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Page 1: CLASSES MOYENNES EN FRANCE: UNE PERSPECTIVE INTERNATIONALE Steven Pressman Department Of Economics & Finance Monmouth University West Long Branch, NJ 07764

CLASSES MOYENNES EN FRANCE:UNE PERSPECTIVE INTERNATIONALE

Steven Pressman

Department Of Economics & Finance

Monmouth University

West Long Branch, NJ 07764 [email protected]

Page 2: CLASSES MOYENNES EN FRANCE: UNE PERSPECTIVE INTERNATIONALE Steven Pressman Department Of Economics & Finance Monmouth University West Long Branch, NJ 07764

GRANDES LIGNES DE L’ETUDE SUR LA DISTRIBUTION DES REVENUS AU LUXEMBOURG

Etude commencée en 1983 pour rendre possible des comparaisons trans-nationales de la pauvreté et de la répartition des revenus

La base des données Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) comprend actuellement 32 pays

Six vagues (début des années 80, milieu des années 80, fin des années 80/ début années 90, milieu des années 90, circa 2000, circa 2004)

Plus de 100 variables en termes de revenus et presque 100 variables socio-demographiques

Sources françaises des données: 1981 – Enquête sur les femmes avec enfants;

1984, 1989, 1994, 2000 – Enquête sur le budget familial

Page 3: CLASSES MOYENNES EN FRANCE: UNE PERSPECTIVE INTERNATIONALE Steven Pressman Department Of Economics & Finance Monmouth University West Long Branch, NJ 07764

QUELQUES CONCEPTS DE BASE ET DEFINITIONS

Les revenus des ménages doivent être ajustés en fonction de la taille du foyer pour mesurer le niveau de vie

Ajustements recommandés par l’OCDE pour calculer la taille du foyer:

Chaque adulte supplémentaire nécessite 0,7 du revenu du premier adulte

Chaque enfant nécessite 0,5 du revenu du premier adulte

Revenu du travail et capital : revenus générés par le travail

(salaires et bénéfices). Ceci exclut les impôts et les diverses subventions et allocations de l'Etat

Revenu disponible: revenus après impôts et transferts

Page 4: CLASSES MOYENNES EN FRANCE: UNE PERSPECTIVE INTERNATIONALE Steven Pressman Department Of Economics & Finance Monmouth University West Long Branch, NJ 07764

QUELQUES CONCEPTS DE BASE ET DEFINITIONS

Quatre définitions économiques de la classe moyenne

D1: 0.75 revenus médians ajustés du ménage < revenus ajustés du ménage < 1.25 revenus médians ajustés du ménage.

D2: 0.75 revenus médians ajustés du ménage < revenus ajustés du ménage < 1.5 revenus médians ajustés du ménage.

D3: 0.75 revenus médians ajustés du ménage < revenus ajustés du ménage < 2 revenus médians ajustés du ménage.

D4: 0.75 revenus médians ajustés du ménage < revenus ajustés du ménage < 2.5 revenus médians ajustés du ménage

Page 5: CLASSES MOYENNES EN FRANCE: UNE PERSPECTIVE INTERNATIONALE Steven Pressman Department Of Economics & Finance Monmouth University West Long Branch, NJ 07764

YEAR D1 D2 D3 D4

1981 35.7% 47.9% 61.6% 65.6%

1984 34.8% 47.1% 59.7% 63.8%

1989 37.1% 48.7% 59.8% 64.2%

1994 39.4% 51.2% 62.5% 67.1%

2000 40.8% 52.1% 63.5% 68.5%

Source: Luxembourg Income Study

Note: D1 = .75 adjusted median income > adjusted median income < 1.25 adjusted median income

D2 = .75 adjusted median income > adjusted median income < 1.50 adjusted median income

D3 = .75 adjusted median income > adjusted median income < 2.0 adjusted median income

D4 = .75 adjusted median income > adjusted median income < 2.5 adjusted median income

Median Adjusted Incomes

1981 = 31,636 ; 1984 = 46,033 ; 1989 = 58,292; 1994 = 73,483; 2000 = 80,863

TABLE 1: MIDDLE-CLASS FRENCH HOUSEHOLDS BASED ON DISPOSABLE INCOME

Page 6: CLASSES MOYENNES EN FRANCE: UNE PERSPECTIVE INTERNATIONALE Steven Pressman Department Of Economics & Finance Monmouth University West Long Branch, NJ 07764

REGION 1981 1984 1989 1994 2000

PARISIENNE N.A. 28.5% 30.1% 31.9% 33.1%

BASSIN PARISIEN N.A. 36.0% 38.6% 41.7% 42.9%

NORD N.A. 37.3% 37.8% 39.5% 39.5%

EST N.A. 37.6% 42.5% 41.9% 47.6%

OUEST N.A. 36.8% 39.8% 42.6% 44.2%

SUD-OUEST N.A. 33.0% 38.1% 41.5% 42.3%

CENTRE-EST N.A. 37.6% 38.6% 41.4% 41.8%

MÉDITERRANÉE N.A. 36.9% 37.0% 39.2% 38.3%

Source: Luxembourg income Study

TABLE 2: MIDDLE-CLASS FRENCH HOUSEHOLDS (BY REGION, D7)

Page 7: CLASSES MOYENNES EN FRANCE: UNE PERSPECTIVE INTERNATIONALE Steven Pressman Department Of Economics & Finance Monmouth University West Long Branch, NJ 07764

AREA 1981 1984 1989 1994 2000

RURAL, POP <1000 30.1%

33.2%

37.0% N.A.

44.4%

RURAL, POP >1000 36.2%   N.A.

URBAN, POP <1000 38.6% 38.5% 40.6% 38.9%* 44.9%*

URBAN, POP >1000 40.8% 39.5% 39.6% 44.6%** 43.2%**

URBAN, POP >100,000+

36.9% 36.1% 39.2% 40.5% 39.0%

SUBURBAN PARIS 30.1% 29.6% 31.2% 33.6% 34.6%

PARIS 24.6% 25.4% 24.3% 24.9% 22.6%

Source: Luxembourg Income Study * <20,000 inhabitants ** 20,000-100,00 inhabitants

TABLE 3: MIDDLE-CLASS FRENCH HOUSEHOLDS (BY AREA, D20)

Page 8: CLASSES MOYENNES EN FRANCE: UNE PERSPECTIVE INTERNATIONALE Steven Pressman Department Of Economics & Finance Monmouth University West Long Branch, NJ 07764

COUNTRY WAVE # 1 WAVE # 2 WAVE # 3 WAVE # 4 WAVE # 5

FRANCE 35.1% 34.4% 36.6% 38.9% 39.5%

GERMANY 41.5% 40.3% 40.8% 34.3% 36.9%

SWEDEN 49.3% 46.2% 47.3% 51.6% 46.5%

UK 38.4% 33.5% 28.9% 28.6% 29.4%

US 32.8% 30.0% 28.9% 26.6% 29.4%

Source: Luxembourg Income Study

TABLE 4: FAMILIES HEADED BY PRIME-AGE ADULTS (26-59)

Page 9: CLASSES MOYENNES EN FRANCE: UNE PERSPECTIVE INTERNATIONALE Steven Pressman Department Of Economics & Finance Monmouth University West Long Branch, NJ 07764

COUNTRY WAVE # 1 WAVE # 2 WAVE # 3 WAVE # 4 WAVE # 5

FRANCE 36.5% 35.6% 37.5% 41.5% 43.3%

GERMANY 41.5% 44.0% 44.4% 44.7% 42.4%

SWEDEN 62.5% 54.0% 51.1% 64.7% 51.9%

UK 33.7% 47.9% 32.3% 41.4% 39.8%

US 29.1% 28.5% 30.6% 29.9% 29.1%

Source: Luxembourg Income Study

TABLE 5: FAMILIES HEADED BY ADULT 60+ YEARS OLD

Page 10: CLASSES MOYENNES EN FRANCE: UNE PERSPECTIVE INTERNATIONALE Steven Pressman Department Of Economics & Finance Monmouth University West Long Branch, NJ 07764

COUNTRY WAVE # 1 WAVE # 2 WAVE # 3 WAVE # 4 WAVE # 5

FRANCE 31.1% 35.9% 37.2% 40.3% 40.7%

GERMANY 38.5% 38.0% 44.6% 39.0% 38.7%

SWEDEN 62.1% 50.2% 49.0% 58.8% 47.3%

UK 33.4% 47.4% 26.3% 35.9% 35.1%

US 27.7% 24.6% 25.3% 24.4% 27.8%

Source: Luxembourg Income Study

TABLE 6: MIDDLE-CLASS FEMALE HEADED HOUSEHOLDS

Page 11: CLASSES MOYENNES EN FRANCE: UNE PERSPECTIVE INTERNATIONALE Steven Pressman Department Of Economics & Finance Monmouth University West Long Branch, NJ 07764

COUNTRY WAVE # 1 WAVE # 2 WAVE # 3 WAVE # 4 WAVE # 5

FRANCE 35.8% 39.1% 40.4% 42.4% 42.7%

GERMANY 50.4% 47.8% 50.5% 46.5% 40.9%

SWEDEN 61.1% 63.2% 62.4% 64.5% 57.9%

UK 47.5% 39.7% 35.7% 33.6% 34.5%

US 38.6% 34.2% 32.5% 29.7% 33.0%

Source: Luxembourg Income Study

TABLE 7: FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN (PERCENTAGE IN MIDDLE CLASS)

Page 12: CLASSES MOYENNES EN FRANCE: UNE PERSPECTIVE INTERNATIONALE Steven Pressman Department Of Economics & Finance Monmouth University West Long Branch, NJ 07764

COUNTRY WAVE # 1 WAVE # 2 WAVE # 3 WAVE # 4 WAVE # 5

FRANCE 35.7% 34.8% 37.1% 39.4% 40.8%

GERMANY 41.3% 41.1% 42.1% 38.0% 38.6%

SWEDEN 54.0% 48.6% 47.8% 52.7% 46.9%

UK 36.5% 38.2% 29.6% 32.6% 32.7%

US 31.7% 29.3% 29.4% 27.3% 29.3%

Source: Luxembourg Income Study

TABLE 8: MIDDLE-CLASS HOUSEHOLDS, ON D1

Page 13: CLASSES MOYENNES EN FRANCE: UNE PERSPECTIVE INTERNATIONALE Steven Pressman Department Of Economics & Finance Monmouth University West Long Branch, NJ 07764

COUNTRY WAVE # 1 WAVE # 2 WAVE # 3 WAVE # 4 WAVE # 5

FRANCE N.A. 19.7% 19.9% 20.3% N.A.

GERMANY 19.1% 18.1% 16.9% 13.9% 13.9%

SWEDEN 18.7% 17.0% 15.9% 15.2% 15.1%

UK 20.8% 15.4% 14.1% 12.3% 13.4%

US 20.0% 19.2% 18.2% 17.2% 18.3%

Source: Luxembourg Income Study

TABLE 9: MIDDLE-CLASS HOUSEHOLDS, ON D1 USING FACTOR INCOME

Page 14: CLASSES MOYENNES EN FRANCE: UNE PERSPECTIVE INTERNATIONALE Steven Pressman Department Of Economics & Finance Monmouth University West Long Branch, NJ 07764

COUNTRY WAVE # 1 WAVE # 2 WAVE # 3 WAVE # 4 WAVE # 5

FRANCE 47.9% 47.1% 48.7% 51.2% 52.1%

GERMANY 54.9% 54.5% 56.0% 52.8% 50.1%

SWEDEN 70.1% 63.9% 61.7% 66.6% 60.4%

UK 47.9% 49.7% 39.2% 43.3% 42.7%

US 43.8% 39.6% 39.8% 37.6% 39.7%

Source: Luxembourg Income Study

TABLE 10: MIDDLE-CLASS HOUSEHOLDS, ON D2

Page 15: CLASSES MOYENNES EN FRANCE: UNE PERSPECTIVE INTERNATIONALE Steven Pressman Department Of Economics & Finance Monmouth University West Long Branch, NJ 07764

COUNTRY WAVE # 1 WAVE # 2 WAVE # 3 WAVE # 4 WAVE # 5

FRANCE N.A. 27.6% 27.2% 27.4% N.A.

GERMANY 27.6% 26.3% 26.1% 20.4% 20.7%

SWEDEN 28.5% 25.3% 24.5% 22.8% 22.7%

UK 29.5% 22.4% 21.1% 18.5% 20.2%

US 28.9% 27.4% 25.8% 24.8% 25.7%

Source: Luxembourg Income Study

TABL 11: MIDDLE-CLASS HOUSEHOLDS, ON D2 USING FACTOR INCOME

Page 16: CLASSES MOYENNES EN FRANCE: UNE PERSPECTIVE INTERNATIONALE Steven Pressman Department Of Economics & Finance Monmouth University West Long Branch, NJ 07764

COUNTRY WAVE # 1 WAVE # 2 WAVE # 3 WAVE # 4 WAVE # 5

FRANCE 61.1% 59.7% 59.8% 62.5% 63.5%

GERMANY 68.1% 66.5% 69.4% 67.9% 60.7%

SWEDEN 78.4% 73.4% 72.4% 75.4% 71.4%

UK 62.3% 63.1% 52.9% 56.3% 55.8%

US 57.0% 53.2% 53.7% 50.4% 52.3%

Source: Luxembourg Income Study

TABLE 12: MIDDLE CLASS HOUSEHOLDS, ON D3

Page 17: CLASSES MOYENNES EN FRANCE: UNE PERSPECTIVE INTERNATIONALE Steven Pressman Department Of Economics & Finance Monmouth University West Long Branch, NJ 07764

COUNTRY WAVE # 1 WAVE # 2 WAVE # 3 WAVE # 4 WAVE # 5

FRANCE N.A. 37.2% 35.2% 35.1% N.A.

GERMANY 42.4% 40.5% 39.7% 33.1% 31.1%

SWEDEN 44.2% 41.2% 38.5% 35.9% 37.5%

UK 42.8% 33.1% 32.2% 29.5% 30.9%

US 42.5% 39.5% 38.0% 36.2% 37.7%

Source: Luxembourg Income Study

TABLE 13: MIDDLE CLASS HOUSEHOLDS, ON D3 USING FACTOR INCOME

Page 18: CLASSES MOYENNES EN FRANCE: UNE PERSPECTIVE INTERNATIONALE Steven Pressman Department Of Economics & Finance Monmouth University West Long Branch, NJ 07764

COUNTRY WAVE # 1 WAVE # 2 WAVE # 3 WAVE # 4 WAVE # 5

FRANCE 65.5% 63.8% 64.2% 67.1% 68.5%

GERMANY 72.1% 70.3% 73.0% 73.8% 64.7%

SWEDEN 79.5% 75.1% 74.9% 77.7% 74.6%

UK 67.2% 68.4% 59.9% 62.5% 61.6%

US 62.6% 59.9% 60.4% 57.3% 58.1%

Source: Luxembourg Income Study

TABLE 14: MIDDLE CLASS HOUSEHOLDS, ON D4

Page 19: CLASSES MOYENNES EN FRANCE: UNE PERSPECTIVE INTERNATIONALE Steven Pressman Department Of Economics & Finance Monmouth University West Long Branch, NJ 07764

COUNTRY WAVE # 1 WAVE # 2 WAVE # 3 WAVE # 4 WAVE # 5

FRANCE N.A. 40.8% 39.0% 38.1% N.A.

GERMANY 50.4% 48.5% 48.4% 42.4% 38.8%

SWEDEN 51.4% 49.4% 44.7% 42.6% 45.6%

UK 51.3% 40.8% 40.1% 37.4% 38.5%

US 50.4% 47.2% 45.7% 43.6% 44.9%

Source: Luxembourg Income Study

TABLE 15: MIDDLE-CLASS HOUSEHOLDS, ON D4 USING FACTOR INCOME

Page 20: CLASSES MOYENNES EN FRANCE: UNE PERSPECTIVE INTERNATIONALE Steven Pressman Department Of Economics & Finance Monmouth University West Long Branch, NJ 07764

CONCLUSIONS

Quelle que soit la méthode de mesure utilisée à partir de critères économiques, la classe moyenne en France:

représente plus ou moins la même proportion que la classe moyenne en Allemagne.

est plus importante que la classe moyenne en Grande Bretagne et que celle aux Etats-Unis.

est plus réduite que la classe moyenne en Suède.

Ceci reste vrai pour les groupes sociaux-démographiques clés (les personnes agées, les adultes actifs, les familles avec enfants et les foyers monoparentaux ayant une femme comme chef de famille).

La France est le seul pays des 5 pays étudiés dont la classe moyenne a progressé au cours des années 1980 et 1990.

Page 21: CLASSES MOYENNES EN FRANCE: UNE PERSPECTIVE INTERNATIONALE Steven Pressman Department Of Economics & Finance Monmouth University West Long Branch, NJ 07764

CONCLUSIONS

La France a la plus grande classe moyenne selon les revenus du travail et capital (a moins pour D1 et D2). Cela veut dire que l'Etat est obligé de s’impliquer moins que dans d’autres pays afin d’assurer une classe moyenne importante et florissante.

L'Etat français intervient moins que les gouvernements de la Suède et de l’Allemagne pour que les ménages accèdent à la classe moyenne. En ce qui concerne la classe moyenne, le gouvernement français intervient plus ou moins autant que le gouvernement de la Grande Bretagne. Seul le gouvernement américain agit moins en faveur de la classe moyenne que le gouvernement français.


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