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One of the fastest growing
segments of the animal
Industry
The Poultry Industry
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Which came first, the
chicken or the egg?
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Consumption Worldwide consumption of
poultry is increasing Per capita consumption of
broilers is 90 pounds
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Poultry generally accepted in most
cultures
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Largest Producers China is first in the world
Soviet Union and United Statesare next
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World Production Data
USA produces 8+ billion broiler chickens per year
World production of poultry meat in 1997 was 84billion pounds and table eggs was 700 billion
30% of worlds poultry meat is produced in the USA
50% of world table egg production is in China
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What types of poultry are there?
Ratites-Ostriches, Emus
Chickens
Ducks
Geese Turkeys
Game Birds
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Pigeons Are Also Poultry
There is a hobby called Pigeon Racing and hobbyists
take it very seriously!
The pigeons are released anduse their homing instinct, to
return home to their lofts.
Pigeons are also known as
Thoroughbreds of the Sky
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Chickens
Chickens make up the largest sector of the poultryindustry.
Consumption of chicken in the WORLD is risingevery year.
Why?Chicken is LOW in fat, HIGH in protein and LOWin cholesterol when compared to meats such as porkand beef.
There are several breeds of chicken used toproduce different products and types of eggs.
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Breeds of Chicken
White Leghorns
Used for egg production and produce white eggs
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Breeds of Chicken
Barred Plymouth Rocks
Used for meat and eggs, produce brown eggs
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Breeds of Chicken
New Hampshire Reds
Used for meat and eggs, produce brown eggs
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Breeds of Chickens
White Plymouth Rocks
Used for meat and eggs, produce brown eggs
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Whats the Difference Between Brown
Eggs and White Eggs?White and brown eggs taste the same and have the same nutritive
value.
The color difference is due to the breed of the hen.
You can tell what color egg a hen will lay by looking at her feathers
and ear lobes.
A hen with WHITE earlobes and feathers will lay WHITE eggs.
A hen with RED feathers and matching earlobes will lay BROWN
eggs.
The difference is purely cosmetic.usually, people in the North
prefer brown eggs while people in the South like white eggs.
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Broiler- used mainly formeat. A broiler is a chickenis 6 to 7 weeks of age andweighs 4 pounds when it issent to market.
Poultry Terms to Know
Layer-a maturefemale chickenthat produces
eggs. Most can lay300 eggs/year.
Pullet- a young femalechicken
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Capon- a male chicken that has beenneutered/castrated, usually 5 to 7months of age and weigh about 6pounds. By castrating these males
when they are 3 weeks old, theirmeat is more tender and moreflavorful when the bird matures.
Poultry Terms to Know
Rooster/Cock- amature male chicken
Cockerel- a male chickenthat is less than 1 year
old
Spent hen- a hen that isno longer laying
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Broiler ProductionBroilers are raised for their meat and they make up most of
the chicken products that we eat.
A Broilers Story:
I was born in a hatcherythen I was placed in an open
chicken house where I ate and drank at free will. The chicken
house is big, warm, and well ventilated. I ran around on a big
open shavings floor. I was fed a diet that made me grow as
efficiently as possible so that the grower wouldnt waste
money on me. My diet has yellow corn, soy, other grains,
minerals, vitamins, and medicine to keep us from getting sick.
My brothers,sisters, and I were all kept very healthy. When Iturned six weeks old and weighed 4 pounds I was sent to
market so you can enjoy chicken nuggets and other chicken
products.
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The Broiler Industry
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What is a broiler?
The term broiler refers
to chickens which areabout 7-8 weeks of
age and are raised for
meat
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The Broiler Industry
Today, almost all of the poultry
is raised in large operations
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Broiler Houses
raised in large houses where the
birds spend most of their lives designed to provide the ultimate
in environmental conditions for
the comfort of the birds.
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Broiler Houses
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Broiler Houses
generally lighted 24 hours a day
helps cut down on cannibalism
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Broiler Production
process begins with the
production of eggs that will behatched into chicks.
Parents are selected from breeds
that are large and muscular
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Broiler Production
different in appearance from
those chickens used to produceeggs for consumption
Layers are selected on their
ability to lay eggs
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Broiler Production
most are hybrids derived from
mating of different breeds usually mated through artificial
insemination
results in heterosis or hybrid
vigor
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Hybrid Vigor
the resulting offspring are
healthier and outproduce theaverage of their parents.
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Broiler Production
most are white
colored birds have pigmentationspots in their skin which is
undesirable to the consumer
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Egg Production
eggs are expelled from the hens
body and the embryo developsoutside the mothers body.
Eggs are encased in a hard shell
and can weigh several ounces
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Layers
Chicken are raised for producing
eggs
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Chicken Development
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Egg Production
most mammal eggs are
microscopic process begins with the release
of the ovum (yolk) from the
ovary
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Egg Production
if the female has been mated,
the ovum will be fertilizedwithin the infundibulum.
The albumin or white of the egg
is secreted by cells in the
magnum.
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Egg Production
the shell is formed in the uterus
in 18-20 hours the shell iscompleted and moves to the
vagina and out of the hens
body.
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Female Reproductive Tract
Ovary
Infundibulum - site of
fertilization
Magnum - albumin
addition
Isthmus - membranes
Uterus - shell gland
Vagina - transport to
exterior Sperm storage occurs at
various sites in tract in
some species
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Egg Production
hens prefer nesting boxes that
are enclosed gives the chickens a feeling of
security
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Egg hatching
eggs are stored at 21-26 0C
(70-800
F) degrees until beingplaced in the hatchery
within 48 hours after incubation
begins the embryo has
developed a circulatory system
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Egg hatching
circulatory system sustains life
by carrying nourishment fromthe yolk to the embryo
eggs are turned at least two
times per day
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Egg hatching
turning eggs keeps the embryo
from sticking to the inside ofthe shell
by the end of the first week,
embryos are recognizable as
chickens
Layer Production
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Layer Production
How does a chick develop?
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Chick Development
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Egg hatching
incubation takes about 21 days.
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Egg Hatching
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Egg hatching
After hatching, chicks are
removed from the incubator,dried off, cleaned, and placed in
a warm dry environment.
The chicks are sexed and
separated into groups.
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Egg hatching
At one day of age chicks are
vaccinated and the beaks aretrimmed to prevent canabalism.
Chicks are then placed in
ventilated cardboard boxes to
be shipped to the broiler house.
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Egg hatching
Before the chicks arrive at thebroiler house it must be cleaned and
disinfected. Fresh bedding is placed in the
house.
Heaters, called brooders are
suspended from the ceiling to keep
the birds warm.
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Egg hatching
Chicks are usually kept in the
broiler house for seven to eightweeks.
At that time they weigh about 4
1/2 pounds and are ready for
market.
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Egg hatching When the broilers are
transported to the processing
plant, the house is again cleaned. The bedding is very high in
Nitrogen and is used forfertilizer, it may also be used as
a source of protein in cattle
rations.
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Layer Industry
Layer Production
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Layer Production
Did you know?
A layer hen in production can lay almost 300 eggs/year andthis number is rising! In 1900, hens only laid 100 eggs/year!
Are the eggs you buy in the store fertilized or unfertilized?They are unfertilized! Hens do not need a rooster to lay eggs.
Can you name some foods that have eggs in them?Angel food cake, mayonnaise, egg nog, bread, and noodles arejust a few products with eggs!
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Layer Industry
Over 90% of eggs produced are
by layers in cages.
The most common grouping is
four hens per cage.
Some layers produce brown
eggs and some produce white
eggs.
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Layer Industry
Most eggs sold are white.
In commercial operations,lighting is used to stimulate the
hormonal activity of the hens to
increase their production of
eggs.
http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/poultry/publication/commegg/sld001.htm
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Layer Industry
They produce eggs naturally
when the days are longer thanthe nights.
Most operations allow 14 - 15
hours of light per day.
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Layer Industry
As eggs are laid they roll onto a
conveyor belt where they go toa work room where they are
cleaned if necessary and
refrigerated.
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Layer Industry
Eggs are coated with a thin coat
of mineral oil to prevent carbondioxide from escaping from
within the egg.
Eggs are graded according to
size and checked for cracks and
interior spots by candling. Figure 4.2 Automated egg-handling equipment. (A) Overall view. (B) Automatic egg washer. (C) Eggs of different sizes are weighed
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on inline scales and then ejected at different points on the line. Courtesy of the USDA.
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