Study of Incidence of Gross Urogenital Lesions and ...downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2017/7564019.pdfInadequate nutrition was a possible cause of the high occurrence of ovarian hypoplasia

Research ArticleStudy of Incidence of Gross Urogenital Lesionsand Abnormalities on Does Slaughtered at NyagatareSlaughterhouse Eastern Province Rwanda

BordenMushonga1 Sylvine Twiyizeyimna2 Gervais Habarugira2 Erick Kandiwa1

Simbarashe Chinyoka1 Alaster Samkange1 and Alec Bishi1

1School of Veterinary Medicine Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Namibia P Bag 13301Pioneerspark Windhoek Namibia2School of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine College of Agriculture Animal Sciences and Veterinary SciencesUniversity of Rwanda PO Box 57 Nyagatare Rwanda

Correspondence should be addressed to Alaster Samkange alastersamkangegmailcom

Received 29 May 2017 Revised 24 October 2017 Accepted 8 November 2017 Published 3 December 2017

Academic Editor Nora Mestorino

Copyright copy 2017 Borden Mushonga et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

Reproductive and urinary tract abnormalities are a cause of infertility reproductive inefficiency and economic losses in goatsThe aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and nature of reproductive and urinary tract abnormalities encounteredin female goats slaughtered at Nyagatare abattoir in the Eastern Province of Rwanda Reproductive and urinary organs from 369female goat carcasses were opened by incision and then given a thorough macroscopic examination by visually inspecting andpalpating for evidence of abnormalities The results showed that there was an overall occurrence of 78 reproductive organtractabnormalities and 106 urinary organtract abnormalities Ovarian hypoplasia was the reproductive abnormality with the highestoverall occurrence (323) and renal calculi were the urinary organ abnormality with the highest occurrence (381) 952 ofthe reproductive organtract abnormalities observed usually result in infertility and 913 of the urinary organtract abnormalitiesobserved result in economic losses through condemnation of kidneys at slaughter The high incidence of the observed urinaryorgantract abnormalities represents a potential public health challenge There was no significant difference in the occurrence ofreproductive organtract abnormalities according to breed (119901 gt 005 119899 = 31) There was also no significant difference in theoccurrence of urinary organ abnormalities according to breed (119901 gt 005 119899 = 42)

1 Introduction

With a population of 113 million people in 2013 Rwanda hadone of the highest human population densities in Africa with445 ppekm2 [1] Expansion of large ruminant productionwould exacerbate this land deficit Small ruminants (sheepand goats) however offer a flexible production system thatdoes not require extensive tracts of land [2] Within theAfrican society goats usually form a greater proportion of thetotal wealth of poor families because of the low input andlowmaintenance requirements using small pieces ofmarginallands and poor pasture [3] Furthermore goats have been rec-ommended as an efficient production system for Rwanda [4]

In a few years the goat population in Rwanda had grownto 297 million by 2010 67 of which were in the EasternProvince [1] Goat meat contributed 135 of the total meatproduced in Rwanda in 2011 [1] The main breeds of goatfound in Rwanda are the Small East African Goat and itscrosses with the Alpine and the Anglo-Nubian goat [5] Eachyear a significant loss in goat numbers results from death ofanimals inferior weight gain and male and female infertilityresulting in reproductive inefficiency [6]

Male and female infertility result in reduced productivityin goats A recent publication [7] of male genital abnormal-ities in cattle at Nyagatare abattoir reported that about 30of slaughtered bulls showed reproductive abnormalities of

HindawiJournal of Veterinary MedicineVolume 2017 Article ID 7564019 7 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520177564019

2 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

one form or the other It has previously been argued thatreproductive and urinary tract abnormalities may cause painwhich in turnmay have a negative effect onmating behaviourin livestock [8]

Pathology of the female reproductive tract affects theproductivity of a livestock enterprise because it affects thefertility of the herd or flock [9] and most of this informationhas historically been obtained through abattoir surveys [9ndash11]There are a number of studies on the prevalence of severalabnormalities of the female reproductive tract of sheep [9 10]and goats [11ndash14] Most of the reports on female reproductiveabnormalities emanate from the Middle East [10 11 15ndash18]the Indian subcontinent [13 14 19 20] and sub-SaharanAfrica [12 20 21]

The prevalence of female reproductive abnormalities indifferent breeds of sheep reportedly vary from 072 to asmuch as 527 [10 15 18] whilst that in goats vary from 808to 38 [11 18 19 22ndash24] Female reproductive tract pathologypredominantly affects the uterus followed by the ovary thecervix fallopian tubes and vagina in that order [2 6] mainlydue to parasites such as trypanosomes [25 26] and environ-mental pollutants such as arsenic [27] and neoplasia [6 17]

Gross disorders of the urinary system are not common inabattoir studies About 68 of the kidneys were condemnedfor nephritis in apparently healthy sheep and goats at theHelmex abattoir in Ethiopia [28] Hydronephrosis can becongenital or acquired as a result of urinary tract obstruc-tion [29] Pyelonephritis renal infarction and necrosis areusual sequela to hydronephrosis though they can also resultfrom ascending Corynebacterium renale or Escherichia coliinfections of the urinary tract [30] Urinary calculi in animalsresult from precipitation of dietary calcium oxalate in urineleading to painful conditions like nephritis and cystitisTribulus terrestris was reported as one of the toxic causes ofrenal necrosis and renal calculi in goats [31]

To the best of our knowledge there is no published abat-toir information on reproductive abnormalities in female thatreported the prevalence of male reproductive abnormalitiesin cattle in Nyagatare In Rwanda only a handful of studieson reproductive abnormalities in dairy [32 33] and beefcattle [34ndash36] are available This study aimed to identify andmeasure the period prevalence of reproductive organ andurinary tract abnormalities in female goats slaughtered atNyagatare abattoir between March and June 2013 The studyalso aimed to find the correlation between the breed of goatand the abnormalities encountered

2 Materials and Methods

21 Setting The study was conducted in Nyagatare one ofthe seven districts of the Eastern Province of Rwanda Thedistrict is located at 01∘181015840S and 30∘201015840EThe average altitudeis 15135m above sea level

22 Materials A total of 396 does slaughtered at Nyagatareabattoir were used in this studyThe goat production system isextensive herdingbrowsing and night kraaling According toabattoir records 299 of the does were of the indigenous (local)breed and 97 were cross breeds

23 Design A cross-sectional study was carried out at Nya-gatare abattoir in the Eastern Province Rwanda The studywas conducted over a period of four months from March toJune 2013 The sample consisted of all does aged 6 months orolder that came to the abattoir during the period of the study

24 Procedure After slaughter the relative anatomical con-figurations of the reproductive organs and urogenital tractswere assessed in situ They were then carefully removedintact Abnormalities in shape size or colour were noted andrecorded The samples were then placed in sterilized con-tainers for transportation to Umtara Veterinary Laboratoryfor further examination At the laboratory each reproductivetract was cut open from the vulva through the vagina pastthe cervix and uterine body into each uterine horn up tothe ovaries The urinary bladder and both kidneys were alsocut open A thorough macroscopic examination by visualinspection and palpationwas performed for the identificationof the colour size shape and consistency of any lesions foundon the reproductive organs andurogenital tractsThefindingsof themacroscopic examination were used as the basis for thediagnosis of the various abnormalities observed

25 Analyses Descriptive statistics were used for the analysisof the findings Categorical variables were described usingpercentages whilst bivariate analysis was performed usingchi-square and Fischerrsquos exact tests Collected data wereentered and managed in MS Excel and Statistical Package forSocial Sciences (SPSS) version 160The119885 test for comparisonof proportions was used and 119901 values le 005 were consideredsignificant

3 Results

31 Overall Occurrence of Abnormalities During the 4months of the study 78 (119899 = 396) of the 396 female goats(does) were slaughtered at Nyagatare abattoir and examinedfor abnormalities and 31 had reproductive organtract abnor-malities (Table 3) The types of abnormalities observed wereovarian hypoplasia ovarian cysts endometritis pyometrahydrometra mummified foetus salpingitis haematosalpinxcervical atresia vaginitis and granular vulvovaginitis (Fig-ure 1) The most commonly observed abnormality was ovar-ian hypoplasia which occurred in 323 (119899 = 31) of the goatswith reproductive organtract abnormalities (Table 1) 913of the reproductive organtract abnormalities (exclusive ofvaginitis and vulvovaginitis) are usually a direct cause ofinfertility in female livestock Hypoplasia was defined in thisstudy as an ovary that was less than 05 cm diameter withoutgrossly visible corpora lutea or follicles in an animal that wasolder than 8 months [37]

As indicated in Table 4 106 (119899 = 396) of the 396 goatsexamined had urinary organtract abnormalities The typesof abnormalities observedwere renal calculi hydronephrosispyelonephritis renal abscess renal infarction renal necrosisand cystitis The most commonly observed urinary organabnormality was renal calculi which occurred in 381 (119899 =42) of the goats with urinary organ abnormalities (Table 2)

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 3

Table 1 Overall occurrence of reproductive organ abnormalities in does

Nature of abnormality Frequency Relative frequency ()Ovarian hypoplasia 10 323Endometritis 5 161Pyometra 5 161Ovarian cysts 2 65Salpingitis 2 65Granular vulvovaginitis 2 65Vaginitis 1 32Haematosalpinx 1 32Hydrometra 1 32Mummified foetus 1 32Cervical atresia 1 32Vaginitis 1 32Total 31 -

Figure 1 Vulvovaginitis in a doe

952 of urinary organtract abnormalities (excluding cysti-tis) all result in condemnation of the kidneys at slaughter

The occurrence of reproductive organtract abnormal-ities was higher (35) in cross breed goats (Table 5) andlower (273) in indigenous goats (Table 6) There was nosignificant difference in the occurrence of urinary organabnormalities according to breed (119901 gt 005)

The occurrence of urinary organtract abnormalities washigher (414) in indigenous goats (Table 7) and lower(308) in cross breed goats (Table 8) There was no signi-ficant difference in the occurrence of urinary organ abnor-malities according to breed (119901 gt 005)

4 Ethical Considerations

Ethical approval (by official confirmation notice) for thisstudy protocol was obtained from the Institutional ReviewBoard of the School of Animal Sciences and VeterinaryMedicine College of Agriculture and Veterinary SciencesUniversity of Rwanda The reproductive and urinary tractexamination procedures were performed by a qualified

veterinary pathologist assisted by meat inspectors throughroutine ante- and postmortem inspection aimed at ensuringpersonnel safety Pathological lesions were differentiated andjudged based on Herenda et al (1994) guidelines on meatinspection for developing countries [38]The abattoir author-ities were informed about the study purpose and proceduresand provided written consent prior to commencement of thestudy

5 Discussion

This study revealed a 78 overall occurrence of reproduc-tive organtract abnormalities which consisted of ovarianhypoplasia cystic ovaries endometritis pyometra hydrome-tra haematosalpinx salpingitis cervical atresia vaginitisand vulvovaginitis in does slaughtered at Nyagatare abattoirin the Eastern Province of Rwanda This figure is nearlyidentical to the findings of other authors [18] who reporteda prevalence of 711 and 808 uterine abnormalities insheep and goats respectively and almost similar with find-ings by other workers who reported a prevalence of 1011[39]

The study also revealed a 106 overall occurrence ofurinary organtract abnormalities which consisted of renalcalculi renal infarction renal necrosis renal abscess pyelo-nephritis hydronephrosis and cystitis These findings arenearly double the 64 prevalence reported by other workers[28] The figure is many folds over the 005 nephritisreported elsewhere [20]The case of the latter report is under-standable as our study considered the whole urinary systemwhereas former study only recorded kidney afflictions [20]

Studies in the Sahel region of Nigeria reported that1788 of the slaughtered goats between 1998 and 2009 werepregnant [40]Theperiod duringwhich the current studywascarried out (March to June) was not necessarily within thegestational season of goats in tropical Africa and this explainsthe near absence of pregnant animals at slaughter A longerstudy encompassing the gestational season of the goats mayreveal whether there are proper selection and exclusion ofpregnant goats from those destined for slaughter


Table 2 Overall occurrence of urinary organ abnormalities in does

Nature of abnormality Frequency Relative frequency ()Renal calculi 16 381Hydronephrosis 10 238Pyelonephritis 7 167Renal abscess 4 95Renal infarction 2 48Cystitis 2 48Renal necrosis 1 24Total 42 -

Table 3 Occurrence of reproductive tract abnormalities according to breed of doe

Breed Number of slaughtered animals Frequency of abnormalities Relative frequency ()Indigenous 299 20 67Cross 97 11 113Overall 396 31 78

Table 4 Occurrence of urinary tract abnormalities according to breed of doe


Table 5 Occurrence of reproductive organtract abnormalities in cross breed does

Nature of abnormality Frequency Relative frequency ()Ovarian hypoplasia 7 35Ovarian cysts 1 5Haematosalpinx 1 5Salpingitis 1 5Endometritis 3 15Pyometra 3 15Hydrometra 1 5Mummified foetus 0 0Cervical atresia 1 5Vaginitis 1 5Granular vulvovaginitis 1 5Total 20 -

Table 6 Occurrence of reproductive organtract abnormalities in indigenous does



Table 7 Occurrence of urinary organtract abnormalities in indigenous does

Nature of abnormality Frequency Relative frequency ()Renal calculi 12 414Hydronephrosis 7 241Pyelonephritis 5 172Renal abscess 3 103Renal necrosis 1 34Cystitis 1 34Renal infarction 0 0Total 29 -

Table 8 Occurrence of urinary tract abnormalities in cross breed does

Nature of abnormality Frequency Relative frequency ()Renal calculi 4 308Hydronephrosis 3 231Pyelonephritis 2 154Renal infarction 2 154Renal abscess 1 77Cystitis 1 77Renal necrosis 0 0Total 13 -

The importance of this study is that it established the pres-ence of reproductive and urinary organtract abnormalitiesin otherwise healthy female goats The findings were madein spite of the fact that Rwanda had the highest growth rate(96per annum) in goatmeat production in thewhole of theEast African region [1]Were it not for the prevalence of thesegenital abnormalities the growth rate of goat productionwould have been even higher

Inadequate nutrition was a possible cause of the highoccurrence of ovarian hypoplasia observed in this studyInfertility directly results from ovarian hypoplasia Nutri-tional deficiency and low energy diets were some of themajorcauses of inactive ovaries observed in goats during the post-partum period [41] Work in East African indigenous goatsshowed that ovarian hypoplasia led to decreased oestrogenlevels and irregular oestrus cycles as a result of artificiallyinduced cobalt deficiency [42]

The prevalence of endometritis pyometra and hydrome-tra in this study was higher than that from other studies [21]In cases of hydrometra accumulation of foetal fluids afterembryonic death may result in pseudopregnancy renderingthe doe infertile for that duration [12 43]

The 273 prevalence of ovarian hypoplasia from thecurrent study was much higher than the 1 reported insheep [9] and was not associated with uterus unicornis Theoverall prevalence of ovarian cysts in this study (65) wassimilar to that in a study in culled ewes [11] though it washigher than that by other workers [10 21] Ovarian cysts are adirect cause of infertility in animals [44] Trypanosomiasis adisease that has beenmentioned to occur in Rwanda [45] is acommon cause of infertility of ovarian cyst origin in tropical

African ruminants horses and rodents [25] and may havebeen responsible for observed ovarian cysts

Hydrosalpinx is considered to be an irreversible stageof fallopian tube inflammatory conditions (salpingitis) andcan render an animal sterile These inflammatory conditionsmay result from invasion of infectious organismsThe overallprevalence of salpingitis and haematosalpinx in this study(13) is higher than that from other studies [10] variation inprevalence from other studies could be attributed to differentanimal production systems and nutritional conditions thatvary from one location to another It is also possible thata longer study with more animals may result in lower pre-valence of some of the abnormalities

This study did not however take into consideration theage of animals at slaughter as done by other workers whoproved that susceptibility to reproductive disease increaseswith age [21]

This study also revealed a 106 overall occurrence ofurinary organtract abnormalities 913 of which were asso-ciated with the kidneys The urinary organtract abnormali-ties consisted of renal calculi hydronephrosis pyelonephritiscystitis renal infarction necrosis and abscessThese findingsimplicated sizeable financial losses through condemnationof kidneys at slaughter They also show the presence of apotential public health hazard in situations where goats notshowing obvious signs of disease are slaughtered outsideabattoirs for human consumptionThough these results wereobtained from female goats there is a high likelihood thatthe same urinary organtract exist in the male goats of theEasternProvince of Rwanda Such anoccurrencewould resultin reducedmating behaviour as a result of the pain associated


with these abnormalities ultimately resulting in subfertility ofgoat flocks

Results from this study showed the lack of correlationbetween breed of goat and the occurrence of reproductive andurinary organtract abnormalities in the female goats slaugh-tered at NyagatareThe fact that study period did not coincidewith the gestational season of goats in Rwanda explains whyonly one pregnant animal (a case of mummified foetus) wasrecorded Designation of a wider study period encompassingthe gestational season of goats may be necessary to ascer-tain whether there is wastage due to slaughter of pregnantanimals comparable to those found elsewhere in the region[40]

6 Conclusion

The findings of this study showed an overall prevalenceof 78 for female reproductive organtract abnormalities913 of which have a direct negative effect on fertilitythereby presenting a problem to growth of goat productionin Eastern Rwanda The fact that Rwanda had the fastestgrowth rate of goat populations of 96 per annum in theEast African region however implies that these reproductiveabnormalities are an even worse problem in the rest of theregion or that there are other environmental human andoranimal factors limiting the growth rate of goat production allof which would require separate studies The findings of thisstudy reveal a 106prevalence for female urinary organtractabnormalities 952 of which were of the kidneys whichimplicates notable economic losses due to condemnationof edible organs and an obvious public health threat fromconsumption of diseased organs in goats slaughtered outsidethe abattoir system Urinary organtract abnormalities docu-mented in this study may also indirectly result in increasedinfertility in goat flocks as the pain associated with theseconditions negatively impacts on mating behaviour Thisstudy will provide basic knowledge on the reproductive andurogenital health of the female goats in Eastern Rwanda thatcan be used to guide further investigations throughout thecountry or in the implementation of effective treatment andcontrol strategies aimed at reducing the incidence of doeinfertility

Conflicts of Interest

The authors hereby declare that there were no conflicts ofinterest regarding this research and the publication of themanuscript

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the authorities of Nyagataredistrict who authorised the study in their district Theyalso express their sincere appreciation to the technicians ofNyagatare abattoir involved in collection of samples Manythanks are due to the Nyagatare Campus of the Universityof Rwanda for funding the research and the University ofNamibia for encouraging and funding the publication of thismanuscript

References

[1] FAO Trends in Livestock Production in Africa FAOSTAT Year-book 2014th edition 2014

[2] V Beena R Pawaiya N Shivasharanappa et al ldquoOccurrence ofpathological conditions in the female genitalia of goatsrdquo IndianJournal of Veterinary Pathology vol 39 no 3 p 197 2015

[3] MManzi J Mutabazi C D Hirwa and D R Kugonza ldquoSocio-economic assessment of indigenous goat production system inrural areas of Bugesera District in Rwandardquo Livestock Researchfor Rural Development vol 25 no 11 2013

[4] C J Klapwijk C Bucagu M T van Wijk et al ldquoThe rsquoOnecow per poor familyrsquo programme Current and potential fodderavailability within smallholder farming systems in southwestRwandardquo Agricultural Systems vol 131 pp 11ndash22 2014

[5] R T Wilson and T Murayi ldquoProductivity of the Small EastAfrican goat and its crosses with the Anglo-Nubian and theAlpine in Rwandardquo Tropical Animal Health and Production vol20 no 4 pp 219ndash228 1988

[6] V Beena R Pawaiya K Gururaj et al ldquoPathological studies offemale reproductive tract in goatsrdquo Indian Journal of VeterinaryPathology vol 40 no 1 p 27 2016

[7] E Kandiwa L Nyirakunzimana G Habarugira B Mushongaand A Samkange ldquoA 4-year study of the proportional distribu-tion of male reproductive organ abnormalities in cattle slaugh-tered at Nyagatare abattoir Eastern Rwandardquo Veterinary Medi-cine and Science vol 3 no 4 pp 179ndash186 2017

[8] J G Matthews Diseases of the goat Wiley-Blackwell 4thedition 2016

[9] C Palmieri E Schiavi and L D Salda ldquoCongenital andacquired pathology of ovary and tubular genital organs in ewesA reviewrdquoTheriogenology vol 75 no 3 pp 393ndash410 2011

[10] A Khodakaram-Tafti and A Davari ldquoCongenital and acquiredabnormalities of reproductive tract of non-pregnant ewesslaughtered in Fars province Iranrdquo Iranian Journal of VeterinaryResearch vol 14 no 2 pp 140ndash144 2013

[11] M R H Karim and F S A Muhammad ldquoGross and Histo-pathological Study of the Genitalia in Goatsrdquo The Journal ofVeterinary Medical Science vol 5 no 1 pp 1ndash7 2017

[12] A Almubarak R Abdelghafar andM Badawi ldquoHydrometra ina Goat - Diagnosis Treatment and Subsequent Fertilityrdquo Inter-national Journal of Livestock Research vol 6 no 4 p 114 2016

[13] M R Poyam R P Tiwari and S P Ingole ldquoHistomorphologicalchanges in ovary of goat during various stages of folliculogene-sisrdquoThe Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction vol 32 no Junepp 41-42 2011

[14] M D Gupta M M Akter A D Gupta and A Das ldquoBiometryof Female Genital Organs of Black Bengal Goatrdquo InternationalJournal of Natural Sciences vol 1 no August 2009 2011

[15] D J Khammas N S Ibrahim F E Buni and A F AlwanldquoMacroscopic study of Lesions Affecting Genital Tract of IraqiEwesrdquo Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences vol 37 no 2 pp 266ndash268 2013

[16] K E Dawood ldquoHydrosalpinx and hydrobursitis in infertilegoatsrdquo Turkish Journal of Veterinary amp Animal Sciences vol 34no 5 pp 477ndash480 2010

[17] MRoukbi ldquoA survey of someovarian abnormalities responsiblefor sterility in damascus goatsrdquo Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sci-ences vol 27 no 2 pp 109ndash114 2013

[18] J K Agarwal N K Vashistha A Sharma R Sharma MM Singh and P Kumar ldquoHistopathological study of naturally


occurring pathological conditions of uterus affecting reproduc-tion in small ruminantsrdquo Indian Journal of Veterinary SciencesAnd Biotechnology vol 11 no 2 pp 19ndash22 2015

[19] A K Talukder M A Rahman M T Islam and A N RahmanldquoBiometry of Genitalia Incidence of Gynecological Disordersand Pregnancy Loss in Black Bengal Goat An Abattoir StudyrdquoJournal of Embryo Transfer vol 30 no 1 pp 51ndash57 2015

[20] C B I Alawa I Etukudo-Joseph and J N Alawa ldquoA 6-yearsurvey of pathological conditions of slaughtered animals atZango abattoir in Zaria Kaduna State NigeriardquoTropical AnimalHealth and Production vol 43 no 1 pp 127ndash131 2011

[21] M A Ogunbodede G M Oladede O J Ode and S A UbahldquoSurvey of gross abnormalities and microbal on the femalereproductive tract of Maradi Goats slaughtered at Bodija abat-toir Nigeriardquo International Journal of Advance AgriculturalResearch vol 2 no 1 pp 1ndash7 2014

[22] M Francis ldquoCaprine Ovarian and Uterine Lesions an AbattoirSurveyrdquoMakerere University 2009

[23] AGMohammad ldquoPathological Abnormalities inGenital Tractof Cows Slaughtered at Dhamar Abattoirs Yemenrdquo YemeniJournal of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences vol 1 no 1 pp1ndash8 2013

[24] M H Benaissa B Faye and R Kaidi ldquoReproductive abnor-malities in female camel (Camelus dromedarius) in AlgeriaRelationship with age season breed and body condition scorerdquoJournal of Camel Practice and Research vol 22 no 1 pp 67ndash732015

[25] V O Anosa ldquoDiseases produced by Trypanosoma vivaxin Ruminants Horses and Rodentsrdquo Zentralblatt fur Vet-erinarmedizin Reihe B vol 30 no 1-10 pp 717ndash741 2010

[26] C M F Rodrigues R G Olinda T M F Silva et al ldquoFolliculardegeneration in the ovaries of goats experimentally infectedwith Trypanosoma vivax from the Brazilian semi-arid regionrdquoVeterinary Parasitology vol 191 no 1-2 pp 146ndash153 2013

[27] M Wares M Awal S Das and J Alam ldquoEnvironmentally per-sistant toxicant arsenic affects uterus grossly and histologicallyrdquoBangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine vol 11 no 1 pp 61ndash68 2013

[28] T Jibat G Ejeta Y Asfaw and A Wudie ldquoCauses of abattoircondemnation in apparently healthy slaughtered sheep andgoats at HELMEX abattoir Debre Zeit Ethiopiardquo Revue deMedecine Veterinaire vol 159 no 5 pp 305ndash311 2008

[29] OM Radostits C C Gay KWHinchcliff and PD ConstableVeterinary Medicine A Textbook of The Diseases of CattleHorses Sheep Pigs and Goats Saunders Elsevier 10th edition2014

[30] B P Smith Ed Large Animal Internal Medicine Mosby 5thedition 2014

[31] M R Aslani A R Movassaghi M Mohri V Ebrahim-pourand A N Mohebi ldquoExperimental Tribulus terrestris poisoningin goatsrdquo Small Ruminant Research vol 51 no 3 pp 261ndash2672004

[32] B Iraguha H Hamudikuwanda and B Mushonga ldquoBovinemastitis prevalence and associated risk factors in dairy cowsin Nyagatare District Rwandardquo Journal of the South AfricanVeterinary Association vol 86 no 1 6 pages 2015

[33] B Iraguha HHamudikuwanda BMushonga E Kandiwa andJ P Mpatswenumugabo ldquoComparison of cow-side diagnostictests for subclinical mastitis of dairy cows in Musanze districtRwandardquo Journal of the South African Veterinary Associationvol 88 no 0 2017

[34] G Habarugira G Mbasinga B Mushonga T Chitura EKandiwa and L Ojok ldquoPathological findings of condemnedbovine liver specimens and associated economic loss at Nyabu-gogo abattoir Kigali RwandardquoActa Tropica vol 164 pp 27ndash322016

[35] G Habarugira J Rukelibuga M O Nanyingi and B Mus-honga ldquoBovine tuberculosis in Rwanda Prevalence and eco-nomic impact evaluation by meat inspection at Societe desAbattoirs de Nyabugogo-Nyabugogo Abattoir Kigalirdquo Journalof the South AfricanVeterinary Association vol 85 no 1 p 10622014

[36] Y Wang H Wei J Wang et al ldquoElectropolymerized polyani-linemanganese iron oxide hybrids with an enhanced colorswitching response and electrochemical energy storagerdquo Jour-nal of Materials Chemistry A vol 3 no 41 pp 20778ndash207902015

[37] A Sattar and M Z Khan ldquoIncidence and pathology of ovariandiseases of Goatsrdquo Pakistan Veterinary Journal vol 8 no 1 pp18ndash21 1988

[38] D Herenda P G Chambers A Ettriqui P Seneviratna andT J P Da Silva Manual on Meat Inspection for DevelopingCountries Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations Rome Italy 1994

[39] S Archana M Vijay B Anita and V Indu ldquoPathological studyon Occurrence of various reproductive diseases in goats atRajasthanrdquo Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology vol15 no 1 p 134 2013

[40] P Bokko ldquoPregnancy wastage in sheep and goats in the Sahelregion of Nigeriardquo Nigerian Veterinary Journal vol 32 no 2pp 120ndash126 2013

[41] MGAlam ldquoAbattoir studies of genital diseases in cowsrdquoVeter-inary Record vol 114 no 8 p 195 1984

[42] K Al-Habsi E H Johnson I T Kadim et al ldquoEffects of lowconcentrations of dietary cobalt on liveweight gains haematol-ogy serum vitamin B(12) and biochemistry of Omani goatsrdquoVeterinary journal (London England 1997) vol 173 no 1 pp131ndash137 2007

[43] J W Hesselink ldquoIncidence of hydrometra in dairy goatsrdquoVeterinary Record vol 132 no 5 pp 110ndash112 1993

[44] J M G Souza A L R S Maia F Z Brandao et al ldquoHormonaltreatment of dairy goats affected by hydrometra associated ornot with ovarian follicular cystrdquo Small Ruminant Research vol111 no 1-3 pp 104ndash109 2013

[45] N Juvenal and M Edward ldquoSeasonal Dynamics and Distribu-tion of Ticks in Rwanda Implications for Tick Control Strategyin Rwandardquo Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances vol 2no 1 pp 21ndash25 2010

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Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine


one form or the other It has previously been argued thatreproductive and urinary tract abnormalities may cause painwhich in turnmay have a negative effect onmating behaviourin livestock [8]

Pathology of the female reproductive tract affects theproductivity of a livestock enterprise because it affects thefertility of the herd or flock [9] and most of this informationhas historically been obtained through abattoir surveys [9ndash11]There are a number of studies on the prevalence of severalabnormalities of the female reproductive tract of sheep [9 10]and goats [11ndash14] Most of the reports on female reproductiveabnormalities emanate from the Middle East [10 11 15ndash18]the Indian subcontinent [13 14 19 20] and sub-SaharanAfrica [12 20 21]

The prevalence of female reproductive abnormalities indifferent breeds of sheep reportedly vary from 072 to asmuch as 527 [10 15 18] whilst that in goats vary from 808to 38 [11 18 19 22ndash24] Female reproductive tract pathologypredominantly affects the uterus followed by the ovary thecervix fallopian tubes and vagina in that order [2 6] mainlydue to parasites such as trypanosomes [25 26] and environ-mental pollutants such as arsenic [27] and neoplasia [6 17]

Gross disorders of the urinary system are not common inabattoir studies About 68 of the kidneys were condemnedfor nephritis in apparently healthy sheep and goats at theHelmex abattoir in Ethiopia [28] Hydronephrosis can becongenital or acquired as a result of urinary tract obstruc-tion [29] Pyelonephritis renal infarction and necrosis areusual sequela to hydronephrosis though they can also resultfrom ascending Corynebacterium renale or Escherichia coliinfections of the urinary tract [30] Urinary calculi in animalsresult from precipitation of dietary calcium oxalate in urineleading to painful conditions like nephritis and cystitisTribulus terrestris was reported as one of the toxic causes ofrenal necrosis and renal calculi in goats [31]

To the best of our knowledge there is no published abat-toir information on reproductive abnormalities in female thatreported the prevalence of male reproductive abnormalitiesin cattle in Nyagatare In Rwanda only a handful of studieson reproductive abnormalities in dairy [32 33] and beefcattle [34ndash36] are available This study aimed to identify andmeasure the period prevalence of reproductive organ andurinary tract abnormalities in female goats slaughtered atNyagatare abattoir between March and June 2013 The studyalso aimed to find the correlation between the breed of goatand the abnormalities encountered

2 Materials and Methods

21 Setting The study was conducted in Nyagatare one ofthe seven districts of the Eastern Province of Rwanda Thedistrict is located at 01∘181015840S and 30∘201015840EThe average altitudeis 15135m above sea level

22 Materials A total of 396 does slaughtered at Nyagatareabattoir were used in this studyThe goat production system isextensive herdingbrowsing and night kraaling According toabattoir records 299 of the does were of the indigenous (local)breed and 97 were cross breeds

23 Design A cross-sectional study was carried out at Nya-gatare abattoir in the Eastern Province Rwanda The studywas conducted over a period of four months from March toJune 2013 The sample consisted of all does aged 6 months orolder that came to the abattoir during the period of the study

24 Procedure After slaughter the relative anatomical con-figurations of the reproductive organs and urogenital tractswere assessed in situ They were then carefully removedintact Abnormalities in shape size or colour were noted andrecorded The samples were then placed in sterilized con-tainers for transportation to Umtara Veterinary Laboratoryfor further examination At the laboratory each reproductivetract was cut open from the vulva through the vagina pastthe cervix and uterine body into each uterine horn up tothe ovaries The urinary bladder and both kidneys were alsocut open A thorough macroscopic examination by visualinspection and palpationwas performed for the identificationof the colour size shape and consistency of any lesions foundon the reproductive organs andurogenital tractsThefindingsof themacroscopic examination were used as the basis for thediagnosis of the various abnormalities observed

25 Analyses Descriptive statistics were used for the analysisof the findings Categorical variables were described usingpercentages whilst bivariate analysis was performed usingchi-square and Fischerrsquos exact tests Collected data wereentered and managed in MS Excel and Statistical Package forSocial Sciences (SPSS) version 160The119885 test for comparisonof proportions was used and 119901 values le 005 were consideredsignificant

3 Results

31 Overall Occurrence of Abnormalities During the 4months of the study 78 (119899 = 396) of the 396 female goats(does) were slaughtered at Nyagatare abattoir and examinedfor abnormalities and 31 had reproductive organtract abnor-malities (Table 3) The types of abnormalities observed wereovarian hypoplasia ovarian cysts endometritis pyometrahydrometra mummified foetus salpingitis haematosalpinxcervical atresia vaginitis and granular vulvovaginitis (Fig-ure 1) The most commonly observed abnormality was ovar-ian hypoplasia which occurred in 323 (119899 = 31) of the goatswith reproductive organtract abnormalities (Table 1) 913of the reproductive organtract abnormalities (exclusive ofvaginitis and vulvovaginitis) are usually a direct cause ofinfertility in female livestock Hypoplasia was defined in thisstudy as an ovary that was less than 05 cm diameter withoutgrossly visible corpora lutea or follicles in an animal that wasolder than 8 months [37]

As indicated in Table 4 106 (119899 = 396) of the 396 goatsexamined had urinary organtract abnormalities The typesof abnormalities observedwere renal calculi hydronephrosispyelonephritis renal abscess renal infarction renal necrosisand cystitis The most commonly observed urinary organabnormality was renal calculi which occurred in 381 (119899 =42) of the goats with urinary organ abnormalities (Table 2)











5 Discussion































6 Conclusion




Acknowledgments


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AnimalsJournal of








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5 Discussion































6 Conclusion




Acknowledgments


References























































Microbiology


AnimalsJournal of








Agronomy







Volume 201



InsectsJournal of




VirusesJournal of

































6 Conclusion




Acknowledgments


References























































Microbiology


AnimalsJournal of








Agronomy







Volume 201



InsectsJournal of




VirusesJournal of






















6 Conclusion




Acknowledgments


References























































Microbiology


AnimalsJournal of








Agronomy







Volume 201



InsectsJournal of




VirusesJournal of









6 Conclusion




Acknowledgments


References























































Microbiology


AnimalsJournal of








Agronomy







Volume 201



InsectsJournal of




VirusesJournal of










































Microbiology


AnimalsJournal of








Agronomy







Volume 201



InsectsJournal of




VirusesJournal of













Microbiology


AnimalsJournal of








Agronomy







Volume 201



InsectsJournal of




VirusesJournal of






Documents

Study of Incidence of Gross Urogenital Lesions and ...downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2017/7564019.pdfInadequate nutrition was a possible cause of the high occurrence of ovarian hypoplasia