The Restoration Agenda: Some Practical Issues

Lalisa A. Duguma, Anthony Kimaro and Peter Minang

World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) &ASB Partnership for Tropical Forest Margins

Restoration Opportunities: By Continent

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Source: The Global Partnership on Forest landscape Restoration http://www.wri.org/sites/default/files/world_of_opportunity_brochure_2011-09.pdf

Growing Commitments!

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AFR100 – 100 M ha

I20X20 – 20 M ha

USA - 15 M ha

Bonn Challenge FLR >150 M ha

Indonesia – 28.88 M ha

And Now….Some countries are transitioning from commitment to implementation and a number of important issues need to be well articulated. � What is the landscape we want to achieve? � What are we intending to restore?� Which pathway or trajectory is appropriate?� Restoration from whose perspective? � What are the options for sustainable financing of restoration?

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But, can we learn from past experiences on how to deal with some of these pertinent issues?

General Features• 600-800 mm RF• Semiarid• Agropastoral communities• ‘The desert of Tanzania’

The drivers of change• Woodland clearance &

Expansion of cotton farms• Climate change• Villagization

DroughtEcosystem degradation

Wood, food and feed scarcity

The Shinyanga region, Tanzania

The history: the drivers, the processes…

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Committed GovernmentCommitted PeopleCommitted DonorsCommitted partners

Empowered communities

Recognition of local knowledge and practices

HASHI (Shinyanga Soil Conservation Programme) (1986-2004)

611 ha of managed Ngitili in 1986

611 ha of managed Ngitili in 1986

378,000 ha restored area in 2005

378,000 ha restored area in 2005

The Benefits

Carbon sequestration1986 - 611 ha (27,428 t C)2005 - 377,756 ha

(17 M t C)

Biodiversity conservation Bird species reemerged : 22-65Mammal species reemerged : 10Plant species in restored Ngitili:152

Economic values (Monela et al. 2005)Per capita economic value : 168 USD /yearRural per capita expenditure : 102 USD /year

Other ES benefitsHydrological functions: Dam construction and water management (“Water markets”)Soil management: Erosion controlSOM build-up

Social and Intrinsic values- Social cohesion - ‘Social security’

REDD+ piloting is already ongoing!!REDD+ piloting is already ongoing!!

1. What is the landscape we want to achieve?

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y Do we a ‘view’ of what we want to achieve?

y What are the determinants of success? And, How do we measure it?

¾ History: What led to the degradation?

¾ Dynamics of the drivers: Some drivers may fade while new ones may emerge.

¾ Context: In what context is restoration to happen?

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1930 1986

Sustainable agropastoral livelihood system

Ngitili (fodder bank system)

Indigenous Miombo and acacia woodlands

Tse tse fly eradication (clearing of woodlands)

Cash crops expansion

Overstocking

Increasing wood demand

Deforestation for villagization

Ngitili

Onfarm tree conservationImproved fallows

Rotational woodlots

The reference state The degradation phase The restoration phase

Community empowerment

Long-term investment from NORAD and ICRAF

Insecure tenure rights

The reconstruction of the dynamics in Shinyanga

2. What are we intending to restore?

• Interests – Often, landscapes are composed of multiple actors who have different priorities.

• Tradeoffs between functions

• A negotiated process to accommodate varying interests and perspectives

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Priority functions/services targeted in Shinyanga¾ Feed for livestock¾ Wood supply for energy and constructions¾ Restoring watershed services

3. Which pathway or trajectory is appropriate?

• What degree of flexibility do we allow to accommodate unforeseen changes? (Adaptive management….)

• Which pathway is relatively effective, efficient and fair?

• Which pathway can meet the needs and interests of the various stakeholders?

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AA

BB

Options in the Shinyanga case

¾ Ngitili (traditional)

¾ Enhanced Ngitili with AF systems

¾ Woodlots and plantations

4. From whose perspective?

• Whose vision is it?• Who makes the decision on what

has to be achieved?• Did we capture the voice of all

relevant stakeholders?

In Shinyanga, local people and local traditional institutional formed the main actors in the whole restoration process. Hence the implementation process was largely driven by the community.

5. Dealing with the sustainable financing of restoration?

• What kind of public-private partnerships could effectively work for restoration?

• How do we make restoration attractive for private investment?

Tanzanian Government

Norwegian Government

REDD+ (carbon financing)

Smallholders investment (Local enterprises - honey, feed market, water marketing, Tourism, …)

1986 2005

Output of the diagnostics of the success factors for restoration in Rwanda (Using ROAM)

14https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2014-030.pdf

Degraded grazing land

Restored area using Ngitili

Thank You!