Variations Stratégiques et Vieillissement

Patrick LEMAIRE

Master 1 – EAV

Vieillissement et Stratégies

• Existe-t-il des variations stratégiques au cours du vieillissement? Si oui, lesquelles?

• Ces variations sont-elles déterminantes des différences jeunes-âgés?

• Quels sont les facteurs affectant ces variations stratégiques?

• Quels sont les mécanismes à la base des variations stratégiques?

STRATEGIC VARIATIONS AND COGNITIVE AGING

No Strat. Variations-------------------------------

MemoryGlynn et al.,83; Rankin et al.,84; Rice & Meyer, 85; Wodd & Pratt, 87; Parkinson et al., 82; Hertzog & Dunlosky, 98

LanguageCohen & Faulkner, 83; Stine, 96

Problem solv. Reason., and Decision Making

Salthouse & Prill, 87; Salthouse, 87; Salthouse et al., 90;

Lemaire & Arnaud, 2008

Strategic Variations ------------------------------

MemoryCimbalo & Brink, 82; Thomas, 85; Sanders et al., 80; Verhaeghen & Marcoen, 94

LanguageAdams et al., 90; Reder et al., 86

Problem solv. Reason., and Decision Making

Charness, 81, 82; Salthouse et al., 88; Lemaire et al., 2004; Mata et al., 2007

STRATEGIC VARIATIONS AND COGNITIVE AGING:

Limits of previous works

No appropriate conceptual framework

----------------------------

What are the right questions?

No appropriate methodological

approach

-----------------------------

How to best investigate strategic variations?

Aspects of Strategic Changes

Changes

SelectionExecution

Lemaire & Siegler, 95, JEP:Gen.

Repertoire Distribution

Dimensions (Variations) Stratégiques

• Répertoire: Liste des stratégies disponibles pour une tâche donnée

• Distribution: Fréquence d’utilisation des stratégies disponibles

• Exécution: Performances (Vitesse, précision) obtenue avec chaque stratégie

• Sélection: Choix stratégique (sur chaque type de problème, dans chaque type de situation).

Age-related differences in Strategy Repertoire

Do young and older adults use the same strategies to accomplish cognitive tasks?

Strategy identification methods

Direct approach

Indirect approach

Direct approach: Principle

Collecting as many external behavioral

evidence (verbal reports, video-recordings, direct observ°) of strategies as possible

Direct approach: Example of arithmetic

16 - 7 12 - 9 / 4 - 3

Arnaud & Lemaire, 2008 (Cortex)

Finger Counting Direct Retrieval

Two-digit addition problem solving: Use of 9 strategies

StrategiesExample (12+46)

1 - Rounding the first operand down (10 + 46) + 2

2 - Rounding the second operand down (12 + 40) + 6

3 - Rounding both operands down (10 + 40) + (2 + 6)

4 - Columnar retrieval (2 + 6) + (10 + 40)

5 - Rounding the first operand up (20 + 46) - 8

6 - Rounding the second operand up (12 + 50) - 4

7 - Rounding both operands up (20 + 50) - 8 - 4

8 - Borrowing units 18 + 40

9 - Retrieving 58

Lemaire & Arnaud, 2008 (AJP)

Effect of Age on Number of Strat.

3,2

5,5

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Young OlderMea

n N

um

ber

of

Str

ateg

ies/

Ind

ivid

ual

*

Lemaire & Arnaud, 2008 (AJP)

Aging, EF, & Strategy Repertoire

8

0,9

3

0,7

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Age Stroop TMT Strop+TMT

% V

aria

nce

in

Me

an

Nu

mb

er

of S

tra

teg

ies

-91%

-63%-89%

Hodzik & Lemaire, 2011

Indirect approach: Principle

« The use of multiple strategies is inferred from the patterns of speed and accuracy that arise as a function of the factors that define the stimulus set »

(Lemaire & Reder, 1997, p. 365)

Indirect Approach: Example 1

8x5 < 41 vs. 8x5< 47

RT differences -> Strategy Differences

1300

1500

1700

1900

2100

8x5<41 8x5<47

Ver

ifica

tion

times

(in

ms)

Duverne & Lemaire, 2004 (JoG:PS)

Exhaustive verification Approximate verification

Age x Problem

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Young Older

Ver

ific

atio

n T

imes

(in

ms)

8x5<41

8x5<47*

Duverne & Lemaire, 2004 (JoG:PS)

ERP Data

Young Older Fixation First Second operand

Small Large

Second operand

El Yagoubi, Lemaire, & Besson, 2005 (JoCN)

215 ms

Vieillissement et Variations Stratégiques.Recherches actuelles:

Parity-rule violation effects

4x17=64 4x17=67

TR

Lemaire & Reder, 1997

Vieillissement et Variations Stratégiques.Recherches actuelles

Five-rule violation effects

5x17=90 5x17=89

TR

5x17=84

?

Vieillissement et Variations Stratégiques:Recherches actuelles

• Five-rule violation only: 27x5=143

• Parity-rule violation: 26x5=125

• Five-/Parity-rule violation: 29x5=142

• No-rule violation: 67x5=345

Predictions w/ rule violation

29x5=142 27x5=143 26x5=125 67x5=345

RT

FPV FV PV NV

Aspects of Strategic Changes

Changes

Lemaire & Siegler, 95 (JEP:Gen).

Repertoire Distribution

How many dots?

Age effects on % use of Benchmark

68

46

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Young Older

% u

se o

f P

E

Gandini, Lemaire, & Dufau (2009)

Vieillissement et Distributions Strategiques

44

25

6

71

8 6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

ColumnarRetrieval

Rounding Down Direct Retrieval

% U

se S

trate

gies

Young Adults

Older Adults

5650

9183

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Small Problems Large Problems

% U

se o

f Ret

rieva

l

Young Adults

Older Adults

23 - 9 43 + 58

Vieillissement, Distributions Stratégiques en mémoire épisodique

31

15

34

9

31

18

41

2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Imagery Repetition Sentence No Strategy

% U

se o

f S

trat

egie

s

Young AdultsOlder Adults

Aspects of Strategic Changes

Changes

Selection

Lemaire & Siegler, 95, JEP:Gen.

Repertoire Distribution

Computational estimation

43 x 59

Rounding – Down

40 x50

Rounding – Up

50 x60

Task: Select the best strategy to find the best estimate

Age-related changes in best strategy selection

65

87

57

77

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Lemaire et al. (2004) Hodzik & Lemaire (2011)

% B

est

Str

ate

gy S

ele

cti

on Young Adults

Older Adults

Aspects of Strategic Changes

Changes

SelectionExecution

Lemaire & Siegler, 95, JEP:Gen.

Repertoire Distribution

Comptage et additions répétées: TR

3,92,9

18,8

11,8

0

5

10

15

20

Session 1 Session 2

So

lutio

n T

ime

s (

in s

ec.) Retrieval

Repeated Additions

Aging, EF, Strategy Selection

18

1011 11

02468

101214161820

Age Stroop TMT Strop+TMT

R²

in B

est

Str

ate

gy

Se

lect

ion

-39%-39%-44%

Hodzik & Lemaire, 2011

Aging, Processing Speed, and Strategy Selection

0,208

0,063

0

0,05

0,1

0,15

0,2

0,25

Age Processing Speed

% o

f var

ianc

e ac

coun

ted

for

in s

plit

effe

cts

-70%

Duverne & Lemaire, 2004

Age

Problem Size Effects

3x4 7x8

4x6 9x7

2x3 6x9

Retrieval Repeated Additions

3.9 sec. 18.8 sec.

Age effects on Strategy Execution: Numerosity Estimation

Benchmark

vs.

Anchoring

CHOICE NO-CHOICE

Benchmark

Anchoring

Gandini, Lemaire, & Dufau (2008)

Age x Strategies (no-choice latencies)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

Perceptual Estimation Anchoring

So

luti

on

Lat

enci

es (

in m

s)

Young

Older

Gandini, Lemaire, & Dufau (2009)

Benchmark Strategy in Young Adults

L R

InsulaPostcentral Gyrus

Benchmark strategy

PostcentralGyrus

Retrievaing Memory

representations of numerosities

Insulaselection of one of the potential

candidates

Numerical comparison

tasks

e.g., Chochon, Cohen, van de Moortele, & Dehaene, 1999; Dehaene, 1996

Phonological loop/articulatory

processes

e.g., Paulesu, et al., 1993; Venkatram, et al., 2005

Benchmark strategy in Older Adults

L R

Postcentral Gyrus

Precentral Gyrus

Inferior Parietal Lobule

- Middle Gyrus- Lingual Gyrus

Occipital Areas:

Insula

Aging & Strategic Variations:New Directions

Issue 1: Strategy selection: Strategy repetition effects

Issue 2: Strategy execution: Strategy sequential difficulty effects

Strategy Selection: Strategy Repetition

Lemaire & Leclère, revision

61x37

36x24

52x46

61x37

52x46

36x24

jkmekl jkmekl

One-Prime Two-Prime

Aging & Strategy Repetitions

5855

68

76

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Young Adults Older Adults

Mean %

Str

ate

gy R

epetitions

One-PrimeTwo-Prime

Leclere & Lemaire, submitted

Strategy Repetitions during Normal and Pathological Aging

76

86

39

71

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

HOA AD

Me

an

% S

tra

teg

y R

ep

etitio

ns Repeated Trials

Unrepeated Trials

Leclere & Lemaire, submitted

Strategy Execution: Strategy Sequential Difficulty Effects

52 x 63 RD

47 x 23 MR

56 x 69 RU

47 x 23 MR

Strategy Sequential Difficulty Effects

3370 3751

7708

3647 3931

9299

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Young Adults Older Adults AD Patients

Mean S

olu

tion T

imes

with

MR

S

trate

gy

After RD

After RU

Uittenhove & Lemaire, 2012Uittenhove & Lemaire, in press

277 ms*180 ms*

1591 ms*