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P\ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²Xn tIc-f-¯nÂ

Hcp hne-bn-cp-¯Â

ASqÀ, ]c-hqÀ t]meokv tÌj-\p-I-fnÂ \S-¸n-em-¡n-bn-cn-¡p¶ P\-ssa{Xn

kpc£m ]²-Xn-bpsS kzm[o-\-s -̄Ip-dn¨v \S-¯nb ]T\ dnt¸mÀ«v

kaÀ¸Ww

{io. tP¡ºv ]p¶q-kv. sF. ]n. Fkv.

Ub-d-IvSÀ P\-dÂ Hm v̂ t]meokv

tIcf

kaÀ¸-I³

tUm. sI. Ae-Ivkm-−À

doUÀ,

t]mÌv {KmPp-thäv Un¸mÀ«vsaâv Hm^v

]»nIv AUvan-\n-kvt{S-j³ & s]mfn-än-Ivkv.

skâv tPm¬kv tImtf-Pv,

A©Â

Xncp-h-\- -́]p-cw.

2

DÅ-S¡w

Page No

1. apJ-hpc (Preface) 1 - 2

2. BapJw (Introduction) 3 - 7

2. P\-ssa{Xn kpc£ ]²Xn: F´v? Fń\v? 8 - 24

3. P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²Xn: s]mXp-P\ ho£-W-¯nÂ 25 - 53

4 \nK-a-\-§fpw \nÀt±-i-§fpw 54 - 58

5. A\p-_Ôw 59 - 63

3

apJ-hpc (Preface)

]c¼cm-K-X-ambn t]meokpw s]mXp-P-\-§fpw X½nÂ \ne-\n-ev¡p¶ A]-cn-Nn-X-Xz-̄ n-

tâ-bpw, kl-I-c-W-an-Ãm-bva-bp-tSbpw coXn¡v ]Icw t]meokv P\-§-fn-te¡v Cd-§n-sN-¶p-

sIm-−v, P\w t]meo-kns\ kplr-̄ p-¡-fmbn ImWp-Ibpw AXp-hgn kaq-l-̄ n\v sa -̈s¸«

tkh\w e`y-am-¡p-I-bpamWv P\-ssa{Xn kpc-£m-]-²-Xn-bpsS e£yw. kpc-£n-XXzw e`n-

¡pI F¶Xv ]ucsâ A-h-Im-ihpw AXv Dd-̧ p-h-cp-̄ pI F¶Xv t]meo-knsâ Npa-X-e-bp-am-

Wv. Hcp {]tZ-is¯ P\-§-fpsS kpc-£n-X-amb PohnXw Dd-̧ p-h-cp-̄ p-hm³ \ntbm-Kn-¡-s -̧

«-h-cmWv B {]tZ-i¯v tPmen sN¿p¶ t]meokv DtZym-K-ØÀ. kaq-l-̄ nsâ {]tXyI

kml-N-cy-§-Ä a\-Ên-em-¡n, e`y-amb kuI-cy-§fpw, hn -̀h-§-fpw, A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t¡-−-Xmb

{]iv\-§fpw hne-bn-cp¯n \nbaw A\p-im-kn-¡p¶ coXn-bnÂ s]mXp-P-\-§-fp-ambn kl-I-cn-

¨p-sIm-−p {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ coXn-bmWv P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m coXn.

P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²-Xn-bpsS Dt±iy e£y-§Ä F´mWv? F§s\ \S-̧ n-em-¡n-bn-

cn-¡p¶p? Fs´Ãmw {]hÀ¯-\-§-fmWv \S-¯p-¶Xv? P\-§-fpsS ]¦m-fn¯w F{X-am-{X-

ap−v? t\cn-tS-−-Xmbn hcp¶ {]iv\-§Ä Fs´m-s¡-bmWv? F§s\ A¯cw {]iv\-§sf

AXn Pohn-¡p-hm³ km[n¡pw?. Cu tNmZy-§-Äs¡ms¡ D¯cw Is−-̄ phm³ th−n-

bpÅ Hcp {ia-amWv Cu ]T-\w.

Cu DZy-a-̄ nÂ Fs¶ klm-bn¨ [mcmfw t]cp-−v. tIc-f-̄ nse t]meo-kn\v am\p-jn-

I-X-bp-tSbpw, B[p-\n-I-X-bp-tSbpw apJw \ÂIp-hm³ B{im´w ]cn-{i-an-¡p¶ tIc-f-

¯nsâ t]meokv ta[mhn {io. tP¡ºv ]p¶qkv sF. ]n. Fkv. t\mSpÅ \µn Rm³ tcJ-

s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶p. hnh-c-§Ä shfn-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶-Xn-t\-¡mÄ aqSn-h-bv¡p-hm³ {]kn-²-amWv

t]meokv F¶mWv hbv]v. F¶mÂ t]meo-kns\ kw_-Ôn-¡p¶ ]e-hn-h-c-§fpw shfn-s¸-Sp-

¯p-Ibpw, IqSn-¡m-gvN¡pw, Bib hn\n-a-b-¯n\pw, NÀ -̈bv¡p-ambn [mcmfw kabw sNe-hn-

Sp-Ibpw sNbvX Bt±-l-̄ n-sâ hne-s¸« kl-I-cWw \µn-tbmsS A\p-kva-cn-¡p-¶p.

P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²-Xn-bpsS t\mUÂ Hmô-kdpw Fd-Wm-Ipfw td©v sF. Pn.

bpamb tUm. _n. kÔy sF. ]n. Fkv., Cu {]hÀ -̄\-̄ n\v F\n¡v th−-Xmb \nÀt±-i-

§Ä X¶pw, CâÀhyq sN¿p-hm-\mbn amXrIm tNmZym-hen X¶pw klm-bn-̈ n-«p-−v. t]meo-

kv ]cn-jvI-c-W-̄ n-\pw, t]meokv s]mXp-P-\- _Ôw kpZr-V-am-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw {]iw-k-\o-b-amw-

hn[w {]hÀ¯n-̈ p-sIm-−n-cn-¡p¶ tUm. _n. kÔy sF. ]n. Fkv. t\mSpÅ Fsâ \µn

Rm³ tcJ-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶p.

4

P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²-Xn-bpsS Bcw-̀ -L-«-̄ nÂ ]c-hqÀ kÀ¡nÄ C³kvs]-IvSÀ

Bbn-cp-¶, Ct¸mÄ ASqÀ Un. ssh. Fkv. ]n. Bbn -{]hÀ¯n¡p¶ {io. hn. APn-̄ v, Cu

]T\w \S-̄ p-¶-Xn\v th−-Xmb klmbw sNbvXp-X¶ hyàn-bm-Wv. ]T-\-̄ nsâ `mK-ambn

ASqÀ kµÀin-̈ -t¸m-sgms¡ AXoh kt´m-j-t¯msS kl-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw, P\-ssa-{Xn-bpsS

`mK-ambn kwL-Sn-̧ n-̈ n-cp¶ ]e s]mXp-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fnepw Fs¶ ]s¦-Sp-̧ n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-«p-

ÅXv \µn-tbmsS A\p-kva-cn-¡p-¶p. ASqÀ kn. sF. {io. F³. hn. Acp¬cm-Pv, Fkv.

sF. {io. Fkv. \µ-Ip-amÀ, P\-ssa{Xn _oäv Hmô-kÀ {io. sI. kt´mjv IpamÀ, ]c-hqÀ

kn. sF. {io. _n. A\nÂIp-amÀ, Fkv. sF. {io. BÀ. cmtP-jv, F. Fkv. sF. taml-\³,

_näv Hmô-kÀ ]n. A\nÂ IpamÀ F¶n-h-tcm-SpÅ \µn Rm³ tcJ-s -̧Sp-̄ p-Ibm-Wv.

C¯cw Hcp ]T\w Gsä-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\pw ]qÀ¯n-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw F\n¡v {]tNm-Z\w

\evInb tIcf t]meokv Atkm-Ên-tb-j³ kwØm\ {]kn-Uâpw, ImhÂ ssIcfn amkn-I-

bpsS FUn-ä-dp-amb {io. sI. cmP³ sNbvXp X¶ klmb kl-I-c-W-§sf \µn-tbmsS

A\p-kva-cn-¡p-¶p.

tUm. sI. Ae-Ivkm-−À

5

A²ymbw þ 1

BapJw (Introduction)

tIc-f-̄ nse t]meokv hIp¸v C¶v henb Hcp amä-̄ n\v hnt[-b-am-bn-sIm-−n-cn-¡p-I-

bm-Wv. hnI-k-\hpw hfÀ -̈bp-sams¡ `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-̄ nsâ {]tXy-In¨v t]meo-knsâ

Imcy-£-a-amb {]hÀ -̄\-t¯bpw Ime-Xm-a-k-an-Ãm¯ {]Xn-I-c-W-t¯bpw B{i-bn-̈ m-Wn-cn-¡p-

¶p. AXp-sIm−v Xs¶ B[p-\nI Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-§Ä¡-\p-k-cn¨v Chsb amtä-−Xv

AXy-́ m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv.

P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²Xn F¶-t]-cnÂ tIc-f-̄ nÂ \S-̧ n-em-¡n-bn-cn-¡p¶ I½yq-

Wnän t]meo-knwKv Hcp henb amä-s -̄bmWv e£yw hbv¡p¶Xv. C¯cw Hcp Bibw

Cý-bnÂ BZy-ambn \S-̧ n-em-¡nb kwØm\w tIc-f-am-Wv. DbÀ¶ km£-c-X, sa -̈s¸«

kmaqly \ne-hmcw, KpW-ta-·-bpÅ hnZym`ymkw , Ah-Imi kzmX-{ý-§-sf-Ip-dn-̈ pÅ

t_m[w, imkv{X-km-t¦-XnI taJ-e-bnse hfÀ¨, kmwkv¡m-cnI cwK-§-fnse ]ptcm-KXn Ch-

sbms¡ \ap¡v A`n-am-\n-¡m-hp¶ t\«-§-fm-sW-¦nepw {Ia-k-am-[m\w \ne-\nÀ¯p¶ {]{In-

b-bnÂ t]meokpw s]mXp-P-\-§fpw X½n-epÅ _Ôw A{X A`n-am\w ]I-cp-¶-XÃ F¶p-Å-

XmWv kXyw. P\m-[n-]Xy kwhn-[m-\-̄ nÂ t]meokv s]mXp-P-\-̄ n\v kzoIm-cy-am-bn-cn-¡p-

Ibpw s]mXp-P-\s¯ t]meokv AwKo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿-Ww. kmaq-lnI kpc£ Dd-̧ p-h-

cp-̄ p¶ t]meo-kpw, kpc-£n-X-amb kam-[m\ PohnXw \bn-¡p-hm³ CjvS-s -̧Sp¶ s]mXp-P-

\-§fpw X½nÂ kulr-Z-̄ nsâXmIp¶ Hcp ]ckv]c _Ôw D−m-I-Ww. P\-ssa{Xn

kpc£m ]²Xn A -̄c-̄ n-epÅ Hcp _Ôw Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw AXp-hgn Ipä-Ir-Xy-§Ä

XS-bp-¶-Xn-\pw, \nb-{ń-¡p-¶-Xn\pw, Imcy-£-a-ambn At\z-jn¨v sXfn-bn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw e£yw

hbv¡p-¶p.

t]meo-knÂ \n¶pw ]qÀ®hpw Xr]vXn-I-chpw Imcy-£-a-hp-amb tkh\w Dd-̧ p-h-cp-̄ p-

hm-\p-]-I-cn-¡p¶ coXn-bmWv I½yq-Wnän t]meo-knw-Kv. Hcp t]meokv DtZym-K-Ø³ Hcp

\nÝnX Ime-b-f-hnÂ Hcp Øe¯v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-Ibpw B {]tZ-is¯ P\-§-fpsS ]¦m-fn-

¯t¯mSpIqSn {Ia-k-am-[m\ {]iv\-§Ä a\-Ên-em-¡p-Ibpw Ahbv¡v ]cn-lmcw Is−-̄ p-

Ibpw sN¿p¶ Hcp ""t]gvk-W-ssekvUv t]meo-knwKv'' kwhn-[m-\-am-Wn-Xv. P\-§fpw

t]meokpw tbmPn¨v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xn-\mÂ {]iv\-§sf IqSp-XÂ hyà-X-tbmsS Xncn-̈ -dn-

6

bp-hm³ km[n-bv¡p-¶p. CXv {]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-̄ n-\pÅ amÀ¤-§Ä IqSp-XÂ ê-{]-Z-ambpw

Ffp-̧ -̄ nepw Is−-̄ p-hm³ t]meo-kns\ klm-bn-¡p-¶p. X·qew P\-§Ä¡v Ah-cpsS

]cm-Xn-IÄ IqSp-XÂ thK-̄ nepw \oXn-bp-à-ambpw ]cn-l-cn¨v In«p-¶-Xn\pw t]meo-knsâ

am\y-Xbpw s]mXp-P-\-¯nsâ A´kpw DbÀ¯n¸nSn-bv¡p-¶-Xn\pw klm-bn-¡p-¶p.t]meo-

knsâ {]hÀ -̄\-̄ nepw, IÀ¯-hy-\nÀÆ-l-W-̄ nepw AXnsâ hne-bn-cp-̄ -en-eq-saÃmw

s]mXp-P-\-]-¦m-fn¯w km²y-am-Ip¶p F¶p-Å-XmWv CXnsâ khn-ti-j-X.

]mgvNn-e-hp-IÄ Hgn-hm-¡p¶ Hcp-kw-hn-[m-\w-Iq-Sn-bmWv P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²Xn.

tIcfw t]mse-bpÅ Hcp kaq-l-̄ nÂ Ipä-Ir-Xy-\n-hm-cWw ZpÀe-̀ -amb hn -̀h-§fpsS ASn-

Øm-\-̄ nÂ ho£n-t¡-−-Xp-−v. A{I-aw, sImÅ, sImÅn-h-bv¸v, tamj-Ww, \nIp-Xn-sh-«n-̧ v,

s]mXp-ap-XÂ \in-̧ n-bv¡Â Ch-sbms¡ Kuc-h-t¯msS ImtW− hkvXp-X-Ifm-Wv. Ipä-

Ir-Xy-§Ä CÃm¯ Hcp kaqlw `mh-\-am-{X-am-sW-¶pÅXpt]mse, t]meo-kn-s\-sIm−v

am{Xw Ipä-Ir-Xy-§Ä CÃmbva sN¿p-hm³ km[n-bv¡p-sa-¶p-ÅXv hymtam-lw -am-{X-am-Wv.

Chn-sS-bmWv s]mXp-P-\-]-¦m-fn¯w {]k-à-am-Ip-¶-Xv. t]meo-knsâ tdm´p-Np-ä-enÂ ]¦m-fn-

I-fm-Ip¶ Pm{K-Xm-k-an-Xn-I-fmbn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶Xv am{X-aÃ P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²Xn

sIm−p-t±-in-¡p-¶-Xv. kaq-l-̄ nÂ Ipä-Ir-Xy-§Ä¡v Imc-W-am-Ip¶ LS-I-§sf kqjva-amb

\ne-bnÂ Is−-̄ p-Ibpw Ahsb \nhm-cWw sN¿p-¶-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb kml-N-cy-§fpw hn -̀h-

§fpw e`y-am-¡p-Ibpw t]meokpw s]mXp-P-\-§fpw X½nÂ Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb ]c-kv]c

_Ôw Øm]n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-I-bmWv Cu ]²-Xn-bpsS A´-k-̄ .

Zim-_vZ-§-fmbn A\p-hÀ¯n-̈ p-h-cp¶ coXn-I-fnÂ \n¶pw aueo-I-amb amäw e£yw

h¨p-sIm-−pÅ Hcp Bibw t]meokv tk\-bnÂ \S-̧ n-em-¡p-t¼mÄ ]e-X-S-Ê-§tfbpw

shÃp-hn-fnI-tfbpw t\cn-tS-−-Xm-bn-hcpw. s]s«¶v amäw kw`-hn-̈ p-sIm-−n-cn-¡p¶ tIcfw

t]mse-bpÅ Hcp-hn-I-kz-c-k-aq-l-̄ nÂ ap³Iq-«n-Im-Wp-hm³ km[n-¡m¯ ]e-{]-Xn-k-Ôn-I-

tfbpw XcWw sNt¿-−-Xmbn ht¶-¡mw. Ahsb a\-Ên-em-¡p-hm\pw km²y-am-Ip¶ ]cn-

lm-c-§Ä \nÀt±-in-¡p-hm\p-ambn ]T-\-§fpw, hne-bn-cp-̄ -ep-sams¡ \S-t¯−Xv A\n-hm-cy-

am-Wv. Cu ]Ým-̄ -e-̄ n-emWv C¯cw Hcp ]T\w Gsä-Sp-̄ -Xv.

]T-\-̄ nsâ Dt±-i-e-£y-§Ä (Objectives of the study)

]T-\-̄ nsâ Dt±-i-e-£y-§Ä Ch-bm-Wv.

1) ASqÀ, ]c-hqÀ {]tZ-i-§-fnse Ipä-IrXy \nb-{´-W-̄ nÂ P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²Xn

F§s\ klm-bn-¡p-¶p- F¶v hne-bn-cp-̄ p-I.

2) P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²-Xn-bnÂ P\-§-fpsS ]¦m-fn¯w F{X-am-{X-sa¶v

]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.

7

3) P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²-Xn- \S-̧ n-em-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ {]Xn-_-Ô-§Ä Fs´¦nepaps−-¦nÂ

Is−-̄ p-I.

4) P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²-Xn-bpsS hnP-b-I-c-amb \S-¯n-̧ n\v \nÀt±-i-§Ä

kaÀ¸n-¡p-I.

]T-\-̄ n\v Xnc-sª-Sp¯ Øe-§Ä (Universe of the study)

tIc-f-̄ nÂ P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²Xn H¶mw L«w F¶ \ne-bnÂ 2008 Â Xnc-

sª-Sp-¡-s¸« Ccp-]Xv (20) t]meokv tÌj-\p-I-fnepw 2009 Â Ccp-]-̄ naq¶v (23) t]meokv

tÌj-\p-I-fnepambn BsI \mev]-̄ n-aq¶v (43) t]meokv tÌj-\p-IfnemWv {]kvXpX ]²Xn

\S-̧ n-em-¡n-bn-«p-ÅXv. aq¶m-wL«-ambn \qdv (100) t]meokv tÌj-\p-I-fn-te¡v IqSn Cu

]²Xn hym]n-̧ n-¡m-\pÅ {ia-§Ä \S-¡p-I-bm-Wv. H¶mw-L-«-̄ nÂ \S-̧ n-em-¡nb ASqÀ, ]c-

hqÀ t]meokv tÌj-\p-I-fmWv ]T-\-̄ n\v Xnc-sª-Sp-̄ Xv.

]¯-\w-Xn« PnÃ-bnse {][m-\-s¸-«-Hcp ap\n-kn-̧ m-en-änbpw Hcp \nb-a-k-̀ m-a-Þ-e-

¯nsâ BØm-\-hp-amWv ASqÀ. 20.5 NXp-c-{i-In-tem-ao-äÀ hnkvXoÀ®apÅ ASq-cnÂ 8022

hoSp-I-fp-−v. 25 ap\n-kn-̧ Â hmÀUp-I-fpÅ ASq-cnsâ P\-kwJy 28,954 BWv. 25 hmÀUp-

Isf 8 P\-ssa{Xn _oäv {]tZ-i-§-fmbn hn`-Pn¨v Hmtcm _oän\pw Hcp _oäv Hmô-kÀ F¶

A\p-]m-X-̄ nÂ 8 t]sc Npa-X-e-s¸-Sp-̄ nbn-cn-¡p-¶p. Chsc klm-bn-bv¡p-hm-\mbn c−v

(2) h\nXm _oäv Hmô-kÀamsc bpw \nb-an-̈ n-«p-−v. ASqÀ kÀ¡nÄ C³kvs]-IvSÀ ]²-Xn-

bpsS FIvkv Hôtjym I¬ho-\-dmbpw, k_v C³kvs]-IvSÀ sk{I-«-dn-bmbpw Hcp F.

Fkv. sF. I½yp-Wnän dnte-j³ Hmô-k-dmbpw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. ]¯-\w-Xn« PnÃm t]meokv

kq{]-−n-tâbpw, ASqÀ U]yq«n t]meokv kq{]-−n-tâbpw, A©v (5) h\n-X-IÄ DÄs¸sS

Ccp-]Xv (20) AwK-§-fpÅ P\-ssa{Xn kpc-£m-k-an-Xn-bp-tSbpw taÂt\m-«-̄ n-epw, \nb-{ -́

W-̄ n-ep-amWv {]kvXpX ]²Xn {]hÀ¯n-bv¡p-¶-Xv. {Sm^nIv hmÀU³ k{¼-Zm-bw, Btcm-

Ky-kw-c-£-W, \nb-a-t_m-[-hÂ¡-cW ¢mkp-IÄ, apXnÀ¶ ]uc-·mÀ¡pÅ slÂ¸vsse³,

Iu¬kn-enwK,v aZy ab-¡p-a-cp¶v hncp² {]N-cW§Ä, kuP\y saUn-¡Â Iym¼p-IÄ

kzImcy skIyq-cnän Pnh-\-¡mÀ¡pw, tamt«mÀhm-l\ ss{UhÀamÀ¡papÅ t_m[-hÂ¡-cW

¢mÊp-IÄ, kv¡qÄ, tImtfPv hnZymÀ°n-IÄ¡pw s]mXp-P-\-§Ä¡p-ambn {Sm^nIv t_m[-

hÂ¡-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ P\-§-fp-ambn tNÀ¶pÅ cm{Xn-Ime ]t{Sm-fnw-Kv, kv{XoIÄ¡pw Ip«n-

IÄ¡pw th−n-bpÅ t_m[-hÂ¡-cW skan-\m-dp-IÄ, »Uv {Kq¸v \nÀ®-bw, A\y-kw-

Øm\ sXmgn-em-fn-Isf kw_-Ôn-̈ pÅ hnh-c-ti-J-cWw hr²-cpw, Hä-bv¡p-Xm-a-kn-¡p-¶-h-cp-

am-b-hsc Ipdn-̈ pÅ hnh-c-ti-J-c-Ww XpS§n Ccp-]-Xn-e-[nIw (20) ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ hfsc hnP-b-

{]-Z-amb coXn-bnÂ ASq-cnÂ P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²-Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn \S-¶p-h-cp-¶p-−v.

8

sImÃw PnÃ-bnÂ P\-ssa-{Xn-kp-c£m ]²Xn BZy-ambn \S-̧ n-em-¡n-bXv ]c-hqÀ

t]meokv tÌj-\n-em-Wv. Nm -̄¶qÀ \nb-a-k`m \ntbm-PI aÞ-e-̄ nÂs¸« {][m-s¸« Hcp

]«-W-{]-tZ-i-amWv ]c-hqÀ. 16.5 NXp-c-{i-In-tem-an-äÀ hnkvXr-Xn-bpÅ 14,028 hoSp-Ifpw 38648

P\-§-fp-apÅ ]c-hqÀ ap\n-kn-̧ m-en-än- 29 hmÀUp-I-fmbn hn`-Nn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. icm-icn 1500 hoSp-

IÄ AS-§nb Hcp {]tZiw Hcp _oäv Gcnb Bbn-I-W-¡m¡n 29 hmÀUp-Isf 8 P\-ssa{Xn

_oäp-I-fmbn Xncn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. Hcp _oäv Gcn-bmbv¡v Hcp _oäv Hmô-kÀ F¶ {Ia-

¯nÂ 8 _oäv Hmô-kÀamcmWv ChnsS {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. ]c-hqÀ kÀ¡nÄ C³kvs]-IvSÀ

]²-Xn-bpsS FIvkv H^ntjym I¬ho-\-dmbpw, Fkv. F¨v. H. sk{I-«-dn-bmbpw Hcp F.

Fkv. sF. I½yq-Wnän dnte-j³kv Hmô-k-dmbpw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. sImÃw PnÃm t]meokv

kq{]-−n-tâbpw, sImÃw U]yq«n t]meokv kq{]-−n-tâbpw 9 h\n-X-IÄ DÄs¸sS 30 t]c-S-

§nb P\-ssa{Xn kan-Xn-bptSbpw taÂt\m-«-¯n-emWv ]²Xn {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä \S-¡p-¶-Xv.

{Sm^nIv hmÀU³ k{¼Zmbw, P\-§-fp-ambn tNÀ¶pÅ cm{Xn-Ime ]t{Sm-fnw-Kv, t_m[-hÂ¡-

cW {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä, skIyq-cnän KmÀUp-I-fpsS {]hÀ -̄\-§Ä GtIm-]n-̧ n-̈ p-sIm-−pÅ

]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ, A]-cn-Nn-Xsc a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ ]²-Xn, _ÀK-fÀ Aemw XpS-§nb skIyq-

cnän kwhn-[m-\-§Ä \S-̧ m-¡p¶ ]²-Xn, apXnÀ¶ ]uc-·m-scbpw Hä¡v Xma-kn-¡p-¶-h-

tcbpw Dt±-in-̈ pÅ slÂ¸vsse³, kv{XoI-fp-tSbpw Ip«n-I-fp-tSbpw kwc-£-W-̄ n-\m-h-iy-

amb ]²-Xn-IÄ, Iu¬k-enw-Kv, cà-Zm-\w, t\{X-Zm-\w, Ah-b-h-Zm-\w F¶nh t{]mÕm-ln-̧ n-

¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ ]²-Xn-IÄ, aZy, elcn hncp² {]N-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ, ]cm-Xn-s¸«n kwhn-[m-\w,

Zpc´ \nhm-cW {]hÀ -̄\-§Ä DÄs¸sS [mcmfw {]hÀ -̄\-§Ä ]c-hqÀ P\-ssa{Xn

kpc£m ]²-Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn hnP-b-I-c-amb coXn-bnÂ \S-̄ p-¶p-−v.

]T-\-̄ nsâ coXn imkv{Xw (Methodology)

ASqÀ, ]c-hqÀ t]meokv tÌ j-\p-I-fnse apgp-h³ P\-ssa{Xn _oäv Gcn-b-Ifpw

kµÀin¨v e`y-am-b-h-cnÂ \n¶pw, {][m-\-s¸« Ih-e-I-fnepw Øm]-\-§-fnepw I−p-ap-«n-b-h-

cnÂ \n¶pw A -̈Sn¨ Hcp tNmZym-h-en-bpsS klm-b-t¯msS hnh-c-§Ä tiJ-cn-̈ mWv ]T-\w

\S-̄ n-b-Xv. Hcp t]meokv tÌj³ ]cn-[n-bnÂ \n¶pw Aªqdv (500) t]À F¶ {Ia-̄ nÂ

Bbncw (1000) hyàn-Isf CâÀhyq sN¿p-I-bp-−m-bn. dnt¸mÀ«nsâ {]mY-anI hnh-c-§Ä

tiJ-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn tIcf t]meo-knsâ sh_v sskäv, t]meo-kns\ kw_-Ôn-¡p¶

]pkvX-I-§Ä, ]{X-am-[y-a-§Ä Hs¡ D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-̄ n-bn-«p-−v. F¶mÂ {][m-\s¸« \nK-a-

\-§fnÂ F¯p-¶-Xn-\pw, \nÀt±-i-§Ä cq]-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶-Xn\pw kÀtÆ-sa-tXUv BWv D]-tbm-

Kn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

e`y-amb hnh-c-§Ä ap³hn-[n-I-fn-Ãm-tX-bpw, \njv]-£-ambpw hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Xbm-

dm¡nb dnt¸m-À«v D -̄c-hm-Z-s¸-«-h-cpsS {i²¡pw XpSÀ\-S-]-Sn-IÄ¡p-ambn kaÀ¸n-¡p-¶p.

9

Imcy-£-a-ambn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶, P\-§fpsS kplr-̄ mb, a\p-jy-h-Im-i-kw-c-£-I-cmb Hcp

t]meokv tk\sb e`n-¡pI F¶ ae-bm-fn-bpsS Nnc-Im-e-̀ n-emjw km£m-XvI-cn-¡p-hm³

FsX-¦nepw \nÀt±iw D]-I-cn-¡p-sa-¦nÂ Cu DZyaw hnP-bn¨v F¶v hniz-kn-¡mw.

10

A²ymbw þ 2

P-\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²Xn F´v? Fń\v?

temI-̄ nse Gähpw henb P\m-[n-]Xy cmPy-amWv `mc-Xw. Fs´Ãmw t]mcm-bva-IÄ

Nq−n¡mWn-¡p-hm-\p-s−-¦nepw C¶v temI-̄ m-I-am\w \ne-\nÂ¡p¶ cmjv{Sob kwhn-[m-\-

§-fnÂ Gähpw \ÃXv F¶v ]cs¡ AwKo-I-cn-¡-s¸-«n-«pÅ `c-W-{I-a-amWv P\m-[n-]Xyw. P\-

§Ä¡v C{Xb[nIw Ah-Imi A[n-Im-c-§Ä \ÂIp¶ asämcp `cW kwhn-[m-\hpw C¶v

\ne-hnÂ CÃ. X§sf Bcp-̀ -cn-¡-W-sa¶v \nÝ-bn-¡p-hm\pw tbm-Ky-sc¶v ImWp-¶-hsc

sXc-sª-Sp-¡p-hm\pw `cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-hÀ¡v Ah-Imiw \ÂIp¶ kwhn-[m-\-amWv P\m-[n-

]Xyw. `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Isf Imem-Im-e-§-fnÂ `c-W-L-S\m amÀ¤-§-fn-eqsS ]pd-̄ m-¡p-hm\pw

ho−pw sXsc-sªSp-¡p-hm-\p-sams¡ Ah-kcw e`n-¡p-¶p. Npcp-¡-̄ nÂ P\-§-fmWv ]c-

am-[n-Im-cn-IÄ. `cW kwhn-[m\w Xs¶ Cu ]c-am-[n-Imc hn`m-Ks¯ tkhn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw

kwc-£n-¡p¶Xn\p-am-bn cq]-s¸-Sp-̄ n-bn-«p-Å-Xm-Wv.

Hcp kwØm-\s¯ `cW kwhn-[m-\-¯nsâ aÀ½ {][m-\-amb `mK-amWv

t]meo-kv. "Police is an operative agency for ensuring the essentials of civilised

life and a touchstone for testing the sprit and quality of civil administration'' (John Coatman, 'The Police', 1959). P\-§-fpsS kwkvImc k¼-¶-amb Pohn-X-̄ n-

\m-h-iy-amb kml-N-cy-§Ä Hcp¡p¶-Xn\v th−n {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶Xpw s]mXp-̀ -c-W-̄ nsâ

KpW-\n-e-hmcw ]cn-tim-[n-bv¡p-hm-\p-Å Dc-I-ÃpamWv t]meo-kv. Hcp Øe¯v t]meo-kn-â

km¶n[yw D−v F¶p-Å-Xp-Xs¶ \nbaw A\p-k-cn-¡p-¶-hÀ¡v kpc-£n-X-t_m-[-amWv

{]Zm\w sN¿p-¶-Xv. Ipä-Ir-Xy-§Ä XS-bp-I, XS-bp-hm³ ]ämsX t]mbh At\z-jn¨v sXfn-

bv¡p-I, \nba kam-[m-\hpw B`y-́ c kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw Dd-̧ p-h-cp-̄ p-I, KXm-KXw \nb-{ń-

¡pI Ch-sbms¡ t]meo-knsâ ]c-a-{]-[m-\-amb IÀ¯-hy-§-fmbn ]cs¡ AwKo-I-cn-¡-s -̧«n-

«p-Å-Xm-Wv. Npcp-¡-̄ nÂ t]meo-knsâ Npa-X-e-IÄ hnkvXr-Xhpw k¦oÀ®-hp-am-Wv. hyà-

amb \nb-a-̄ nsâ ASn-Øm-\-̄ nÂ {Ia-kam[m\-{]-iv\-§sf t\cn-Sp-Ibpw \nbaw A\p-im-

kn-¡p¶ coXn-bnÂ Ipä-Ir-Xy-§Ä At\z-jn¨v sXfn-bn-̧ n-¡p-Ibpw `b-c-ln-X-ambpw ]£-]m-X-

an-Ãm-sXbpw \nbaw \S-̧ n-em-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-t¼m-gmWv \nba hmgvN Dd-̧ p-h-cp-̄ p-hm³

km[n-¡p-¶-Xv. A -̄c-̄ n-epÅ Hcp kmaq-lnI {Ia-̄ nÂ am{Xsa s]mXp-k-aq-l-̄ nsâ

sskzc-Po-hnXw km²y-am-hp-I-bp-Åq.

kaq-l¯n-ep-−m-Ip¶ amä-§Ä Gähpw A[nIw _m[n-bv¡p-¶Xpw amä-̄ nsâ Nme-I-

i-àn-bmbn {]hÀ¯n-t¡-−Xpw t]meo-km-Wv. BtKmfhXvI-c-W-̄ nsâ ê-am-bp-−mb

km¼-̄ nI taJ-e-bnse amä-§fpw Adn-hnsâ hnkvt^m-S-\-̄ n\v Xs¶-Im-c-W-ambn amdnb

hnhckmt¦-XnI hnZy-bpsS hn]vf-h-I-c-amb hfÀ -̈bpsaÃmw t]meo-knsâ tPmen IqSp-XÂ

11

Zpjv¡-chpw k¦oÀ®-hp-am¡n XoÀ¯n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. ]c-¼-cm-K-X-ambn {Ia-k-am-[m\w Dd-̧ p-h-

cp-̄ pI, P\-§-fpsS Poh\pw kz¯n\pw kwc-£Ww \evIp-I, Ipä-Ir-Xy-§Ä XS-bpI

" prevention of comission of offences, prevention of order and the protection of the life and property of the people " (Royal Commission on Police, 1968) F¶n-

h-bnÂ am{Xw HXp-§p-¶-XÃ C¶s¯ t]meo-knsâ tPmen. a\p-jy³ hym]-cn-¡p¶ taJ-e-I-

fn-seÃmw t]meo-knsâ Pm{K-X-tbm-SpÅ {]hÀ¯\w Bh-iy-am-Wv. kaqlw amdp-¶-Xn-\-\p-

k-cn¨v t]meokv tk\-tbbpw cq]-s¸-Sp¯n FSp-s¯-¦nÂ am{Xsa hÀ²n-̈ p-h-cp¶ {Ia-k-am-

[m\ {]iv\-§sf t\cn-Sp-¶-Xn\pw hnI-k-\-̄ nsâ B[m-c-in-e-bm-bn-«pÅ kam-[m-\hpw kpc-

£n-X-Xzhpw Dd-̧ p-h-cp-̄ p-¶-Xn\v km[n-¡p-I-bp-Åq.

C³Uy-bnse aäp-kw-Øm-\-§-fnÂ \n¶pw XnI¨pw hyXy-kvX-amb kmaq-ln-I, km¼-

¯n-I, cmjv{Sob ]Ým-̄ -e-amWv tIc-f¯n-tâ-Xv. icn sXäp-I-sf-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ AKm-[-amb

t_m[w, hyXykvX {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-§-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-̄ nÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ ià-amb

cmjv{Sob {]Øm-\-§Ä, ka-cm-k-àhpw kpkw-L-Sn-Xhp-amb Xmev]-cy-hn-̀ m-K-§-fpsS

{]hÀ -̄\-§Ä F¶n-h-sbÃmw, \ne-\nÂ¡p¶ `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-¯nsâ taÂ A[nI

k½À±w sNep¯p¶-h-bm-Wv. Ah-Im-i-§-sf-Ip-dn¨pw IS-a-I-sf-Ip-dn¨pw XnIª Ah-t_m-[-

apÅ Hcp s]mXp-k-aq-l-amWv tIc-f-̄ n-tâ-Xv. hÀ²n-̈ p-h-cp¶ \K-c-h-XvI-c-W-̄ nsâ ê-am-

bp-−m-Ip¶ {]iv\-§Ä, hml-\-̄ nsâ F®-̄ n-ep-−m-Ip¶ hÀ²-\hv, tdmUp-I-fpsS

timNym-hØ Hs¡ t]meo-kn\v Xe-th-Z\ krjvSn-¡p¶ Imcy-§-fm-Wv. 2009 Unkw-_À hsc

A³]-̄ n-aq¶v e£¯n Ccp-]¯n Ggm-bncw (53.27 e£w) hml-\-§Ä tIc-f-̄ nÂ cPn-ÌÀ

sN¿-s -̧«n-«p-−v. CXnÂ 505713 hml-\-§Ä 2009 Â am{Xw cPn-ÌÀ sN¿-s -̧«n-«p-Å-Xm-Wv.

(tI-cf tamt«mÀ hml\ hIp-̧ v). CXv A\p-Zn\w hÀ²n-̈ p-h-cp¶ hml-\m-]-I-S-§Ä¡v Imc-

W-am-Ip-¶p. Hcp hÀj-̄ nÂ 4000 t]cmWv t]meo-knsâ IW-¡p-IÄ {]Imcw tIc-f-̄ nÂ

ac-W-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. Hcp e£-̄ n\v 12 t]À AXm-bXv 8000 ¯nÂ HcmÄ hoXw tIc-f-̄ nÂ

tdmU-]-I-S-§-fnÂ Hmtcm hÀjhpw acWs¸Sp¶p. kaq-l-̄ nse H«p-an¡ hn`m-K-§fpw

cmjv{So-b-ambn kwL-Sn-¡-s¸-«n-«p-ÅXpw Ah-cpsS XmXv]-cy-§Ä kwc-£n-¡p-hm-\p-ambn

sXcp-hn-en-d§n {]Xn-tj-[n-¡p-¶hcpamWv. kv¡qfpIfn-te-bpw, tImtf-Pp-I-fn-tebpw

hnZymÀ°n kwL-S\m {]hÀ -̄\-§Ä ]e-t¸mgpw A{I-am-k-à-am-hp-Ibpw XXv -̂e-ambn

_lp. tIcf sslt¡m-SXn cmjv{So-bm-Sn-Øm-\-¯n-epÅ kv¡qÄ ]mÀe-saâv sXc-sª-Sp-̧ p-

IÄ \ntcm-[n-̈ n-«p-ÅXpw tImtf-Pp-I-fnÂ cmjv{Sob {]hÀ¯-\-̄ n\v \nb-{ -́W-§Ä GÀs -̧

Sp-̄ n-bn-«p-Å-Xp-am-Wv. BZn-hm-kn-Ifpw aäp A[-Øn-X-cp-sams¡ kwL-Sn-Xcpw ]e-t¸mgpw

Ah-cpsS Bh-iy-§Ä t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th−n ap -̄§-bnepw sN§-d-bn-ep-sams¡ \S¶

t]mse A{I-a-̄ nsâ ]mX kzoI-cn-¡mdpÅ-h-cp-amWv. \Ivk-te-äp-IÄ, Xo{h-hmZ {Kq¸p-IÄ,

Kp−m, am^nb kwL-§Ä Hs¡ tIc-f-̄ nÂ {]hÀ¯n-bv¡p-¶p−v F¶v HtZym-KnI tcJ-IÄ

kqNn-̧ n-¡p¶p. PmXn-, aX, hÀ¤ob kwL-S-\-IÄ¡pw \Ã hf-¡q-dpÅ a®mbn tIcfw amdn-

12

bn-cn-¡p-¶p. km¼-̄ nI Ipä-Ir-Xy-§fpw kwØm-\¯v hÀ²n-̈ p-h-cp-¶p. A\y-kw-Øm-\-§-

fnÂ \n¶pw [mcmfw sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ tIc-f-̄ nÂ ]Wn-sb-Sp-¡p-¶p-−v. CsXms¡ Xs¶

tIc-f-̄ nsâ {Ia-k-am-[m-\-]-cn-]m-e-\-̄ n\v shÃp-hn-fn-IÄ DbÀ¯p-¶-h-bmWv.

hnhc kmt¦-XnI hnZy-bn-ep-−mb IpXn¨p Nm«-̄ nsâ ê-ambn ssk_À ss{Iwkv

F¶ ]pXp-X-e-apd Ipä-Ir-Xy-§Ä s]cpInhcp¶p. hnh-c-§Ä tiJ-cn-̈ p-h-bv¡p-¶-Xn\pw

hn\n-abw sN¿p-¶-Xn-\p-sams¡ I¼yq-«-dp-IÄ Hcp ASn-Øm\ D]-I-c-W-am-b-tXm-Sp-IqSn C¶v

temIw Hcp ssk_À kaq-l-ambncn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. GXp-]p-Xnb hnZy-bpw s]s«¶v kzmb-̄ -am-

¡p¶ tIcf kaqlw ssk_À kmt¦-XnI hnZy-bpsS km²y-X-I-tfbpw ]c-am-h[n {]tbm-P-

\-s¸-Sp-̄ p-−v. F¶mÂ Hcp sNdnb iX-am-\-sa-¦nepw Cu km²y-X-Isf Zpcp-]-tbmKw

sN¿p-Ibpw Ipä-Ir-Xy-§-fnÂ DÄs -̧Sp-Ibpw sN¿p¶p F¶p-Å-XmWv 2007 apXÂ 2009 hsc-

bpÅ IW-¡p-IÄ kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv.

]«nI 2.1

2007 2008 2009

C sabnÂ A_yq-kkv 10 22 33

C sabnÂ òjWn 13 05 06

lm¡nwKv 08 27 43

samss_Â tamjWw/\jvS-̧ -«Xv 301 976 2027

Hm¬sse³ NoänwKv 18 17 32

HmÀ¡q«v A_yq-kkv 25 39 35

t^m¬ A_yq-kkv 102 217 535

aäp-Åh 27 26 25

BsI 504 1329 2756

tIcf t]meo-knsâ sslsSIv skÃnÂ \n¶pw e`n¨ apI-fnÂ sImSp-̄ n-cn-¡p¶ IW-

¡p-IÄ {]Imcw ]c-¼-cm-KX Ipä-Ir-Xy-§-tf-¡mÄ henb A\p-]m-X-̄ n-epÅ hÀ²-\-hmWv

ssk_À Ipä-Ir-Xy-§-fpsS taJ-e-bnÂ D−m-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. A\p-hÀ¯n-̈ p-h-cp¶ ]c-¼-cm-K-

X-amb Ipäm-t\z-jW coXn-IÄsIm−v ssk_À Ipä-Ir-Xy-§Ä XS-bp-¶-Xnt\m At\z-jn¨p

sXfn-bn-¡p-¶-Xnt\m km[n-bv¡p-I-bn-Ã. AXn-\q-X-\-amb kmt¦-XnI hnZy D]-tbm-Kn¨v Ipä-

hm-fn-bn-te¡v sNs¶-̄ p-hm³ klm-bn-¡p¶ ]cn-io-e-\hpw sshZKv-²y-hpapÅ DtZym-K-

ØÀ¡v am{Xsa ssk_À Ipä-Ir-Xy-§Ä sXfn-bn-¡p-hm³ km[n-bv¡p-I-bp-Åq. AXn-\m-h-

iy-amb kwhn-[m-\-§fpw, kmt¦-XnI ]cn-Úm-\hpw, sshZ-²y-hp-sams¡ \½psS t]meo-kn\v

\ÂtI-−-Xp-−v. Cu taJ-e-bnÂ tIc-f-̄ n\v Bim-h-l-ambn apt¶-dp-hm³ km[n-̈ n-«p-−v

13

F¶-XmWv kXyw. C³Uy-bnÂ BZy-ambn Hcp ssk_À Ipä-IrXyw At\z-jn¨v sXfn-bn¨v

tImS-Xn-bnÂ \n¶pw in£ hm§n-sIm-Sp-̄ Xv tIcf t]meo-km-Wv. C³Uy³ {]kn-Uân\v

hymP Cþ-sa-bnÂ Ab¨ tIkm-bn-cp¶p AXv. Npcp-¡-̄ nÂ aäp-]-e-ta-J-e-I-fn-ep-sa-¶-

t]mse t]meo-knw-Knepw tIcfw XnI¨pw hyXy-kvXX ]peÀ¯p¶ Hcp kwØm-\-am-Wv. {Ia-

k-am-[m-\-]m-e\w Hcp k¦oÀ® {]iv\-ambn \ne-sIm-Åp-¶p. kaq-l-̄ nsâ `{Z-Xbv¡v Bh-

iy-amb kwhn-[m-\-§-fnepw Ah-bpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§-fnepw \nb-a-§-fnepw hyh-Ø-I-fnepw \S-

¯n-̧ n-ep-sams¡ Imem-\p-kr-X-amb amä-§Ä hcp-̄ n-sIm−v am{Xsa C¯cw Hcp {]Xn-k-

Ônsb XcWw sN¿p-hm³ km[n-¡p-I-bp-Åq.

tIcf kaq-lhpw AXnse DtZym-KØ taJ-e-Ifpw KpW-I-c-amb [mcmfw amä-§Ä¡v

hnt[-b-am-sb-¦nepw B amäw Imtem-Nn-X-ambn DÄsIm-Åp-hm³ tIc-f-̄ nse t]meo-kn\v

km[n-̈ n-«n-Ã. s]mXp-̀ -cW ]cn-jv¡-c-W-̄ n\pw AXnsâ {][m\ hn`m-K-amb t]meo-knsâ

]cn-jvI-c-W-̄ n\pw th−n \nÀt±-i-§Ä kaÀ¸n-¡p-hm³ [mcmfw I½-än-I-tfbpw I½o-j-\p-I-

tfbpw \ntbm-Kn-¡p-hm³ ImWn¨ XmÂ]-cy-sam¶pw Ah-bpsS dnt¸mÀ«p-IÄ \S-̧ n-em-¡m³

ImWn-̈ n-«nÃ F¶p Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Hcp Xncn-ªp-t\m«w hyà-am-¡p-¶p.

kzX-{´-̀ m-c-X-̄ nÂ BZy-ambn t]meokv ]cn-jvI-c-W-̄ n\v Hcp I½-änsb \ntbm-Kn¨p

amXrI ImWn¨ kwØm-\-amWv tIcfw. 1957 G{]nÂ 5 þmw XobXn ZpxJ-sh-Ån-bmgvN A[n-

Im-c-̄ n-te-dnb C. Fw. kv. sâ Kh¬saâv cq]o-I-cn¨ 'Kerala Police Re-organization

Committee' Bbn-cp¶ AXv. ]Xn-s\«v (18) hnj-b-§Ä AS-§nb ZoÀL-ho-£-W-t¯m-sS-

bpÅ Hcp tSwkv Hm^v d^-d³kpw ( Terms of Reference) {]kvXpX I½-än¡v ]Tn¨v

dnt¸mÀ«v kaÀ¸n-¡p-hm-\mbn \ÂIp-I-bp-−m-bn. \nÀ`m-Ky-h-imÂ Sn I½än dnt¸mÀ«v kaÀ¸n-

¡p-¶-Xn\v ap¼p-Xs¶ hntam-N\ ka-c-̄ nsâ ê-ambn sFIy-tI-c-f-̄ nse BZys¯

Kh¬saâns\ ]ncn-̈ p-hn-Sp-I-bp-−m-bn. ]n¶oSv A[n-Im-c-̄ n-te-dnb Kh¬saâv {]kvXpX

I½-än-tbmSv tSwkv Hm^v d^-d³knse Ggv (7) Imcy-§Ä am{Xw ]Tn¨v F{Xbpw s]s«¶v

dnt¸mÀ«v kaÀ¸n-¡p-hm³ Bh-iy-s -̧Sp-I-bm-Wp-−m-b-Xv. A§s\ kaÀ¸n¨ ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-

amb dnt¸mÀ«nse \nÀt±-i-§Ä t]mepw \S-̧ n-em-¡p-hm-\pÅ BÀÖ-hw Kh¬saâv ImWn-

¨nÃ F¶p-Å-XmWv Hcp- ZpxJ-k-Xyw. 1982 Â \ntbm-Kn¨ ''Kerala Police Re-

organization Commission"' sâ KXnbpw CXp-Xs¶bmbn-cp-¶p. {]kvXpX I½o-jsâ

cq]o-I-cWw Xs¶ t]meokv ]cn-jvI-cWw \o«n-sIm−v t]mIp-hm-\pÅ Hcp KqV-X-{´-am-bn-

cp¶p F¶v ]cs¡ hnaÀin-¡-s¸-«n-«p-Å-Xm-Wv. ASn-b-́ n-cm-h-Ø-bpsS ad-hn-ep-−mb

t]meokv AXn-{I-a-§fpsS ]Ým-̄ -e-̄ nÂ C³Uy-bn-em-I-am-\-apÅ t]meo-kns\ Ipdn¨v ]Tn-

¡p-hm³ 1977 se P\Xm ]mÀ«n Kh¬saâv {io. [À½-ho-c-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-̄ nÂ 'National

Police Commission' Fs¶mcp I½o-js\ \ntbm-Kn-̈ n-cp-¶p. 1977 apXÂ 1981 hsc ]T\w

\S¯n F«v (8) hmey-§-fn-embn {]kvXpX I½o-j³ dnt¸mÀ«pw kaÀ¸n-¡p-I-bp-−m-bn. B

14

dnt¸mÀ«nse \nÀt±-i-§Ä \S-̧ n-em-¡p-¶-Xn\v ]Icw AXnse Xs¶ ]T-\-hn-j-b-§Ä ]e-Xpw

'Terms of Reference' Â DÄs -̧Sp¯n ''Kerala Police Re-organization

Commission"' F¶ t]cnÂ 1982 apXÂ 1986 hsc Hcp I½o-js\ \nb-an-¡p-I-bmWv

tIcfw sNbvX-Xv. {]kvXpX I½o-jsâ c−v hmey-§-fn-embn kaÀ¸n¨ dnt¸mÀ«v Kh¬saâv

{]kn-²o-I-cn-bv¡pI t]mepw sNbvXn«nÃ. {Ia-k-am-[m\ ]me-\-̄ nepw Ipä-Ir-Xy-̄ nepw Ipä-

Ir-Xy-\n-b-{´-W-̄ n-ep-saÃmw aäp-kw-Øm-\-§-fnÂ \n¶pw hyXy-Ø-amb ]e-sh-Ãp-hn-fnI-tfbpw

t\cn-Sp-t¼mgpw ap¶-Wn-IÄ amdn amdn `cWw \S-̄ n-bn«pw kao-]-Imew hscbpw t]meo-kns\

]cn-jv¡-cn-¡p-hm³ BßmÀ°-amb Hcp {iahpw \S-̄ n-bn-«nÃ F¶p-Å-XmWv kXyw. `c-W-

¯n-en-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ hmt\mfw ]pI-gv¯p-hm\pw FXn-c-̀ n-{]m-b-§sf ASn-̈ -aÀ¯p-hm³ D]-

tbm-Kn-¡p-hm\pw {]Xn-]-£-̄ m-Ip-t¼mÄ s]mÅp¶ hnaÀi-\-§ÄsIm−v hoÀ¸p-ap-«n-bv¡p-

hm\pw Cu tk\ C§s\ Xs¶-\n-e-sIm-Åp-¶-XmWv \ÃXv F¶ cmjv{Sob [mcW Bbn-cn-

¡Ww AXn\v Imc-Ww.

kao-]-Im-e-̄ mbn Cu AhØbv¡v amäw kw -̀hn¨p F¶v ]d-tb-−n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. C¶v

tIc-f-̄ nse t]meokv AXn-thKw amdn-sIm-−n-cn-bv¡p-I-bm-Wv. ssZ\w-Zn\w F¶-h-®w ]{X-

am-[y-a-§-fnÂ {]Xn-Øm-\¯v \ndªp-\n-¶n-cp¶ tIcf t]meokv C¶v Hcp P\-Iob cq]w

{]m]n-̈ p-sIm−v ]pXp-hmÀ -̄IÄ krjvSn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. ]g-b-t]m-eokv BIvSn\v ]Icw amdnb

kml-N-cy-X-̄ n\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]pXnb t]meokv BIvSv \S-̧ n-em-¡p-hm³ t]mIp-¶p.

tk\-bnÂ 8 aWn-¡qÀ Uyq«n, tÌj-\p-I-fnÂ dnk-]vj³, tXmt¡-́ nb ]mdm-hn\v ]Icw ]nÌ-

Wp-am-bpÅ skIyq-cn-än, t]meokv tÌj\v ]pXn-b-sI-«n-S-§Ä, B[p-\nI kÖo-I-c-W-§-

fpÅ hml-\-§Ä, s{Sbn-\nw-KnÂ Imtem-Nn-X-amb ]cn-jvI-cWw Hs¡ FSp-̄ p-]-d-b-̄ ¡

amä-§-fm-Wv. IqSmsX Ipä-Ir-Xy-§Ä Ipd-̈ p-sIm-−p-h-cp-¶-Xn\pw tIk-t\z-j-W-̄ n-epÅ

Ime-Xm-akw ]c-am-h-[n-Ip-d-bv¡p-¶-Xn\pw C¶v km[n-¡p-¶p. {Sm^nIv t_m[-h-XvI-cWw Hcp

{][m\ Imcy-]-cn-]mSnbmbn Gsä-Sp-̄ p-sIm−v kwØm-\-̄ m-I-am\w Xt±-i-kz-bw-̀ -cW

Øm]-\-§-fp-ambn tNÀ¶p skan-\m-dp-Ifpw NÀ -̈Ifpw Hs¡ \S-̄ p-hm³ km[n-̈ n-«p-−v.

Kp−m, am^nb kwL-§-tfbpw I]S Bßo-b-X-¡m-scbpw \nb-a-̄ nsâ ap¼nÂ sIm−p-h-cp-

hm³ km[n-̈ Xpw Xo{h-hm-Z-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fnÂ GÀs¸-Sp-¶-hsc Is−-̄ p-¶-Xn\v Xoc-tZ-i-t]m-

eo-kpw, Xoc-tZ-i-k-an-Xnbpw AXn\v klm-b-I-c-am-I¯¡ coXn-bnÂ C³Uy dnkÀÆv _äm-en-

bsâ Hcp bqWnäv tIc-f-̄ nÂ XpS-§n-bXpw, L«w L«-ambn tk\-bnse Hgn-hp-IÄ \nI-̄ p-

hm³ Bcw-̀ n-̈ n-«pÅ {ia-§-fp-sams¡ ÇmL-\obw Xs¶-bm-Wv.

P\-ssa{Xo kpc£m ]²Xn F¶-t]-cnÂ \S-̧ n-em-¡n-bn-cn-¡p¶ I½yq-Wnän t]meo-

knwKv F¶ Bibw tIc-f-̄ nse t]meo-kns\ hn]vf-hm-ß-I-amb Hcp amä-̄ n\v hnt[-b-am-

¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. P\-Iob kulr-Z-t]m-eokv F¶ Bi-b-̄ n-eq¶n Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb t]meokv

s]mXp-P-\-_Ôw Øm]n-̈ p-sIm−v Ipä-Ir-Xy-§Ä ê-{]-Z-ambn XS-bp-I-bmWv {]kvXpX

15

]²-Xn-bpsS e£yw. 2008 Â H¶mw L«-ambn Ccp-]Xv (20) t]meokv tÌj-\p-I-fnepw c−mw

L«-̄ nÂ Ccp-]-̄ n-aq¶v (23) t]meokv tÌj-\p-I-fn-ep-amWv Cu ]²Xn \S-̧ n-em-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-

¶-Xv. aq¶mw L«-̄ nÂ 100 t]meokv tÌj-\p-I-fnÂ IqSn \S-̧ n-em-¡p-hm\pw A§s\ L«w

L«-ambn tIc-f-̄ nse apgp-h³ t]meokv tÌj-\p-I-fn-te¡pw hym]n-̧ n-¡p-hm-\p-amWv

{]kvXpX ]²Xn e£y-an-Sp-¶-Xv. ]²Xn \S-̄ n-̧ nsâ Dt±iy e£y-§sf Ipdn-̈ pw, \S-̧ n-em-

t¡− coXn-sb-Ip-dn-̈ pw, kan-Xn-I-tfbpw Ah-bpsS Npa-X-e-I-tf-bpw-Ip-dn-s¨Ãmw hni-Z-amb

hnh-cWw Xs¶ t]meokv Un¸mÀ«vsaâv {]kn-²o-I-cn-̈ n-«p-−v. {]kvXpX tcJ-bnse {]k-à-

amb Imcy-§Ä NphtS D²-cn-¡p-¶p.

I P\-ssa{Xn ]²-Xn-bpsS Dt±-iy-e-£y-§Ä

(1) Ipä-Ir-Xy-§Ä XS-bpI

(2) sa¨-s¸« t]meokv s]mXp-P\ kl-I-cWw

(3) kpc-£m-ta-J-e-bnÂ P\-§-fpsS ]c-kv]-cW kl-I-cWw

2 P\-ssa{Xn t]meokv ]²Xn kanXn

P\-ssa{Xn ]²Xn \S-̧ n-¡n-bn-«pÅ apgp-h³ t]meokv tÌj-\p-I-fnepw P\-ssa{Xn

kanXn F¶-t]-cnÂ kan-Xn-IÄ cq]o-I-cn-̈ n-«p-−v. ]²-Xn-bpsS \S-̄ n-̧ nsâ D¯-c-hm-ZnXzw

{]kvXpX kan-Xn-IÄ¡m-Wv. tÌj³ lukv Hmô-k-dpsS klm-b-t¯msS AXmXv

kÀ¡nÄ C³kvs]-IvSÀamÀ {]kvXpX D]-tZ-iI kan-Xn-bn-te-¡pÅ AwK-§-fpsS t]cp-IÄ

\nÀt±-in-¡p-Ibpw k_v Unhn-j-WÂ t]meokv Hmô-kÀ AXv ]cn-tim-[n¨v PnÃm t]meokv

kq{]-−n\v kaÀ¸n-¡p-Ibpw PnÃm t]meokv kq{]−v kanXn cq]o-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿-W-sa-

¶mWv hyh-Ø. kan-Xn-bnÂ apXnÀ¶ ]uc-·mÀ¡pw, kv{XoIÄ¡pw, ]«n-I-Pm-Xn, ]«n-I-hÀ¤-

¯nÂs]«-hÀ¡pw B\p-]m-Xn-I-amb {]mXn-\n[yw D−m-I-W-sa-¶pw. {]tZ-is¯

am\y·mtcbpw hnZym-̀ ymk, kmaq-ly-kmw-kvIm-cnI cwK-§-fnÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ hyàn-I-

tfbpw, A²ym-]-IÀ, {]n³kn-̧ Â, slUvam-ÌÀ, dn«-tbUv DtZym-K-ØÀ, FIvkv kÀÆo-kp-

ImÀ, Xt±-i-kz-bw-̀ -c-W-Øm-]-\-§-fnse {]Xn-\n-[n-IÄ, hym]mcn hyh-km-bn-IÄ, sXmgn-em-fn,

k¶² kwL-S\m {]Xn-\n-[n-IÄ, dkn-Uâvkv Atkm-kn-tb-j³ `mc-hm-ln-IÄ, IpSpw-_{io

`mc-hm-ln-I-Ä F¶n-hsc DÄs -̧Sp-̄ p-¶-Xn\v IqSp-XÂ {]m[m\yw \ÂI-W-sa¶pw

\njvIÀjn-̈ n-«p-−v. {Inan-\Â tIÊp-I-fnÂ DÄs¸-«-hsc kan-Xn-bnÂ AwK-§-fm¡cp-sX¶pw

cm{ãob ]mÀ«n-I-fpsS `mc-hm-ln-IÄ F¶ \ne-bnÂ Bscbpw kan-Xn-Â DÄs -̧Sp-t¯-−-XnÃ

F¶pw F¶mÂ cmjv{Sob ]mÀ«n-̀ m-c-hm-ln-IÄ F¶p-Å-Xp-sIm-−p-am{Xw Bscbpw Hgn-hm-

t¡-−-XnÃ F¶p ]d-ªn-«p-−v. I½n-än-bnÂ FsX-¦nepw cmjv{Sob kmaq-Zm-bnI Xmev]-cy-§-

16

fpsS AanX {]`mhw Btcm-]n-¡-s]-Sm-Xn-cn-¡p-hm³ {]tXyIw {i²n-¡-W-sa¶pw \nÀt±-in-̈ n-«p-

−v.

kan-XnbnÂ Gähpw Ipd-ªXv ]¯v t]cp-−m-bn-cn-¡-W-sa¶pw AwK-kwJy Ccp-]-

¯n-b-©nÂ Xmsg Bbn-cn-¡p¶-XmWv A`n-Im-ay-sa¶pw ]d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p. kanXn AwK-§-

fnÂ \n¶pw Hcmsf PnÃm t]meokv kq{]−v I¬ho-\-dmbn \ma-\nÀt±iw sN¿p-¶p.

sNbÀam³ kÀ¡nÄ C³kvs]-IvSdpw sk{I-«dn Fkv. F¨v. H bpw BWv. t]meokv tÌj-

\nse Hcp AUo-j-WÂ Fkv. sF. AsÃ-¦nÂ F. Fkv. sF. sb I½yq-Wnän dnte-j³kv

Hmô-k-dmbn Fkv. F¨v. H. \ntbm-Kn-¡-Ww. At±lw P\-ssa{Xn ]²Xn {i²m-]qÀÆw \S-

¸m-¡m³ _Ô-{i-²-\m-bn-cn-t¡-−Xpw ]²-Xn-bpsS \S-̄ n-̧ n\v Fkv. F¨v. H. bv¡v th−

FÃm klmb kl-I-cW§fpw \ÂtI-−-Xm-sW¶pw ]d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p. kanXn c−p-hÀj-

¯n-sem-cn-¡Â ]p\xkwL-Sn-̧ n-¡Ww kanXn AwK-§Ä GsX-¦nepw Ipä-Ir-Xy-̄ n-sem, tami-

amb {]hr¯n-bntem DÄs¸-«-Xmbn t_m²y-s¸«mÂ PnÃm t]meokv kq{]-−n\v DS-\Sn B

AwKs¯ ]pd-̄ m-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

3 kan-Xn-bpsS tbmK-§Ä

P\-ssa{Xn kanXn amk-̄ nÂ Hcp {]mh-iysa-¦nepw ap³Iq«n \nÝ-bn¨p {]kn-²-s -̧Sp-

¯nb {]Imcw Hcp Øe¯pw Xob-Xn-bnepw tbmKw tNc-W-sa¶pw. tbmK-̄ nÂ B Øew

DÄs -̧Sp¶ _oänÂs]« FÃm s]mXp-P-\-§Ä¡pw ]s¦-Sp-¡m-hp-¶Xpw ]cm-Xn-Itfm \nÀt±-i-

§tfm kaÀ¸n-¡m-hp-¶-XmsW¶pw, {]kvXpX _oänÂ \n¶pw s]m-Xp-P-\-§-fpsS ]¦m-fn¯w

Xosc Ipd-ªmÂ AXnsâ ImcWw kanXn ]cn-tim-[n¨v th− D]-tZiw _oäv Hmô-kÀ¡p

\ÂI-Wsa¶pw \nÀt±-in-̈ n-«p−v.

P\-ssa{Xn kanXn tbmK-§-fpsS an\nävkv IrXy-ambn Fkv. F¨v.-H.(-sk-{I-«-dn) X¿m-

dm¡n AXnsâ tIm¸n Un.-ssh.-F-kv.-]nbv¡pw Fkv]nbv¡pw Ab¨p sImSp-¡p¶p.

kq¸Àssh-kdn Hmô-kÀamÀ an\nävkv hni-I-e\w sNbvXv tbmK-̄ nsâ KpW-\n-e-hmcw hne-

bn-cp-̄ p-Ibpw th−n h¶mÂ Fkv.-F-̈ v.-Hbv¡pw kÀ¡nÄ C³kvs]-IvSÀ¡pw th− D]-

tZi \nÀt±-i-§Ä \ÂIp-Ibpw sN¿p¶p.

k_v Unhn-j-WÂ t]meokv Hmô-kÀamÀ aq¶p amk-̄ n-sem-cn-¡epw Fkv.-]n.-amÀ

hÀj-̄ n-sem-cn-¡epw Hcp tÌj-\-XnÀ¯n-bnse GsX-¦nepw _oäv tbmK-̄ nÂ ]s¦-Sp-t¡-−-

Xm-sW¶pw. _oäv tbmK-§Ä IqSmsX tÌj³ P\-ssa{Xn kan-Xnbv¡v Bh-iy-m-\p-k-cWw

aäp tbmK-§fpw \S¯m-hp-¶-Xm-sW¶pw ]d-ªn-«p−v.

17

4. P\-ssa{Xn t]meokv kanXn tbmK-̄ nÂ NÀ¨ sN¿m-hp¶ hnj-b-§Ä

(1) GsX-¦nepw {]tZ-is¯ kpc-£sb kw_-Ôn-̈ pÅ Imcy-§Ä, If-hv,

]nSn-̈ p-]-dn, Nmcmbw hmäv, {Sm^nIv Ipä-Ir-Xy-§Ä XpS-§nb {]iv\-§fpw

]cn-lm-c-amÀ¤-§-fpw.

(2) Ipä-Ir-Xy-§Ä XS-bp-¶-Xn-\mbn ]t{Sm-fnw-Kv, {Sm^nIv hmÀU³ k{¼-Zmbw

apX-em-bh GÀs¸-Sp-̄ p-¶-Xns\ kw_-Ôn-̈ .

(3) Ipä-Ir-Xy-§Ä Ipd-bv¡p-¶-Xns\ kw_-Ôn¨pw kpc£m{Iao-I-c-W-§sf

Ipdn¨pw aäpw s]mXp-P-\-§sf t_m[-hÂ¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ

Bkq-{XWw sN¿p-¶Xp kw_-Ôn-̈ v.

(4) {]tZ-is¯ kwL-SnX Ipä-Ir-Xy-§Ä, ]mc-Øn-XnI {]iv\-§-fp-ambn

_Ô-s¸« Ipä-Ir-Xy-§Ä XpS-§n-b-h-sb-Ip-dn-̈ p-f-f Adnhv I½n-än-bnÂ

]¦p-h-bv¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

hyàn-IÄ X½n-epÅ XÀ¡-§Ä At\z-j-W-̄ n-tem, hnNm-c-W-bntem DÅ tIkp-IÄ,

F¶nh NÀ¨ sN¿m³ ]mSp-Å-X-Ã F¶v hyà-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn-̈ n-«p−v.

\nb-a-hn-t[-b-am-bXpw tbmK-̄ n\v sam¯-̄ nÂ kzoIm-cy-ambn FSp-¡p-¶-Xp-amb Xocp-

am-\-§-fmWv \S-̧ n-em-t¡-−-Xv. GsX-¦nepw Imcy-̄ nÂ Ccp-]Xp iX-am-\-̄ n-e-[nIw t]cnÂ

\n¶pw FXn-cm-̀ n-{]m-b-§Ä D−m-bmÂ A¯cw Imcy-§Ä \S-̧ m-t¡-−-XnÃ. Ìm«q-«dn A[n-

Im-c-§-sfm-¶p-an-Ãm-̄ Xpw t]meo-knwKv kpK-a-ambn \S-̧ m-¡m³ am{X-ap-t±-in-̈ n-«p-apÅ kan-Xn-

bmWv P\-ssa{Xn kanXn F¶p-Å-Xp-sIm−v GsX-¦nepw Imcyw thm«n-\n-Sp¶ coXn kzoIcn-

t¡-−-Xn-sÃ¶pw. kuZr-Z-̄ n-sâ-Xmb A´-co-£-̄ nÂ Imcy-§Ä Xocp-am-\n-t¡-−Xpw tNcn-Xn-

cn-ªpÅ NÀ -̈IÄ XnI¨pw Hgn-hm-¡W-sa¶pw Bh-iy-s¸-«n-«p-−v. GsX-¦nepw tbmK-̄ nÂ

A`n-e-j-Wo-b-a-Ãm¯ hmKzm-Z-§tfm hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-§tfm D−m-bmÂ ASp¯ tbmK-̄ nÂ

Fkv.-Un.-]n.-H. Xs¶ A²y-£X hln-¡W-sa¶v hyhØ sNbvXn-cn-¡p¶p.

18

5. P\-ssa{Xn kan-Xn-bpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä

P\-ssa{Xn ]²-Xn-{]-Imcw hnhn[ ]²-Xn-IÄ kanXn tbmK-̄ nÂ NÀ -̈sNbvXp Xocp-

am-\-sa-Sp¯ tijw \S-̧ m-¡phm³ A\p-h-Zn-̈ n-cn-¡p¶p. {]mtZ-inI Bh-iy-a-\p-k-cn¨v Xmsg

hnh-cn-¡p¶ coXn-bn-epÅ ]²-Xn-IÄ kan-Xn¡v \S-̧ m-¡m-hp-¶-Xpw, GsX-¦nepw {]tXyI ]²-

Xn-bpsS \S-̄ n-̧ n-\mbn th−n h¶mÂ kanXn \ma-\nÀt±iw sN¿p¶ AwK-§sf DÄs -̧

Sp¯n GsX-¦nepw {]tXyI {]tZ-i-̄ n-\mtbm GsX-¦nepw {]tXyI ]cn-]m-Sn-bv¡mtbm

{]tXyI ]²-Xn-bv¡mtbm D]-k-an-Xn-Isf \ntbm-Kn-¡m-sa¶pw. A¯cw D]-k-anXn cq]o-I-

cWw kan-Xn-tbm-K-§-fnÂ h¨v \S-̄ Wsa¶pw \nÀt±-in-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p.

(1) P\-§-fp-ambn tNÀ¶pÅ cm{Xn-Ime ]t{Sm-fnwKv ]²-Xn.

(2) kzImcy skIyq-cnän KmÀUp-I-fpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä GtIm-]n-̧ n¨p sIm−pÅ

]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ.

(3) {]tZ-i¯p F¯p¶ A]-cn-Nn-X-tcbpw ]pXp-Xmbn Xma-k-̄ n-s\-̄ p-¶-h-

tcbpw a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-Xn\v klm-b-I-c-amb ]²-Xn-IÄ.

(4) ]mÀ¸n-S-§-fnepw aäpw _ÀKvfÀ Aemw XpS-§nb skIyq-cnän kwhn-[m-\-§Ä

\S-̧ m-¡p¶ ]²-Xn.

(5) apXnÀ¶ ]uc-·m-cp-sSbpw imco-cnI sshI-ey-§Ä DÅ-h-cp-sSbpw {]tXyI

Bh-iy-§Ä \nd-th-äp-¶-Xn-\mbn A¯cw Bfp-IÄ Häbv¡p Xma-Ên-¡p¶

hoSp-IÄ a\-Ên-em¡n AhÀ¡mbn {]tXyI ]²-Xn-IÄ \S-̧ m-¡m-hp-¶-XmWv.

AhÀ¡mbn {]tXyI slÂ¸v sse\pw cq]o-I-cn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

(6) kv{XoI-fp-sSbpw Ip«n-I-fp-sSbpw kwc-£-W-̄ n-\m-h-iy-amb {]tXyI

]²-Xn-IÄ \S-̧ m-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

(7) t_m[-hÂ¡-cW {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä.

(8) {Sm^nIv hmÀU³ k{¼-Zm-bw.

(9) kmaqly {]Xn-_-²-X-bpÅ ¢n\n-¡Â sskt¡m-f-Pn-Ìp-I-sfbpw aäpw

DÄs -̧Sp-̄ n-s¡m−v IpSpw_ {]iv\-§Ä aZy-]m\w XpS-§nb {]iv\-§Ä

]cn-l-cn-¡m³ klm-b-I-am-Ip¶ Iu¬k-enwKv skâ-dp-IÄ Øm]n-¡m-hp-

¶-Xm-Wv.

19

(10) sXcphp hnf-¡p-IÄ, {Sm^nIv knáÂ sseäp-IÄ XpS-§n-b-h-bpsS

tISp-]m-Sp-IÄ, Aä-Ip-ä-̧ -Wn-IÄ XpS§nb-hsb kw_-Ôn-̈ pÅ hnh-c-§Ä

_Ô-s¸« A[n-Ir-X-cpsS {i²-bnÂ sIm−p-h-cn-I.

(11) cà-Zm-\w, t\{X-Zm-\w, Ah-b-h-Zm\w XpS-§n-b-hsb t{]mÕm-ln-̧ n-¡p-¶-

Xn-\pÅ ]²-Xn-IÄ \S-̧ n-em-¡p-I.

(12) kvIqfp-IÄ tI{µq-I-cn-̈ pÅ kpc-£m-þ-hn-Pn-e³kv ]²-Xn-IÄ.

(13) kzb-c-£-bv¡m-bpÅ tImgvkp-IÄ kwL-Sn-̧ n-¡p-I.

(14) IpSpw-_{io bpWn-äp-I-fp-sSbpw aäpw kwL-Sn-̧ n-̈ p-sIm−v kv{XoIÄ¡v

{]tXy-I-am-bpÅ ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ.

(15) A\-[n-IrX aZy-hnÂ -̧\bpw ab¡p acp¶v hnÂ¸-\bpw XS-bp-I.

(16) ]cmXn ImÀUv k{¼-Zm-bw.

(17) Zpc´ \nhm-cW k¶² {]hÀ -̄\w.

(18) c£m {]hÀ¯\w, ^Ìv Fbn-Uv.

Bh-iy-sa¶p tXm¶p¶ ]£w Hmtcm {]tZ-i-̄ n\pw Hmtcm {]tXyI t{]mP-IvSn\pw

th−n k_v I½n-än-Isf \ntbm-Kn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. Hmtcm ]²-Xnbpw \S-̧ m-¡m³ {]m]vX-cmb

Bfp-Isf AXn\p \ntbm-Kn-¡mw. tÌj-\nse P\-ssa{Xn kanXn AwK-§sf IqSmsX aäp

AwK-§-sfbpw C¯cw D]-k-an-Xn-I-fnÂ \ntbm-Kn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

6. P\-ssa{Xn _oäv

500 hoSp-I-f-S-§nb Hcp {]tZiw Hcp bqWn-ämbn IW-¡m¡n t]meokv tÌj³ ]cn-

[nsb hnhn[ P\-ssa{Xn _oäp-I-fmbn Xncn-¡phm\pw Hcp _oäv Gcnb 3 kvIzbÀ Intem-ao-ä-

dnÂ A[n-I-am-IcpsX¶pw \nÀt±-in-̈ n-«p−v. AXm-bXv Hmtcm P\-ssa{Xn _oäpw Hcp _oäv

Hmô-kÀ¡p Hcp _oäv kabw sIm−v sNs¶-̄ m-hp¶ Zqc-̄ n-em-bn-cn-¡-Ww. DZm-l-c-W-

¯n\v Hcp t]mÌv Hmôkv Gcnb Hcp t]mÌvam³ Znh-khpw F¯n Xsâ Uyq«n \nd-thän

Xncn-̈ p-t]m-Ip-¶-Xn\p kam-\-ambn Hcp _oäv Hmô-kÀ¡v Xsâ _oäv {]tZiw apgp-h-\mbn

kµÀin-¡p-hm³ km[n-¡-Ww.

_oäv Hmô-ksd klm-bn-¡m³ Ign-bp-t¼m-sgms¡ Hcp h\nXm Hmô-k-sdbpw Fkv.-

F-̈ v.-H. _oäv Uyq«n¡p \ntbm-Kn-¡W-sa¶pw Bh-iy-s -̧Sp¶p.

20

7. P\-ssa{Xn _oäv Hmô-kdpw At±-l-̄ nsâ Npa-X-e-Ifpw

_oäv Hmô-kÀ amcpsS Npa-X-e-IÄ hni-Z-ambn Xs¶ {]Zn-]m-Zn-̈ n-«p-−v. Hmtcm P\-

ssa{Xn _oän-sâbpw NmÀÖv Hcp F.-F-kv.sF AYhm F¨v.kn dm¦n-epÅ

Hmô-kÀ¡m-Wv.

t]meokv tÌj\nse ka³kv, hmd−v \S-̧ m-¡Â, taÂhn-emk ]cn-tim-[-\, A{UÊp

I−p-]n-Sn-¡p-I, ]cm-Xn-s¸«n ssIImcyw sN¿pI XpS§n _oäv Gcn-bm-bnÂ \n¶pw t]meo-

kn\p th− FÃm tPmen-I-fp-sSbpw \nÀÆ-l-Whpw kwtbm-P-\hpw _oäv Hmô-k-dpsS Npa-X-

e-bn-em-bn-cn¡p¶p. Fkv.-F-̈ v.H C¡m-cy-§-fn-seÃmw icn-bmb coXn-bnÂ tae-t\z-jWw \S-

¯Ww.

NmÀsÖ-Sp¯v aq¶p amk-̄ n-\Iw Hmtcm _oäv Hmô-kÀ¡pw Xsâ _oäv Gcn-bm-

bnse Hmtcm ho«n-sebpw Hcw-K-̄ n-s\-sb-¦nepw hyàn-]-c-ambn Adn-bp-hm³ Ign-b-Ww. B

Gcn-bm-bnse Hmtcm tdmUpw CS-h-gnbpw _oäv Hmô-kÀ¡v kp]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cn-¡-Ww.

Øes¯ FÃm hoSp-I--sfbpw aäp Øm]-\-§-sfbpw Ipdn¨v _oäv Hmô-kÀ¡v hyàn-]-c-amb

Adn-hp-−m-bn-cn-¡-Ww. Xsâ _oäv Gcn-bm-bpsS {][m\ PwKvj-\p-IÄ, sI«n-S-§Ä FÃmw

tcJ-s¸-Sp-̄ nb Hcp d^v am¸v Xsâ _oäv Ub-dn-bnÂ Hmtcm _oäv Hmô-kdpw kq£n-¡-Ww.

{][m-\-s¸« FÃm t^m¬ \¼-dp-Ifpw A{U-Êp-Ifpw _oäv Ub-dn-bnÂ _oäv Hmô-kÀ tcJ-

s -̧Sp-̄ n-bn-cn-¡-Ww. Ch-bp-sS-sbÃmw Hcp ]IÀ¸v tÌj-\nepw kq£n-¡-Ww.

_oäv Hmô-k-dpsS t]cpw sFUnân-änbpw _oänse {][m\ Øe-§-fnÂ ]Xn-̧ n-¡m-hp-

¶Xpw AXp-hgn X§-fpsS Gcn-bm-bnse _oäv Hmô-ksd P\-§Ä¡v a\-Ên-em-¡m-hp-¶-Xp-am-

Wv.

BgvNbnÂ Npcp-§n-bXv aq¶v Znh-k-sa-¦nepw Hmô-kÀ t\cs¯ Adn-bn¸v sImSp¯v

\nP-s -̧Sp-̄ n-bn-«pÅ GsX-¦nepw {][m-\-s¸« Øe¯v P\-§-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn\pw

Ah-cpsS ]cmXn kzoI-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw aäp-ambn Ft¯-−-Xm-Wv. C¯cw apJm-ap-J-§-fpsS

Øew, Xob-Xn, AhnsS e`n¨ ]cm-Xn-IÄ, \nÀt±-i-§Ä F¶nh IrXy-ambn _oäv Hmô-kÀ

Xsâ _oäv Ub-dn-bnÂ tcJ-s¸-Sp-̄ p-Ibpw CXv Fkv.-F-̈ v.-H. I−v H¸p hbvt¡-−-Xp-am-Wv.

_oäv Ubdn IqSmsX _oäv cPn-ÌÀ F¶ Hcp ]pkvXIw IqSn _oäv Hmô-kÀ kq£n-t¡-−-

Xm-Wv. AXmXp Znh-ks¯ {][m\ hnh-c-§Ä, e`n¨ ]cm-Xn-IÄ \nÀt±-i-§Ä Ch tcJ-s -̧

Sp-̄ nb _oäv cPn-ÌÀ Fkv.-F-̈ v.-H. Iu−Àssk³ sNt¿-−p-am-Wv. _oäv cPn-ÌÀ tÌj-\n-

emWv kq£n-t¡-−-Xv.

BgvN-bnÂ Ccp-]Xv aWn-¡q-sd-¦nepw _oäv Hmô-kÀ Xsâ _oäv Gcn-bm-bnÂ Ign-bp-

¶{X ImÂ\-S-bmbn k©-cn¨v P\-§-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v {]hÀ¯n-t¡-−-Xp-−v. GXp km[m-

21

cW ]uc\pw \nÀ`bw _oäv Hmô-ksd kao-]n¨v kwkm-cn-¡m³ kzmX{ýw tXm¶-̄ ¡

hn[-̄ nÂ _oäv Hmô-kÀ P\-§-fpsS hnizmkw t\Sn-sb-Sp-t¡-−-Xp-−v. _oäv Hmô-kÀ kz`m-

h-ip-²n-bnepw s]cp-am-ä-̄ nepw GsXmcp ]uc\pw amXr-I-bmbncn¡-Ww.

8. PnÃm D]-tZ-i-I-k-anXn

PnÃm Xe-̄ nÂ Fkv.-]n-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-̄ nÂ Hcp PnÃm D]-tZ-i-I-k-anXn P\-ssa{Xn

]²-Xn-bpsS kpK-a-amb {]hÀ¯\w Dd¸p hcp-̄ p-¶-Xn-\mbn cq]o-I-cn-¡W-sa¶pw.

t]meokv tÌj³ ]cn[n DÄs¸-Sp¶ Øes¯ Fw.-]n, Fw.-FÂ.-F, ap\n-kn-̧ Â sNbÀam³,

tabÀ F¶n-h-tcbpw Fkv.]n \ma-\nÀt±iw sN¿p¶ aäp {]apJ hyàn-I-tfbpw DÄs -̧Sp¯n

Hcp D]-tZ-iI kanXn cq]o-I-cn-¡Wsa¶pw. I½n-än-bnÂ ]¯p apXÂ Ccp-]Xp hsc AwK-

§-fm-Imsa¶pw hyhØ sNbvXn-cn-¡p¶p. {]kvXpX kanXn aq¶p amk-̄ n-sem-cn-¡Â

tbmKw tNcpIbpw t]meokv tÌj³ kan-Xn-I-fpsS {]hÀ¯\w Ah-tem-I\w sN¿p-Ibpw

Ah-bpsS {]hÀ¯\w sa -̈s -̧Sp-̄ m³ th− D]-tZi \nÀt±-i-§Ä FgpXnbp−m¡n Ab-

¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-Ibpw thWsa¶v {]Zn-]m-Zn-̈ n-«p−v. P\-ssa{Xn kanXn tbmK-̄ nÂ NÀ -̈sN-

¿m³ ]mSn-Ãm¯ hnj-b-§Ä _oäv Hmô-kÀ Xsâ _oäv Gcn-b-bnÂ \S-̧ m-t¡-−-Im-cy-§Ä

_oäv Hmô-kÀ sN¿m³ ]mSn-Ãm-̄ -Im-cy-§Ä F¶nh bYm-{Iaw A\p-_Ôw H¶v, c−v, aq¶v

F¶n-§s\ ]d-ªn-«p-−v.

A\p-_Ôw H¶v

P\-ssa{Xn kanXn tbmK-̄ nÂ NÀ¨ sN¿m³ ]mSn-Ãm¯ hnj-b-§Ä

(tbmK Øe-§-fnÂ {]ZÀin-̧ n-¡m-\p-Å-Xv)

1. At\z-j-W-̄ n-tem, hnNm-c-W-bntem Ccn-¡p¶ tIkp-IÄ kw_-Ônt¨m

Ah-bnÂ DÄs -̧«n-cn-¡p¶ {]Xn-Isf kw_-Ônt¨m bmsXmcp NÀ¨bpw

]mSp-Å-X-Ã.

2. GsX-¦nepw hyàn-IÄ X½n-epÅ XÀ¡-§Ä, Ah-bpsS ]cn-lm-c-amÀ¤-§Ä

F¶nh NÀ¨ sN¿m³ ]mSp-Å-X-Ã.

3. GsX-¦nepw hyàn-Itfm kwL-S-\-Itfm aäm-sc-sb-¦nepw FXnÀI-£n-I-fm¡n

t]meokv tÌj-\nÂ \ÂIn-bn-«pÅ/\ÂIm³ Dt±-in-¡p¶ tIkp-Isf Ipdn¨v

NÀ¨ sN¿m³ ]mSp-Å-X-Ã.

4. GsX-¦nepw hyàn-bpsS s]cp-am-äw, Ah-tcÀs -̧Sp¶ {]hÀ¯n-IÄ F¶n-

hsb Ipdn¨v NÀ¨ sN¿m³ ]mSp-Å-X-Ã.

22

5. GsX-¦nepw cmjv{Sob kmaq-lnI kwL-S-\-IÄ GÀs¸-Sp¶ {]hÀ¯n-Isf

Ipdn-̈ pÅ NÀ -̈IÄ ]mSp-Å-X-Ã.

6. kan-Xn-tbmKw Hcp Imc-W-h-imepw A\u-tZym-KnI tImS-Xn-bpsS a«nÂ

{]hÀ¯\w \S-̄ m-\pÅ thZn-bÃ F¶-Xp-sIm−v Bcp-sS-sb-¦nepw

{Inan-\Â {]hÀ -̄\-s¯-¡p-dn¨v NÀ¨ sNbvXv {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-¡m-\pÅ {iaw

D−m-hm³ ]mSn-Ã.

7. GsXms¡ hyàn-IÄ Kp−m BIvSv, duUn lnÌdn joäv XpS-§nb t]meokv

sdt¡m-Up-I-fnÂ CSw t\Sn-bn-«p-−v, tIkp-I-fnÂ DÄs -̧«n«p−v XpS-§nb

Imcy-§-sfm¶pw NÀ¨ sN¿m³ ]mSp-Å-X-Ã.

A\p-_Ôw c−v

_oäv Hmô-kÀ Xsâ _oäv Gcn-bm-bnÂ P\-ssa{Xn ]²-Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn

\S-̧ m-t¡− Imcy-§Ä.

1. kvIqÄ, tdj³I-S, t]mÌv Hmôkv ]cn-k-cw, I½q-Wn-än-lmÄ, XpS-§nb

Øe-§-fnÂ h¨v ]Xn-hmbn s]mXp-P-\-§-fp-ambn P\-ssa-{Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn

\S--̧ m-¡m³ t]mIp¶/\S-̧ m¡n sIm−n-cn-¡p¶ ]²-Xn-Isf Ipdn¨pw

kwkm-cn-¡mw.

2. Xsâ _oäv Gcn-bbv¡v Gähpw A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]²-Xn-IÄ GXm-sW¶v

Xsâ _oäv Gcn-bm-bnse {]hÀ¯\ ]cn-N-b-¯n-eqsS a\-Ên-em¡n A¯cw

]²-Xn-Isf Ipdn¨v kan-Xn-tbm-K-̄ nÂ Ah-X-cn-̧ n¨v A\p-aXn tXSn Ah

\S-̧ m-¡m³ ap³ssI FSp-¡-Ww.

3. Xsâ _oäv Gcn-bm-bnÂ ]IÀ -̈hym-[n-IÄ ]SÀ¶p-]n-Sn-¡p-Itbm aäp {]IrXn

Zpc-́ -§Ä kw -̀hn-¡p-Itbm sNbvXmÂ A¯cw Imcy-§Ä F{Xbpw

s]s«¶v A[n-Ir-Xsc Adn-bn-¡p-Ibpw th− ]cn-lmc \S-]-Sn-IÄ¡p t\XrXzw

sImSp-¡p-Ibpw sN¿mw.

4. Xsâ _oäv Gcn-bm-bnÂ GsX-¦nepw coXn-bn-epÅ kmaqly Akz-Ø-IÄ

DS-se-Sp-¡p-¶Xnsâ kqN\ e`n-̈ mÂ AXv DS³ Fkv.-F-̈ v.H sb Adn-bn-¡mw.

5. DÕ-hw, aäp taf-IÄ F-¶n-h-tbm-S-\p-_-Ôn¨v Fs -́¦nepw {]iv\-§Ä

\S-¡m³ km²y-X-bpt−m F¶v a\-Ên-em¡n Ahsb¡pdn¨v Fkv.-F-̈ v.-H.sb

Adn-bn-¡mw.

23

6. Xsâ _oäv Gcn-bm-bnÂ \S-¡p¶ GXp Xcw Ipä-Ir-Xys¯ Ipdn¨pw Adnhv

k¼m-Zn¨v AXv F{Xbpw s]s«¶v Fkv.-F-̈ v.-H.sb Adn-bn-¡m³ _oäv Hmô-

kÀ¡v _m[y-X-bp-−v.

7. CâÀs\äv It -̂IÄ, t^m¬ _q¯p-IÄ, ]mc-eÂ hnZym-̀ ymk Øm]-\-§Ä,

kn\namXotb-ä-dp-IÄ, hoUntbm tjm¸p-IÄ XpS§n hnZymÀ°n-Ifpw

sNdp-̧ -¡mcpw IqSp-hm\pw aäpw km[y-X-bpÅ Øe-§-fnÂ GsX-¦nepw

sXämb {]h-W-X-IÄ DS-se-Sp-¡msX {i²n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿mw.

8. kvIqÄ ka-b¯v Ip«n-IÄ hoUntbm Imskäv IS, apdp-¡m³ IS XpS-§nb

Ø§fnÂ kwL-ambn F¯p-¶Xpw sIm¨p-Ip-«n-IÄ ]pI-h-en-¡p-¶-Xp-sams¡

{i²-bnÂs]-«mÂ Ahsc ]dªp a\-Ên-em-¡mw. Bh-iy-am-sW¶p tXm¶p¶

]£w amXm-]n-Xm-¡sf Adn-bn-t¡-−-Xm-Wv.

9. SmIvkn Ìmâp-I-fnÂ \n¶pw Hm«w t]mIp-¶-Xn-\p-ap¼v ({]tXy-In¨pw cm{Xn-

bnÂ) A]-cn-Nn-X-cm-sW-¦nÂ Ah-cpsS t]cpw H¸pw Xs¶bpw ÌmânÂ kq£n-

¡m³ ss{UhÀam-cpsS kpc-£sb IcpXn _oäv Hmô-kÀ¡v \nÀt±-in-¡mw.

10. {]tZ-i¯v sI«nSw ]Wn, kzÀ®-̧ Wn XpS-§n-b-hbv¡mbn F¯p¶

A]-cn- Nn-X-cmb [mcmfw Bfp-IÄ Ds−-¦nÂ Ahsc ]Wn-t¡Às¸-Sp-̄ p-

¶-h-cpsSklm-b-t¯msS Ah-cpsS A{UÊpw hnh-c-§fpw aäpw tiJ-cn¨p

kq£n-¡mw.

11. hoSp-I-fnÂ ]Wnbv¡p hcn-Ibpw tPmen¡p \nÂ¡p-I-bp-sams¡ sN¿p¶

A\y-\m-«p-Im-cpsS ]cn-]qÀ®hnh-c-§fpw tiJ-cn¨p kq£n-¡mw.

A\p-_Ôw aq¶v

_oäv Hmô-kÀ sN¿m³ ]mSn-Ãm¯ Imcy-§Ä

1. t]meokv tÌj-\nÂ At\z-j-W-̄ n-en-cn-¡p¶/hnNm-c-W-bn-en-cn-¡p¶

tIkp-I-sf-̧ - än-bpÅ hnh-c-§Ä ]c-ky-amtbm cl-ky-amtbm ssIam-dm³

]mSp-Å-X-Ã.

2. t]meokv Ad-Ìp-sN-¿m-\p-t±-in-¡p¶/{]Xn-̧ -«n-I-bn-epÄs -̧Sp-̄ p¶/Kp−m

BIvSv XpS-§nb \nb-a-§Â {]tbm-Kn-¡m-\n-cn-¡p¶ Bfp-Isf ]än-bpÅ

hnh-c-§Ä ]c-ky-amtbm cl-ky-amtbm ssIam-dm³ ]mSp-Å-X-Ã.

24

3. GsX-¦nepw hyàn-sb-Ip-dn-̈ pÅ cl-ky-hn-h-c-§fpw kzIm-cy-hn-h-c-§fpw

]c-ky-ambn tiJ-cn-¡p-Itbm ]d-bp-Itbm sN¿m³ ]mSp-Å-X-Ã.

4. ]cn-k-c¯v {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ GsX-¦nepw kwL-S-\-I-sf-¡p-dnt¨m

hyàn-IsfIp-dnt¨m X\n-¡pÅ A`n-{]m-b-§Ä _oäv ]cn-k-c-̄ pÅ P\-§-

fp-ambn cl-ky-ambn ]¦p-h-bv¡mt\m ]c-ky-ambn ]d-tbmt\m ]mSp-Å-X-Ã.

5. Hcp ImcW-h-imepw _oäv Hmô-kÀ h\nXm t]meo-kn-sâtbm aäp

kan-Xn-bw-K-§-fp-sStbm km¶n-[y-an-ÃmsX kv{XoIÄ am{Xw DÅ hoSp-I-fpsS

DÅnÂ Ibdn kµÀi\w \S-̄ m³ ]mSp-Å-X-Ã.

6. cPn-ÌÀ sN¿-s¸« GsX-¦nepw {Inan-\Â tIknse Bfp-IÄ X½n-epÅ {]iv\w

_oäv Hmô-kÀ NÀ¨ sNbvXv ]cn-l-cn-¡m³ {ian-t¡-−-Xn-Ã. F¶mÂ

{Inan-\Â tIknse {]Xn ho−pw Ccsb D]-{Z-hn-¡p¶ GsX-¦nepw kw -̀h-

s -̄Ip-dn¨v hnhcw e`n-̈ mÂ A¡m-cy-̄ nÂ DS³ Xs¶ taÂ \S-]Sn

kzoI-cn-¡m³ Fkv.-F-̈ v.-H.sb klm-bn-t¡-−-Xm-Wv.

7. Xsâ _oäv Uyq«n-¡nsS Ipä-Ir-Xy§sf-̧ än clky hnhcw \ÂInb hyàn

Bcm-sW¶v Hcp kml-N-cy-̄ nepw ]c-ky-am-¡p-hm³ ]mSp-Å-X-Ã. kzImcy

kw`m-j-W-§-fnÂ _oän-epÅ aäp-Å-h-tcmSv C¯cw cl-ky-§Ä

]¦p-h-bv¡m³ ]mSp-Å-X-Ã.

8. tIk-t\z-j-W-s¯-Ip-dnt¨m cmjv{So hnj-b-§-sf-Ip-dnt¨m DÅ Xsâ kzImcy

A`n-{]mbw F{X kulr-Z-̄ n-em-sW-¦nepw _oäv Gcn-b-bnse Bfp-I-fp-ambn

]¦p-h-bv¡p-hm³ ]mSp-Å-X-Ã.

9. Xsâ _oäv Gcn-b-bn-epÅ GsX-¦nepw HcmÄ {Sm^nIv \nbaw ewLn-¡p-Itbm

aäp Ipä-Ir-Xy-§-fnÂ GÀs -̧Sp-Itbm sNbvXmÂ AbmÄ Xt¶mSv F{X Xs¶

kulrZw DÅ Bfm-sW-¦nepw Abmsf \nba \S-]-Sn-I-fnÂ \n¶pw Hgn-hm-

¡m³ Hcp Imc-W-h-imepw {ian-¡m³ ]mSp-Å-X-Ã. A§-s\-bp-Å-hÀ¡v

\nb-a-̄ nsâ ]gp-XnÂIqSn c£-s¸-Sm-\pÅ amÀ¤w D]-tZ-in-¡pI Hcp _oäv

Hmô-k-dpsS {]hÀ -̄\-¯n\v Gähpw henb If-¦-am-bn-cn-¡pw.

10. _oäv Hmô-kÀ¡v Bfp-I-fnÂ\n¶pw ]cmXn kzoI-cn-¡m-hp-¶Xpw AXv _oäv

cPn-Ì-dnÂ \nÀ_-Ô-ambpw tcJ-s¸-Sp-̄ n-b-tijw AXXp Znhkw

sshIp-t¶cw Xs¶ Fkv. F¨v. H. bv¡v ssIam-td-−-Xp-am-Wv. bmsXmcp

25

Imc-W-h-imepw ]cmXn _oäv Hmô-kÀ ssIhiw hbv¡p-Itbm AXv

FXnÀI-£nsb ImWn-¡p-Itbm sN¿p-hm³ ]mSp-Å-X-Ã.

11. Fkv. F¨v . H. _oäv Hmô-k-tdmSv At\z-jn-¡m-\m-h-iy-s¸« ]cm-Xnsb Ipdn¨v

]cm-Xn-¡m-c-t\mSpw FXnÀI-£n-tbmSpw ]cn-k-c-hm-kn-I-tfmSpw At\z-jWw

\S-t¯-−-Xm-Wv. F¶mÂ Fgp-Xnb ]cmXn aäm-scbpw ImWn-¡m³ ]mSp-Å-

X-Ã. ]cm-Xn-¡m-ct\mtSm FXnÀI-£n-tbmtSm òjWn kzc-̄ ntem atäm

kwkm-cn-¡m\pw ]mSp-Å-X-Ã. ]cmXn t]meokv tÌj-\nÂ h¨v

Fkv. F¨v. H. bv¡v XoÀ¸m-¡m³ th− FÃm klm-bhpw sNbvXv

sImSp-¡pI F¶-XmWv _oäv Hmô-k-dpsS tPmen. _oäv Hmô-kÀ

tbmKw tNcp¶ Øe¯p h¨pw aäpw aäp-Å-h-cpsS km¶n-²y-̄ nÂ C¯cw

Imcy-§Ä NÀ¨ sN¿mt\m XoÀ¸m-¡mt\m ]mSp-Å-X-Ã.

12. _oän-epÅ Bfp-IÄ t]meokv tÌj-\nÂ h¶mÂ _oäv Hmô-k-dp-ambn

Bh-iy-ap-s−-¦nÂ _Ô-s¸-Sm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. aäp t]meokv DtZym-K-Ø-cp-ambn

_Ô-s -̧Sm\pw AhÀ¡v Ah-Im-i-ap-−m-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. Fkv. F¨v. H.

sbtbm aäp DtZym-K-Ø-·m-sctbm ImWm³ AhÀ _oäv Hmô-k-dpsS

A\p-aXn hmt§-−-Xn-Ã.

Npcp-¡-̄ nÂ, hyà-amb ImgvN-̧ m-Sn-sâbpw IrXy-amb Bkq-{X-W-̄ n-sâbpw

ASn-Øm-\-̄ n-emWv tIc-f-̄ nÂ Cu P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²Xn \S-̧ n-em-¡n-bn-«p-Å Xv.

26

A²ymbw 3

P\-ssa{Xn kpc£ ]²Xn: s]mXp-P-\-ho-£-W-̄ nÂ

GsXmcp ]²-Xn-bp-sSbpw kzm[o\w a\-Ên-em-¡p-hm-\pÅ imkv{Xo-amb amÀ¤w

{]kvXpX ]²-Xn-bpsS KpW-t`m-àm-¡-fnÂ \n¶pw A`n-{]m-b-§Ä tiJ-cn¨v hni-I-e\w

sN¿p-I-bm-Wv. Cu ]T-\-̄ nepw A -̄c-samcp amÀ¤-amWv Ah-ew-_n-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ASqÀ,

]c-hqÀ F¶o t]meokv tÌj-\p-I-fnÂ \S-̧ n-em-¡n-bn-cn-¡p¶ P\-ssa{Xn ]²-Xn-bpsS

kzm[o\w hne-bn-cp-̄ p-hm-\mbn ap³Iq«n Xbm-dm-¡nb Hcp tNmZym-h-en-bpsS klm-b-

t¯msS Hcp A`n-{]mb kÀtÆ-\-S-̄ p-I-bp-−m-bn. t]meokv Un¸mÀ«vsaânÂ \n¶v \evInb

tNmZym-h-en-bnÂ A\p-tbm-Py-sa¶v tXm¶nb amä-§Ä hcp-̄ nb tij-amWv kÀtÆ-bv¡pÅ

tNmZym-hen Xbm-dm-¡n-b-Xv. (tNm-Zym-h-en-bpsS ]IÀ¸v Cu dnt¸mÀ«nÂ A\p-_Ôw þ 1 Bbn

tNÀ¯n-«p-Å-Xm-Wv). P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²-Xn-¡mbn cq]o-I-cn¨ _oäv Gcn-b-I-fnÂ t]mbn

]²-Xn-bp-ambn _Ô-ap-Å-h-tc-bpw, s]mXp-\n-c-̄ n-epw, PwKvj-\p-I-fnepw I−-h-tcbpw DÄs¸-

Sp-̄ n-bmWv kÀtÆ \S-̄ n-b-Xv, tiJ-cn¨ {][m\ hnh-c-§Ä Hmtcm tNmZy-§-fp-tSbpw ASn-

Øm-\-̄ nÂ ]«nI {Ia-̄ nÂ NphtS tNÀ¡p-¶p.

]«nI 3.1 þ kÀtÆ-\-S-¡p¶ Øew

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

hoSv 233 212 445

tdmUv 127 147 274

hym]m-c-Øm-]\w 76 106 182

hnZym-ebw 16 15 31

kÀ¡mÀ Hmôkv 48 20 68

Bcm-[-\m-ebw 00 00 00

BsI 500 500 1000

27

kÀtÆ-bnÂ ]s¦-Sp-¡p¶ hyàn-I-sf-Ip-dn-̈ pÅ ASn-Øm\ hnh-c-§Ä tiJ-cn-¡pI

F¶ Dt±-iy-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv tNmZym-h-en-bpsS BZy-̀ m-Kw cq]-s¸-Sp-̄ n-bXv. kÀtÆ-\-S-

¡p¶ Øew, A`n-{]mbw ]d-bp-¶-bmÄ kv{Xotbm ]pcp-j-t\m, {]mbw, hnZym-̀ ymk tbmKy-X,

aXw, sXm-gnÂ, sshhm-ln-I-_-Ôw, hmÀjn-I-h-cp-am\w F¶o hnh-c-§Ä tiJ-cn-¡p-hm-\pÅ

tNmZy-§fmWv Cu `mK-̄ n-ep-Å-Xv.

]«nI 3.1 Â kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse hoSp-I-fnÂ \n¶pw 445 Dw, tdmUnÂ \n¶pw 274

Dw, hym]m-c-Øm-]-\-§-fnÂ \n¶pw 182 Dw, hnZym-̀ ymk Øm]-\-§-fnÂ \n¶pw 31 Dw t]cmWv

kÀtÆ-bnÂ ]s¦-Sp-̄ -Xv. 68 t]sc kÀ¡mÀ Hmô-knÂ t]mbn kÀtÆ sN¿p-I-bp-−m-bn.

]«nI 3.2 þ kv{Xo/]pcp-j³

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

kv{Xo 142 192 334

]pcp-j-·mÀ 358 308 666

BsI 500 500 1000

P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²-Xn-bnÂ kv{Xo P\-§-fpsS ]¦m-fn¯w hÀ²n-̈ p-h-cp-¶-

Xmbn _oäv Hmô-k-d-·mÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-I-bp-−m-bn. AXv kXyw Xs¶-bmsW¶v kÀtÆ-

bnÂ shfn-s -̧«p. ap³Im-e-§-fn-sems¡ t]meo-kns\ kw_-Ôn-̈ pÅ hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-̄ n-\mbn

kao-]n-¡p-t¼mÄ `bw sImt−m, Adn-hn-Ãm-bva-sIm-t−m, Adn-hn-Ãmbva A`n\bn-̈ p-sImt−m

A`n-{]mbw ]d-bp-hm³ hnap-JX ImWn-̈ n-cp¶ hn`m-K-amWv kv{XoIÄ. BbXv t]meokv

dnt^mwkv F¶ ]n. F¨v. Un. {]_Ôw Xbm-dm-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn \S-̄ nb A`n-{]mb kÀtÆ-

bnÂ teJ-I\v t\cn«v t_m²y-s¸-«n-«p-Å-Xp-am-Wv. F¶mÂ P\-ssa{Xn kpc£ ]²-Xnsb

kw_-Ôn¨ kÀtÆ-bnÂ kv{Xo P\-§-tfmSv A`n-{]mbw ]d-bp-hm³ Bh-iy-s¸-«-t¸mÄ

bmsXm-cp- a-Snbpw IqSmsX kt´m-j-t¯msS ]s¦-Sp-¡p-I-bm-Wp-−m-b-Xv. 334 kv{XoIfpw

666 ]pcp-j-·m-cp-amWv Cu kÀtÆ-bnÂ ]s¦-Sp-¯-Xv.

28

]«nI 3.3 þ hbÊv

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

18 apXÂ 35 hsc 106 108 214

36 apXÂ 55 hsc 248 242 490

56 apXÂ 65 hsc 96 105 201

66 \v apI-fnÂ 50 45 95

BsI 500 500 1000

kÀtÆ-bnÂ ]s¦-Sp-̄ -hsc {]mb-̄ nsâ ASn-Øm-\-̄ nÂ \mev (4) hn`m-K-§-fmbn

Xcw Xncn-bv¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. 18 apXÂ 35 hb-Êp-hsc {]mb-apÅ 214 t]cpw, 36 apXÂ 55

hb-Êp-h-sc-bpÅ 490 t]cpw 56 apXÂ 65 hb-Êp- hsc-bp-ff 201 t]cp-amWv Cu kÀtÆ-bnÂ

]s¦-Sp-̄ -Xv. 66 hb-Ên\v apI-fnÂ {]mb-apÅ 95 t]cpw X§-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-§Ä Adn-bn-

¡p-I-bp-−mbn. kÀtÆ-bnÂ ]s¦-Sp¯ apgp-h³ t]cpw {]mb-]qÀ¯n thm«-h-Imiw DÅ-h-cm-

b-Xn-\mÂ ]Iz-X-bmÀ¶ {]Xn-I-c-W-§-fmbn A`n-{]m-b-§sf ]cn-K-Wn-bv¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

]«nI 3.4 þ hnZym-̀ ymk tbmKy-X.

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

]Tn-̈ n-«nÃ 21 43 64

ss{]adn kv¡qÄ 89 110 199

sslkv¡qÄ 249 222 471

tImtfPv 104 85 189

t]mÌv {KmPp-thäv 21 28 49

s{]m -̂j-WÂ 16 12 28

BsI 500 500 1000

kÀtÆ-bnÂ ]s¦-Sp-̄ -h-cpsS hnZym-̀ ymk tbmKyX tIc-f-̄ nsâ Cu taJ-e-bnse

t\«w {]Xn-̂ -en-̧ n-¡-̄ -¡-Xm-Wv. 1000 t]cnÂ 936 t]cpw ss{]a-dn-Xew apXÂ s{]m -̂j-WÂ

hnZym-̀ ymkw hsc t\Sn-bn-«pÅhcmWv. 199 t]À ss{]adn hnZym-̀ ymkw e`n-̈ -h-cpw, 471 t]À

29

sslkv¡qÄ Xew-hsc ]Tn-̈ -hcpw, 189 t]À tImtf-PnÂ ]Tn-̈ n-«p-Å-h-cp-am-Wv. 49 t]mÌv

{KmPp-th-ävkpw, 28 s{]m -̂j-WÂamcpw kÀtÆ-bnÂ ]s¦-Sp-¡p-I-bp-−m-bn.

]«nI 3.5 þ aXw

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

lnµp 212 210 422

apÉow 128 186 314

{InkvXy³ 160 104 264

aäp-Åh 000 000 000

BsI 500 500 1000

apI-fnse ]«n-I-bnÂ (]-«nI 3.5) ImWp-¶-Xp-t]mse tIc-f-̄ nse s]mXp-k-aq-l-

¯nsâ Hcp ]cn-tÑZw BWv kÀtÆ-bnÂ ]s¦-Sp-̄ -Xv. 422 t]À lnµp-¡-fpw, 314 t]À apÉo-

§-fpw, 264 t]À {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw BWv.

]«nI 3.6 þ DtZymKw

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

D−v 173 180 353

CÃ 327 320 647

BsI 500 500 1000

kÀtÆ-bnÂ ]s¦-Sp-̄ -h-cnÂ 353 t]À DtZymKw DÅ-hcpw 647 t]À DtZymKw CÃm-̄ -h-

cp-amWv.

]«nI 3.7 þ sshhm-lnI _Ôw

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

hnhm-ln-X³/hnhm-lnX 392 362 754

Ahn-hm-ln-X³/Ahn-hm-lnX 108 138 246

BsI 500 500 1000

30

kÀtÆ-bnÂ ]s¦-Sp-̄ -h-cnÂ 754 t]À hnhm-ln-X-cpw, 246 t]À Ahn-hm-ln-Xcpw

BWv.

]«nI 3.8 þ hmÀjnI hcp-am\w

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

Hcp e£w cq] hsc 248 273 521

1 apXÂ 2 e£w hsc 197 160 357

2 apXÂ 3 e£w hsc 39 49 88

3 e£w cq]¡v apI-fnÂ 16 18 34

BsI 500 500 1000

tIc-f-̄ nse FÃm taJ-e-bn-ep-apÅ DbÀ¶ hcp-am-\-̄ nsâ {]Xn-̂ -e-\-ambn apI-fnÂ

]«n-I-bnÂ sImSp-̄ n-cn-¡p-¶-h-cpsS hmÀjnI hcp-am-\s¯ IW-¡m-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. 521 t]À

Hcp e£w cq] hscbpw 357 t]À H¶p-ap-XÂ 2 e£w hscbpw, 88 t]À c−p-e£w apXÂ 3

e£w cq] hscbpw 34 t]À 3 e£w cq]bv¡v apI-fnepw hmÀjnI hcp-am\w DÅ-hcpamWv

]«nI 3.9 þ tNmZyw þ 1 Xm¦Ä¡v P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²-Xn-sb-Ip-dn¨v Adn-hpt−m?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

D−v 461 410 871

CÃ 39 90 129

BsI 500 500 1000

kÀtÆ-bnÂ A`n-{]mbw tcJ-s¸-Sp¯nb 871 t]À P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²-Xn-sb-¡p-

dn¨v Adn-hp-Å-hcpw 129 t]À {]kvXpX ]²-Xn-sb-Ip-dn¨v AdnhnÃm-̄ -h-cp-amWv.

31

]«nI 3.10 þ tNmZyw 2þ F{X-Im-e-ambn Adnbmw?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

c−p-hÀj-ambn 184 142 326

Hcp hÀj-ambn 202 212 414

6 amkhpw AXn\v apI-fnepw 75 56 131

BsI 461 410 871

P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²-Xn-sb-¡p-dn¨v Adnbmw F¶ A`n-{]mbw ]dª 871 t]tcm-

SmWv Cu tNmZyw tNmZn-̈ Xv. 326 t]À c−v hÀj-am-bpw, 414 t]À Hcp hÀj-ambpw 131 t]À

Ipd-ªXv 6 amk-ambpw Cu ]²-Xn-sb-Ip-dn¨v Adn-hp-f-f-h-cm-Wv.

]«nI 3.11 þ tNmZyw þ3 F§-s\-bmWv Cu ]²-Xn-sb-Ip-dn¨v Xm¦Ä¡v Adnhv e`n-̈ -Xv.

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

P\-ssa{Xn ]²-Xn-bnÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ t]meokv

DtZym-K-Ø-cnÂ \n¶pw 386 306 692

_Ôp-¡Ä kplr-̄ p-¡Ä F¶n-h-cnÂ \n¶pw 201 146 247

]{X-am-[y-a-§-fnÂ \n¶v 192 140 332

kÀ¡m-cnsâ s]mXp-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fnÂ \n¶v 413 360 773

kÀ¡mÀ {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§-fnÂ \n¶v 56 12 68

aäp-Åh (hy-à-am-¡p-I) 00 00 00

]«n-I- 3.11 sâ Xe-s¡-«mbn sImSp-̄ n-cn-¡p¶ tNmZy-̄ n-\pÅ hyXyØ D¯-c-§Ä

tNmZym-h-en-bnÂ Xs¶ \evIn-bn-«p-Å-Xm-Wv. H¶n-e-[nIw coXn-bnÂ s]mXp-P-\-§Ä P\-

ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²-Xn-sb-¡p-dn¨v Adn-hp-Å-h-cmsW¶v D -̄c-§Ä kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶p. 692

t]À P\-ssa{Xn ]²-Xn-bnÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ DtZym-K-Ø-cnÂ \n¶pw 357 t]À kplr-̄ p-¡Ä,

_Ôp-¡Ä apX-em-b-h-cnÂ \n¶pw, 332 t]À ]{X-am-²y-a-§-fnÂ \n¶pw {]kvXpX ]cn-]m-Sn-

sb-Ip-dn-̈ pÅ hnhcw e`n-̈ n-«p-Å-h-cm-Wv. kÀ¡m-cnsâ s]mXp-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fnÂ \n¶pw 773

32

t]À¡pw, kÀ¡mÀ {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§-fnÂ \n¶pw 68 t]À¡pw P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²-Xn-sb-

Ip-dn-̈ pÅ Adnhv e`n-̈ n-«p−v.

]«nI 3.12 þ tNmZyw þ4 BcpsS t£a-̄ n\v th−n-bmWv {]kvXpX ]²Xn

\S-̧ n-em-¡n-bn-«p-ÅXv?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

t]meo-knsâ 000 000 000

P\-§-fpsS 135 101 236

P\-§-fp-sSbpw t]meo-kn-sâbpw 326 309 635

cmjv{Sob ]mÀ«n-I-fpsS 000 000 000

aäp-Å-hÀ¡v(hy-à-am-¡p-I) 000 000 000

BsI 461 410 871

P\-ssa{Xn kpc£ ]²-Xn-bpsS e£yw Xs¶ P\-§-fp-ambn \Ã _Ôw Øm]n-̈ p-

sIm−v t]meokv X§-fpsS Npa-X-e-IÄ \nÀÆ-ln-bv¡pI F¶p-Å-Xm-Wv. A -̄c-̄ n-epÅ

Hcp t]meokv kwhn-[m\w P\-§-fpsS A´Êpw t]meo-knsâ am\y-Xbpw DbÀ¶p-sh¶pw

c−p-hn-̀ m-K-̄ n\pw ]pXnb {]tbm-P-\-{]-Z-am-Ip-sa-¶p-Å-Xm-Wv bmYmÀ°yw. 635 t]À Cu

bmYmÀ°yw a\-Ên-em¡n F¶p-Å-XmWv apI-fnÂ sImSp-̄ n-cn-¡p¶ ]«nI hyà-am-¡p-¶-Xv.

P\-§-fp-tSbpw t]meo-kn-sâbpw t£a-̄ n\v th−n-bm-Wv P\-ssa{Xn ]²Xn F¶mWv

AhÀ A`n-{]m-b-s -̧«-Xv. F¶mÂ 236 t]À Cu ]²Xn P\-§-fpsS t£a-̄ n\v th−n-bm-

sW¶v A`n-{]m-b-s¸Sp-I-bp-−m-bn. Bcpw Xs¶ t]meo-knsâ t£a-̄ n-t\m, cmjv{Sob

]mÀ«n-I-fpsS t£a-̄ nt\m th−n-bmWv P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²Xn F¶v A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-I-

bp-−m-bn-Ã.

]«nI 3.13 þ tNmZyw þ 5 P\-ssa{Xn t]meokv DtZym-K-ØÀ F{X-X-hW Xm¦-fp-ambn

k¼À¡w ]peÀ¯n-bn-«p−v?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

1 XhW 16 14 30

2 XhW 60 37 97

3 XhW 80 48 128

33

4 XhW 98 78 176

5 XhW 106 126 232

6 XhW 101 107 208

7 XhW 000 000 000

BsI 461 410 871

P\-§-fp-ambn \nc-́ -c-amb k¼À¡w ]peÀt¯-−Xv P\-ssa{Xn kpc£t]mse-bpÅ

Hcp ]²-Xn-bpsS hnP-b-I-c-amb \S-̄ n-̧ n\v A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. ]e s]mXp-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw Dt±-

in¨ e£yw t\Sm³ km[n-¡msX t]mbn-«p-ÅXv Bcw-̀ -̄ nÂ ImWn-bv¡p¶ Xmev]cyw Ime-

{I-taW Ipd-ªp-h-cp-Ibpw XpSÀ \S-]-Sn-IÄ kzoI-cn-¡msX hcp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-Xn-\m-emWv.

F¶mÂ P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²Xn {]Imcw t]meokv DtZym-K-ØÀ F{X XhW Xm¦-fp-

ambn _Ô-s¸«p F¶ tNmZy-̄ n\v apI-fnse ]«n-I-bnÂ sImSp-̄ n-cn-¡p¶ adp-]Sn ]cn-tim-[n-

¨mÂ ASq-cnepw ]c-hq-cnepw P\-§-fp-ambn t]meokv DtZym-K-ØÀ \nc-́ c k¼À¡w

]peÀ¯p-¶p−v F¶v a\-Ên-em-¡m³ km[n-¡pw. Hcp Xh-W-sb¶v 30 t]cpw, 2 Xh-W-

sb¶v 97 t]cpw 3 Xh-W-sb¶v 128 t]cpw, 4 Xh-W-sb¶v 176 t]cpw ]d-ªn-«p−v . 232

t]cpambn t]meokv 5 Xh-Wbpw 208 t]cp-ambn 6 Xh-Wbpw t]meokv k¼À¡w ]peÀ¯n-

bn-«p-−v.

]«nI þ 3.14 þ tNmZyw 6 GXp-k-a-b-̄ mWv P\-ssa{Xn DtZym-K-ØÀ Xm¦sf kµÀin-̈ Xv?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

cmhnse 51 81 132

D¨bv¡v 41 62 103

sshIn«v 352 256 608

cm{Xn-bnÂ 17 11 28

BsI 461 410 871

132 t]sc cmhn-sebpw, 103 t]sc D -̈bv¡pw, 608 t]sc sshIn-«pw, 28 t]sc cm{Xn-

bnepw P\-ssa{Xn DtZym-K-ØÀ kµÀin-̈ n-cp-¶-Xmbn apI-fn-es¯ ]«nI hyà-am-¡p-¶p.

]«nI þ 3.15 þ tNmZyw 7 kµÀi-\-s -̄Ip-dn¨v ap³Iq«n Adn-bn-̈ n-cpt¶m?

34

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

Adn-bn-̈ n-cp¶p 419 351 770

Adn-bn-̈ n-cp-¶nÃ 42 59 101

BsI 461 410 871

ap³Iq«n Adn-bn-̈ n-«mWv P\-ssa{Xn t]meo-kp-tZym-K-ØÀ X§sf kµÀin-̈ -sX¶v 770

t]cpw, Adn-bn-̈ n-cp-¶nÃ F¶v 101 t]cpw A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-I-bp-−m-bn. ap³\n-Ý-b-{]-Imcw

s]mXp-P-\-§-sf hnhcw Adn-bn-̈ p-sIm-−v Xs¶-bmWv P\-ssa{Xn t]meo-kp-tZym-K-ØÀ

ASq-cnepw ]c-hq-cnepw P\-§sf kµÀin-¡p-¶Xv F¶Xv ]²-Xn-bpsS Dt±-iy-e-£y-§Ä¡-\p-

kr-X-am-bn-«mWv \S-̧ n-em-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv F¶v shfn-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶p.

]«nI þ 3.16 þ tNmZyw 8 FhnsS h¨mWv Xm¦sf kµÀin-̈ Xv?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

hoSv 62 53 115

s]mXp-Øew 43 67 110

I½yq-Wnän lmÄ 356 290 646

Bcm-[-\m-ebw 000 000 000

aäp-Åh 000 000 000

BsI 461 410 871

I½yq-Wnän t]meo-kp-tZym-K-ØÀ 115 t]sc ho«nÂ sN¶pw 110 t]sc s]mXp-Ø-e¯pw

646 t]sc I½yq-Wnän lmfnÂ h¨pw kµÀin-̈ -Xmbn A`n-{]mbw tcJ-s¸-Sp-̄ p-I-bp−mbn.

ASq-cnepw ]c-hq-cnepw P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²-Xn-bpsS ]e-s]m-Xp-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw I½yq-Wnän

lmfnÂ h¨v \S-¶n-«p-Å-Xmbn tcJ-IÄ kqNn-̧ n-̈ n-«p-Å-Xm-Wv.

35

]«nI þ 3.17 þ tNmZyw 9 kµÀi\ thf-bnÂ F{X t]meokv DtZym-K-ØÀ D−m-bn-cp-¶p.?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

HcmÄ 42 32 74

c−p-t]À 56 63 119

aq¶v t]À 60 87 147

\mepw AXn-\p-ap-I-fnepw 303 228 531

BsI 461 410 871

P\-ssa{Xn t]meo-kp-tZym-K-ØÀ 74 t]sc Häbv¡pw 119 t]sc c−p-t]-cmbpw 147

t]sc aq¶v t]ÀIq-Snbpw 531 t]sc 4 Dw AXnÂ IqSp-Xepw t]cpÅ {Kq¸mbpw kµÀin-̈ n-«p-

Å-Xmbn kÀtÆ kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶p.

]«nI þ 3.18 þ tNmZyw 10 h\nXm t]meokv D−m-bn-cpt¶m?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

D−m-bn-cp¶p 169 209 378

CÃmbncn¶p 292 201 493

BsI 461 410 871

kµÀi\ {Kq¸nÂ h\nXm t]meo-kp-Imcpw D−m-bn-cp-¶-Xmbn 378 t]cpw h\nXm t]meokv

CÃm-bn-cp¶p F¶v 493 t]cpw A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-«p-−v. Hmtcm _oänepw Hcp h\nXm t]meokv

F¦nepw D−m-tI-−XmWv.

36

]«nI 3.19 tNmZyw 11 P\-ssa{Xn kµÀi-\-̄ nÂ Xm¦-fpsS `mcy/`À¯mhpw

Ip«n-Ifpw ]s¦-Sp-̄ n-«pt−m?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

D−v 116 104 220

CÃ 345 306 651

BsI 461 410 871

220 t]À `mcy/`À¯mhpw Ip«n-I-fp-am-bn-«mWv P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m {]hÀ¯-\-§-fnÂ

]¦m-fn-I-fm-bn-«p-Å-sX¶pw 651 t]À Hä-bv¡mWv ]s¦-Sp-̄ n-«p-Å-sX¶pw e`y-amb IW-¡p-IÄ

kqNn-̧ n-bv¡p-¶p.

]«nI þ 3.20 þ tNmZyw 12 kw`m-jW hnjbw F´m-bn-cp¶p?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

hyàn-]-c-amb kw`m-jWw 19 12 31

hmÀUvXe-tbmKw 298 304 602

skan-\mÀ 342 398 740

»Uv {Kq¸v \nÀ®bw 268 197 465

cà-Zm\ Iym¼v 36 37 73

P\-ssa{Xn cm{Xn-Ime ]t{Sm-fnwKv/

kwtbm-PnX {]t{Sm-fnwKv 128 124 252

{Sm^nIv t_m[-hÂ¡-cWw 301 363 664

ipNnXz t_m[-hÂ¡-cWw 116 117 233

km´z\ kwc-£W t_m[-hÂ¡-cWw 97 127 224

Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£Ww 121 129 250

Zpc´ \nhm-cWw 76 81 157

hymP-a-Zy-̄ n-s\-Xn-sc-bpÅ t_m[-hÂ¡-cWw 173 204 377

37

elcn hncp² {]N-cWw 173 207 380

]pI-h-en-s¡-Xn-sc-bpÅ {]N-cWw 173 202 375

]cm-Xn-s]«n hgn e`n-¡p¶ ]cm-Xn-I-fpsS

hnh-c-§Ä kw_-Ôn¨v 140 136 276

ho«p-tPm-en-¡m-cptSbpw aäp-sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-tSbpw

hnh-c-§Ä kw_-Ôn¨v 129 164 293

IpSpw-_-tbmKw 92 112 204

aäp-Åh (hy-à-am-¡p-I) 000 000 000

]g-b-Ime t]meokv k¦-ev]-̄ nÂ \n¶pw F{X hyXy-Øhpw Ne-\m-ß-I-hp-amWv P\-

ssa{Xn t]meokv F¶v apI-fnÂ sImSp-̄ n-cn-¡p¶ ]«n-I-bnse hnh-c-§Ä B[n-Im-cn-I-ambn

sXfn-bn-¡p-¶p. Ipä-Ir-Xy-§Ä \nb-{ń-¡p-hm\pw {Ia-k-am-[m\w \ne-\nÀ¯p-hm\pw am{X-aÃ

kmaqly\·-¡mbn NÀ -̈I-fpw, skan-\m-dp-Ifpw, t_m[-hÂ¡-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw kwL-Sn-̧ n¨v

Hcp hnI-knX kaq-l-¯n-\m-h-iy-amb amÀ¤-\nÀt±-i-§Ä \ÂIp-hm\pw t]meo-kn\v km[n-¡p-

sa-¶XmWv CXv kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv. ASq-cnepw ]c-hq-cnepw P\-ssa{Xn kpc£ ]²-Xn-bpsS

`mK-ambn H«-t\Iw s]mXp-]-cn-]m-Sn-IÄ kwL-Sn-̧ n-¡p-I-bp-−m-bn. H«p-an¡ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fnepw

henb P\-]-¦m-fn-̄ -ap-−m-bn-cp-s¶-¶mWv kÀtÆ-bn-eqsS e`n¨ hnh-c-§Ä kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv.

31 t]À hyàn-]-c-amb kw`m-j-W-§-fnepw 602 t]À hmÀUp-X-e-tbm-K-§-fn-epw, 740 t]À skan-

\m-dp-I-fnepw 465 t]À cà-{Kq¸v \nÀ®-b-̄ nepw 252 t]À cm{Xn-Ime ]t{Sm-fnw-Knepw 664

t]À {Sm^nIv t_m[-hÂ¡-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fnepw 233 t]À ipNn-Xz-t_m-[-hÂ¡cW ]cn-]m-Sn-

I-fnepw ]s¦-Sp-̄ n-«p-−v. km´z-\-kw-c-£W t_m[-hÂ¡-c-W-̄ nÂ 224 t]cpw Btcm-Ky-kw-

c-£W ]cn-]m-Sn-bnÂ 250 t]cpw Zpc-́ -\n-hm-c-W-̄ nÂ 157 t]cpw, hymP-a-Zy-̄ n-s\-Xn-sc-bpÅ

t_m[-hÂ¡-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-bnÂ 377 t]cpw elcn hncp² {]N-c-W-̄ nÂ 380 t]cpw ]s¦-Sp-

¯n-cp-¶p. 375 t]À ]pI-h-en-s¡-Xn-sc-bpÅ {]N-c-W-]-cn-]m-Sn-bn-epw, 276 t]À ]cm-Xn-s¸-«n-hgn

e`n-¡p¶ ]cm-Xn-Isf kw_-Ôn-̈ pÅ NÀ -̈bnepw, 293 t]À ho«p-tPm-en-¡m-cp-tSbpw aäp-sXm-gn-

em-fn-I-fp-tSbpw hnh-c-§Ä kw_-Ôn¨ NÀ -̈sN¿p-¶-Xn-epw, 204 t]À IpSpw-_-tbm-K-§-fnepw

]s¦-Sp-̄ n-«p-−v.

38

]«nI þ 3.21 þ tNmZyw 13 þ kw`m-j-W-̄ n\v th−n GI-tZiw F{X-k-abw P\-ssa{Xn DtZym-

K-Ø-cp-ambn sNe-hn«p?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

Hcp aWn-¡qÀ 28 32 60

H¶p-ap-XÂ c−p-a-Wn-¡qÀ hsc 172 164 336

c−p-a-Wn-¡q-dnÂ IqSp-XÂ 261 214 475

BsI 461 410 871

P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m DtZym-K-Ø-cp-am-bpÅ kw`m-jWw Hcp aWn-¡qÀ D−m-bn-cp-¶-

Xmbn 60 t]cpw H¶p-ap-XÂ 2 aWn-¡qÀ hsc \o−p-\n-¶n-cp-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p kw`m-j-W-sa¶v

336 t]cpw A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«-t¸mÄ c−p-a-Wn-¡q-dnÂ IqSp-XÂ kabw sNe-hn-«-Xmbn 475 t]cpw

]d-bp-I-bp-−m-bn.

]«nI þ 3.22 þ tNmZyw 14þ _oäv Hmô-k-dpsS s]cp-am-äs¯ F§s\ hne-bn-cp-̄ p¶p?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

tamiw 000 000 000

A`n-{]mbw CÃ 91 89 180

hfsc \ÃXv 370 321 691

BsI 461 410 871

t]meokv s]mXp-P\ _Ôw kulr-Z-]-c-am-Ip-¶-Xn\v t]meo-knsâ s]cp-am-äs¯

kw_-Ôn¨v s]mXp-P-\-¯n\v aXn-̧ p-−m-tI-−-Xm-Wv. t]meo-kp-Im-cpsS s]cp-amäw tami-

amWv F¶pÅ Hcp hne-bn-cp-̄ Â tIcf kaq-l-̄ nÂ ]−p-Imew apXevt¡ D−m-bn-cp-¶-

Xm-Wv. t\cn«v t]meo-kp-ambn _Ô-s -̧«n-«n-Ãm-̄ hcpw Hcn-¡Â t]mepw t]meokv tÌj-\nÂ

Ib-dn-bn-«n-Ãm-̄ -h-cp-amb km[m-cW P\-§Ä t]mepw tI«-dn-hn-tâbpw, ]{X, Zriy-am-²y-a-§-Ä

{]N-cn-̧ n-bv¡p¶ hmÀ¯-IfptSbpw ASn-Øm-\-̄ nÂ C§s\ hniz-kn-̈ n-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ

kÀtÆ-bnÂ ]s¦-Sp¯ 691 t]À hfsc \Ã s]cp-am-ä-amWv _oäv Hmô-k-d-·m-cpsS `mK¯v

\n¶p-−m-bXv F¶v A`n-{]m-b-s -̧Sp-I-bp-−m-bn. tamiw s]cp-amäw Bbn-cp¶p F¶v HcmÄ

t]mepw A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-I-bp-−m-bn-Ã. 180 t]À A`n-{]mbw CÃ F¶mWv ]d-ª-Xv.

39

]«nI þ 3.23 þ tNmZyw 15 þ DtZym-K-Øsâ CS-s]-S-enÂ Xm¦Ä Xr]vX-\mtWm?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

BWv 449 397 846

AÃ 12 13 25

BsI 461 410 871

KpW-t`m-àm-¡-fpsS kwXr-]vXn-bmWv Hcp Kh¬saâv Un¸mÀ«vsaânsâ {]hÀ -̄\-an-

Ihv sXfn-bn-¡p¶Xv. t]meo-kn-s\-Ip-dn¨v Ignª Ime-§-fnse§pw ]cm-Xn-IÄ am{X-ap-−m-

bn-cp¶ Hcp s]mXp kaq-l-amWv tIc-f-̄ n-teXv F¶v hnkva-cn-̈ q-Iq-Sm. P\-ssa{Xn

kpc£ ]²Xn \S-̧ n-em-¡nb ASqcpw ]c-hq-cp-ambn 871 Â 846 t]cpw (97.12%) P\-ssa{Xn

DtZym-K-Øsâ CS-s]-S-enÂ Xr]vX-cm-sW¶v A`n-{]m-b-s -̧Sp-I-bp-−m-bn. 25 t]À am{X-amWv

Xr]vX-cÃ F¶v A`n-{]m-b-s -̧«-Xv.

]«nI 3.22 sebpw 3.23 tebpw A`n-{]m-b-§Ä kqjva-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-¨mÂ P\-ssa{Xn

kpc£m ]²-Xn-bpsS hnP-b-I-c-amb coXn-bn-emWv ASqcpw ]c-hqcpw \S-̧ n-em-¡p-¶-sX¶v

t_m²y-s¸-Spw. tIc-f-̄ nse t]meokv tÌj-\p-I-fn-emsI \Ã Hcp CtaPpw s]mXp-P-\-

¯nsâ hnizm-ky-Xbpw AwKn-Im-chpw t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡p-hm³ {]kvXpX ]²Xn D]-I-cn-bv¡pw.

]«nI þ 3.24 þ tNmZyw 16 P\-ssa{Xn _oäv Hmô-kÀ kwkm-cn¨ hnj-b-s¯-Ip-dn¨v HmÀ½-

bpt−m?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

D−v 348 316 664

CÃ 113 94 207

BsI 461 410 871

P\-ssa{Xn DtZym-K-Ø³ kwkm-cn¨ hnj-bs¯ kw_-Ôn¨v 664 t]À¡v HmÀ½-bp-−v.

F¶mÂ 207 t]À HmÀ½-bnÃ F¶mWv A`n-{]mbw ]d-ª-Xv.

40

]«nI 3.25 tNmZyw 18þ P\-ssa{Xn t]meokv DtZym-K-Ø-cpsS \nÀt±-i-§Ä/{]hÀ -̄\-

§Ä {]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-sW¶v tXm¶pt−m?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

D−v 449 397 846

CÃ 12 13 25

BsI 461 410 871

846 t]À t]meokv DtZym-K-Ø-cpsS \nÀt±-i-§Ä {]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-sW¶pw 25 t]À AÃ

F¶pw ]d-bp-I-bp-−m-bn.

]«nI þ 3.26 þ tNmZyw 19þP-\-ssa{Xn t]meokv DtZym-K-ØcpsS \nÀt±-i-§Ä

GsX-¦nepw Xm¦Ä {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-¡n-bn-«pt−m?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

D−v 296 267 563

CÃ 165 143 308

BsI 461 410 871

apI-fnse ]«n-I-bnÂ kqNn-̧ n-̈ n-cn-¡p¶ t]mse 563 t]À P\-ssa{Xn DtZym-K-Ø-cpsS

\nÀt±-i-§Ä {]mtbm-Kn-am-¡m-dp-s−¶pw 308 t]À CÃ F¶pw A`n-{]m-b-s -̧Sp-I-bp-−m-bn.

41

]«nI þ 3.27 þ tNmZyw 21 ]²-Xn-bpsS ]ptcm-K-Xn-¡mbn Fs -́¦nepw \nÀt±-i-§Ä Xm¦Ä

\ÂIn-bn-«pt−m?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

D−v 272 209 481

CÃ 189 201 390

BsI 461 410 817

P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²-Xn-bn-eqsS P\-§fpw t]meokpw Iq«mbn Btem-Nn¨v Xocp-am-

\-§Ä FSp-¡p¶p F¶-Xnsâ sXfnhmWv 481 t]À ]²-Xn-bpsS ]ptcm-K-Xn-¡mbn \nÀt±-i-

§Ä \evIn-bn-«p-−v F¶pÅ shfn-s -̧Sp-̄ Â. X§sf _m[n-bv¡p¶ s]mXp {]iv\-§-fnÂ

t]meo-kp-ambn kl-I-cn¨v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-hm³ P\-§Ä¡v Akp-e-̀ -amb Hc-h-kcw e`n-¡p-¶p.

390 t]À \nÀt±-i-§Ä H¶pw \evIn-bn-«n-Ã.

]«nI þ 3.28 þ tNmZyw 23 P\-ssa-{Xn-kp-c£m ]²Xn Xm¦-fpsS KmÀln-Im-́ -co-£-̄ nÂ

Fs´-¦nepw amäw hcp-̄ n-bn-«pt−m?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

\Ã-amäw 245 209 454

hyXymkw CÃ 216 201 417

Iep-jn-X-am¡n 000 000 000

BsI 461 410 871

s]mXp-Im-cy-§-fnÂ CS-s]«v e`n-¡p¶ Adnhpw ]cn-N-b-hp-sams¡ IpSpw-_-§-fnÂ Nne-

sc-¦nepw {]mtbm-KnIam-¡m-dp−v F¶-Xnsâ DZm-l-c-W-amWv 454 t]cpsS KmÀlnI A -́co-

£-̄ nÂ \Ã-amäw h¶p F¶ A`n-{]mbw shfn-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶-Xv. 416 t]À hyXymkw CÃ

F¶v A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-I-bp-−m-bn. Iep-jn-X-am¡n F¶v Hcmfpw A`n-{]m-b-s -̧«n«n-Ã.

42

]«nI þ 3.29 þ tNmZyw 24 P\-ssa{Xn DtZym-K-Ø³ hml\ KXm-KX {Iao-I-c-W-§Ä sa -̈s¸-

Sp-̄ p-¶-Xn\v th−n {]hÀ¯n-̈ n-«pt−m?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

D−v 390 366 756

CÃ 000 000 000

Adn-bnÃ 71 44 115

BsI 461 410 871

hml\ A]-I-S-§Ä hÀ²n-̈ p-h-cp¶ tIc-f-̄ nÂ KXm-KX \nb-{´Ww t]meo-knsâ hfsc

{][m-\-s¸« Npa-X-e-bmWv. ASqÀ, ]c-hqÀ {]tZ-i-§-fnÂ t]meokv Pm{K-X-tbmsS Cu

{]hÀ¯\w \S-̄ p-¶-Xmbn A`n-{]m-b-§Ä kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶p. 756 t]À P\-ssa{Xn DtZym-K-

ØÀ Ah-cpsS {]tZ-is¯ hml-\-K-Xm-KX {Iao-I-c-W-§Ä sa -̈s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶-Xn\v th−n

{]hÀ¯n-̈ n-«p-s−¶v A`n-{]m-b-s -̧«-t¸mÄ 115 t]À Adn-bnÃ F¶pw ]d-bp-I-bp-−mbn. CÃ

F¶v HcmÄ t]mepw A`n-{]m-b-s -̧«n-«nÃ.

]«nI þ 3.30 þ tNmZyw 26 P\-ssa{Xn t]meo-kp-tZym-K-ØÀ Xm¦-fpsS {]tZ-is¯ ipNo-

IcW {]hÀ -̄\-§Ä sa -̈s -̧Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\v Fs´-¦nepw \S-]-Sn-IÄ

FSp-̄ n-«pt−m?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

D−v 307 306 613

CÃ 000 000 000

Adn-bnÃ 154 104 258

BsI 461 410 871

613 t]À P\-ssa{Xn DtZym-K-ØÀ ipNo-I-cW {]hÀ¯-\§Ä sa -̈s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶-Xn\v \S-

]-Sn-IÄ FSp-̄ n«ps−¶pw, 258 t]À Adn-bnÃ F¶pw A`n-{]m-b-s -̧«-t¸mÄ CÃ F¶v Bcpw

]d-bp-I-bp-−m-bn-Ã. kmaq-ly-t£a {]hÀ¯-\-§-fnepw X§-fp-tS-Xm-Ip¶ kw`m-h\ \evIp-

hm³ km[n-bv¡p-sa¶v C¯cw {]hÀ¯-\-§-fn-eqsS t]meokv DtZym-K-ØÀ sXfn-bn-̈ n-cn-¡p-I-

bm-Wv.

43

]«nI 3.31 tNmZyw 28 P\-ssa{Xn t]meokv DtZym-K-Ø³ Xm¦-fpsS {]tZ-is¯ Ip«n-I-fp-

ambn Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-̄ m-dpt−m?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

D−v 305 315 620

CÃ 000 000 000

Adn-bnÃ 156 95 251

BsI 461 410 871

hfÀ¶p-h-cp¶ Xe-ap-dsb s]mXp-k-aq-l-̄ nÂ \S-̧ n-em-¡p¶ ]cn-jv¡m-c-§sf Ipdn¨v

t_m[-hm-·m-cm-Ip-Ibpw Ign-bp-¶n-S-t¯mfw ]¦m-fn-I-fm-¡p-Ibpw sNt¿-−Xv {]kvXpX ]²-

Xn-bpsS `mhn {]hÀ -̄\-§Ä¡v klm-b-I-am-Ip-sa-¶-XnÂ kwi-b-an-Ã. Ip«n-t]m-eokv

(Student Police) kwhn-[m\w \S-̧ n-em-¡n-bn-«pÅ tIc-f-̄ nÂ P\-ssa{Xn kpc-£m-]-²-Xn-

bp-ambn Ip«n-Isf ]Ô-s -̧Sp-t¯-−Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv. 620 t]À P\-ssa{Xn DtZym-K-ØÀ Ip«n-

I-fp-ambn Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-̄ m-dp-s−¶pw 251 t]À Adn-bnÃ F¶pw ]d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p.

CÃ F¶ A`n-{]mbw Bcp ]d-ªn-«n-Ã.

]«nI þ 3.32 þ tNmZyw 30 P\-§sf cm{Xn-Ime s]t{Sm-fnw-KnÂ ]s¦-Sp-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ \S-]-

Sn-IÄ P\-ssa{Xn DtZym-K-ØÀ kzoI-cn-̈ n-«pt−m?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

D−v 306 267 573

CÃ 000 000 000

Adn-bnÃ 155 143 298

BsI 461 410 871

573 t]À cm{Xn-Ime s]t{Sm-fnw-KnÂ P\-ssa{Xn DtZym-K-ØÀ P\-§sf ]s¦-Sp-̧ n¡p¶-

Xn-\pÅ \S-]-Sn-IÄ kzoI-cn-̈ n-«p-s−¶pw 298 t]À Adn-bnÃ F¶pw A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«p. Cu

tNmZy-̄ n\pw CÃ F¶ adp-]Sn Bcpw ]d-bp-I-bp-−m-bn-Ã. s]mXp-P-\-k-l-I-c-W-t¯m-sS-

bpÅ cm{Xn-Ime ]t{Sm-fnwKv Ipä-Ir-Xy-§Ä ê-{]-Z-ambn XS-bp-hm³ km[n-bv¡p-sa¶v ASqÀ,

]c-hqÀ {]tZ-i-§-fpsS A\p-̀ hw sXfn-bn-̈ n-«p-−v.

44

]«nI 3.33 tNmZyw P\-ssa{Xn ]²Xn \n§-fpsS {]tZ-is¯ kv{XoI-fpsS kpc-£-bnÂ

amäw hcp-̄ n-bn-«pt−m?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

D−v 396 313 709

CÃ 000 000 000

Adn-bnÃ 65 97 162

BsI 461 410 871

]e-t¸mgpw Ipä-Ir-Xy-§Ä¡pw AXn-{I-a-§Ä¡v Cc-bm-Ip¶ hn`m-K-amWv kv{XoIÄ.

A`n-am\ `bw sImt−m Adn-hn-Ãm-bva-sImt−m Hs¡ A¯cw kw`-h-§-fnÂ ]cm-Xn-s -̧Sp¶

kv{XoI-fpsS F®hpw hfsc Ipd-hmWv. AXp-sIm−v Xs¶ P\-ssa-{Xn-bpsS kpc£m

]²-Xn-bnÂ {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ \evtI− hn`m-K-am-W-hÀ. ASqÀ, ]c-hqÀ t]meokv tÌj³

]cn-[n-bnÂ 709 t]À P\-ssa{Xn ]²-Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn kv{XoI-fpsS kpc-£-bnÂ amäw h¶n-

«p-Å-Xmbpw 162 t]À Adn-bnÃ F¶pw A`n-{]m-b-s -̧Sp-I-bp-−mbn CÃ F¶ A`n-{]mbw

Bcqw ]dbpI-bp-−mbn-Ã.

]«nI þ 3.34 þ tNmZyw 34 D−v F¦nÂ F{X-am{Xw?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

Zpk-l-am¡n 000 000 000

amä-anÃ 000 000 000

hfsc sa -̈s¸«p 396 313 709

BsI 396 313 709

kv{XoI-fpsS kpc-£-bnÂ amäw hcp-̄ p-hm³ P\-ssa{Xn ]²Xn CS-bm¡n F¶-̀ n-{]m-

b-s¸« 709 t]tcm-SmWv apI-fnse ]«n-I-bnse tNmZyw tNmZn-̈ Xv 709 t]cpw hfsc sa -̈s¸«p

F¶-̀ n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-I-bp-−m-bn. t]meokv th−-co-Xn-bn-epÅ CS-s]-SÂ \S-̄ p-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ

kv{XoI-fpsS kpc£ Dd-̧ p-h-cp-̄ p-hm³ km[n-bv¡p-sa-¶mWv IW-¡p-IÄ sXfn-bn-bv¡p-¶Xv

45

]«nI þ 3.35 þ tNmZyw 35 P\-ssa{Xn DtZym-K-Ø-cp-am-bpÅ Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-̄ nsâ ê-ambn

t]meo-kns\ Ipdn-̈ pÅ ImgvN-̧ m-SnÂ amäw h¶n-«pt−m?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

D−v 415 318 763

CÃ 22 26 48

Adn-bnÃ 24 36 60

BsI 461 410 871

P\-ssa{Xn t]meo-kp-tZym-K-Ø-cpambpÅ k¼À¡w s]mXp-P-\-§-fnÂ t]meo-kn-s\-Ip-dn-̈ pÅ

ImgvN-̧ m-SnÂ Xs¶ amäw hcp-̄ n-sb¶v 763 t]cpw CÃsb¶v 48 t]cpw Adn-bnÃ F¶v 60

t]cpw A`n-{]m-b-s -̧Sp-I-bp-−m-bn. ]e-t¸mgpw t]meo-kns\ hnaÀin-¡p¶ ]ecpw t\cn-«pÅ

CS-s]-S-enâtbm A\p-̀ -h-̄ nâtbm ASn-Øm-\-¯n-eÃ A§s\ sN¿p-¶-Xv. t]meo-kp-ambn

IqSp-XÂ CS-]-g-Im³ Ah-kcw e`n-̈ mÂ A¯cw A`n-{]m-b-§Ä amän-sb-Sp-¡m³ km[n-

bv¡p-¶-Xm-Wv.

]«nI þ 3.36 þ tNmZyw 36 þ D−v F¶m-sW-¦nÂ F{X-am{Xw?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

hf-sc-tamiw 000 000 000

amä-anÃ 000 000 000

hf-sc-sa-̈ -s¸«p 415 348 763

BsI 415 348 763

]«nI 35 se tNmZy-̄ n\v t]meo-kn-s\-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ ImgvN-̧ m-SnÂ amäw h¶n-«p−v F¶-̀ n-

{]m-b-s -̧«-h-tcmSv am{X-amWv F{X-am{Xw amäw D−mbn F¶ tNmZyw D¶-bn-̈ -Xv. 763 t]cpw

hfsc sa -̈s¸«p F¶-̀ n-{]m-b-s -̧Sp-I-bp-−m-bn. hfsc tamiw, amä-anÃ F¶o c−v D¯-c-§Ä

Bcpw ]d-ªn-«n-Ã.

46

]«nI þ 3.37 þ tNmZyw 37 Ignª Hcp hÀj-̄ n-\n-S-bnÂ t]meo-knsâ km¶n-²y-̄ n\v

Fs´-¦nepw hyXymkw A\p-̀ -h-s¸-«n-«pt−m?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

IqSp-XÂ 464 461 925

Ipdhv 000 000 000

amä-anÃ 36 39 75

BsI 500 5000 1000

P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²-Xn-bnÂ t]meo-knsâ km¶n²yw IqSp-X-embn P\-§Ä¡v

A\p-̀ -h-s¸-tS-−Xv A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. tÌj-\nÂ hcp¶ tIkp-IÄ At\z-jn-¡p-hm\pw, KXm-

KX \nb-{ -́W-̄ n\pw hn. sF. ]n. skIyq-cn-än¡pw am{X-aÃ P\-§-fp-ambn IqSp-XÂ

k¼À¡w ]peÀ¯n Ah-cpsS kl-I-cWw Dd-̧ p-h-cp-̄ n-sIm−v kaq-l-̄ n\v {]tbm-P-\-{]-Z-

am-Ip¶ ]e-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw kwL-Sn-̧ n-¡p-hm³ t]meo-kn\v km[n-¡p-sa¶v P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m

]²-Xn-bpsS \S-̄ n¸v sXfn-bn-̈ n-cn-¡p-Ibm-Wv. apI-fn-es¯ ]«n-I-bnse tNmZyw ASqcpw ]c-

hq-cp-ambn Bbncw (1000) t]tcmSv tNmZn-¡p-Ibpw 925 t]À t]meo-knsâ kmlv\n[yw IqSp-X-

em-sb¶pw 75 t]Àam-ä-anÃ F¶pw A`n-{]m-b-s -̧«p. F¶mÂ t]meo-knsâ kmlv\n[yw Ipd-

ª-Xmbn Bcpw A`n-{]m-b-s -̧«n-Ã.

]«nI þ 3.38 þ tNmZyw 38 Ignª Hcp hÀj-¡mew Xm¦-fpsS kpc-£nXzw IqSn-b-Xm-

bmtWm Ipd-ª-Xm-bmtWm tXm¶n-bn-«p-ÅXv ?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

IpSp-XÂ 461 456 917

Ipdhv 000 000 000

hyXymkw CÃ 39 44 83

BsI 500 500 500

s]mXp-P-\-̄ nsâ kpc-£n-XXzw Dd-̧ p-h-cp-̄ p-I-bmWv t]meo-knsâ {]Yahpw {][m-\-

hp-amb Npa-X-e. P\-§-fpsS kpc-£n-X-Xz-t_m[w t]meo-knsâ Imcy-£-a-Xsb \nÝ-bn-¡p-hm-

\p-Å Hcp am\-ZÞw IqSn-bm-Wv. P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²Xn \S-̧ n-em-¡n-b-Xn\v tijw

47

X§-fpsS kpc-£nXzw IqSn-b-Xmbn 917 t]cpw hymXymkw CÃ F¶v 83 t]cpw A`n-{]m-b-s¸-

«Xv. ]²-Xn-bpsS h³ hnP-b-ambn IW-¡m-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

]«nI þ 3.39 þ tNmZyw 39 Ignª Hcp hÀj-¡mew Xm¦Ä GsX-¦nepw Ipä-Ir-Xy-̄ n\v Cc-

bm-bn-«pt−m?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

D−v 31 36 67

CÃ 469 464 933

BsI 500 500 1000

P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²Xn \S-̧ n-em-¡nb {]tZ-i-§-fnÂ Ipä-Ir-Xy-§-fpsS F®w Ipd-

ªn-«p-Å-Xmbn dnt¸mÀ«v sN¿-s¸-«n-«p-Å-Xm-Wv. sNdnb sNdnb ]cm-Xn-bn-t·Â t]mepw

tIsk-Sp-¡p¶ Hcp kwØm-\-amWv tIc-fw. F¦nepw {Ia-k-am-[m\ ]me-\-̄ nÂ tIcfw aäv

kwØm-\-§sf At]-£n¨v H¶m-a-Xm-sW¶v tZio-b-ambn AwKn-I-cn-¡-s¸-«n-«p-Å hkvXp-

XbmWv. P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²-Xn¡v C¡m-cy-̄ nÂ henb ]¦v hln-¡p-hm³ km[n-̈ n-«p-

−v. 933 t]À Ignª Hcp hÀj-¡mew Hcp Ipä-Ir-Xy-̄ n\pw Cc-bm-bn-«nÃ F¶v A`n-{]m-b-

s -̧Sp-Ibpw 67 t]À D−v F¶v Adn-bn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

]«nI þ 3.40 þ tNmZyw 40 t]meokv tÌj-\nÂ ]cmXn \evIn-bn-«pt−m?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

D−v 31 36 67

CÃ 00 00 00

BsI 31 36 67

P\m-[n-]Xy kwhn-[m-\-¯nÂ ]ucm-h-Im-i-§-fpsS kwc-£-I-cmWv t]meo-kv. s]mXp-P-\-

§Ä bP-am-\-·mcpw t]meokv tkh-I-cp-am-sW¶ tXm¶Â D−m-bmÂ am{Xsa t]meokv

tÌj-\p-I-fnÂ \nÀ`bw ]cm-Xn-bp-ambn IS-¶p-sN-Ãm³ km[n¡pw F¶ hnizmkw P\-§-fnÂ

cq]-s -̧Sp-I-bp-Åp. A¯-c-̄ n-semcp hnizmkw P\-a-\-Êp-I-fnÂ krjvSn-s -̈Sp-¡p-hm³

48

P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²-Xn¡v km[n-̈ n-«p−v F¶mWv apI-fn-es¯ ]«n-I-bnse hnh-c-§Ä

kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv. ]«nI 3.39 Â Ipä-Ir-Xy-̄ n\v Cc-bmbn F¶v ]d-ªn-cp¶ 67 t]cpw

t]meokv tÌj-\nÂ ]cmXn \evIn-bn-«p−v F¶v ]«nI 3.40 se IW-¡p-IÄ sXfn-bn-¡p-¶p.

]«nI þ 3.41 þ tNmZyw 41 Ignª Hcp hÀj-¡mew Xm¦-fpsS {]tZ-i¯v ]qhme iey-s¯-

Ip-dn-̈ pÅ ]cmXn {i²-bnÂs¸-«n-«pt−m?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

D−v 12 18 30

CÃ 488 482 970

BsI 500 500 1000

30 t]À ]qhme iey-s¯-Ip-dn¨v ]cmXn DÅ-Xmbn {i²-bnÂs -̧«n-«p-s−¶pw 970 t]À CÃ

F¶pw ]d-bp-I-bp-−m-bn.

]«nI þ 3.42 þ tNmZyw 42 D−v F¶msW¦nÂ F{X F®w?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

Hsc®w (1) 3 5 8

cs−®w (2) 2 6 8

aqs¶®w (3) 5 4 9

\mse®w (4) 2 3 5

As©®w (5) 00 00 00

BsI 12 18 30

]qhme iey-̄ nsâ F®w tcJ-s¸-Sp-̄ p-hm³ Bh-iy-s¸« 30 t]cnÂ 8 t]À Hsc-®-sa-¶pw,

8 t]À cs−-®-sa¶pw tcJ-s¸-Sp-̄ n. ]qhm-e-i-ey-s -̄¡p-dn-̈ pÅ aq¶v tIÊp-IÄ {i²-

bnÂs¸«n«p-s−¶v 9 t]cpw \mse®w F¶v 5 t]cpw A`n-{]mbw tcJ-s¸-Sp-̄ n.

49

]«nI 3.43 tNmZyw 43 ]qhme iey-̄ n\v F{X amäw h¶p?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

F®w IqSn 000 000 000

Hcp-am-ä-hp-anÃ 000 000 000

Ipdªp 12 18 30

Adn-bnÃ 000 000 000

BsI 12 18 30

]qhm-e-i-ey-s¯-Ip-dn¨v {i²-bnÂs¸-«n-cp¶p F¶v A`n-{]mbw ]dª ap¸Xv (30)

t]cpw A¯cw tIÊp-IÄ Ipdªp F¶v tcJ-s¸-Sp-̄ n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. ]qhm-e-ieyw hÀ²n-̈ -

Xm-tbm, Hcp amä-hp-an-sÃt¶m, Adn-bn-sÃt¶m Bcpw Xs¶ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-Ã.

]«nI þ 3.44 þ tNmZyw 44 tamjWw/]nSn-̈ p-]dn F¶n-hbv¡v F{X hyXymkw h¶p?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

IqSp-X-embn 000 000 000

amä-anÃ 000 000 000

Ipdªp 407 409 816

Adn-bnÃ 93 91 184

BsI 500 500 1000

t]meo-kn\v A\p-Zn\w Xe-th-Z\ krjvSn-¡p¶ Ipä-Ir-Xy-ta-J-eIfmWv tamjWhpw

]nSn-̈ p-]-dn-bp-sam-s¡. tamjvSm¡Ä AXn-\q-X-\-amb amÀ¤-§Ä t]mepw ]e-t¸mgpw D]-tbm-

Kn-¡m-dp-−v. P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²-Xn-bpsS kzm[o-\-s¯-Ip-dn¨v ]T\w \S-̄ nb ASq-

cnepw ]c-hq-cn-ep-ambn 816 t]À C¯cw Ipä-Ir-Xy-§Ä Ipd-ª-h-cp-¶-Xmbpw 184 t]À Adn-

bnÃ F¶pw A`n-{]m-b-s -̧«-t¸mÄ tamjWw/]nSn-̈ p-]dn F¶nh IqSn, amä-anÃ F¶-̀ n-{]mbw

BÀ¡pw D−m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.

50

]«nI 3.45 tNmZyw 45 Ignª Hcp hÀj-̄ n-\n-S-bnÂ Xm¦-fpsS {]tZ-i¯v Kp−m AXn-

{Iaw D−m-bn-«pt−m?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

D−v 000 000 000

CÃ 437 414 851

Adn-bnÃ 63 86 149

BsI 500 500 1000

851 t]À Kp−m AXn-{Iaw D−m-bn-«nÃ F¶-̀ n-{]m-b-s -̧«-t¸mÄ 149 t]À Adn-bnÃ

F¶pw ]d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p. Kp−m AXn-{Iaw D−m-b-Xmbn Bcpw ]d-bp-I-bp-−m-bn-Ã.

]«nI 3.46 tNmZyw 47 Xm¦-fpsS {]tZ-i¯v hymP-aZy {]iv\w \ne-\n-ev¡pt−m?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

D−v 29 31 60

CÃ 406 409 815

Adn-bnÃ 65 60 125

BsI 500 500 1000

aZy-̄ nsâ D]-t`m-K-̄ nÂ ap³]-́ n-bnÂ \nev¡p¶ kwØm-\-amWv tIc-f-sa-¶mWv IW-¡p-

IÄ kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv. Hmtcm BtLm-j-§fpw, hntij Znh-k-§fpw Ign-bp-t¼mÄ dnt¡mÀUv

t`Zn-̈ p-sIm-−pÅ aZy-hn-ev]-\-bpsS IW-¡p-I-fmWv _nh-td-Pkv tImÀ -̧td-jsâ tcJ-IÄ

{]Imcw {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. A¯-c-̄ n-epÅ Hcp kaq-l-̄ nÂ hymP-aZyw Hcp {]iv\-

ambn \ne-sIm-Åp-¶Xv kzm`m-hnIw am{X-amWv. apI-fnÂ sImSp-̄ n-cn-¡p¶ ]«nI kqNn-̧ n-¡p-

¶-Xp-t]mse 60 t]À X§-fpsS {]tZ-i¯v hymP-aZy {]iv\w \ne-\nÂ¡p¶p−v F¶pw. 815

t]À CÃ F¶pw 125 t]À Adn-bnÃ F¶pw A`n-{]m-b-s -̧«n-cn-¡p-¶p.

51

]«nI 3.47 tNmZyw 48 hymP-aZy {]iv\-̄ nÂ Ignª Hcp hÀj-̄ n-\n-S-bnÂ Fs´-¦nepw

amäw D−m-bn-«pt−m?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

IqSp-X-embn 000 000 000

amä-anÃ 000 000 000

Ipdªp 29 31 60

Adn-bnÃ 000 000 000

BsI 29 31 60

]«nI 46 Â hymP-a-Zy-{]iv\w \ne-\n-ev¡p-¶p−v F¶-̀ n-{]m-b-s¸« 60 t]tcmSv am{X-

amWv Cu tNmZyw tNmZn-̈ Xv. apgp-h³ t]cpw (60 t]À) Ipdªp F¶v A`n-{]m-b-s -̧Sp-I-bp-

−m-bn. IqSp-X-em-bn, amä-an-Ã, Adn-bnÃ F¶o A`n-{]m-b-§Ä BcpsS `mK¯v \n¶pw D−m-

bn-«n-Ã.

]«nI þ 3.48 þ tNmZyw 49 {]iv\ ]cn-lm-c-̄ n-\mbn t]meokv tÌj-\nÂ t]mIm³ Xm¦Ä¡v

aSn-bpt−m?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

D−v 35 39 74

CÃ 465 461 926

BsI 500 500 1000

s]mXp-P\w X§-fpsS {]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-̄ n-\mbn t]meokv tÌj-\p-Isf kao-]n-¡p-¶Xv

t]meokv DtZym-K-ØÀ AhÀ¡v kzoIm-cy-amb coXn-bnepw \nb-am-\p-k-c-Whpw {]hÀ¯n-

bv¡p¶p F¶ t_m[yw DÅ-XpsIm-−m-Wv. 926 t]À X§-fpsS {]iv\-§Ä ]cn-l-cn-bv¡p-¶-

Xn\v t]meokv tÌj-\nÂ t]mIm³ aSn-bnÃ F¶p A`n-{]m-b-s -̧«-t¸mÄ 74 t]À am{X-amWv

aSn-bp−v F¶p ]d-ªXv.

52

]«nI þ 3.49 þ tNmZyw 50 t]meokv P\-§Ä¡v klm-b-I-c-am-sW¶v tXm¶pt−m?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

D−v 469 456 925

CÃ 000 000 000

Adn-bnÃ 31 44 75

BsI 500 500 1000

925 t]À X§Ä¡v klm-b-I-c-amWv t]meokv F¶ A`n-{]mbw tcJ-s¸-Sp¯n. 75 t]À Adn-

bnÃ F¶v A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«p. CÃ F¶ A`n-{]mbw Bcpw tcJ-s¸-Sp-̄ n-bn-Ã.

]«nI 3.50 tNmZyw 51 t]meo-knsâ {]hÀ¯\w Xm¦Ä F§s\ hne-bn-cp-̄ p¶p?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

tamiw 000 000 000

icm-icn 29 33 62

hfsc \ÃXv 471 467 938

BsI 500 500 1000

Cu ]«n-I-bnse hnh-c-§Ä henb Hcp kXys¯ shfn-s¸-Sp¯p¶p. t]meokv X§-

fpsS IrXy-\nÀÆ-l-W-¯nsâ `mK-ambn s]mXp-P-\-§-fp-ambn \nbaw A\p-im-kn-¡p¶ coXn-

bnÂ kl-I-cn-¡p-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ t]meo-knw-Kn-s\-Ip-dn¨v P\-̄ n-\pÅ aXn¸v hÀ²n¡pw F¶

kXyw ASqÀ, ]c-hqÀ t]meokv tÌj-\p-I-fnÂ \S-̧ n-em-¡nb P\-ssa{Xn kpc£ ]²Xn

h³hn-P-b-amWv F¶-Xnsâ sXfn-hmWv 938 t]À t]meo-knsâ {]hÀ¯\w hfsc \Ã coXn-bn-

em-sW¶v A`n-{]m-b-s -̧«-Xv. 62 t]À am{X-amWv icm-icn F¶ A`n-{]mbw tcJ-s¸-Sp-̄ n-b-Xv.

t]meo-knsâ sNdnb sXäp-I-sf-t¸mepw ]ÀÆ-Xo-I-cn¨v ImWn-¡p¶ tIcfw t]mepÅ Hcp

kaql-̄ nse C¯cw A`n-{]m-b-§Ä AÀln-bv¡p¶ {]m[m-\y-t¯msS ]cn-K-Wn-t¡-−-Xm-

Wv.

53

]«nI þ 3.51 tNmZyw 52 P\-§Ä¡v t]meo-kns\ kao-]n-¡p-hm³ F{X-am{Xw km[n-bv¡p-

¶p−v F¶mWv Xm¦Ä Icp-Xp-¶Xv?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

Xosc km²y-aÃ 000 000 000

icm-icn 29 33 62

hfsc \¶mbn 471 467 938

BsI 500 500 1000

938 t]cpw t]meo-kns\ kao-̧ n-¡p-hm³ hfsc \¶mbn km[n-¡p-¶p−v F¶mWv A`n-{]m-b-

s -̧«Xv 62 t]À icm-icn F¶p-tc-J-s¸-Sp-̄ n-b-t¸mÄ Bcpw Xs¶ Xosc km²y-aÃ F¶

A`n-{]mbw ]d-ªn-Ã.

]«nI þ 3.52 þ tNmZyw 53 t]meo-knsâ s]cp-am-äs¯ Xm¦Ä F§s\ hne-bn-cp-̄ p¶p?

ASqÀ ]c-hqÀ BsI

tamiw 000 000 000

icm-icn 29 33 62

hfsc \ÃXv 471 467 938

BsI 500 500 1000

tIcf t]meo-knsâ Ncn-{X-̄ nse A`n-am-\mÀl-amb Hcp t\«-ambn P\-ssa{Xn

kpc£m ]²Xn amdn-¡-gn-ªn-cn-¡p¶p F¶-Xnsâ sXfn-hmWv 938 t]À t]meo-knsâ s]cp-

amäw hfsc \Ã-Xm-sW¶v A`n-{]mbw tcJ-s -̧Sp-̄ n-b-Xv. 62 t]À icm-icn F¶v tcJ-s¸-Sp-

¯n-b-t¸mÄ tamiw F¶ A`n-{]mbw BcpsS `mK-̄ p-\n¶pw D−m-bnÃ F¶Xpw {]tXyIw

{i²n-t¡− hkvXp-X-bm-Wv.

54

\nK-a-\-§fpw \nÀt±-i-§fpw (Conclusion and Suggestions)

1956 \hw-_À H¶mw XobXn Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ, sIm¨n F¶o \m«p-cm-Py-§fpw aZn-cmin

{]kn-U³kn-bpsS `mK-am-bn-cp¶ ae-_mÀPn-Ãbpw IqSn kwtbm-Pn-̧ n¨v ae-bm-fn¡v Hcp amXr-

`q-anbmbn cq]o-Ir-X-amb tIc-f-̄ nÂ t]meo-kns\ ]cn-jv¡-cn-¡p-hm\pw kmaq-ly-am-ä-̄ n-\-\p-

k-cn¨v cq]s¸-Sp-̄ p-hm-\p-ambn ]e-{i-a-§fpw \S-̄ n-bn-«p-−v. A©v Zim-_vZ-§Ä¡v tijw

C¶v Hcp Xncn-ªp-t\m«w \S-̄ n-bmÂ {]kvXpX {ia-§Ä H¶pw-Xs¶ {]Xn-£n¨ coXn-bnÂ

hnP-bn-̈ nÃ F¶v t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¶XmWv. t]meo-kns\ ]cn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v ]Icw B[p-\nI

hÂ¡-c-W-̄ n\mWv \mw IqSp-XÂ Xmev]cyw ImWn-̈ n-«p-ÅXv F¶v ]cs¡ Btcm-]n-¡-s -̧«n-

«p-Å-Xm-Wv. AXym-[p-\nI D]-I-c-W-§fpw B[p-\nI kmt¦XnI hnZy-bpsS ]n³_-e-hp-

sams¡ D−m-bn«pw t]meo-knÂ \n¶pw s]mXp-P\w {]Xn-£n-¡p¶ coXn-bn-epÅ Xr]vXn-I-

chpw Imcy-£-ahpw Ime-Xm-a-k-an-Ãm-̄ -Xp-amb tkh\w e`n-¡p-¶nÃ F¶ ]cmXn ]cs¡

DbÀ¶p-h-¶n-«p-Å-XmWv. t]meo-kp-]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ hml-\-§-tfm Bbp-[-§-tfm Ah-cpsS

thj-hn-[m-\-§tfm AÃ amtd-−Xv adn¨v {]hÀ -̄\-co-Xn-bnepw s]mXp-P-\-§-tfm-SpÅ kao-]-

\-̄ nepamWv amäw hcp-t¯-−Xv F¶ kXy-amWv ChnsS shfn-s¸-Sp--¶-Xv.

P\-§sf `b-s¸-Sp¯n \nb-{ń-¡p¶ t]meokv F¶ ]gb k¦-ev]-̄ nÂ \n¶pw P\-

§-fpsS kplr-̄ pw, hgn-Im-«nbpw, kwc-£-I-\p-amb t]meokv F¶ Bi-b-̄ n-te¡v amdn-sb-

¦nÂ am{Xta Xr]vXn-I-c-hpw, Imcy-£-a-hp-amb t]meo-knwKv \S-̧ n-em-hp-I-bp-Åp. A¯cw Hcp

kzmK-XmÀl-amb amä-̄ nsâ {][m-\-s¸« Hcp Nph-Sp-h-bv]mWv P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²-Xn.

t]meokpw s]mXp-P-\-§fpw X½n-epÅ Aćw Ipd-bv¡p-¶-Xn\pw kulr-Z-̄ n\pw

]c-kv]c kl-I-c-W-¯nepw A[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp _Ôw Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw P\-ssa{Xn

kpc£m ]²-Xn¡v km[n-¡p-¶p-−v. s]mXp-P-\-̄ n\v t]meo-kns\ Ipdn¨v \Ã A`n-

{]mbhpw aXn-̧ p-am-bn-cp-¶nÃ D−m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. tI«-dn-hn-tâ-bpw, am²y-a-§-fnÂ {]N-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xn-

tâbpw ASn-Øm-\-̄ nÂ, t\cn«v A\p-̀ hw CÃm¯ Imcy-§-fnÂ t]mepw t]meo-kns\ XÅn-

]-d-bp-hm\pw hnaÀin-¡p-hm\pw ImWn-¡p¶ {]h-W-Xm-bn-bn-cp¶p s]mXp-hn-ep-−m-bn-cp-¶-Xv.

AXp-t]mse Xs¶ ]c-¼-cm-K-X-ambn ]n³Xp-SÀ¶p-h-¶n-cp¶ ssien-bmÂ Xs¶ s]mXp-P-

\s¯ i{Xp-hmbpw, Ipä-hm-fn-I-fmbpw I−n-cp¶, `b-s -̧Sp¯n AI-än-\nÀ¯p-hm³ {ian-̈ n-

cp¶ t]meokpw C¯cw Hcp kml-N-cy-̄ n\v Imc-W-¡m-cm-Wv. P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²-Xn-

bpsS `mK-ambn t]meokv P\-§-fn-te¡v Cd-§n-sN-Ãp-Ibpw, Ah-cpsS {]hÀ -̄\-§-fnÂ P\-

§sf ]¦m-fn-I-fm-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-tXm-Sp-IqSn ASqÀ, ]c-hqÀ {]tZ-i-§-fnÂ P\-§fpw

t]meokpw X½n-epÅ Aćw Ipd-bv¡p-hm³ km[n¨p F¶mWv Cu ]T-\-̄ n-eqsS shfn-s -̧

Sp-¶-Xv. P\-ssa{Xn _oäv Gcn-b-I-fnÂ kwL-Sn-̧ n¨ ]e-s]m-Xp-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifnse P\-]-¦m-

fn¯w ]cn-tim-[n-̈ mÂ CXv t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¶-Xm-Wv. \Ã _Ô-̄ nsâ ASn-Øm\w ]c-kv]cw

55

\¶mbn Adn-bpI F¶-Xm-Wv. t]meo-kns\ \¶mbn a\-Ên-em-¡p-hm³ _näv Hmô-kÀam-cn-

eq-sSbpw aäpbÀ¶ DtZym-K-Ø-cneq-sSbpw P\-§Ä¡v Ah-kcw e`n-¡p-¶p-−v.

Ipä-Ir-Xy-§Ä D−m-Ip-hm-\pÅ kml-N-cy-§-tfbpw AXn-\pÅ km²y-X-I-tfbpw

Ipdn¨v ap³Iq«n a\-Ên-em¡n ap³I-cp-XÂ \S-]-Sn-IÄ kzoI-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS Ipä-Ir-Xy-§-fpsS

F®w Ipd-bv¡p-¶-Xn\pw ê-{]-Z-ambn XS-bp-¶-Xn\pw km[n-¡pw. P\-ssa-{Xn-_näv Gcn-b-I-

fnÂ A¯cw kml-N-cy-§-Ä ap³Iq«n t]meo-kns\ Adn-bn-¡p-hm-\pÅ {Iao-I-c-W-§Ä

sNbvXn-«p-ÅXv {]iw-k-\o-b-amb ImcyamWv. Ae-ªp-Xn-cnªv \S¡p-¶-hÀ, A\y-tZ-i-¡mÀ,

kmaq-lnI hncp-² {]hÀ -̄\-§-fnÂ GÀs -̧Sp-¶-hÀ F¶n-h-sc-Ip-dn¨v t]meo-kns\ Adn-bn-

¡p-hm³ _näv Gcn-b-I-fnÂ P\w apt¶m«p hcp-¶p-−v. CXv Ipä-Ir-Xy-§Ä KWy-ambn Ipd-

bv¡p-hm³ klm-bn-¡p-¶p-−v. s]mXp-P-\-§-fpsS Ah-Im-i-§Ä kwc-£n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw

sskzc-Po-hnXw Dd-̧ p-h-cp-̄ p-¶-Xn\pw {]Xn-Úm-_-²-amWv t]meo-kv. X§-fpsS Ah-Im-i-

§Ä Fs´m-s¡-bm-sW¶pw Ah-bpsS adp-h-i-ambn \nÀÆ-ln-t¡-−-Xmb Nne IS-a-IÄ

Ds−¶pw P\s¯ t_m[-hÂ¡-cn-t¡-−Xv AXy-́ m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. skan-\m-dp-I-fn-eq-sSbpw,

NÀ¨m-¢m-Êp-I-fn-eq-sSbpw Cu Npa-Xe ASqcpw ]c-hqcpw IrXy-ambn \nÀÆ-ln-¡-s -̧Sp-¶p.

{Sm^nIv A]-I-S-§Ä hym]-I-am-Ip¶ tIc-f-̄ nÂ {Sm^nIv \nb-a-§sf kw_-Ôn¨v

Hmt«m, SmIvkn ss{UhÀamÀ¡pw, hnZymÀ°n-IÄ¡pw s]mXp-P-\-§Ä¡p-ambn t_m[-hÂ¡-

cW ¢mÊp-Ifpw, {]ZÀi-\-§fpw \S-̄ p-Ibpw eLp-te-L-I-fpw, aäp-{]-kn-²o-I-c-W-§fpw

\evIp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p-−v. s]mXp-P-\-§-fp-ambn tNÀ¶p-sIm−v \S-̄ p¶ cm{Xn-Ime ]t{Sm-

fnw-Knsâ ê-ambn tamj-Ww, hymP-a-Zy-\nÀ½mWw aäp kmaq-ly-hn-cp-²-{]-hÀ -̄\-§Ä Hs¡

]T\w \S-̄ nb c−v {]tZ-i-§-fnepw KWy-amb coXn-bnÂ Ipd-ªp-h-cp-¶-Xmbn tiJ-cn¨

hnh-c-§Ä sXfn-bn-¡p-¶p.

Kp−m, am^nb {]hÀ -̄\-§Ä kw_-Ôn¨v tNmZy-§Ä¡v e`n¨ adp-]-Sn-bnÂ Ignª

Hcp hÀj-̄ n-\n-S-bnÂ Npcp¡w Nne tIÊp-IÄ D−m-b-Xm-bpw, t]meo-knsâ ià-amb CS-

s]-S-en-sâ ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ A¯cw tIÊp-IÄ KWy-amb coXn-bnÂ Ipd-ª-Xmbpw shfn-

s -̧Sp-̄ p-I-bp-−m-bn. a\p-jy³ hym]-cn-¡p¶ taJ-e-IÄ hnkvXr-am-Ip-Ibpw B[p-\nI kmt¦-

XnI hnZy-bpsS D]-tbmKw IqSn hcp-Ibpw sN¿p¶ kaq-l-̄ nÂ Ipä-Ir-Xy-§Ä IqSp-XXv

kz`m-hnIw am{Xw F¶mÂ s]mXp-P\ kl-I-c-W-̄ nÂ ap³Iq«n hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-̄ p-¶-

Xn-eqsS Ahsb XS-bp-hm³ klm-bn-¡p-¶Xv ]²-Xn-bpsS hnP-b-am-Wv.

t]meo-kn-t\mSpw t]meokpw tÌj-\p-I-tfmSpw P\-§Ä¡p-−m-bn-cp¶ ImgvN-̧ m-Sn-Â

h¶ henb amä-amWv P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²-Xn-bpsS Gähpw {][m-\-s¸« kzm[o-\-ambn

IW-¡m-¡m-hp-¶-Xv. t]meokv tÌj-\p-I-fnÂ t]mIp-hm³ aSn-bpt−m?. t]meokv P\-§Ä¡v

klm-b-I-c-am-sW¶v tXm¶pt−m? t]meo-kns\ kao-]n-¡p-hm³ F{X-am{Xw km[n-¡p-¶p−v?.

56

t]meo-knsâ s]cp-am-äs¯ F§s\ hne-bn-cp-̄ p¶p?. F¶o tNmZy-§Äs¡Ãmw CâÀhyq-

hnÂ ]s¦-Sp¯ 90% ¯nÂ A[nIw t]cpw t]mkn-äo-hmb adp-]SnbmWv \evIn-b-Xv. ap³Im-e-

§-fn-sems¡ t]meokv tÌj-\p-I-fnÂ t]mIm³ P\w aSn-Im-Wn-̈ n-cp¶p F¶Xv kXy-am-Wv.

F¶m-en¶v GXp-Im-cy-̄ n\pw t]meo-kns\ kao-]n-bv¡p¶ coXn hÀ²n-̈ p-h-cp-¶-Xmbn ]T-\-

¯nÂ t_m²y-s¸-Sp-I-bp-−m-bn.

t]meokv s]mXp-P-\-_-Ô-̄ nÂ hn¹-hm-ß-I-amb Hcp amä-amWv P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m

]²-Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn ASqÀ, ]c-hqÀ {]tZ-i-§-fnÂ kw`-hn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. tkhn-¡p¶ P\-

§sf Ipdn¨v t]meo-kn\v aXn¸pw tkh\w \evIp¶ t]meo-kn-s\-¡p-dn¨v P\-§Ä¡v _lp-

am-\hpw krjvSn-¡p-hm³ CXp klm-bn-̈ n-«p-−v. {]bm-k-ta-dnb tPmen sNbvXmepw P\-§-

fnÂ \n¶pw AÀln-¡p¶ ]cn-K-W-\bpw _lp-am-\hpw In«msX Ccp¶ \½psS t]meokv

tk\bv¡v ]p¯³ DWÀhv ]I-cp-hm\pw Hcp ]pXnb Cta-Pv cq]-s¸Sp¯p-¶-Xn\pw P\-

ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²Xn D]-I-cn¡pw F¶-XnÂ XÀ¡-an-Ã.

P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²-Xn-bpsS hnP-b-I-c-amb \S-̄ n-̧ n\v Nne \nÀt±-i-§Ä NphsS

tNÀ¡p-¶p.

(1) L«w-L-«-ambn tIc-f-̄ nse apgp-h³ t]meokv tÌj-\p-I-fnepw P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m

]²Xn \S-̧ n-em-t¡−-Xm-Wv.

(2) A©p-hÀjw IqSp-t¼m-gpÅ `c-W-amäw tIc-f-̄ nsâ khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv. C¯cw

cmjv{Sob amä-§sf AXn-Po-hn-̈ p-sIm−v P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²Xn \ne-\nÂ¡-̄ -¡-hn[w

t]meo-kns\ `cn-¡p¶ \nb-a-§-fnepw N«-§-fnepw Bh-iy-amb t`Z-K-Xn-IÄ hcp-t¯-−-Xm-Wv.

(3) hcpw-X-e-ap-dsb P\-ssa{Xn kpc-£-bp-ambn IqSp-XÂ _Ô-s¸-Sp-̄ p-hm³ hnZym-̀ ymk

hIp-̧ p-ambn Btem-Nn¨v I½yq-Wnän t]meo-knwKv ]mTy-]-²-Xn-bnÂ DÄs -̧Sp¯phm³ {ian-¡-

Ww.

(4) AwK-_-e-̄ nÂ tIc-f-̄ nse aäp-Un-̧ mÀ«vsaâp-I-tf¡mÄ H¶m-a-XmWv t]meokv

Un¸mÀ«vsasâ¦nepw tZiob icm-icn A\p-k-cn¨pw \nÀÆ-ln-t¡-− Npa-X-e-I-fpsS _mlpeyw

IW-¡n-se-Sp-¡p-t¼mgpw tk\-bnÂ BÄ_ew Ipd-hm-Wv. t]meokv s]mXp-P-\- A\p-]mXw

hfsc IqSp-X-em-bn-«pÅ tIc-f-̄ nÂ P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²-XnbpsS kpK-a-amb \S-̄ n-

¸n\v ASn-b-́ n-c-ambn t]meo-knÂ \ne-hn-epÅ Hgn-hp-I-fnÂ \nb-a\w \S-t¯-−-XmWv.

(5) P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²-Xn- t]meo-kp-tZym-K-Ø-cpsS ]cn-io-e-\-̄ nsâ `mK-am-t¡-−-

Xm-Wv. \ne-hn-en-cn-¡p¶ Npcp¡w Nne Znh-k-§Ä am{Xw \o−p \nÂ¡p¶ ]cn-io-e-\-̄ n\v

]Icw P\-ssa{Xn DtZym-K-ØÀ¡v hÀjm-hÀjw XpSÀ ]cn-io-e-\-§Ä \ÂIp-¶Xv DNn-X-am-bn-

57

cn-¡pw. t]meokv s{Sbn-\nwKv Øm]-\-§-fnse ]cn-io-e-I-cpsS tkh-\t¯msSm¸w a\-im-

kv{X-hn-Z-Kv²-cp-tSbpw , kÀÆ-I-em-ime/tImtfPv A²ym-]-I-cp-tS-bpw, P\-ssa{Xn DtZym-K-Ø-

cmbn {]hÀ¯n¨v A\p-̀ -h-k-¼-̄ pÅ t]meokv DtZym-K-Ø-cp-tSbpw tkh-\-§Ä D]-tbm-K-

s -̧Sp-̄ mhp-¶-XmWv.

(6) P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²Xn \S-̧ n-em-¡n-bn-cn-¡p¶ tÌj-\p-I-fn-te¡v Fkv. F¨v H.

apXÂ apI-fn-tem-«pÅ DtZym-K-Øsc Ah-cpsS Xmev]-cy-̄ n-sâ-bpw, {]hÀ¯\ anI-hn-tâbpw

ASn-Øm-\-̄ nÂ \nb-an-¡p-¶Xv \¶m-bn-cn-¡pw. Hcp henb tk\ F¶ \ne-bnÂ A\p-

hÀ¯n-̈ p-h-¶n-cp-¶- ssi-en-bnÂ \n¶pw amdn ]pXnb Hcp {]hÀ -̄coXn s]s«¶v DÄsIm-

Åm³ km[n-¡m-̄ -hÀ t]meo-kn-ep-−m-Imw. A¯-c-¡msc Hgn-hm¡n Ign-hpw, Imcy-£-a-

Xbpw kXy-k-Ô-Xbpw sXfn-bn-̈ n-«pÅ DtZym-K-Øsc P\-ssa{Xn t]meokv tÌj-\p-I-fn-te¡v

\ntbm-Kn-t¡-−-XmWv.

(7) _oäv Hmô-kÀamsc km[m-c-W-bm-bpÅ ]mdm-hp-Uyq«n Hgn-sI-bpÅ Npa-X-e-IfnÂ

\n¶pw H-gn-hm-t¡-−-Xm-Wv. tIk-t\z-j-Ww, kvs]jyÂ Uyp«n-IÄ F¶n-h-bnÂ \n¶pw Hgn-

hm¡n ]qÀ®-ambpw I½yq-Wnän t]meokv Hmô-k-dmbn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-hm³ Ah-kcw \evI-Ww.

(8) P\-ssa{Xn _oäv Hmô-kÀamsc B {]tZ-i-§-fnse tIÊp-IÄ kz´w \ne-bnÂ XoÀ¸p-

I-ev]n-¡p-hm³ A\p-h-Zn-¡-cp-Xv. tIÊp-IÄ tÌj³ lukv Hmô-kÀ apXÂ tIÊnsâ

kz`mhw A\p-k-cn¨v DbÀ¶ DtZym-K-Ø-cpsS km¶n-[y-̄ nÂ am{Xsa XoÀ¸p-I-ev]n-¡m-hp.

(9) t]meokv s]mXp-P-\-ku-lrZw Hcp Imc-W-h-imepw Ipäm-t\z-j-Ws¯ _m[n-bv¡m-Xn-

cn-¡p-hm-\mb \S-]-Sn-IÄ kzoI-cn-t¡-−-Xm-Wv. t]meo-kp-am-bpÅ ASp¸w \nb-a-ew-L-\-§Ä¡v

klm-b-I-c-am-Im-Xn-cn-bv¡p-hm³ _näv Hmô-kÀamsc Ipäm-t\z-j-W¯nsâ Npa-Xe Gev]n-¡m-

Xn-cn-bv¡p-¶Xv DNn-X-am-bn-cn-¡pw.

(10) ASqÀ, ]c-hqÀ tÌj-\p-I-fpsS Hcp _oäv Gcn-b-bnÂ icm-icn 1500 hoSp-IÄ hoX-am-

Wp-Å-Xv. IqSp-XÂ _oäv Hmô-kÀamsc \nb-an-̈ p-sIm−v _oäv Gcn-b-I-fpsS F®w

hÀ²n¸n¨v Hmtcm _oän-ep-apÅ hoSp-I-fpsS F®w Ipd-bv¡p-hm³ {ian-bv¡-Ww.

(11) Hcp _oänÂ c−v t]meo-kp-ImÀ D−m-bn-cn-t¡−Xpw AXn-sem-cmÄ h\nX Bbn-cn-

t¡−XpamWv.

(12) _oäv Hmô-kÀamcpsS Uyp«n _p¡nÂ _oäv Uyp«n tcJ-s -̧Sp-̄ p-Ibpw F-¶mÂ aäv

Uyp«n-IÄ¡v Ahsc \ntbm-Kn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-Xmb coXn FXp ASn-b-́ n-c-L-«-̄ n-em-sW-

¦nepw Hgn-hm-t¡-−-Xm-Wv.

58

(13) P\-ssa{Xn _oäv Hmô-kÀamÀ¡v Npcp-§nbXv aq¶p-hÀj-sa-¦nepw Hcp Øe¯v

Xs¶ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-hm-\p-apÅ Ah-kcw \ÂIp-¶Xv \¶m-bn-cn-¡pw.

(14) P\-ssa{Xn t]meo-kp-tZym-K-Øsc Øew amäp-t¼mÄ {]kvXpX ]²Xn \ne-\n-ev¡p¶

tÌj-\p-IÄ t\m¡n \nb-an-t¡-−-Xm-Wv.

(15) PnÃm ASn-Øm-\-̄ nepw, kwØm-\ ASn-Øm-\-̄ nepw icn-bmb hne-bn-cp-̄ -ep-IÄ

\S¯n \¶mbn {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ P\-ssa{Xn t]meo-kp-tZym-K-ØÀ¡pw t]meokv tÌj-\p-

IÄ¡pw DNn-X-amb t{]mÕm-l-\-§Ä \ÂtI-−-Xm-Wv.

(16) P\-ssa{Xn kan-Xn-I-fnse AwK-§-fm-bn- Ignhp sXfn-bn-̈ n-«pÅ s]mXp-P-\-§-Ä¡v

kan-Xn-tbm-K-§-fnÂ ]s¦-Sp-̄ -Xnsâ lmPÀ ]cn-tim-[n-̈ p-sImt−m asä-s´-¦nepw am\-

ZÞw Ah-ew-_n-̈ p-sImt−m X¡-Xmb t{]mÕm-l-\-§Ä \evIp-¶Xv DNn-X-am-bn-cn-¡pw.

(17) Kh¬saânsâ ]»nIv dnte-j³kv hIp¸pw aäp-am-²y-a-§-fp-ambn tNÀ¶p-sIm−v P\-

ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²-Xn-sb-¡p-dn¨v IqSp-XÂ {]N-c-W-§Ä \S-t¯-−-Xm-Wv.

(18) Xt±-i-̀ -cW Øm]-\-§-fp-ambn tNÀ¶p-sIm−v hmÀUp-X-e-§-fnÂ ]uc-·m-cpsS Ah-

Im-i-§-sfbpw Npa-X-e-I-tfbpw kw_-Ôn¨v XpSÀ -̈bmb skan-\m-dp-I-fpw, t_m[-hÂI-c-W-]-

cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw kwL-Sn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv \¶m-bn-cn-¡pw.

59

A\p-_Ôw þ 1

P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²Xn kaq-l-̄ n-ep-f-hm-¡nb kzm[o\w

IW-¡m-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ tNmZym-hen

kÀth \S-¡p¶ Øew:þ hoSv/tdmUv/hym]mc Øm]\w/hnZym-ebw/

kÀ¡m-cm-̂ okv/Bcm-[-\m-ebw

PnÃ : ................................................................................

Xmeq¡v : ................................................................................

hmÀUv : ................................................................................

t]cv : ................................................................................

kv{Xo/]pcp-j³ : ................................................................................

hbÊv : ................................................................................

t]meokv tÌj³ : ................................................................................

hntÃPv/]©m-b¯v/ap\n-kn-̧ m-enän : ................................................................................

hnZym-̀ ymk tbmKyX : ]Tn-̈ n-«nÃ/ss{]adn kv¡qÄ/sslkv¡qÄ/

tImtfPv/t]mÌv {KmPp-thäv/s{]m -̂j-WÂ

aXw: : lnµp apÉow {InkvXy³ aäpÅ hn`mKw

DtZymKw : D−v CÃ

hnhm-ln-X³/hnhm-lnX : BWv AÃ

sSe-t^m¬/samss_Â\-¼À : ................................................................................

hmÀjnI hcp-am\w : ................................................................................

1. Xm¦Ä¡v P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²-Xn-sb-¡p-dn¨v Adn-hpt−m?

D−v CÃ

2. Xm¦Ä¡v F{X-Im-e-ambn P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²-Xn-sb-¡p-dn¨v Adnbmw? ...............................

3. F§-s\-bmWv Cu ]²-Xn-sb-¡p-dn¨v Xm¦Ä Adnhv e`n-̈ Xv?

F. P\-ssa{Xn ]²-Xn-bnÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ t]meokv DtZym-K-Ø-cnÂ \n¶pw

_n. _Ôp-¡Ä, kplr-̄ p-¡Ä F¶n-h-cnÂ \n¶pw

kn. ]{X-am-[y-a-§-fnÂ \n¶v

Un. kÀ¡m-cnsâ s]mXp-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fnÂ \n¶v

C. kÀ¡mÀ {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§-fnÂ \n¶v

F^v. aäp-Åh (hy-à-am-¡p-I)

4. BcpsS t£a-̄ n\v th−n-bmWv {]kvXpX ]²Xn \S-̧ n-em-¡n-bn-«p-ÅXv ?

t]meo-knsâ

P\-§-fpsS

P\-§-fp-sS-bpw, t]meo-kn-sâbpw

60

cmjv{So-b-]mÀ«n-I-fpsS

aäp-Å-hÀ¡v (hy-à-am-¡p-I)

5. P\-ssa{Xn t]meokv DtZym-l-ØÀ F{X-X-hW Xm¦fp-ambn k¼À¡w ]peÀ¯n-bn-«p−v?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

6. GXp-k-a-b-̄ mWv P\-ssa{Xn Xm¦sf kµÀin-̈ Xv?

cmhnse D¨bv¡v sshIn«v cm{Xn-bnÂ

7. kµÀi-\-s¯-¡p-dn¨v Xm¦sf ap³Iq«n Adn-bn-̈ n-cpt¶m?

D−v CÃ

8. FhnsS h¨mWv Xm¦sf kµÀin-̈ Xv?

hoSv s]mXp-Øew I½yq-Wnän lmÄ Bcm-[-\m-ebw aäp-Åh(hy-à-am-¡p-I)

9. kµÀi-\-th-f-bnÂ F{X t]meokv DtZym-K-ØÀ D−mbncp¶p?..................................

10. h\nXm t]meokv D−m-bn-cpt¶m ...........................

D−v CÃ F®w

11. P\-ssa{Xn kµÀi-\-̄ nÂ Xm¦-fpsS `mcy/`À¯mhpw Ip«n-Ifpw ]s¦-Sp-̄ n-«pt−m

D−v CÃ

12. kw`m-j-W-hn-jbw F´m-bn-cp¶p (A-\p-tbm-Py-amb D¯cw AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-̄ p-I)

hyàn-]-c-amb kw`m-jWw/NÀ¨ hmÀUvX-e-tbmKw skan-\mÀ

»Uv{Kq¸v \nÀ®bw cà-Zm\ Iym¼v t\{X-Zm\ Iym¼v P\-ssa{Xn cm{Xn-Ime

]t{Sm-fnwKv/kwtbm-PnX ]t{Sm-fnwKv {Sm^nIv t_m[-hÂ¡-cWw ipNnXz t_m[-

hÂ¡-cWw kzm -́\-þ-kw-c-£W t_m[-hÂ¡-cWw Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£Ww

Zpc´ \nhm-cWw hymP-a-Zy-̄ n-s\-Xn-sc-bpÅ t_m[-hÂ¡-cWw elcn hncp²

{]N-cWw ]pI-bn-e-bvs¡-Xn-sc-bpÅ {]N-cWw ]cm-Xn-s¸«n hgn e`n-¡p¶

]cm-Xn-I-fpsS hnh-c-§Ä kw_-Ôn¨v ho«p-tPm-en-¡m-cp-tS-bpw, aäv sXmgn-em-fn-I-fptSbpw

hnh-c-§Ä kw_-Ôn¨v IpSpw-_-tbmKw aäp-Åh (hy-à-am-¡p-I)....................................

13. kw`m-j-W-̄ n-\p-th−n GI-tZiw F{X-k-abw P\-ssa{Xn DtZym-K-Ø-\p-ambn sNe-hn«p?

aWn-¡qÀ an\n«v

14 _oäv Hmô-k-dpsS s]cp-am-äs¯ Xm¦Ä F§s\ hne-bn-cp-̄ p¶p?

tamiw A`n-{]mbw CÃ hfsc \ÃXv

15 DtZym-K-Øsâ CS-s]-S-enÂ Xm¦Ä Xr]vX-\mtWm?

BWv AÃ

16 P\-ssa{Xn _oäv Hmô-kÀ kwkm-cn¨ hnj-bs¯ Xm¦Ä¡v HmÀ½-bpt−m?

D−v AÃ

17 HmÀ½-bp-s−-¦nÂ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡pI? .............................................................................................................

18 P\-ssa{Xn t]meokv DtZym-K-Ø-cpsS \nÀt±-i-§Ä/{]hÀ¯-\-§Ä {]tbm-P-\-I-c-sa¶v

Xm¦Ä¡v tXm¶pt−m?

D−v CÃ

61

19. P\-ssa{Xn t]meokv DtZym-K-Ø-sâ \nÀt±-i-§-fnÂ GsX-¦nepw Xm¦Ä {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-

¡n-bn-«pt−m?

D−v CÃ

20 {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-¡n-bn-«p-s−-¦nÂ hni-Z-am-¡pI?...........................................................

21. ]²-Xn-bpsS ]ptcm-K-Xn-¡mbn Fs´-¦nepw \nÀt±-i-§Ä Xm¦Ä \ÂIn-bn-«pt−m?

D−v CÃ

22. \nÀt±-i-§Ä Ds−-¦nÂ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡pI? ....................................................................................................

23. P\-ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²Xn Xm¦-fpsS KmÀlnIm´-co-£-̄ nÂ Fs´-¦nepw amä-§Ä

hcp-̄ n-bn-«pt−m?

\Ã amäw hyXymkw CÃ Iep-jn-X-am¡n

24. P\-ssa{Xn t]meokv DtZym-K-ØÀ Xm¦-fpsS {]tZ-is¯ hml-\-K-Xm-KX {Iao-I-c-W-§Ä

sa -̈s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶-Xn\p th−n {]hÀ¯n-̈ n-«pt−m?

D−v CÃ Adn-bnÃ

25 {]hÀ¯n-̈ n-«p-s−-¦nÂ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡pI .........................................................................................................

26. P\-ssa{Xn t]meokv DtZym-K-ØÀ Xm¦-fpsS {]tZ-is¯ ipNo-I-cW {]hÀ¯\-§Ä

sa -̈s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶-Xn\v Fs´-¦nepw \S-]-Sn-IÄ FSp-̄ n-«pt−m?

D−v CÃ Adn-bnÃ

27. {]hÀ¯n-̈ n-«p-s−-¦nÂ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡pI ..........................................................................................................

28. P\-ssa{Xn t]meokv DtZym-K-Ø³ Xm¦-fpsS {]tZ-is¯ Ip«n-I-fp-ambn Bi-b-hn-\n-abw

\S-̄ m-dpt−m

D−v CÃ Adn-bnÃ

29. \S-̄ m-dp-s−-¦nÂ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡pI?...............................................................................................................

30. P\-§sf cm{Xn-Ime ]t{Sm-fnw-KnÂ ]s¦-Sp-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ \S-]-Sn-IÄ P\-ssa{Xn

t]meokv DtZym-K-Ø³ kzoI-cn-̈ n-«pt−m?

D−v CÃ Adn-bnÃ

31 Ds−-¦nÂ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡pI? ..............................................................................................................................

32. P\-ssa{Xn ]²Xn \n§-fpsS {]tZ-is¯ kv{XoI-fpsS kpc-£-bnÂ amäw hcp-¯n-bn-«p-Å-

Xmbn Xm¦Ä¡p tXm¶n-bn-«pt−m?

D−v CÃ Adn-bnÃ

33. D−v F¦nÂ F{X-am{Xw

ZpÊ-l-am¡n amä-anÃ hfsc sa -̈s¸«p

34 P\-ssa{Xn DtZym-K-Ø-cp-am-bpÅ Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-̄ nsâ ê-ambn t]meo-kn-s\-¡p-dn-

¨pÅ Xm¦-fpsS ImgvN-̧ m-SnÂ amäw h¶n-«pt−m?

D−v CÃ Adn-bnÃ

35. D−v F¶m-sW-¦nÂ F{X-am{Xw?

hf-sc-tamiw amä-anÃ hfsc sa¨-s¸«p

62

36. P\-ssa{Xn ]²Xn sa -̈s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶-Xn-\pÅ Xm¦-fpsS \nÀt±-i-§Ä Fs´Ãmw?

..............................................................................................................................................................................................

37. Ignª Hcp hÀj-̄ n-\n-S-bnÂ t]meo-knsâ km¶n-²y-̄ n\v Fs´-¦nepw hyXymkw

A\p-̀ -h-s¸-«n-«pt−m?

IqSp-XÂ Ipdhv amä-anÃ

38. Ignª Hcp hÀj-¡mew Xm¦-fpsS kpc-£n-XXzw IqSn-b-XmtWm Ipd-ª-XmtWm

tXm¶n-bn-«p-ÅXv?

IqSp-XÂ Ipdhv hyXym-k-anÃ

39. Ignª Hcp hÀj-¡mew Xm¦Ä GsX-¦nepw Ipä-Ir-Xy-̄ n\v Cc-bm-«pt−m?

D−v CÃ

40 t]meokv tÌj-\nÂ ]cmXn \ÂIn-bn-«pt−m? hni-Z-am-¡pI................................................................

41. Ignª Hcp-hÀj-¡mew Xm¦-fpsS {]tZ-i¯v ]qhme iey-s¯-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ ]cmXn

{i²-bnÂs¸-«n-«pt−m

D−v CÃ

42. D−v F¶m-sW-¦nÂ F{X-sbÃmw?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5

43. ]qhm-e-i-ey-̄ n\v F{X hyXymkw h¶p?

F®w IqSn Hcp-am-ä-anÃ Ipdªp Adn-bnÃ

44 tamjWw/]nSn-̈ p-]dn F¶n-hbv¡v F{X hyXymkw h¶p?

IqSp-X-embn Hcp amä-hp-anÃ Ipdªp Adn-bnÃ

45. Ignª Hcp hÀj-̄ n-\n-S-bnÂ Xm¦-fpsS {]tZ-i¯v Kp−m AXn-{Iaw D−m-bn-«pt−m

D−v CÃ Adn-bnÃ

46. Ignª Hcp hÀj-̄ n-\n-S-bnÂ Xm¦-fpsS {]tZ-i¯v Kp−m AXn-{I-a-̄ n\v F{X

hyXymkw h¶p.

IqSp-X-embn Hcp amä-hp-anÃ Ipdªp Adn-bnÃ

47. Xm¦-fpsS {]tZ-i¯v hymP aZy-{]iv\w \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶pt−m

D−v CÃ Adn-bnÃ

48. hymP-aZy {]iv\-̄ nÂ Ignª Hcp hÀj-̄ n-\n-S-bnÂ Fs´-¦nepw amäw D−m-bn-«pt−m

IqSp-X-embn Hcp-am-ä-hp-anÃ Ipdªp Adn-bnÃ

49. {]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-̄ n-\mbn t]meokv tÌj-\nÂ t]mIm³ Xm¦Ä¡v aSnbpt−m

D−v CÃ

50 t]meokv P\-§Ä klm-b-I-c-am-sW¶v Xm¦Ä¡v tXm¶p-¶pt−m?

D−v CÃ Adn-bnÃ

51. t]meo-knsâ {]hÀ¯\w Xm¦Ä F§s\ hne-bn-cp-̄ p¶p

tamiw icm-icn hfsc \¶mbn

63

52. P\-§Ä¡v t]meo-kns\ kao-]n-¡m³ F{X-am{Xw km[n-¡p-¶p−v F¶mWv Xm¦Ä

Icp-Xp-¶Xv

tamiw icm-icn hfsc \Ã-Xv.

53. t]meo-knsâ s]cp-am-äs¯ Xm¦Ä F§s\ hne-bn-cp-̄ p¶p

tamiw icm-icn hfsc \Ã-Xv.

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ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²Xn tIcf-¯nÂ Hcp hne-bn-cp-¯Âkeralapolice.org/media/pdf/janamaithri/study-reports/janamaithri... · P\ssa{Xn kpc£m ]²Xn tIcf-¯nÂ ... ¯\wXn« PnÃb- nse {][m\s¸«Hcp