Sum
mer
Und
ergr
adua
te R
esea
rch
Opt
imal
Gra
in S
ize
Dia
met
ers f
or S
alm
on S
paw
ning
Hab
itat P
rior t
o M
arm
ot D
am R
emov
al o
n th
e Sa
ndy
Riv
er, O
rego
nM
icha
ela
Long
, Uni
vers
ity o
f Ari
zona
Men
tors
: Dr.
Pete
r Wilc
ock,
Chu
ck P
odol
ak, J
ohns
Hop
kins
Uni
vers
ity
N
A
T
I O
N
A
L
C
E
N
T
E R
F O
R
E A
R
T
H
-
S U
R
F
A
C
E
D
Y
N
A
M
I C
S
St.
Ant
hony
Fal
ls L
abor
ator
y
Obj
ectiv
esO
ne o
f the
pri
mar
y pu
rpos
es o
f dam
rem
oval
is to
rest
ore
the
stre
am to
the
natu
ral c
ondi
tion
with
em
phas
is on
aid
ing
natu
ral b
iolo
gica
l hab
itats
. Thr
ough
obs
erva
tion
of se
dim
ent t
rans
port
, one
can
pr
edic
t the
suita
bilit
y of
salm
on sp
awni
ng. A
lthou
gh th
ere
are
seve
ral f
acto
rs th
at c
ontr
ibut
e to
de
term
inin
g op
timal
spaw
ning
hab
itat s
uita
bilit
y, g
rain
-siz
e di
stri
butio
n of
the
rive
rbed
is th
e m
ost
signi
fican
t for
ana
lysis
of r
iver
con
ditio
ns b
efor
e an
d af
ter d
am re
mov
al. T
he d
istri
butio
n of
the
sedi
men
t fol
low
ing
a m
assiv
e lo
ad o
f sed
imen
t tra
nspo
rt w
ill d
eter
min
e th
e su
sten
ance
of t
he sa
lmon
sp
ecie
s dur
ing
dam
rem
oval
and
ulti
mat
ely
dete
rmin
e th
e su
cces
s of d
am re
mov
al p
roje
cts.
Met
hods
To e
valu
ate
pre-
dam
rem
oval
sedi
men
t com
posit
ion,
I ge
nera
ted
faci
esm
aps w
hich
are
map
s of n
umer
ous
patc
hes o
f sed
imen
t with
the
hom
ogen
eous
cha
ract
erist
ics.
I per
form
ed p
ebbl
e co
unts
of t
he a
rea
to
dete
rmin
e th
e gr
ain-
size
dist
ribu
tion
of th
e ri
verb
ed a
cros
s sev
eral
reac
hes d
owns
trea
m. I
took
exi
stin
g fis
h lit
erat
ure
in fi
sher
ies j
ourn
als t
o fin
d sa
lmon
spaw
ning
are
as. T
he lo
catio
ns m
appe
d ou
t in
fishe
ries
jo
urna
ls w
ill p
rovi
de a
foun
datio
n fo
r whi
ch to
nar
row
sear
ch fo
r red
dsfo
r eac
h pa
rtic
ular
spec
ies o
f sa
lmon
ids.
Alth
ough
nei
ther
of t
he sa
lmon
spec
ies w
ere
spaw
ning
at t
he ti
me
of th
e fie
ld w
ork,
I ob
serv
ed
the
grai
n-siz
e di
amet
ers o
f the
gra
vel w
here
redd
sare
exp
ecte
d to
be
foun
d du
ring
spaw
ning
seas
on a
nd I
prod
uced
faci
esm
aps i
n th
ese
area
s.
Abs
trac
tTh
e pu
rpos
e of
the
Mar
mot
Dam
rem
oval
at t
he S
andy
Riv
er is
to im
prov
e ha
bita
t con
nect
ivity
for
salm
onid
popu
latio
n an
d to
rest
ore
natu
ral s
trea
mflo
wdo
wns
trea
m o
f the
dam
. The
nat
ure
of sa
lmon
sp
awni
ng e
ffort
s dep
ends
sign
ifica
ntly
on
sedi
men
t com
posit
ion
of th
e ri
verb
ed. T
he a
ntic
ipat
ed
sedi
men
t tra
nspo
rt in
itiat
ed b
y da
m re
mov
al is
exp
ecte
d to
affe
ct sa
lmon
hab
itat a
cros
s diff
eren
t rea
ches
of
the
rive
r, w
ith th
e de
gree
of s
ever
ity d
epen
ding
on
loca
tion
rela
tive
to th
e da
m a
nd se
dim
ent
com
posit
ion.
How
will
the
mas
sive
amou
nt o
f sed
imen
t tra
nspo
rt a
ffect
salm
on sp
awni
ng? W
hich
gra
in
sizes
are
opt
imal
for s
paw
ning
? How
are
thes
e pa
rtic
ular
gra
in-s
izes
dist
ribu
ted
alon
g th
e ri
ver?
How
w
ill th
is se
dim
ent t
rans
port
follo
win
g da
m re
mov
al?
Dat
a co
llect
ion
cons
ists o
f usin
g W
olm
an’s
pebb
le-
coun
t met
hod
to d
eter
min
e th
e gr
ain-
size
dist
ribu
tion
(GSD
) acr
oss s
ever
al ri
ver r
each
es. C
ompa
riso
ns
of g
rain
-siz
e di
amet
ers t
o sa
lmon
hab
itat w
ill d
eter
min
e th
e op
timal
gra
in-s
ize
for s
alm
on sp
awni
ng
effo
rts.
Res
ults
show
that
the
aver
age
grai
n-siz
e of
are
as w
ith g
reat
er sa
lmon
spaw
ning
act
ivity
is a
gr
avel
and
cob
ble
com
posit
ion
with
dia
met
ers r
angi
ng b
etw
een
16m
m a
nd 4
5mm
. The
se re
sults
will
fu
rthe
r be
used
to d
etec
t cha
nge
in ri
verb
ed c
ompo
sitio
n ov
er th
e co
urse
of t
he n
ext 5
-10
year
s and
how
da
m re
mov
al a
ffect
s sal
mon
idha
bita
t.
Dam
rem
oval
will
aid
the
salm
on p
opul
atio
ns b
y sig
nific
antly
rest
orin
g th
e st
ream
to it
s nat
ural
co
nditi
ons.
Theo
retic
ally
, the
rive
r may
nev
er re
turn
to it
s nat
ural
, pri
stin
e co
nditi
ons d
ue to
the
long
-ter
m a
dver
se e
ffect
s of d
am c
onst
ruct
ion
on th
e st
ruct
ure
and
natu
ral f
unct
ions
of t
he ri
ver
ecos
yste
m. H
owev
er, d
am re
mov
al o
ffers
the
best
att
empt
at s
alva
ging
the
num
erou
s eco
logi
cal
com
mun
ities
. Im
med
iate
ly fo
llow
ing
dam
rem
oval
, the
con
ditio
ns o
f the
bed
cha
nnel
is e
xpec
ted
to
be d
isast
rous
for f
ish p
opul
atio
ns d
ue to
the
rela
tivel
y m
assiv
ese
dim
ent t
rans
port
dow
nstr
eam
. The
di
ssol
ved
load
, con
sistin
g of
mat
eria
l tha
t is t
rans
port
ed in
solu
tion,
is p
redi
cted
to b
e hi
ghly
un
suita
ble
to sa
lmon
bio
logi
cal f
unct
ions
ulti
mat
ely
caus
ing
mor
talit
y. In
add
ition
, the
bed
cha
nnel
is
expe
cted
to b
e hi
ghly
uns
tabl
e fo
r sev
eral
yea
rs fo
llow
ing
dam
rem
oval
dir
ectly
impa
ctin
g sa
lmon
ha
bita
t. Ev
entu
ally
, the
bed
cha
nnel
will
flat
ten
out o
ver t
ime
and
mak
e th
e be
st a
ttem
pt to
rest
ore
to p
re-d
am c
ondi
tions
supp
ortin
g aq
uatic
eco
syst
ems.
Paci
fic sa
lmon
idsa
re c
ritic
al to
mai
ntai
ning
nut
rien
ts in
the
rive
r eco
syst
em. T
hey
are
anad
rom
ous;
they
sp
end
the
begi
nnin
g of
thei
r liv
es in
fres
hwat
er a
nd m
igra
te to
the
sea
whe
re th
ey sp
end
a m
ajor
ity o
f th
eir a
dult
lives
. Eve
ntua
lly, t
hey
retu
rn to
the
exac
t str
eam
s whe
re th
ey w
ere
hatc
hed
in fr
eshw
ater
to
repr
oduc
e an
d di
e. T
hus,
mig
ratio
n pa
ssag
es a
re h
ighl
y sig
nific
ant t
o sa
lmon
dev
elop
men
t and
re
prod
uctio
n. D
urin
g th
eir p
erio
d in
saltw
ater
, the
y ea
t rav
enou
sly to
stor
e fa
t and
no
long
er fe
ed in
the
rive
r. W
hen
the
fem
ale
spaw
ns, s
he b
urie
s red
ds, o
r nes
ts in
the
grav
el. S
alm
on ty
pica
lly d
epos
it up
to a
th
ousa
nd e
ggs i
n ea
ch re
dd. U
pon
fert
iliza
tion,
the
fem
ale
then
cov
ers e
ach
redd
with
gra
vel a
nd
dete
rior
ates
whi
le g
uard
ing
the
nest
. Sal
mon
cor
pses
pro
vide
ple
ntifu
l nut
rien
ts to
the
rive
r.
Ther
e ar
e se
vera
l spe
cies
that
inha
bit t
he S
andy
Riv
er. T
he c
oho
salm
on (O
ncor
hync
husk
isutc
h) is
the
spec
ies u
nder
inve
stig
atio
n in
th
e fie
ld d
ue to
its h
igh
popu
latio
n. T
he S
andy
rive
r con
sists
of
salm
on th
at h
ave
been
raise
d at
the
fishe
ries
and
then
rele
ased
into
th
e ri
ver;
wild
salm
on a
re n
ot u
nder
exp
erim
enta
tion.
The
spri
ngCh
inoo
k, su
mm
er S
teel
head
, and
Coh
o sa
lmon
spaw
n up
stre
am
rela
tive
to th
e da
m a
cros
s sev
eral
reac
hes o
f the
rive
r. Th
e Fa
ll Ch
inoo
k sp
awn
dow
nstr
eam
rela
tive
to th
e da
m. W
inte
r Ste
elhe
ad
spaw
n bo
th u
pstr
eam
and
dow
nstr
eam
of t
he ri
ver r
elat
ive
to th
e da
m. A
ll sa
lmon
idss
paw
n fa
r ups
trea
m a
nd d
owns
trea
m fr
om th
e M
arm
ot d
am. H
owev
er, t
he C
hino
ok sa
lmon
hav
e se
cond
ary
spaw
ning
are
as ju
st a
bove
the
Mar
mot
dam
, thu
s the
se sp
ecie
s may
be th
e m
ost a
ffect
ed a
s a re
sult
of th
e se
dim
ent t
rans
port
in th
e re
serv
oir.
Gra
in S
ize
Dis
trib
utio
n
0102030405060708090100 0.
010.
11
1010
010
0010
000
diam
eter
(mm
)
% finer
A B1 B2 OB
Tota
l
Res
ults
Follo
win
g 3
wee
ks o
f fie
ld o
bser
vatio
ns a
nd st
udy
at th
e Sa
ndy
Riv
er, O
rego
n, th
e na
ture
and
su
itabi
lity
of sa
lmon
spaw
ning
hab
itat w
as e
valu
ated
and
map
ped
acro
ss se
vera
l rea
ches
do
wns
trea
m o
f Mar
mot
Dam
. The
opt
imal
gra
in si
ze d
iam
eter
for s
alm
on sp
awni
ng e
ffort
s in
the
Sand
y R
iver
was
det
erm
ined
to ra
nge
betw
een
the
diam
eter
s of2
0mm
and
47m
m. T
he
idea
l are
as fo
r spa
wni
ng h
abita
t was
bas
ed o
n ex
istin
g fis
h lit
erat
ure
gath
ered
by
the
fore
st
serv
ices
. The
re w
as c
onsid
erab
le fo
cus o
n sid
e ch
anne
ls an
d ar
eas w
ith m
inim
al h
uman
ac
tivity
and
low
disc
harg
e.
Ack
now
ledg
emen
tsI w
ould
like
to th
ank
Dr.
Pete
r Wilc
ock
and
Chuc
k Po
dola
kat
John
s Hop
kins
U
nive
rsity
. I w
ould
also
like
to th
ank
Kar
en H
ill a
nd Je
ff M
arr f
or th
e th
eir i
nval
uabl
e gu
idan
ce. I
wou
ld li
ke to
than
k th
e N
atio
nal C
ente
r for
Ear
th-S
urfa
ce D
ynam
ics (
NCE
D)
and
St. A
ntho
ny F
alls
Labo
rato
ry (S
AFL
).Disc
ussio
nTh
e M
arm
ot D
am re
mov
al re
sear
ch p
roje
ct w
ill c
ontin
ue in
to n
ext y
ear.
Furt
her r
esea
rch
will
be
cond
ucte
d to
det
erm
ine
chan
ge d
etec
tion
in th
e ri
ver b
edfo
llow
ing
a m
assiv
e lo
ad o
f se
dim
ent t
rans
port
dow
nstr
eam
from
the
dam
. Thi
s map
ping
effo
rt w
as c
ondu
cted
to e
nsur
e a
deep
er u
nder
stan
ding
of t
he b
iolo
gica
l im
pact
of s
trea
m re
stor
atio
n. In
effo
rt to
det
erm
ine
the
optim
al g
rain
size
for s
paw
ning
hab
itat,
the
dow
nstr
eam
reac
h of
the
rive
r was
m
etic
ulou
sly m
appe
d ev
en in
are
as w
ith n
o sp
awni
ng su
itabi
lity.
Thi
s dat
a w
ill p
rovi
de a
ba
sis to
det
ect t
he e
xact
cha
nge
in th
e ge
omor
phol
ogy
of th
e ri
ver a
nd c
an b
e us
ed in
futu
re
dam
con
stru
ctio
n an
d re
mov
al p
roje
cts.
Mar
mot
Dam
bef
ore
rem
oval
.Th
e Sa
ndy
Riv
er a
t Oxb
ow P
ark,
just
one
hou
r eas
t of P
ortla
nd.
Coho
Sal
mon
Red
dsem
bedd
ed in
gra
vel.
Faci
esM
aps a
t Oxb
ow P
ark
whe
re si
gnifi
cant
spaw
ning
act
ivity
occ
urs i
n th
e fa
ll.
Pebb
le C
ount
ing
alon
g th
e ri
verb
ank.
Back
grou
ndTh
e co
nstr
uctio
n of
the
Mar
mot
Dam
forc
es se
vera
l disa
dvan
tage
s to
the
salm
onid
popu
latio
n of
the
Sand
y R
iver
. Dam
s alte
r the
nat
ural
m
igra
tion
pass
ages
in th
e up
stre
am d
irec
tion.
Dam
s neg
ativ
ely
mod
ify u
pstr
eam
and
dow
nstr
eam
aqu
atic
env
iron
men
ts, i
nclu
ding
: th
erm
al st
ratif
icat
ion
of th
e re
serv
oir;
dow
nstr
eam
flow
alte
ratio
n an
d te
rmin
atio
n of
inun
datio
n of
dow
nstr
eam
floo
dpla
ins;
sedi
men
t an
d nu
trie
nt tr
appi
ng in
rese
rvoi
rs.