

soflis meurnebis dargSi ZiriTad problemas evrokav-

Siris kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli standartebis adap-

tacia warmoadgens. es normebi da standartebi TiTqmis yve-

la saxis produqciaze vrceldeba. gawevrianebis SemTxvevaSi

kandidat saxelmwifoebSi unda aikrZalos nebismieri saxis

produqciis daSveba bazarze, romlebic ar Seesabamebian jan-

mrTelobis dacvis mizniT SemoRebul normebsa da standar-

tebs. aseve mkacrad aris reglamentirebuli produqciis

warmoebis (maT Soris sasuqisa da cxovelebis sakvebis gamo-

yenebis), laboratoriuli analizis, sertificirebis wesebi.

molaparakebebis mniSvnelovani sakiTxia qveynebisaTvis

kvotebis daweseba evrokavSiris erTian bazarze vaWrobisas.

am mimarTulebiT, saqarTvelos win elodeba rTuli molapa-

rakebebi mis potenciur konkurentebTan iseTi tradiciuli

saxis nawarmis garSemo, rogoricaa Rvino, xilis wvenebi, ci-

rusebi da sxv.

evrokavSiris qveynebi sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis

mxardasaWerad 1957 wlidan axorcieleben erTian agrarul

politikas. miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli qveyenebi msof-

lio savaWro organizaciis wevrebi arian da aRiareben Tavi-

sufali savaWro ekonomikis principebs, isini agrarul seq-

123

torSi atareben sakmaod mkacr proteqcionistul politikas,

romlis saSualebasac, garkveul farglebSi, Tavad vaWrobis

msoflio organizacia iZleva.

evrokavSiris agraruli warmoeba mxolod nawilobriv

efuZneba Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis proncipebs. am qvey-

nebSi sasoflo-sameurneo produqtis warmoeba, gadamuSaveba

da vaWroba erTiani agraruli politikiT regulirdeba. dRe-

isaTvis evrokavSiris biujetis 50%-ze meti agraruli po-

litikis ganxorcielebaze ixarjeba.

evrokavSiris erTiani agraruli politika gansazRvravs

da aregulirebs agroseqtoris oTx sferos: soflis meurne-

obis bazars da produqtebis fasebs, mis struqturas, socia-

lur sferosa da landSafts. bazari da produqtebis fasebi,

aseve lanSaftis movla regulirdeba evrokavSiris doneze,

xolo soflis meurneobis struqturasa da socialur sfe-

ros individualurad aregulireben kavSiris wevri saxelmwi-

foebi briuselis SeTanxmebebiT.

evrokavSiris erTiani agraruli politikis miznebis mi-saRwevad sxvadasxva instrumentebi da RonisZiebebia SemuSa-

vebulia. bazris regulirebisa da fasTa politikis kuTxiT

mniSvnelovania sabaJo gadasaxadebi, saeqsporto subsidiebi,

importuli sursaTis raodenobis SezRudva, minimalur sa-

xelmwifo fasebi, subsidiebi, fuladi premiebi, agrarul-po-

litikuri instrumentebi.

Tu SevadarebT evrokavSiris qveynebisa da msoflioSi

sursaTis mTavari eqsportiori qveynebis (aSS, kanada, brazi-

lia, argentina, avstralia, axali zelandia, ruseTi, ukraina,

yazaxeTi, CineTi) soflis meurneobebs davinaxavT, rom evro-

pis soflis meurneoba xasiaTdeba mcire meurneobebiT, Sro-

mis maRali anazRaurebiTa da meqanizaciis zedmetad maRali

doniT. yovelive amis gamo evrogaerTianebis qveynebSi warmo-

ebuli sakvebi produqtebis fasebi, umetes SemTxvevaSi, aRe-

mateba msoflio bazris fasebs da Sesabamisad, arakonkuren-

tunariania ufro iafi, importuli sursaTis mimarT. sakuTa-

ri agraruli bazris dasacavad evrokavSirma Semotanil pro-

124

duqtebze sabaJo gadasaxadebi daawesa. sabaJo tarifebis si-

dide SeiZleba iyos mudmivi an cvalebadi. maTi daniSnule-

baa gaaZviros ufro iafi importuli sursaTi da amiT daic-

vas sakuTari agrobazari gare konkurentebisagan. garda amisa,

cvalebadi sabaJo tarifebiT xdeba msoflioSi warmoebuli

produqtebis meryevi fasebis stabilizacia. es, Tavis mxriv,

icavs Sida agrobazars fasTa cvalebadobebisagan da sursa-

Tis fasebis stabilizacias uzrunvelyofs.

evrogaerTianebaSi zogierTi saxis produqtis miwodeba

masze moTxovnas aRemateba, Sesabamisad adgili aqvs Warbwar-

moebas. amitom aucilebeli xdeba am Warbi sursaTis gatana

da sazRvargareT gayidva. magram msoflio bazris fasebTan

SedarebiT, Sida bazarze fasebi ufro maRalia da maT gasasa-

Reblad aucilebelia fasebis Semcireba. dabali fasebis gamo

fermerebis Semosavlebis Semcirebis aRmosafxvrelad da za-

ralis minimizaciisaTvis, evrogaerTianeba awesebs saeqsporto

subsidiebs. fermeri evrokavSiris agraruli biujetidan kom-

pensaciis saxiT iRebs fasdaklebis sididis Tanxas poduqtis

yovel tonaze.

saeqsporto subsidiebi did tvirTad awveba evrokavSi-

ris mTlian ekonomikas, aferxebs Raribi qveynebis agraruli

bazrebis ganviTarebas da amitom bolo dros ufro iSviaTad

gamoiyeneba.

evrokavSiri Sida da gare bazrebze arsebuli situacie-

bis Sesabamisad iyenebs sursaTis fasebis pirdapiri reguli-

rebis (sabaJo gadasaxadi), iribi regulirebis (importuli

sursaTis raodenobis SezRudva), nawilobrivi SezRudvis

(importis kvotireba, roca produqtis importis mxolod

gansazRvruli raodenobaa dasaSvebi) da sruli SezRudvis

(importis akrZalva) instrumentebs, rac xels uwyobs saku-

Tari produqciis fasebis stabilizacias.

evrokavSiris saxelmwifoebis umravlesoba agraruli

bazris regulirebaSi pirdapir intervencias axdens da sa-

soflo-sameurneo produqtebis mraval saxeobaze dawesebuli

aqvs garantirebuli, minimaluri fasebi (fasebis qveda zRva-

125

ri). maTi sidide produqtebis TviTRirebulebis farglebSi

meryeobs. produqtis sabazro fasis saxelmwifos mier dad-

genil minimalur fasamde (anu TviTRirebulebamde) Semcire-

bis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo TviTon Seisyidis produqts Sem-

cirebul fasad. faqtiurad, saxelmwifos mier dadgenili mi-

nimaluri fasiT xelovnurad xdeba sabazro fasis qveda do-

nis dafiqsireba, anu fasis vardniT mosalodneli zaralis

Tavidan acileba.

minimaluri fasebi dawesebulia evrokavSirSi warmoebu-

li sakvebi produqtebis saxeobebis 70%-ze. am produqtebs

miekuTvneba marcvleuli, Saqari, rZis produqtebi, xorci,

xilis, bostneulisa da Rvinis zogierTi saxeobebi.

agraruli seqtoris xelSewyobis mizniT, evrokavSiris

mier dawesebulia subsidiebi – fuladi daxmarebebi. subsidia

SeiZleba gaices sasoflo-sameurmneo produqtebze, warmoebis

saSualebebis SeZenasa da sursaTis momxmarebelze. subsidiis

gacema sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebze gulisxmobs ferme-

rebisaTvis kompensaciis gadaxdas Sida sabazro fasze dabal

fasSi produqtis gayidvis gamo.

warmoebis saSualebebis subsidias ekuTvnis magaliTad,

fermerebisTvis SeRavaTiani kreditis daweseba, romlis arsi

mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Tu komerciuli kreditis wliuri

saprocento ganakveTia 5%, maSin fermeri ixdis 3%-s, xolo

danarCen 2%-s faravs saxelmwifo (sabanko angariSze fulis

CaricxviT).

sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikis SeZenisas misi Rirebule-

bis 20-30% aseve saxelmwifo subsidiebis meSveobiT finan-

sdeba. fermerebisTvis dawesebulia agreTve dizelis sawvavis

SeRavaTiani fasebi. sabazro fasTan SedarebiT, fermers dize-

lis sawvavis SeZena Tavisi teqnikisTvis daaxloebiT 38%-iT

iafad SeuZlia.

rac Seexeba momxmareblebis subsidiebs, isini gaicema

ara uSualod momxmareblebze, aramed sursaTiT movaWreebze,

riTac sursaTiT Sesyidva-gayidvis dros misi Semdgomi gaZvi-

126

rebis Tavidan acileba xdeba. aseTi RonisZiebebiT ki sabo-

lood mogebuli momxmarebeli rCeba.

evropaSi damkvidrebul e.w. socialur sabazro ekono-

mikaSi saxelmwifo cdilobs sagadasaxado da premialuri

sistemis meSveobiT dasaqmebuli pirebis Semosavlebs Soris

sxvaoba Seamciros. radgan ekonomikis sxva dargebTan Sedare-

biT soflis meurneoba dabalrentabeluri dargia, evrogaer-

Tianebas fermerebisTvis dawesebuli aqvs fuladi premiebi.

isini gaicema sasoflo-sameurneo miwis farTobis an pirut-

yvis suladobis mixedviT. magaliTad, Tu fermers mohyavs

xorbali, is yovel 1 ha saxnav miwaze saxelmwifosagan we-

liwadSi daaxloebiT 340 evros iRebs, an Tu fermeri asu-

qebs mozvrebs da yidis saqonlis xorcs, is yovel sul

mozverze weliwadSi daaxloebiT 200 evros iRebs. premire-

bis sidide sawarmoo proceszea damokidebuli (rZis, xorcis,

marcvleulis da a.S. warmoeba) da igi isea dadgenili, rom

fermeris warmoeba uzaralo iyos. premiebi fermerebisTvis

warmoadgens erTgvarovan kompensacias zaralis gamo. soflis

meurneobis wamgebiani warmoebis mTavari mizezia is, rom

msoflioSi sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebze fasebi gacile-

biT nela izrdeba, vidre warmoebis saSualebebze, ris gamoc

Semosavlebi xarjebze naklebia.

premiebis miRebis aucilebel wina pirobas warmoadgens

is, rom fermeri valdebulia, yovelwliurad daasvenos Ta-

vis mflobelobaSi arsebuli sasoflo-sameurneo miwis far-

Tobis minimum 15%.

evrogaerTianeba TandaTan arbilebs produqtebis fase-

bis xelovnuri gamyarebis instrumentebs (sabaJo gadasaxade-

bi, minimaluri saxelmwifo fasebi da a.S.) da sanacvlod,

zrdis premirebis sidides. aman TandaTan unda aRmofxras pro-

duqtebis Warbwarmoebis uaryofiTi movlenebi da evrokavSiris

bazris fasebi msoflio bazrebis fasebs dauaxlovos.

ekonomikaSi porteqcionistuli politikis gatarebis

avkargianobis Sesaxeb dResac ar arsebobs erTmniSvnelovani

azri. am politikis gatarebas aqvs rogorc dadebiTi, aseve

127

uaryofiTi mxareebi. aRsaniSnavia is, rom dRes msoflios

bevri ganviTarebuli qveyana agrarul sferoSi proteqcio-

nistul politikas atarebs, xolo zogma qveyanam amgvari

midgomebi met-naklebad Searbila. amerikis SeerTebuli Sta-

tebi, romelic Tavisufali bazrebis ganviTarebis momxred

gvevlineba, sakuTari bazris seqtoris dasacavad xSirad ar

erideba yvelaze mkacri agrarul-politikuri instrumente-

bis gamoyenebas _ TviT produqtebis importis akrZalvis

CaTvliT. amis magaliTia aSS-is mier bolo wlebSi argenti-

nuli Taflis importis akrZalva im mizeziT, rom TiTqos

argentinuli Tafli ar Seesabameboda moTxovnil xarisxs.

Tumca, sinamdvileSi am akrZalvis mizezi ucxouri Taflis

konkurenciisagan sakuTari Taflis warmoebis dacva iyo. da-

axloebiT msgavs faqts hqonda adgili bolo wlebSi, roca

evrokavSirma, pesticidebis aRmoCenis sababiT, akrZala ufro

iafi Cinuri Taflis importi. aRsaniSnavia, rom manamde, wle-

bis ganmavlobaSi, evropaSi imave xarisxis Cinuri Tafli iyi-

deboda da maSin masSi pesticidebi aravis aRmouCenia. am Sem-

TxvevaSic realuri mizezi sakuTari Taflis bazris dacva

iyo1.

agroseqtoris proteqcionizmis kargi magaliTia Turqe-

Tis agraruli politika. TurqeTis saxelmwifo sakuTari

fermerebisagan yovelwliurad garantirebul fasebSi axor-

cielebs miliard dolarze meti Rirebulebis sakvebi pro-

duqtebis Sesyidvas, raTa maTi Semosavlebis stabiluroba

uzrunvelyos. amisaTvis, TurqeTis saxelmwifos xSirad saga-

reo valis aRebac uxdeba. garda amisa, TurqeTi atarebs ki-

dev sxva agrarul-politikur RonisZiebebs, romlebic gaci-

lebiT ufro mkacria, vidre zemoT ganxiluli evrokavSiris

agrarul-politikuri instrumentebi.

saqarTvelos agraruli seqtori Tavisufali sabazro

ekonomikis principebs efuZvneba. Tavisufali sabazro ekono-

1 g. gavaSeliSvili, evrokavSiris agraruli politika da saqarTvelos

soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis mimarTulebebi, Jurnali àgroinfo”,

2007 #14, gv. 8.

128

mika brwyinvale modelia, magram igi gamarTlebulia maSin,

roca yvela konkurenti mis principebs aRiarebs. sinamdvile-

Si, Cveni konkurenti qveynebi xelovnurad, prioritetul

mdgomareobaSi ayeneben sakuTar sasoflo-sameurneo warmoe-

bas. Sedegad, qarTveli fermerebi araTanabar konkurentul

pirobebSi imyofebian ucxoel fermerebTan SedarebiT. Tu

qarTulma saxelmwifom soflis meurneobas nawilobriv mainc

ar Seuwyo xeli misi sasoflo-sameurneo produqcia yovel-

Tvis arakonkurentunariani iqneba da aseTi problemebi, ro-

gorebic aris produqtebis fasebis Semcireba da gasaRebis

sirTuleebi, kvlavac gagrZeldeba. Sedegad, dazaralebul

fermerebs ar eqnebaT saarsebo Semosavlebi, sakmarisi kapita-

li inovaciebisTvis, raTa awarmoon xarisxiani produqtebi

da SeuZlebeli gaxdeba sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis uw-

yveti warmoeba. amis naTeli dadasturebaa is, rom saqarTve-

loSi ukanaskneli 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi erTwliani kultu-

rebis naTesi farTobebi da arebuli mosavali TiTqmis gana-

xevrda.

aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos agraruli seqtoris

proteqcionistuli politika aucilebelia. Cveni bazari ga-

jerebulia importuli, xSirad dabalxarisxiasni da jan-

mrTelobisaTvios mavne sakvebi produqtebiT. qveyanas ar ga-

aCnia ZiriTadi sakvebi produqtebis (marcvleuli, xorci,

rze, cximi) warmoebis strategiuli minimaluri done, rac

mtrul garemocvaSi myofi saqarTvelosTvis metad mniSvne-

lovania. importuli produqtebi xSirad subsidirebulia,

anu xelovnurad gaiafebulia sakuTari saxelmwifoebis mier

da isini advilad uweven konkurencias qarTul produqtebs.

imis gamo, rom saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis xel-

Sewyoba ar xdeba da agraruli bazari daucvelia iafi im-

portuli produqtebisagan, Cveni fermerebi cdiloben rac

SeiZleba iafad, anu miwisa da garemos xarjze awarmoon

produqcia. yuradReba ar eqceva saTib-saZovrebis menejments,

savargulebis nayofierebis SenarCunebis RonisZiebebs da a.S.

Sedegad, adgili aqvs Cveni niadagebis forsirebul gamofit-

129

vasa da erozias. gansakuTrebiT es exeba 12 gradusze meti

daxrilobis mqone ferdobebs1. aseTi ferdobebi saqarTvelos

teritoriis umetes nawils Seadgens. niadagebis eroziisa da

gaudabnoebis samwuxaro magaliTebi mravladaa qarTl-kaxeTi-

sa da mesxeTis mSral adgilebSi.

saerTaSoriso agrarul bazrebze masobrivi warmoebis,

dabalxarisxiani, qimiuri danamatebiT gajerebuli sakvebi

produqtebi dominirebs. isini SedarebiT iafia da Raribi

qveynebisTvis aris gankuTvnili. naturaluri, maRalxarisxia-

ni produqtebi saerTaSoriso bazrebze sakmaod maRal fasad

iyideba da maTi raodenobac SezRudulia, radgan TviT ma-

RalganviTarebuli qveynebic ki ver axerxeben aRniSnuli

produqtebiT sakuTari mosaxleobis dakmayofilebas.

ganviTarebul qveynebs SemuSavebuli aqvs agraruli seq-

toris xelSemwyobi politika da am mxriv arc saqarTvelo

unda iyos gamonaklisi. es procesi sakmaod male unda daiw-

yos. proteqcionistuli agraruli politikis grZelvadian

periodSi gatareba araefeqtiania, mas uaryofiTi Sedegebi

aqvs: dargis ganviTarebis garkveuli doniT miRwevis Semdeg

xdeba warmoebis konkurentunarianobis daqveiTeba da sakvebis

gaZvireba, riTac saboloo jamSi momxmreblebi dazaraldeba.

magram sawyis etapze aucilebelia saxelmwofosagan dargis

mxardaWera, rac aucileblad unda moxdes dargis garkveul

donemde gasaviTareblad, sanam Cveni produqcia konkurentu-

nariani ar gaxdeba. gadawyvetilebebis miReba arsebuli situ-

aciis Seswavlisa da erovnuli interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT

unda moxdes. am gzas gadis dRes evropa, TurqeTi, bralizia,

argentina da kidev mravali sxva qveyana.

arsebuli sakiTxebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos agra-

ruli politika orientirebuli unda iyos Semdeg RonisZie-

bebze:

1 g. gavaSeliSvili, evrokavSiris agraruli politika da saqarTvelos

soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis mimarTulebebi, Jurnali àgroinfo”,

2007 #14, gv. 9.

130

1. soflad infrastuqturis ganviTareba;

2. miwis resursebis menejmenti;

3. irigacia.

saqarTvelos mTavrobis sami prioritetuli miznebis _

ekonomikuri zrda, samoqalaqo wesrigi da siRaribis daZleva

_ misaRwevad agro-sasursaTo seqtoris adekvaturad ganviTa-

rebas udidesi mniSvneloba gaaCnia. swored am prioritetebis

Sesabamisad iqna gansazRvruli da dasmuli qvemoT mocemuli

miznebi da amocanebi momdevno aTi wlisaTvis.

saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis prioritetebi unda

ganisazRvros Semdegi dargobrivi da sasaqonlo jgufebis mi-

xedviT:

1) mebaReobis, bostneuli kulturebi da specifikuri

kulturebi;

maRali Rirebulebis kulturebs, rogoricaa, xili,

bostneuli, Txili, yurZeni da sxva specifikuri kulturebi,

udidesi potenciali gaaCnia. maT SeuZliaT arsebiTi wvli-

lis Setana saqarTvelos dasaqmebisa da socialur-ekonomiku-

ri ganviTarebis saerTo erovnuli miznebis miRwevaSi da Se-

sabamisad, soflis meurneobis politikis SemuSavebisas prio-

ritetad unda iqces.

2) mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis seqtoris ganviTarebis mxar-

daWera, iniciativebis xelSewyoba, daxmareba da ganxorciele-

ba, kerZod:

• saeqsporto bazrebis diverisfikacia da axali bazre-

bis ganviTareba geografiuli da adgilwarmoSobis dasaxele-

bis, registraciisa da damkvidrebis programis ganxorciele-

bis dasrulebiT;

• mkacri zomebisa da programebis SemuSaveba qarTuli

Rvinis brendebis, xarisxis da sasaqonlo saxis gayalbebisa

da falsificirebisgan dasacavad rogorc qveynis SigniT, ase-

ve mis farglebs gareT;

• saxelmwifo-kerZo seqtoris TanamSromlobiT Sesabami-

si organos Camoyalibeba qarTuli meRvineobis produqciis

131

ganviTarebis xelSesawyobad da globalur bazarze mis dasa-

cavad;

• dargis maregulirebeli sakanonmdeblo bazis Secvla

da ganaxleba;

• Rvinis mwarmoeblebis konkurentunarianobis SenarCu-

nebis, partniorTa wris gafarToebisa da sakredito resur-

sebis mozidvis mizniT saTanado kvlevis warmoeba;

• adgilobrivi jiSebis SenarCuneba da maT Soris ko-

merciulad sicocxlisunariani saxeobebis identificireba;

• meRvineobis damxmare da masTan asocirebuli axali

warmoebisa da momsaxurebis (tara, dasaZvelebeli muxis kas-

rebi, xarisxiani etiketebi) ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebis

Seswavla da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi maTTvis daxmarebis gawe-

va;

3) Cais seqtorSi Tanmimdevruli da kompleqsuri

programis ganxorcieleba, romelic unda moicavdes Semdeg

RonisZiebebs:

• dabalxarisxiani Cais warmoebis moculobis zrdis

nacvlad xarisxis gaumjobesebasa da sabazro niSis srulyo-

faze aqcentis gadatana;

• Cais ganviTarebis programis ganxorcieleba, romelsac

menejments sabanko seqtori gauwevs. programis farglebSi

daxmarebis miznobrivi mimRebebi is sawarmoebi iqnebian, rom-

lebsac eqnebaT sakuTari pirveladi warmoeba, an kavSiri

pirvelad warmoebasTan da TavianTi qmedebebi gamyarebuli eq-

nebaT Tanmimdevruli biznes-gegmebiT, sakuTrebisa da marTvis

racionaluri struqturebiTa da saimedo energomomaragebis

wyaroebiT;

• Cais farTobebis inventarizaciis ganxorcieleba, ris

safuZvelzec unda SemuSavdes strategia im farTobebisaTvis,

romelzec mizanSewonili iqneba Cais kulturis moyvana, far-

TobebisTvis, romelzec SesaZlebelia alternatiuli kul-

turebis gaSeneba da farTobebisTvis, sadac Cais kulturas

perspeqtiva ara aqvs;

132

• Cais alternatiuli kulturebis SesaZleblobebis

kvleva calkeul farTobebze;

• partniorTa wris gafarToeba da Cais fabrikebisTvis sakredito programebis SemuSaveba.

4) mecxoveleobis seqtoris ZiriTadi produqtebiT

TviTuzrunvelyofis misaRwevad aucilebelia saxelmwifos

mxridan garkveuli daxmareba. rigi sakiTxebisa, rac dakavSi-

rebulia sazogadoebriv janmrTelobasa da mdgradobasTan,

moiTxovs saxelmwifos gansakuTrebul yuradRebas. saWiroa

mecxoveleobisa da mecxoveleobis produqtebis importisa

da eqsportis gaTanabreba da am wonasworobis SenarCuneba,

risTvisac unda gatardes Semdegi RonisZiebebi:

• mTeli qveynis masStabiT gaumjobesdes srulyofili

da efeqtiani prevenciuli RonisZiebebi, romlebic gamiznu-

lia frinvelisa da pirutyvis ekonomikurad mniSvnelovani

daavadebaTa winaaRmdeg brZolisaTvis;

• pirutyvis daavadebis dadgenis SemTxvevaSi SemuSavdes da ganxorcieldes monitoringis, reagirebis, ganadgurebisa

da zaralis sakompensacio strategiebi;

• ganxorcieldes cxovelebis vaqcinaciisa da samkurna-

lo praqtikis monitoringi sazogadoebrivi jandacvis sakiT-

xebis gasaTvaliswineblad;

• ganviTardes saxelmwifos mier inspeqtirebuli rZis

produqtebisa da xorcis warmoebis, cxovelebis dakvlis,

distribuciisa da gayidvis sistema;

• uzrunvelyofil iqnas dafinansebis SesaZleblobebi

sanitaruli sasaklaoebisaTvis;

• mecxoveleobis dargSi gagrZeldes programebi mcire

mewarmeTa dasaxmareblad da msxvili merZeveobis fermebisa

da cxovelTa sakvebi bagebis mosawyobad;

• SemuSavdes da ganxorcieldes saZovrebis mdgradobis

monitoringisa da dacvis strategia;

• daxmareba gaewios cxovelTa sakvebis adgilobrivi

warmoebis ganviTarebas;

133

5) xilis, bostneulis, Txilisa da specifikuri kul-

turebis Semotanis, ganviTarebisa da gafarToebis xelSewyo-

ba;

6) Zlieri sabazro potencialis mqone kulturebis ga-

movlena da ganviTarebis xelSewyoba, (magaliTad, mwvanili,

kenkra, vaSli, citrusi, eTerzeTovani kulturebi);

7) axali jiSebis Semotanis procesis gaumjobeseba se-

leqcionerTa uflebebis dacvis, gadasaxadebis harmonizebis,

mosakreblebis gauqmebisa da registraciis procesis gamarti-

vebis gziT;

8) im saerTaSoriso xarisxisa da standartebis miReba

da gamoyeneba, romelic xels Seuwyobs qarTuli mebaReobisa

da bostneuli produqciis konkurentunarianobis gazrdas;

9) saeqsporto biowarmoebis sakanonmdeblo bazis, ser-

Tificirebisa da xelSewyobis struqturebis Semdgomi ganvi-

Tareba;

10) Tesleulis, sargavi masalisa da nergebis xarisxob-

rivi Sesabamisobis uzrunvelyofa;

11) mravalwlovani xexilis baRebisa da venaxebis ganvi-

TarebisTvis saWiro finansuri produqtebis ganviTareba;

12) calkeul wlebSi mosalodneli Warbi mosavlis ga-

moyenebisa da marketingis alternatiuli strategiebis Semu-

Saveba;

13) transportirebis arxebis gaumjobeseba malfuWadi

saeqsporto xilisa da bostneulisaTvis;

14) irigaciisa da drenaJis momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofa

im farTobebze, romelic perspeqtiulia mebaReobisa da bos-

tneuli kulturebis da specifikuri kulturebis gaSenebis

rentabelobis TvalsazrisiT;

15) damfasoeblebisa da gadamamuSaveblebisTvis partni-

orTa wris gafarToeba da sakredito programebis uzrunvel-

yofaSi daxmareba.

rac Seexeba mindvris kulturebs, marcvleuli da ze-

Tovani kulturebis warmoebaSi TviTuzrunvelyofis miRweva

SesaZlebelia ar warmoadgendes umniSvnelovanes prioritets

134

am kulturebis dabali momgebianobis, mcire Sromatevadobis,

saWiro miwis didi farTobisa da saerTaSoriso konkurentu-

narianobis gamo. Tumca, am kulturebsac sWirdebaT garkveu-

li sabaziso daxmareba, radgan isini mcire fermerebisa da

glexebisaTvis kvlav inarCuneben TavianT mniSvnelobas kvebi-

Ti Rirebulebis gamo. aseve maRali Rirebulebis kulture-

bis gaSenebamde SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes gardamaval an

alternatiul kulturad.

umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia saSualo mosavlianobis gaz-

rda da safuraJe kulturebiT TviTuzrunvelyofis donis

SenarCuneba. amisTvis saWiroa:

• sertificirebuli Teslis xarisxobrivi Sesabamisobis

uzrunvelsayofad Sesabamisi kanonebisa da maregulirebeli

aqtebis SemuSaveba da amoqmedeba;

• elituri da sertificirebuli Teslis warmoebis, sa-

soflo-sameurneo teqnikisa da aRWurvilobis SesaZenad misa-

Rebi saprocento ganakveTis dafinansebis SesaZleblobebis

Sesaqmnelad sabanko seqtoris mier Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis

gatareba;

• jiSebis SerCevis, kultivaciis, sasuqebis Setanis da

sxva kvlevebis Catareba mindvris kulturebisTvis da miRe-

buli informaciis fermerTaTvis miwodebis uzrunvelyofa;

• dabegvris struqturis harmonizeba importirebul da

adgilobrivi warmoebis marcvleul, lobiosa da zeTovan

kulturebs Soris;

• alaos qeris, rogorc importis Canacvlebis SesaZ-

leblobis mqone kulutris SesaZleblobebisa da potencia-

lis gamokvleva;

• zeTovani kulturebis gadamuSavebis problemis gadaWra;

• marcvleuli kulturebis miwodebis wyaroebis diver-

sificireba;

safinaso-sakredito urTierTobebis mowesrigeba unda

iTvaliswinebdes Semdeg RonisZiebebs:

• pirdapiri finansuri subsidiebi Tavidan unda iqnes

acilebuli;

135

• grantebi upirveles unda moxmardes axali, perspeq-

tiuli teqnologiebis Semotanas, danergvasa da aTvisebas da

ara ukve cnobili warmoebis saSualebebis SeZenas;

• grantebis alternativa SeiZleba iyos sawesdebo kapi-

talSi monawileoba, roca axlad Seqmnil sawarmosTvis pro-

centebis gadaxda didi tvirTi SeiZleba aRmoCndes.

fermerTa daxmarebisaTvis unda ganxorcieldes Semdegi

RonisZiebebi:

• fermerebisaTvis daxmareba unda iyos fokusirebuli

da ganawilebuli prioritetebis Sesabamisad, radgan SeuZle-

belia TiToeuli fermerisaTvis individualuri daxmarebis

paketis SemuSaveba;

• fermerebs unda hqondeT sakmarisi informacia da Ta-visufali arCevanis SesaZlebloba arsebuli mdgomareobisa

da teqnologiebis Sesaxeb.

dReisaTvis mTavaria qveynis ekonomikuri da socialuri

ganviTarebis strategiis agebis gansazRvris iseTi konceptu-

aluri politika, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos:

• agrobiznesis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba;

• soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis strategiisa da sa-

moqmedo gegmis SemuSaveba;

• produqciis xarisxze, agraruli resursebis gamoyene-

baze, jiSTa gamocdasa da dacvaze, sasursaTo usafrTxoebis

uzrunvelyofaze saxelmwifo kontrolis gaZliereba;

• fitosanitaruli da veterinaluri samsaxurebis aR-

dgena;

• etapobrivad SemuSavebuli sqemis mixedviT sasoflo-

sameurneo infrastruqturis, maT Soris, irigaciisa da dre-

naJis sistemebis, saTave nagebobebis, magistraluri da gamana-

wilebeli arxebis, satumbi sadgurebis reabilitacia.

saqarTveloSi SemuSavebuli agraruli politika Sesaba-

misaobaSi unda iyos 2000-2006 wlebSi evrogaerTianebis mi-

er miRebul reformaTa paketTan, romelSic gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba usafrTxo sakvebs, ekologias da soflis meurne-

136

obis mdgradobas eqceva. Cvens mier damuSavebuli iqna saqar-

Tvelos soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTarebis modeli,

romelic efuZvneba soflis meurneobis mravalfunqionirebis

koncefcias da biowarmoebis ganviTarebas.

soflis meurneobis mdgradi

ganviTarebis modeli

sqema 10

reformam unda SeZlos saqarTvelos soflis meurneo-

bis produqciis konkurentunarianobis gazrda, gaamartivos

soflis meurneobis kanonmdeblobis gamartiveba, stabiluri

gaxados soflis meurneobis danaxarjebi.

biowarmeoba, rogorc xarisxze orientirebuli, mdgra-

di, mzardi da perspeqtiuli sasoflo-sameurneo sistema, sa-

momavlod saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis erT-erTi stra-

tegiuli prioriteti unda gaxdes.

137

metad mniSvnelovani sakiTxia saqarTveloSi bioproduq-

tebis bazris ganviTareba da am sakiTxSi momxmarebelTa gaT-

viTcnobierebis donis amaRleba. aseve mniSvnelovani sakiTxia

proteqcionistuli politikis gatarebis aucilebloba sa-

qarTvelos mdgradi soflis meurneobis garkveul donemde

gansaviTareblad.

138

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105. Joachim von Braun Is globalization taking a pause? Implications for international agriculture and food security policy.// Quaterly Journal of International Agriculture, Vol.41 (2002), No.3, Bonn, Germany

147

106. Zvi Lerman A decade of land reform and farm restructuring : what Russia can learn from the world experience. // Quaterly Journal of International Agriculture Vol. 40, 2001, No.1

107. T.Josling, S.Tangermann Implemental of the WTO Agreement on agriculture and developments for the next round of negotiations. // European review of agricultural economics, Vol.26 (3), 1999

108. Amy Kremen, Catherine Greene, Jim Hanson, Organic Produce, Price Premiums, and Eco-Labeling in U.S. Farmers' Markets, Outlook Report No. (VGS-301-01) 12 pp, April 2004

109. Carolyn Dimitri, Catherine Greene, Recent Growth Patterns in the U.S. Organic Foods Market, Agriculture Information Bulletin No. (AIB777) 42 pp, September 2002

110. Catherine Greene, Carolyn Dimitri, Organic Agriculture: Gaining Ground, Recent Growth Patterns in the U.S. Organic Foods Market, by Carolyn Dimitri and Catherine Greene, September 2002.

111. An Annual Publication, National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and various USDA agencies collaborated in furnishing the information in these publications. http://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Ag_Statistics/agr06/index.asp

112. The politics of sustainable development: global norms for national implementation Environmental politics, Volume 5, #2, 1996

113. The World Commission on Environment and Development, "The Brundtland Commission", Our Common Future, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987

114. A Sustainable Agricultural Policy for Europe, Position paper on CAP review and reform, IFOAM EU Regional Group April 2002

115. WANTFA WANTFA. New Frontiers in Agriculture. Western Australian No-Tillage Farmers Association (WANTFA), Subiaco. Accessed 8/11/04. 2004. http://www.wantfa.com.au

116. Organic Agriculture: A Global Perspective, Edited by Paul Kristiansen, Acram Taji and John Reganold Published by CSIRO PUBLISHING, 2006

148

117. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig 118. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othmar_Zeidler 119. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Revolution 120. www.un.org 121. www.statistics.ge 122. www.geplac.org 123. www.maf.ge 124. www.parliament.ge 125. www.slowfood.com 126. www. elkana.com 127. www.fao.org 128. http://www.georgiaorganics.org/farming/organic_fa

rming.php 129. http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/organic/splash_en 130. http://ofrf.org/index.html 131. http://www.ers.usda.gov/briefing/organic/ 132. http://www.ifoam.org/ 133. http://www.organicagcentre.ca/ 134. http://attra.ncat.org/organic.html 135. http://extension.agron.iastate.edu/organicag/whatis.

html 136. http://www.isofar.org/ 137. http://www.organic-europe.net/ 138. http://www.chinaorganicagriculture.com/ 139. http://www.epa.gov/oecaagct/torg.html 140. http://www.fibl.org/en/homepage.html 141. http://www.organicag.uoguelph.ca/

149

d a n a r T i

danarTi #1.

kvebis produqtebze moTxovnis elastikuroba Semosavlis mixedviT

xorbali

Saqari

rZe

karaqi

yvel

i

xorci

kvercxi

saSual

o

Crd. amerika -0,25 0,10 -0,47 -0,45 0,43 0,26 -0,10 0,05

evro-kavSiri -0,29 0,31 0,08 0,17 0,42 0,48 0,32 0,25

didi britaneTi -0,19 0,00 -0,10 0,00 0,20 0,18 0,00 0,09

saberZneTi -0,26 0,70 0,40 0,20 0,30 0,59 0,60 0,28

dania -0,32 0,00 -0,10 -0,30 0,30 0,19 0,30 0,15

irlandia -0,29 0,10 -0,10 -0,20 0,50 0,33 -0,10 0,10

SvedeTi -0,31 0,00 -0,20 -0,20 0,30 0,17 0,10 0,09

iaponia -0,07 0,39 0,50 1,20 1,00 0,79 0,50 0,28

afrika -0,25 3,23 1,20 1,44 3,71 1,44 0,32 0,42

axlo

aRmosavleTi

-0,02 0,43 0,68 0,32 0,41 0,59 0,57 0,29

laTinuri

amerika

0,05 0,20 0,53 0,55 0,45 0,33 0,62 0,29

samxreT azia 0,25 0,91 0,18 0,69 0,54 1,20 1,15 0,59

wyaro: FAO-s monacemebi, 2004.

150

danarTi #2.

erT dasaqmebulze mSp-s saSualowliuri indeqsi

1977-1987 1998-2004

soflis

meurneoba

sxva

seqtorebi

soflis

meurneoba

sxva

seqtorebi

avstria 5,0 4,2 6,6 5,8

avstralia -- -- 3,3 2,5

belgia 3,9 3,4 5,7 2,9

didi britaneTi 6,0 2,4 -- --

germania 6,9 4,8 5,2 2,7

saberZneTi 3,6 4,0 2,2 1,6

dania 6,1 3,0 5,4 1,7

irlandia 4,0 3,0 -- --

espaneTi 5,4 5,9 6,5 3,4

italia 7,8 4,9 5,0 1,8

kanada 4,8 1,4 2,5 1,0

luqsenburgi 4,7 1,5 6,6 1,5

niderlandebi 6,4 3,9 -- --

norvegia 2,3 3,8 4,4 1,7

portugalia 5,2 5,0 -2,7 3,8

aSS 5,5 2,4 2,1 0,3

TurqeTi 2,5 4,1 2,9 2,7

fineTi 3,9 2,1 5,0 2,3

safrangeTi 6,5 4,2 5,3 2,6

SvedeTi 5,6 3,8 3,4 1,3

iaponia -- -- 4,4 3,0

wyaro: OECD da FAO monacemebi

danarTi #3.

biomravalferovnebaze moqmedi meTodebis

CamonaTvali efeqturobis mixedviT

151

danarTi #4.

soflis mosaxleobis ricxovnoba 2007 wlis dasawyisisaTvis

weli soflis

mosaxleoba

(aTasi kaci)

soflis mosaxleoba procentobiT

mTel mosaxleobasTan

1997 2146 47.1

1998 2139 47.5

1999 2132 47.7

2000 2127 48.0

2001 2121 48.2

2002 2087 47.7

2003 2076 47.8

2004 2063 47.8

2005 2064 47.8

2006 2091 47.5

2007 2088 47.5

danarTi #5.

erTwliani kulturebis sagazafxulo naTesi farTobi

aTasi heqtari

kulturebi

2007 weli 2008 weli

(winaswari)

sagazafxulo xorbali 2.4 2.7

sagazafxulo qeri 15.1 15.9

Svria 0.8 1.8

simindi 125.5 135.4

lobio 6.7 6.8

mzesumzira 22.3 28.3

soia 0.3 0.1

kartofili 21.5 25.5

bostneuli 32.0 31.3

baRCeuli kulturebi 5.3 4.6

pirutyvis sakvebi kulturebi 9.6 4.1

danarCeni kulturebi 0.7 0.7

sul sagazafxulo naTesi 242.2 257.2

152

danarTi #6.

erTwliani kulturebis saSemodgomo naTesi farTobi

aTasi heqtari

2007 wlis

mosavlisaTvis

2008 wlis mosavlisaTvis

(winaswari)

saSemodgomo xorbali 43.0 37.8

saSemodgomo qeri 12.0 7.2

sul saSemodgomo naTesi 55.0 45.0

danarTi #7.

pirutyvisa da frinvelis suladoba (aTasi suli)

2007 wlis 1 aprilis

dgomareobiT

2008 wlis 1

aprilis

mdgomareobiT

msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi 1169.8 1163.2

maT Soris furi da furkameCi 574.7 560.6

Rori 361.7 76.1

cxvari da Txa 1,049.9 881.3

frinveli, aTasi frTa 5216.6 5822.4

danarTi #8.

2004 – 2006 wlebSi amoqmedebuli soflis meurneobis

gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebi regionebis mixedviT

regioni qarxnis profili simZlavre

4 marcvalgadamamuSavebeli 300 tona (24 saaTi)

2 rZis qarxana 500 kg. (24 saaTi)

aWara

3 citrusis gadamamuSavebeli qarxana 50 aTasi tona citrusi, 20

aTasi tona xili (weliwadSi)

Txilis gadamamuSavebeli fabrika 0.5 tona (24 saaTi)

xil-bostneulis gadamamuSavebeli

qarxana

0.5 (24 saaTi)

Tevzis gadamamuSavebeli sakonservo

sawarmo, grigoleTSi

eqspluataciaSi Seva 2006

wlis dekemberSi

10 tona (24 saaTi)

guria

SeZenilia 4 TevzsaWeri gemi 150 tona (24 saaTi)

8 Txilis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmo 50 tona (24 saaTi)

4 Cais fabrika 24 tona (24 saaTi)

samegrelo

Tevzis fqvilis da swrafgayinvis

gadamamuSavebeli sawarmo foTSi

2006 wlis noemberSi

600 tona Tevzs gadamuSaveba

153

(24 saaTSi) 120 tona gayinva

kombinirebul sakvebis mwarmoebeli

qarxana marneulSi

65 tona (24 saaTi)

mefrinveleobis Tanamedrove

kompleqsi, sofel gamarjvebaSi, S.p.s

“mefrinveleobis fabrika”

1200 aTasi tona (weliwadSi)

pomidvris gadamamuSavebeli sawarmo Sendeba

qvemo-

qarTli

marcvalgadamamuSavebeli sawarmo 30 tona (24 saaTi)

kaWreTis wisqvilkombinati 150 tona (24 saaTi)

mzesumziris zeTis mwarmoebeli

qarxana dedofliswyaroSi

25 tona (24 saaTi)

kaxeTi

yurZnis koncentratis da

naturaluri wvenis mwarmoebeli

qarxana gurjaanSi


wlis rTvelis sezomamde 50

aTasi tona (weliwadSi)

ninowminda, rZis gadamamuSavebeli

qarxana, sof. arlovka


wlis bolos, 30-35 tona rZe

(24 saaTi)

samcxe-

javaxeTi

aspinZa, xorcis miReba-damzadebis

sawarmo

5-6 tona (24 saaTi)

sakonservo qarxana 3500 tona (weliwadSi)

asobiT sasaTbure meurneoba 1500 tona (weliwadSi)

Terjolis rZis gadamamuSavebeli

kombinati

7 tona rZe (24 saaTi)

imereTi

Cais fabrika 150 tona mza produqcia

(weliwadSi)

sakonservo qarxana, S.p.s. “qarTuli

produqti agara”


xilfafebis Camosxmis aseptikuri

xazi, “gorkoni”

1500 tona (weliwadSi)

3 xilis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmo

(tyviavi, berbuki, kvarxeTi)


Sida

qarTli

kombinirebuli sakvebis sawarmo,

“forte”

100 tona (24 saaTi)

nataxtris ludis qarxana 400 aTasi tona weliwadSi

xilbostneulis samacivro kompleqsi eqspluataciaSi Seva 2006

wlisn bolos. 30 aTasi tona

weliwadSi

mcxeTa-

mTianeTi

xilis naturaluri wvenebis sawarmo Sendeba

154

danarTi #9.

saqarTvelos erTwliani kulturebis potenciali

kultura farTobi

(ha)

mosavali

(tona)

1 t fasi

(aSS $) sul Rirebuleba (aSS $)

xorbali 100 000 350 000 160 56 000 000

simindi 200 000 1 000 000 120 120 000 000

mzesumzira 37 000 74 000 250 18 500 000

qeri 50 000 150 000 150 22 500 000

kartofili 40 400 1 000 000 150 150 000 000

bostneuli 44 300 1 107 000 100 110 700 000

parkosani

kulturebi

9 600 14 400 1000 14 400 000

sxvadasxva 10 000 25 000 150 3 700 000

sul 516 400 000

danarTi #10.

saqarTvelos mravalwliani kulturebis potenciali

kultura farTobi

(ha)

mosavali

(tona)

1t fasi

(aSS $)

sul

Rirebuleba

(aSS $) venaxi 110 000 605 000 300 181 000 000

Cai 20 000 80 000 70 5 600 000

citrusi 15 000 150 000 150 22 500 000

xili sul, maT Soris: 100 000 760 000 300 238 000 000

Teslovani kulturebi 29 000 580 000 100 58 000 000

kurkovani kulturebi 30 000 360 000 150 54 000 000

kaklovani kulturebi 40 000 80 000 1500 120 000 000

subtropikuli 1 000 20 000 300 6 000 000

sul 447 100 000

155

danarTi #11.

mecxoveleobis produqtebis warmoeba

2007 wlis I

kvartali

2008 wlis I

kvartali

xorci _ sul aT. tona 19.5 11.7

rZe, aT. tona 126.2 112.5

kvercxi, mln cali 80.8 115.9

danarTi #12.

gamokiTxulTa suladobrivi struqtura

156

danarTi @#13.

gamokiTxulTa struqtura sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT

43%

57%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

qalaqi sofeli

danarTi @#14.

gamokiTxulTa struqtura ganaTlebis donis

mixedviT

70%

25%

5%

umaRlesi ganaTlebiT

arasruli umaRlesi

ganaTlebiT

saSualo da prof.

ganaTleba

157

danarTi @#15.

OECD qveynebSi soflis meurneobis wili mSp-Si da soflis

meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTa wili mis mTlian raodenobaSi

wyaro: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

danarTi 16.

sursaTis importis saqarTveloSi 2004-2005 wlebSi

produqti 2004

aTasi tona

2005

aTasi

tona

2005 wels faqtiur

moxmarebaSi importis

wili (%)

xorbali 385.9 319.4 74

puris fqvili 223.3 203.3

kartofili 1.5 5.1 1.2

brinji 10.6 8 100

Saqari 220.3 301 100

xorci (frinvelis garda) 7.6 7.1 12.4

frinvelis xorci 16.0 18.6 55.5

Tevzi (dakonservebulis

CaTvliT)

9.2 14.8 76.4

Sesqelebuli rZe, kefiri,

iogurti

1.6 2.3 90*

Sesqelebuli rZe, rZis 9.8 8.7 100*

158

fxvnili

karaqi 4.6 5.4 90

kvercxi 6.9 5.4 40

mcenareuli zeTi 24.5 29.5 90

margarini 9.7 11.2 100

bostneuli 11.0 18.4 10

xili 13.0 12.2 5

danarTi 17.

sursaTis eqsporti saqarTveloSi 2004-2005 wlebSi

produqti 2004

aTasi tona

2005

aTasi tona

xorbali 112.9 36.7

Saqari 85.7 91.6

Tevzi (dakonservebulis

CaTvliT)

3.3 16.3

mcenareuli zeTi 0.8 0.3

bostneuli 1.2 1.5

xili 22.6 47.6

mineraluri wylebi 74.9 119.5

ualkoholo sasmelebi 40.9 66.0

ludi 0.1 0.2

Rvino 23.4 41.6

spirtiani sasmelebi 4.0 5.6

Cai 4.5 5.0

159

danarTi #18

momxmareblis mier biologiuri produqtebis moxmareba da cnobadoba saqarTveloSi

kiTxvari

1. xarT Tu ara biologiurad sufTa produqtis momxmarebeli?

diax � ara �

2. ramdenad xSirad moixmarT biologiurad sufTa produqtebs?

yovel dRe �

kviraSi ramdenjerme �

TveSi ramdenjerme �

saerTod ara �

3. realurad arsebobs Tu ara gansxvaveba, biologiur da

Cveulebriv produqtebs Soris?

diax �

ara �

naklebad �

4. xarT Tu ara kmayofili adgilobrivi warmoebis biologiurad

sufTa produqtebiT?

diax �

ara �

naklebad �

5. biologiurad sufTa produqtebis miwodeba TbilisSi

1 - Zalian cudi, 2 – cudi, 3 - damakmayofilebeli, 4 – kargi, 5

– Zalian kargi

a) rogoria bazarze biologiurad sufTa produqtebis mimwodebiT

Tqveni kmayofilebis done?

1 2 3 4 5

b) ramdenad kargad icnobT biologiuri produqtebis

mimwodeblebs TbilisSi?

1 2 3 4 5

]

6. yvelaze xSirad nayidi biologiurad sufTa produqtebi?

xili da bostneuli �

xorci da xorcis produqtebi �

160

rZe da rZis produqtebi �

Rvino da sxva alkoholuri sasmelebi �

sxva ----------------------------------- �

7. produqciis yidvisas, pirvel rigSi, yuradRebas aqcevT:

fass �

xarisxs �

orives �

8. iciT Tu ara, riT gansxvavdeba biologiurad sufTa produqti

igive saxis Cveulebrivi produqtisgan

diax �

ara �

naklebad �

9. endobiT saqarTveloSi damzadebul da markirebul

biologiurad sufTa produqtebs?

diax �

ara �

naklebad �

10. rogoria biologiurad sufTa produqtebis fasebi?

maRalia �

xelmisawvdomia �

11. gaqvT Tu ara biologiurad sufTa produqtebze damatebiTi

fasis gadaxdisadmi mzadyofna?

diax �

ara �

naklebad �

12. rogoria biologiurad sufTa produqtebis atrubutebi?

(moxazeT)

1 - Zalian cudi, 2 – cudi, 3 - damakmayofilebeli, 4 – kargi, 5

– Zalian kargi

161

samkurnalo Tvisebebi 1 2 3 4 5

gemo 1 2 3 4 5

moxmarebis vada 1 2 3 4 5

fasi 1 2 3 4 5

xarisxi 1 2 3 4 5

Sesaxedaoba 1 2 3 4 5

13. ra aris is Tanxa, romelsac Tqven damatebiT gadaixdidiT?

10%-ze naklebi �

10% �

20% �

50% �

70% �

100% �

100%-ze meti �

14 rogoria biologiuri produqtebis miwodebiT Tqveni

dakmayofileba? xSirad xvdebiT?

diax �

ara �

15. rogoria Tqveni samomavlo gadawyvetileba biologiurad

sufTad moyvanili sakvebi produqtebis yidvis Sesaxeb?

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

16. rogoria Tqveni damokidebuleba biologiurad sufTa sakvebi

produqtebis usafrTxoebasTan? ramdenad icavs kanonmdebloba

momxmareblebs am sakiTxSi?

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

17. asaki: 18-30 � 31-45 � 46-60 � 60-ze meti �

18. sqesi: mdedrobiTi � mamrobiTi �

162

19. sad gaizardeT? soflad � qalaqad �

20. sad cxovrobT amJamad? soflad � qalaqad �

21. xSirad dadixarT sofelSi?

xSirad � iSviaTad � arasdros �

22. ganaTleba:

saSualo skola � sauniversiteto ganaTleba �

23. suladoba ojaxSi:

xuTi da metsuliani �

oTx suliani �

samsuliani �

wyvilebi �

marto �

24. gyavT Tu ara bavSvebi da ra asakis?

ara �

1-7 wlamde �

8-14 wlamde �

14 welze meti asakis �

25. Tqveni Semosavlebi TveSi:

100 larze naklebi �

100-500 laramde �

500-1000 laramde �

1000-2000 laramde �

2000-ze meti �

163

Sinaarsi

winasityvaoba ..................................................................................................3

Tavi I. soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTarebis

Teoriul-meTodologiuri safuZvlebi

da principebi............................................................................... 5

1.1. globalizacia, soflis meurneoba da mdgra-

di ganviTarebis Teoriul-meTodologiuri

safuZvlebi ................................................................................. 5

1.2. soflis meurneobis mravalfunqciuroba

da mdgradi soflis meurneobis principebi ............. 15

1.3. mdgradi soflis meurneobis Camoyalibebis

strategiebi da modelebi.................................................... 35

Tavi II. saqarTvlos soflis meurneobis mdgradi

ganviTarebis faqtorebi da prioritetebi................ 67

2.1. soflis meurneobis mdgrad ganviTarebaze

moqmedi faqtorebis identifikacia ............................. 67

2.2. konkurentunariani agroseqtoris mdgradi

ganviTarebis prioritetebi................................................. 80

2.3. mdgradi soflis meurneobis globaluri

bazrebi da regulaciebi ....................................................... 91

Tavi III. soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTarebis

mimarTulebebi saqarTveloSi ............................................ 108

3.1. bioproduqtebisadmi momxmarebelTa

damokidebuleba da gadaxdisadmi mzadyofna ............ 108

3.2. soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTareba da

agraruli politikis prioritetebi ............................ 120

gamoyenebuli literatura ..............................................................138

danarTi .....................................................................................................................149

164

gamomcemloba ùniversali~

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, �: 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30

E-mail: [email protected]

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