Transcript
Page 1: AHS ScottsdaleWidescreenPPT Schwedt Chong 11 …...Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine • 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs • Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM •
Page 2: AHS ScottsdaleWidescreenPPT Schwedt Chong 11 …...Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine • 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs • Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM •

Pathophysiology and Imaging of Chronic Migraine and Medication Overuse 

HeadacheHeadache

Catherine D. Chong, PhDTodd J Schwedt MD FAHSTodd J. Schwedt, MD, FAHS

Page 3: AHS ScottsdaleWidescreenPPT Schwedt Chong 11 …...Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine • 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs • Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM •

DisclosuresTodd Schwedt 

C lti All A A t i T h l i I A i D– Consulting: Allergan, Amgen, Autonomic Technologies Inc, Avanir, Dr. Reddy’s, GBS, Supernus, Teva

– Options: GBS, Second Opinion– Research Funding: NIH, DOD, PCORI, American Migraine Foundation, 

Mayo Clinic, Arizona State University– Royalties: UpToDate, Cambridge University Pressy p , g y

Catherine Chong– None

Page 4: AHS ScottsdaleWidescreenPPT Schwedt Chong 11 …...Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine • 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs • Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM •

Learning ObjectivesAt the conclusion of this lecture, participants will be better able to: 

• Describe pathophysiologic mechanisms of chronic migraine

• Describe pathophysiologic mechanisms of medication overuse headache

• Discuss how brain imaging research has contributed to our understanding of chronic migraine and medication overuse headache pathophysiologyp p y gy

Page 5: AHS ScottsdaleWidescreenPPT Schwedt Chong 11 …...Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine • 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs • Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM •

Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine

• 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs

• Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM

• CM pattern x 5 years• CM pattern x 5 years

• Always sensitive to lights, sounds, odors, touch of skin, but worse over last yearyear.

• Wants to know why she is having such frequent migraines and why she is so bothered by sensory stimuliso bothered by sensory stimuli.

Page 6: AHS ScottsdaleWidescreenPPT Schwedt Chong 11 …...Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine • 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs • Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM •

Is CM pathophysiology different than EM pathophysiology?EM pathophysiology? 

• Probably similar• Probably similar• Patients commonly move in and out of CM and EM patterns• Symptoms are similar, but more frequent and severe in CM

• Pathophysiologic mechanisms (and symptoms) that occur during migraine attacks in EM might be continuous in CMg g g

• Atypical functions associated with migraine are likely more i l i CM d EMatypical in CM compared to EM

Page 7: AHS ScottsdaleWidescreenPPT Schwedt Chong 11 …...Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine • 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs • Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM •

What are these Pathophysiologic Mechanisms?Mechanisms?

• Atypical modulation and processing of nociceptive signals typ ca odu at o a d p ocess g o oc cept e s g a s(and other sensory modalities)– Reduced inhibition– Enhanced facilitation 

C t l S iti ti• Central Sensitization

T i i l A ti ti• Trigeminal Activation

Page 8: AHS ScottsdaleWidescreenPPT Schwedt Chong 11 …...Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine • 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs • Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM •

Atypical Modulation of Nociceptive Signals• Descending pain system –

mostly pain inhibiting– Nucleus cuneiformis– Nucleus cuneiformis– Periaqueductal gray– Rostral ventral medulla

• Atypical in migraine– Pain‐induced activation– Functional connectivity– Structure

Bingel U , Tracey I Physiology 2008;23:371-380

Page 9: AHS ScottsdaleWidescreenPPT Schwedt Chong 11 …...Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine • 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs • Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM •

Atypical Brainstem Modulation of Nociceptive Traffic

Less activation of pain‐inhibiting brainstem regions in response to pain

• 12 migraineurs with ictal allodynia12 migraineurs with ictal allodynia– 7‐10 days after last attack

• 12 healthy controls

• Painful heat stimulation during fMRI• Painful heat stimulation during fMRI

• Controls ‐ greater activation in dorsolateral pons (nucleus cuneiformis)cuneiformis).

• Dysfunction of brainstem descending pain modulatory system.

Moulton EA et. al. PLoS ONE 2008;3:e3799.

Page 10: AHS ScottsdaleWidescreenPPT Schwedt Chong 11 …...Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine • 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs • Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM •

Atypical Functional Connectivity of Pain Modulating Regionsg

Chronic migraineurs with allodynia have atypical functional connectivity of periaqueductal gray and nucleus cuneiformis to other brainstem and thalamic pain processing

Dorsal

PAG Seed

processing

Dorsal Pons

Ventral M d llMedulla

Thalamus

Correlations between functional connectivity strength and allodynia symptom severity.

Schwedt TJ, et. al. Pain Med 2014;15:154-65.

Page 11: AHS ScottsdaleWidescreenPPT Schwedt Chong 11 …...Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine • 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs • Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM •

Pain Facilitation in MigraineIn migraineurs, brain regions that process pain have atypical:

– Functional activation in response to pain and visual stimuli– Functional connectivity– Structure

In many cases,migraineurs with more frequent headaches have more atypical brainIn many cases, migraineurs with more frequent headaches have more atypical brain function and structure.

Main Effect of HeatMain Effect of Heat Pain

Schwedt TJ, et. al. Cephalalgia 2014;34:947-958.

Page 12: AHS ScottsdaleWidescreenPPT Schwedt Chong 11 …...Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine • 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs • Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM •

Brain regions that process pain are “hyperactive” in migraineurs

Migraineurs with higher frequency headaches have greater “hyperactivity”

Schwedt TJ, et. al. Cephalalgia 2014;34:947-958.

Page 13: AHS ScottsdaleWidescreenPPT Schwedt Chong 11 …...Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine • 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs • Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM •

The Migraine Brain – Enhanced Facilitation and Reduced Inhibition of PainReduced Inhibition of Pain

Migraine vs. Healthy ControlsHealthy Controls

Schwedt TJ et. al., Lancet Neurology 2015;14:81-91.

Page 14: AHS ScottsdaleWidescreenPPT Schwedt Chong 11 …...Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine • 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs • Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM •

The Migraine Brain is Hyperactive in Response to Visual StimuliVisual Stimuli 

5 Hz square wave flickering checkerboard

Datta R, et. al. Cephalalgia 2013;33:365-374.

Schwedt TJ et. al., Lancet Neurology 2015;14:81-91.

Page 15: AHS ScottsdaleWidescreenPPT Schwedt Chong 11 …...Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine • 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs • Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM •

Central Sensitization• Effects of nociceptive stimulus are sustained after end of stimulation

Longer lasting paing g p

• Amplified effects of nociceptive stimuli

More severe pain 

• Very low level of nociceptive input required to sustain effects of nociceptive stimulus

Lower thresholds for pain maintenance 

• Activation of nociceptors with typically non‐nociceptive inputp yp y p p

Non‐painful stimuli are perceived as painful

Page 16: AHS ScottsdaleWidescreenPPT Schwedt Chong 11 …...Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine • 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs • Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM •

Cutaneous Allodynia• Clinical manifestation of central sensitization

k f f f• Risk factor for increasing migraine frequency– Web‐based survey of 2331 migraine patients

70% d ll d i b li– 70% reported allodynia at baseline assessment

– Follow‐up survey at least 6 months later (n=1992)

– Allodynia was a risk factor for increasing number of migraine days• Independent from age, baseline # migraine days, depression

Louter MA et. al. Brain 2013;136:3489-96.

Page 17: AHS ScottsdaleWidescreenPPT Schwedt Chong 11 …...Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine • 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs • Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM •

Cutaneous Allodynia

• Cutaneous AllodyniaReduced pain induced activation of brainstem regions– Reduced pain‐induced activation of brainstem regions that inhibit pain

– Altered functional connectivity of pain inhibiting regions

Alt d b i t t t– Altered brainstem structure 

Moulton EA et. al. PLoS ONE 2008;3:e3799. Schwedt TJ, et. al. Pain Med 2014;15:154-65. Chong CD, et. al. Unpublished data.

Page 18: AHS ScottsdaleWidescreenPPT Schwedt Chong 11 …...Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine • 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs • Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM •

Trigeminal Activation

• Interictal serum levels of CGRP higher in CM (n = 103) vs.

EM ( 43)• EM (n= 43)• healthy controls (n= 31)

• Accurate in differentiating CMAccurate in differentiating CM• Concentration of 43.34 pg/mL• Correctly classified 90.4% of 

CMs vs. healthy• Correctly classified 85.7% CM 

vs. EM

Cernuda‐Morollon E, et. al. Neurology 2013;81:1191‐1196.

Page 19: AHS ScottsdaleWidescreenPPT Schwedt Chong 11 …...Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine • 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs • Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM •

Case Conclusions• Chronic Migraine: Wants to know why she is having such frequent 

migraines and why she is so bothered by sensory stimuli.

– Brain reacts abnormally to stimulation• even between migraine attackseven between migraine attacks• increases the perception of sensory stimuli

– Increased excitability of the trigeminal system • Further sensitizes the system• Lowers the threshold for full‐blown migraine attacks

Page 20: AHS ScottsdaleWidescreenPPT Schwedt Chong 11 …...Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine • 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs • Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM •

Case #2 – Medication Overuse

• 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs

• Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM

• CM pattern x 5 years; Daily headaches x 2 years

• Using oxycodone daily x 2 years to treat migraine

• You tell her that the oxycodone is likely making her migraine worse and that she• You tell her that the oxycodone is likely making her migraine worse and that she must d/c as part of her treatment plan.

• She wants to know how using oxycodone could make her migraines worse.She wants to know how using oxycodone could make her migraines worse.

Page 21: AHS ScottsdaleWidescreenPPT Schwedt Chong 11 …...Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine • 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs • Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM •

Atypical Structure of Pain Processing Regions in MOHRegions in MOH

Lai TH, et. al. Cephalalgia 2016;0:1‐10 

Page 22: AHS ScottsdaleWidescreenPPT Schwedt Chong 11 …...Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine • 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs • Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM •

Gray Matter Changes Associated With MOH

Riederer F, et. al. World J Biol Psychiatry 2012;13:517‐25

Page 23: AHS ScottsdaleWidescreenPPT Schwedt Chong 11 …...Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine • 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs • Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM •

Gray Matter Changes Associated With MOH

D f ti i i• Dysfunction in pain processing and modulating regions

• PAG volume correlates with anxietyanxiety

Riederer F, et. al. World J Biol Psychiatry 2012;13:517‐25

Page 24: AHS ScottsdaleWidescreenPPT Schwedt Chong 11 …...Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine • 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs • Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM •

Functional Activation (fMRI) Changes in MOH

Chiapparini L, et. al. Neurol Sci 2009; 1:71‐4

Page 25: AHS ScottsdaleWidescreenPPT Schwedt Chong 11 …...Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine • 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs • Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM •

Resting‐state functional connectivitydiscriminates MOH from non MOHdiscriminates MOH from non‐MOH  

Brain Reward SystemBrain Reward System

Fc‐alterations with:• Nucleus accumbensNucleus accumbens• DRP

Torta DM, et. al. NeuroImage:Clinical, 2016;11:686‐693

Page 26: AHS ScottsdaleWidescreenPPT Schwedt Chong 11 …...Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine • 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs • Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM •

SUMMARY:Brain Structural and Functional Findings in MOHg

• Alterations in Structure and Function in Regionsginvolved in:– Pain processingp g– Pain modulation– Affective and cognitive processing of painAffective and cognitive processing of pain– AddictionReward– Reward

Page 27: AHS ScottsdaleWidescreenPPT Schwedt Chong 11 …...Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine • 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs • Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM •

Pain‐Processing in MOH after Withdrawal 

Before ithdra alBefore withdrawal

After withdrawal

Ferraro S, et al. Pain Med 2012;13:255‐62

Page 28: AHS ScottsdaleWidescreenPPT Schwedt Chong 11 …...Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine • 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs • Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM •

PET in Medication Overuse Headache

Hypometabolism in MOH:Hypometabolism in MOH:• thalamus • ant. Cingulate• insulainsula• OFC

After Withdrawal of MO:• Persistent hypometabolism in OFC 

Fumal A, et al. Brain 2006; 129:543‐50

Page 29: AHS ScottsdaleWidescreenPPT Schwedt Chong 11 …...Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine • 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs • Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM •

Predicting Response to Treatment

Treatment responders had more OFC volume than those who didn’t respondLai TH, et. al. Cephalalgia 2016;0:1‐10 

Page 30: AHS ScottsdaleWidescreenPPT Schwedt Chong 11 …...Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine • 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs • Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM •

Brain Patterns that might Predispose to MOH

Genetic component:• MOH is 3x higher in patients with family history of MOH• Allele of histone deacetylases 3 proteiny p• Low risk converters to MOH:  polymorphism of CGRP • MOH linked to polymorphisms: angiotensin‐convertingMOH linked to polymorphisms: angiotensin converting 

enzyme, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, catechol‐O‐methyltransferase enzyme and serotonin transporter

Page 31: AHS ScottsdaleWidescreenPPT Schwedt Chong 11 …...Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine • 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs • Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM •

Case Conclusions• Patient with MOH: wants to know how using oxycodone could make her 

migraines worse.

– Frequent use of migraine abortive medications changes the function and even structure of the brain, including areas of the brain that are responsible for pain

– The good news: most of the brain changes are likely to be reversible once medication overuse is discontinued

Page 32: AHS ScottsdaleWidescreenPPT Schwedt Chong 11 …...Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine • 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs • Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM •

MOH 

Alterations in Pain‐Processing Regions:Normalize following withdrawal

Secondary to medication overuse

Alterations in OFC:Persist following withdrawal

Alterations in SN/VTA:Persist following withdrawal

Brain traitPredisposes to MO

Page 33: AHS ScottsdaleWidescreenPPT Schwedt Chong 11 …...Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine • 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs • Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM •

Future Directions in MOH• Compare MOH to other pain disorders with MO

• Alterations in structure and function specific• Alterations in structure and function specific to different medications that are overused

• Relationship between history of MO and brain alterations?

Page 34: AHS ScottsdaleWidescreenPPT Schwedt Chong 11 …...Case #1: Episodic to Chronic Migraine • 38 yo woman with migraine x 25 yrs • Slow progression in frequency from EM to CM •

Thank You!Thank You!


Recommended