VO Compact City

7/26/2019 VO Compact City

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The compact city


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Outline

1. The Compact City

i. Concept

ii. Advantages and the paradox of the

compact city

iii. Key factor travel behavior

i. Definition

ii. Evaluating the compact city concept

ith respect to urban sustainability

!. Conclusion

". #eferences

2. $rban sustainability


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!

Urban development

% &eriods of decentrali'ation and deconcentration had exerted a tremendous pressure on

the countryside

% The availability of land became an ever(groing issue oing to claims made by the

rapidly increasing levels of mobility

% )n the 1*+,-s the population increased rapidly hen it stabili'ed/ households became

smaller and as a result number of households increased

% 0hilst the need for housing and for urban space ept on groing/ the negative effects

of urban spral called for a change in the outards(oriented movement in the surge for

urban space.

The compact city concept was seen as an approach that could

end the evil of urban sprawl


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Concepts describing the development

paradigm of the compact city

%Activities and floor space

are concentrated rather

than dispersed

Density

Compact city



than dispersed

Density

Compact city



than dispersed

Density

% #elated to the process of

achieving compactness% Development in existing

urban areas rather than

in suburbs or exurbs

% #esult a positive groth

rate for density

Intensification

Compact city

% Activities and floor space


than dispersed

Density

% Different activities are

mixed hori'ontally orvertically

% Activities could be

different land uses/

facilities or land uses and

facilities

Mix of uses


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The compact city

% The compact city concept aims at a high(density mixed(use/ and intensified urban form.

% The idea emphasi'es that urban activities should be located closer together to ensure

better access to services and facilities via public transport/ aling/ and cycling/ and

more efficient utility and infrastructure provision.

% The basic provision of the compact city is the local community or neighborhood/ though

conventional urban planning models tend to plan tons and cities at a larger scale ith

a reliance primarily on automobile travel.

% )n the compact city/ human scale factors should be given greater emphasis from the

viepoint of achieving a better 4uality of life/ and therefore consideration of the effects

of the local environment are ey components in such planning.


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New Urbanism

New urbanism is an American urban design movement that arose in the early 1980s!

"ts goal to reform many aspects of real estate development and urban planning# from

urban retrofits to suburban infill!

% Creation of diverse/ compact/ and

mixed neighborhoods

% Everyday activities/ such as

housing/ or/ schools/ shops/ and

other amenities/ are all ideally ithin

1* minutes6 aling distance of each

other

% The aim is to provide a pleasant/comfortable/ interesting/ and safe

environment for pedestrians/ and to

provide alternatives to car use such

as public/ transit and cycling

facilities

7ig.1 Contrasting suburban spral 8a9 ith 8neo9 traditional

neighboorhood development


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dvantages of the compact city

% ;ess car dependency/ lo emissions/ reduced energy consumption by819 uvenation of existing urban areas and urban vitality/ a high 4uality of life/ thepreservation of green space and a milieu for enhanced business and trading activities.

%


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The paradox of the compact city

$hy would compactness reduce energy consumption%

% A number of developments hich lead to an increasing density and?or a change of

function or an expansion of activities give rise to stagnation or cannot tae place at all/

because the actual or expected environmental 4uality is seen as unacceptable. @ften

these developments are seen as desirable from a spatial point of vie.

% &rey environment' The grey environment is seen as the part which relates to the hygiene of

the physical environment and partly determines the (uality of our day)to)day local and

regional surroundings!

The parado* of the compact city'The advantages are the reduced transport and

space re4uirements. @n the other hand/ environmental problems are concentrated inthe urban area/ hich can lead to conflicts beteen living and or functions.


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!nvironmental conflicts in compact cities

Differentiation beteen relatively simple 8A9/ relatively complex 8=9/ and relatively very

complex 8C9

7ig.2 Categories of environmental conflicts

around industrial sites

" centrally issued standards can beimplemented easily to create a separation

between these site and residential areas#

$" need for anticipation of the future

environmental %uality due to high costs

which would be incurred in efforts to

reduce the excessive environment load#

C" highly substantial side&effets ma'e it

almost impossible to resolve these

conflicts by implementing environmental

standards#


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(ey factor travel behavior

% ain goal restrain dispersal of home/ or/ and leisure facilities to reduce commuting

time and distances

% Advancement to Burban netors hich aims at concentrating ne or and housing

developments near to existing and potential public transport nodes and motoray

intersections

Example ousing debate in the $< 1*+,-s

% ob(ousing balance the spatial distribution of employees differed substantially from

the spatial distribution from >obs causing an extra load of traffic.

% Excess travel 8Basteful commuting9 due to too high average travel distances.

7ig.! #elationship beteen urban density and petrol use

)educe energy

consumption

)eorgani*e

infrastructure

)educe energy

consumption

)eorgani*e

infrastructure


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11

Outline

1. The Compact City

i. Concept


compact city


i. Definition



!. Conclusion

". #eferences



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Urban sustainability

+ustainable development involves more than environmental conservation, it embraces

the need for e(uity! -oth intra)generational e(uity providing for the needs of the least

advantaged in society# and inter)generational e(uity# ensuring a fair treatment of future

generations# need to be considered!

Challenges generating models of urban sustainability% proliferate and transform the entire global economy into a balance(seeing

relationship ith our natural ecosystem

% reconcile humanind ith the natural environment/ hose health is the

precondition for all human activity

% develop and maintain a continually re(balancing relationship among their internal

social and economic activities and ith their ider natural and agriculturallandscape

% to develop a real and viable alternative to decline/ not merely on a theoretical

basis/ but in a real place the sustainable city


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Indices for evaluating urban sustainability

The principles common to most definitions are the maintenance of the urban systemFs

survival/ the fostering of evolution in the long term/ and the consideration of urban

development in terms of three ey features

%


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n empirical example & Taiwan

19 Density influences environmental

sustainability

29 Density positively influences economic

sustainability

!9 Density influences social sustainability

"9 ix of uses negatively environmental

sustainability39 ix of uses positively influences economic

sustainability

59 ix of uses negatively influences social

sustainability

:9 )ntensification influences environmental

sustainability

+9 )ntensification positively influenceseconomic sustainability

*9 )ntensification influences social

sustainability

7ig." ypothetical path diagram


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n empirical example & Taiwan

% The density and the process of intensification

not only positively influence economic

sustainability but they also negatively

influence environmental and social

sustainability.

% The mix of uses creates positive effects for

economic sustainability and has anonsignificant influence on environmental

and social sustainability.

Need for complementary

strategies to guide compact&citybased policy towards the goals

of sustainability#

!#g" increasing density under the

limitation of environmental

capacity, supplying a sufficient

amount of green fields and public

facilities#

7ig.3 An empirical path diagram


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!ffects of compactness on social e%uality

7ig. ! Effects of

compactness

on social e4uity

7ig. 5 Effects of

compactness on

social e4uity

=eneficial dimensions

% #e(urbani'ation and

evelopment of

previously derelict land

% igh density housing

% ;arge 4uantity of locally

provided services and

facilities

Conflicts arise in attempting to identify future directions for policy/ as forms of

compactness appear to be positive for some effects and negative for others.


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1:

Outline

1. The Compact City

i. Concept


compact city


i. Definition



!. Conclusion

". #eferences



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Conclusion

% Empiricism for example/ the reduction of car mobility did not occur/ and the enormous

need for housing made urban spread in the countryside unavoidable.

% Although the compact city as initially not meant to be a blueprint for sustainability/

belief in the positive effects of this concept is idespread.

The compact city concept is most of all a spatial concept with the intention of

intensifying the use of e*isting urban space as much as possible# thereby improving the

(uality of urban life and sparing the countryside!

.ompactness as a concept for sustainability seems primarily to be a belief in asimplicity that is not there! /ence its role has been taen up by the idea of urban

sustainability!


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1*

Outline

1. The Compact City

i. Concept

ii. Advantages and dilemmas


i. Definition




!. Conclusion

". #eferences


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2,

)eferences

% Does the compact city foster sustainabilityH An empirical study in Taian I en(ia ;in/ An(Tsei

Jang Environment and &lanning = &lanning and Design/ vol. !!

% Environmental conflicts in compact cities complexity/ a decision(maing and policy approaches I

ert de #oo Environment and &lanning = &lanning and Design/ vol. 2,

% ultiagent land(use and transport model for the policy evaluation of a compact city I asanobu Kii/

Ken>i Doi Environment and &lanning = &lanning and Design vol. !2

%

;and use and travel behavior expected effects from the perspective of utility theory and activity(based theories I Kees att et al. Environment and &lanning = &lanning and Design vol. !2

% The ne urbanism an assessment of the core commercial areas/ ith perspectives from

8retail9 location and land(use theories/ and the conventional isdom( #. =anai Environment and

&lanning = &lanning and Design vol. 23

% The Compact City and

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