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des Affaires étrangères, de l’Ambassade de Franceen Bulgarie et de l’Institut français

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1Antoine Berman, L’épreuve de l’étranger, Culture et traduction dansl’Allemagne romantique, Paris, Gallimard, 1984.

2Portraits de Traductrices, .+? /1?67B8C-6 :6 Jean D1lisle, Presses de l’u-niversité d’Ottawa 8 Artois Presses université, 2002.

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1 Paul Horguelin, Anthologie de la manière de traduire (F1,+)+/.< 1$1$=.1.,7 1$ 507%7:'$17), 0/1:,76 >6,-, Montréal, Linguatech, 1981.

2 Berman, Antoine, Pour une critique des traductions: John Donne (P$7'1$ #0.,.#$ 1$ 507%+'.,7: 3:+1 3+1), Paris, Gallimard, 1995.

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-876-6, ./1?.+56*6 :1 ?6 ,1 .+,-628= 2 -/6?8B8+::6-6 8,-+/8C:6 8?18-1, 6 ?6 ,1 ,-/1=8= ?6 +.8@1= ?8,79/,8-1. &6@6-6 B15-97 1 1?8: ,.1B808>1: ?8,79/,, .+?>8:1: :6 ,+3,-21:8-1 ,8<67+:8: ?8,79/,4- <6/24/F9 ./12+?6/./12+?6>6.;+26 2/4J6:1 74= =8:65+-+, ?21 F85C?+51-8C :6<6?, =+-

G1 ?6 ,1 ,-+/8 :6 :C7+8 :6.45:+ 8<58@:+. Y1 8= +-*+2+/C,76-+ B8-8/6= D1/=6::

„P4/26-6 <6?6>6 :6 ,42/1=1::6-6 -1+/8C :6 ./12+-?6 1 ?6 ,4<?6?1 8,-+/8C :6 ./12+?6. T6 2,C76 ,42/1-=1::+,- 1 ,2+K,-21: :1 .+*51?, 2-+/6>1: 2 =8:65+-+, 6/1-/+,.17-82:+ ?28G1:81, 7+1-+ 1 ,6=++3F26J6:1.(…) M6 ,1 :6.8@1 8,-+/8C :6 ./12+?6 +<:6>626 ?6 ,1./+,51?8 31<7/6K:+ ,5+G:6-6 8 +34/726J6 795-9/:6=/1G6, 2 7+C-+ ./12+?4- 1 +.51-1: 242 2,C76 1?:6 1.+-F6 858 2 /6<58>:8 ./+,-/6:,-26, 8 -676 .+59>1:+-+ 8,--+/8>1,7+ <:6:81 ?6 ,1 ./124/:1 2 :6>65+ :6 :6@1-+1$-,+<@7.“1

%6G:+ 1 ./12+?6>4- :6.45:+ ?6 +,4<:61 <:6>1:81-+ :6,2+C -/9?: +3+*6-C26:1 :6 1<876 >/1< ."5.,$1.7,+ 1$ =J:-'+,+ (:C7+8 ?9=8, -24/?+ 9,-6:+21:8 ?:1, 242 0/1:,78C

1Antoine Berman, L’Epreuve de l’étranger (!"5.,$1.7,+ 1$ =J:'+-,+), ;.,. -(=., ,. 12 8 14.

1<87, .4/2+:6>65:+ ,6 3858 ,.+/:8 :1+5+*8<=8), .+,-62C:1:6 795-9/8-1 2 8,-8:,7+ 2<68=+?1K,-281. H?26 58 8=6 .+-?+3/+ +./1?151:81 :6 <6?6>6-6 :6 ./12+?6>6 +- -+26, 7+1-+:8 ?626 ":/8 !1@+:87:

„#63+-6-6 :6 ./12+?6>6 1 ?6 ,1 2,59@26 8 ?6 ./+8<-21G?6 :+2 1<87 >/1< 8,-+/8>1,76-6 ,/1J6 =1G?9 .+1--876-6 :6 1?8: 1<87 8 .+1-876-6 :6 ?/9* 1<87.“1

(--97 8 26G:+,--6 ?6 ,1 .+<:626- /6<58>:8-1 .+?F+?874= ./12+?6 ./1< 217+21-1, /6<58>:8-1 ./12+?6>1,78 .+<8-B88, 2.8,6:8 2 /6=78-1 :6 +./1?151:8 :+/=8, :6 1?:6 =/1G6+- +-:+@1:8C, ,24/<6:8 , 256,--6 8 795-9/:6-6 ,/1?6, <6 ?6,1 /6<31/1 <6J+ ,1 1 ./121G?65+ .+ 1?8: 858 ?/9* :6>8:, ,1?:6 858 ?/9*6 B15, <6J+ ,1 1 ./1?.+>8-65+ 1?:+ 858 ?/9*+,F26J6:1 <6 21/:+,--6 74= +/8*8:656: 1?8:,-21:+ -6<8 8,-+-/8>1,76 .54-:+,-, -6<8 6/F1+5+*8C :6 ./12+?6 J1 .+<2+5C-:6 ./12+?6>6 .+-?+3/1 ?6 /6<31/1 ./8:B8.8-1, :6 7+8-+ 8?:1, ,6 .+?>8:1:8 /6<58>:8-1 ./12+?6>1,78 =1-+?8 8/6<,4G?1:8C 24/F9 ./12+?6, <6 ?6 34?1 -+K .+-,2+3+?1:, .+-/6<7/1.+,-1: 2 ,2+C 8<3+/ 8 ?6 +,4<:61 .+-?+3/1 ,2+1-+,+3,-21:+ =C,-+ 2 1?:6 ?45*6 21/8*6, <6.+>:656 =:+*+ ./1?8:1*+, 7+C-+ J1 ./+?45G8 8 ,51? :1*+. T6 ?6 /6<31/1 .+-?+3/1,4J:+,--6 :6 ,42/1=1::8-1 -1+/88 :6 ./12+?6. "7+ ./81=1=+./1?151:81-+ :6 D1/=6: <6 507%+'$=7-#$,$ 5+".;.< :6./12+?6>6 76-+ „7+=./+=8, =1G?9 :6>8:6, .+ 7+K-+ ./12+-?6>4-, 76-+ ,9317-, -56,76: +- .&5J)-$ '$ 507%7:'$, 24<./8-1=6 <6?6>6-6 :6 ./12+?6, 8 :6>8:6, .+ 7+K-+ -+K 8:-1/8+/8-<8/6 +7+5:8C ?8,79/, <6 ./121G?6:1-+ („:+/=8-1“)2“, J1 ,1.+,-6/61= ?6 ./+,51?8= 242 2,C76 1?:6 1.+F6 ,4+-21-:6-6?8,79/,82:6 ,/1?6, ./1+356?626J8-1 :+/=8, -. 1. '+#-$,$.$,-+/8C-6 :6 ./12+?6 8=6 8 ?/9*+ B1::+ ./1?8=,-2+:

?8,-6:B8C-6 :6 2/1=1-+ :8 .+<2+5C26 ?6 +,4<:61= +-:+,8--15:+,--6 :6 :6@8-1 931G?1:8C. P+ -+<8 .+2+? J1 B8-8/6=P+5 I628:

1 Henri Meschonnic, „D’une linguistique de la traduction à la poétique dela traduction“, Pour la Poétique II (9, ).1/%.-,.#$ 1$ 507%+'$ #(& 5+7,.-#$ 1$ 507%+'$, P$ 5+7,.#$,$ II), Paris, Gallimard, p. 361.

2 Antoine Berman, Pour une critique des traductions : John Donne (P$7'1$ #0.,.#$ 1$ 507%+'.,7: 3:+1 3+1), Paris, Gallimard, 1995, p. 74.

„% 7/6K:6 ,=1-76 8,-+/8C-6 :6 ./12+?8-1, 76-+ :8?626 +.8,6-151: 76-65+* :6 ./121?1:8-1 -17,-+21, :8./1?.6<26 +- ?+*=6-8<=6. &1 :8 .+<2+5C26 ?6 -24/-?8=: 1-+, -+26 1 ?+3/8RM ./12+?. H?8:,-21:+-+, 7+1-+=+G1= ?6 76G1=, 1: -+26 1 -17,-, ./1?,-621: 76-+ ./1-2+? 8 7+K-+ 21/+C-:+ 1 385 <6?+2+58-151: <6 ?6?1:6.935876 2 ?6?1:6 1.+F6. ;676 :81 :C=6 ?6 ./856*6=1,./C=+ ?1K,-28-15:+,--6 6./8+/:8 =+?158 8 J1 8<26-?8= 8<9>626:1-+ :6 ./12+?6 +- :+/=6-82:8C 1-6., 8<-G82C: +- 2,C76 :6976, ?+,-+K:6 <6 -+26 8=1.“1

":-+6: D1/=6: ,4J+ .+76<26 931?8-15:+, >1 +- XVI 2.:6,6= ./12+?4-, 8 .+-,.1B865:+ -+<8 242 A/6:B8C, ,.+/1?./81-6-6 756,80876B8C 3826 +-:6,C: 74= :C7+K .+-+3F26-1:G6:/: .+?/6G6:81 ./1< #1:1,6:,6, F1/=1:12-8>:6 7/8-876 27/6C :6 XVIII 217, 0+/=6 :6 -17,-+./+8<2+?,-2+ 858 :6 1<8-7+2 7+:-67- ./1< XX 217, 7+1-+ *+ ./12/4J6 2 „,93-0+/=6“:6 .+?/6G6:81-+, 7/8-876-6, .8,6:1-+ 858 ./+,-+ 2 „./8-5+G:6 58:*28,-876“: <6?6>6-6 ?:1, 1 ?6 ,1 ?6?1 +./1?151:81:6 ./12+?6, 8<251>1:+ +- ,6=8C ./12+? 76-+ ,.1B808>:6?1K:+,-.

1 Paul Chavy, Valeur heuristique et pédagogique de l’histoire des traduc-tions (N%0.-,.=1+ . 57'$/+/.=7-#+ "1$=71.7 1$ .-,+0.<,$ 1$ 507%+'.-,7), La traduction, l’universitaire et le praticien, Ottawa, Presses de l’uni-versité d’Ottawa, coll. „Cahiers de traductologie“, Z 5, p. 113/120.

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2+/C- :1 .+-=657+ +- 4500–6000 1<876, 31< ?6 3/+8= ,-+-8-B8-1 858 F85C?8-1, 7+8-+ :1 ,6 ./1?=1- :6 8<,51?26:1.“1

$<+38581-+ 8 =:+*++3/6<81-+ :6 1<8B8 ,6 9?825C2658F+/6-6 8 .+?F/6:2658 24+3/6G1:81-+ 8= -676 ,85:+, >1 ,6,4<?658 =8- 2 +.8-6 ,8 ?6 +3C,:C- -+26 C251:81: =8-6 <6%6285+:,76-6 7956, 7+K-+ 2./+>1= .+>826, .+ 2,C76 21/+-C-:+,-, :6 :1./6285:+ 1<87+2+ -457926:1: ?9=6-6 bâb-ili(%6285+: :6 */4B78) 1 +<:6>62656 :6 26285+:,78 „%/6-6:6 D+*6“, :+ :1./6285:6-6 1-8=+5+*8C C 1 ,24/<656 ,4,,-6/+12/1K,78C *56*+5 bâlal = „,=1,26=, +34/726=, /6<-=1,26=“.&176 ./8.+=:8= 7672+ ,1 76<26 2 D8-81:

„" .+ BC56-6 <1=C ,1 9.+-/13C26@1 1?8: 1<87 81?8: *+2+/. $ 76-+ .+-1*5Q26F6 >+21B8-1 74= 8<-+7,:6=1/8F6 .+51 2 E1:66/,76-6 <1=C, ?1-+ ,1 8 <6,158F6.$ /17+F6 ,8 1?8: :6 ?/9*: H56-1, ?6 :6./628= -9F58 8?6 *8 8<.1>1= 2 +*4:C. ;9F58 9.+-/13C26F6 2=1,-+76=4:8, 6 ,=+56 9.+-/13C26F6 2=1,-+ 765. $ /17+F6 :H56-1, ?6 ,8 ,4*/6?8= */6?, ?6G1 7956, >8K-+ 24/F ?6,-8*6 ?+ :131-+; 8 ?6 ,8 ,.1>158= 8=1, ?6 :1 38 ?6 ,1/6<./4,:1= .+ 58B1-+ :6 BC56-6 <1=C.

1 Claude Hagège, L’homme de paroles, contribution linguistique aux sci-ences humaines, Paris, Fayard 1985 / Gallimard, Folio essais, 1998, p. 55.

" R+,.+? ,51<1 ?6 28?8 */6?4- 8 7956-6, 7+8-+ */6-?CF6 >+21B8-1. $ /1>1 R+,.+?: H-+, 1?:8 5Q?1 ,6, 82,8>78 *+2+/C- 1?8: 1<87, 8 -+26 1 J+ ,6 .+>:658 ?6./62C-; 8 :1 J1 =+G1 21>1 ?6 8= ,1 24<3/6:8 7672+ 38-5+ :1J+ J+ 38F6 ,8 :6=8,5858 ?6 :6./62C-. H56-1, ?6,51<1=, 8 -6= ?6 /6<34/76=1 1<874- 8=, -4K J+-+ 1?8:?/9*8 ?6 :1 /6<38/6- 1<876 ,8. ;676 R+,.+? *8 /6<./4,-:6 +- -6= .+ 58B1-+ :6 BC56-6 <1=C.“ (D8-81, 11:1–8)1

&6 -+26 ./+75C-81 ,4+-21-,-26 — 8 =9 ,1 ./+-82+.+,-6-2C — 24<=+G:+,--6 :6 F+/6-6 ?6 ./121G?6- 8 ?6 /6<38/6-/6<58>:8-1 ,8 1<8B8.;+<8 =8- 8=6 ,1/8+<:8 .+,51?,-28C <6 ./12+?6: 2 <6.6?-

:6-6 -/6?8B8C ./121G?6:1-+ 1 /62:+,85:+ :6 ./1,-4.26:1:6 D+G8-1 <67+:8, :6 ./1=8:626:1 +-24? */6:8B8-1, :65+G1-:8 +- ,4-2+/1:81-+ :6 /6<58>:8-1 1<8B8 2 -4/,1:1 :6 .4/-28>:8C ./61<87.". !1@+:87 7+=1:-8/6 -+<8 38351K,78 1.8<+? .+ ,51?-

:8C :6>8::

„P6,6G4- 2 D8-81 <6 %6285+:,76-6 7956 1 .4/28>-:6-6 ,B1:6 +- -1+/8C-6 :6 1<876 8 ./12+?6. ;+26 1 +,+-31:+ -/9?1: .6,6G. &1 ,6=+ , +.6,:6-6 ./+,-+-6 :6,8:-67,8,6 (7+K-+ ./8 ./12+?6 2+?8 ?+ 6/F68>1:,+387:+21:+ ?10+/=8/6:, 1017-), 6 :6K-21>1 <6J+-+ ,1?28G8 2 1?:6 21/365:6 =6-1/8C, .+?>8:1:6 :6 1-8=+-5+*8>:6-6 08*9/6 8 +34/:6-6 74= 7656=39/6. (--6= 8-+<8 ./12+? 8 3151G78-1, 7+8-+ ,51?26-.“

% ./12+?6 ,8 :6 -+<8 .6,6G -+K ,1 1 ,-/1=85 ?6 <6.6<89,-:8C F6/67-1/ 8 /8-4=6 :6 38351K,78C 8<76<, 76-+ ./856-*6 ./8:B8.8-1 :6 ,2+C-6 „.+1-876 :6 ./121G?6:1-+“, ,.+/1?7+C-+ ./12+?4- :6 D8358C-6 8*/61 /+5C-6 :6 ./8=1/, ?+7+5-7+-+ „./1?56*6 9:8765:6 ?8,79/,82:6 +/*6:8<6B8C >/1</8-4=6. $ ?+7+57+-+ :1K:8C- 9,-1: F6/67-1/ :19-/658<8/6+.+<8B8C-6 =1G?9 .8,6:+-+ ,5+2+ 8 9,-:6-6 /1>, :656*6:6+- ?29.+5Q,:8C =+?15, ,2+K,-21: <6 B6/,-2+-+ :6 <:676. ;C

* U8-8/6:8-1 -97 8 .+-:6-6-47 2 -17,-6 .6,6G8 +- D8358C-6 :6 345*6/-,78 1<87 ,6 2<1-8 +- ?.*).< .). I%7@71+,+ 5.-$1.7 1$ I,$0.< . E+%.<"$%7,, E+08C, 1924 *. — D15. ./12.

2+?8 ,51?+26-15:+ ?+ /6<*/6:8>626:1 :6 .8,6:+-+ ,5+2+ 89,-:6-6 /1>.“1 H-+ -+<8 ./12+?:

Au commencement (Genèse XI, 1 à 9)(% :6>65+-+ — D8-81 11:1–8)

1Et ce fut toute la terre langue une

Et paroles unes($ 31@1 BC56-6 <1=C 1<87 1?8:8 1?:8 ,5+26)

2Et ce fut dans leur voyage vers l’orient

Et ils trouvèrent une vallée au pays de Chin’ar et làIls s’établirent($ 31@1 2 .4-926:1-+ 8= :6 8<-+7$ :6=1/8F6 1?:6 ?+58:6 2 E1:66/,76-6 <1=C 8 -6=

-1 ,1 <6,158F6)

3Et ils dirent l’un vers l’autre allons faisons blanchir desbriques blanches et flambons pour la flambée

Et la brique blanche pour eux fut la roche et laboue rouge pour eux fut l’argile($ ,8 76<6F6 1?8: :6 ?/9* 156-1 ?6 8<3158=3158 -9F58 8 ?6 *8 8<.1>1= :6 .56=47$ 3C56-6 -9F56 <6 -CF 31@1 76=47 8

>1/21:6-6 765 <6 -CF 31@1 *58:6)

4Et ils dirent allons construisons-nous une ville et une touret sa tête dans le ciel et faisons-nous un nom

Sinon nous nous disperserons sur la surface de toute laterre($ /17+F6 156-1 ?6 ,8 ,4*/6?8= */6? 8 79568 24/F4- S 2 :131-+ 8 ?6 ,8 ,.1>158= 8=1$:6>1 J1 ,1 /6<./4,:1= .+ 58B1-+ :6 BC56-6 <1=C)

1 P+1-876-6, -676 767-+ C /6<38/6 ":/8 !1@+:87, J1 34?1 /6<28-6242 2-+/6-6 >6,- :6 7:8*6-6. ;C .+>826 .+-,.1B865:+ 24/F9 /8-4=6 76-++/*6:8<6B8C :6 /6<76<6 :6 1?8: ,9317-, 6 9,-:8C- 8<76< e „./8=6-4- :6/8-4=6 2 ?8,79/,6“ (.8,=1: 858 9,-1:).

5Et Adonaï descendit voir la ville et la tour

Que construisirent les fils de l’homme($ R+,.+? ,51<1 ?6 28?8 */6?6 8 7956-67+C-+ */6?CF6 ,8:+21-1 :6 >+2176.)

6Et Adonaï dit si le peuple est un et la langue une pour euxtous et cela ce qu’ils commencent à faire

Et maintenant ne pourra être retranché d’eux riende ce qu’ils méditeront de faire($ /1>1 R+,.+? 1?8: :6/+? ,6 8 1<874- 1?8: 1 <6 2,8>78-CF 8 -+26 1 J+ ,6 .+>:658 ?6 ./62C-$ ,1*6 :1 J1 =+G1 ?6 8= ,1 +-:1=1 :8J+

+- -+26, 7+1-+ 38F6 :6=8,5858 ?6 :6./62C-)

7Allons descendons et là embabelons leur langue

Qu’ils n’entendent pas l’un la langue de l’autre(H56-1 ?6 ,51<1= 8 -6= ?6 +26285+:8= (/6<34/76=1)

-1F:8C 1<87,-676 >1 ?6 :1 /6<38/6- 1?:8 ?/9*8 1<876 ,8)

8Et Adonaï les dispersa de là sur la surface de toute la terre

Et ils cessèrent de construire la ville(;676 R+,.+? *8 /6<./4,:6 +--6= .+ 58B1-+ :6 BC56-6

<1=C8 -1 ./1,-6:6F6 ?6 */6?C- */6?6)

9Sur quoi elle s’appela du nom de Babel parce que làAdonaï embabela la langue de toute la terre

Et de là Adonaï les dispersa sur la surface de toutela terre“(T6 -+26 -+K ,1 :68=1:926 %6285+:, <6J+-+ -6=R+,.+? +26285+:8 (/6<34/76) 1<876 :6 BC56-6 <1=C8 +--6= R+,.+? *8 /6<./4,:6 .+ 58B1-+ :6 BC56-6

<1=C).

%8G?6=1 ,-/1=1G6 :6 ":/8 !1@+:87 ?6 ./1?6?1 /8-4=6;3158-1 .+51-6 =6/78/6- K1/6/F8C-6 :6 /6<?158-15:8-1 9?6-/1:8C :6 ,-6/+12/1K,78, 767-+ 8 +<:6>626J8-1 ,4+-21-,-28C=1G?9 *56,:8 8 ,4*56,:8.%42 O,+0+,+ 5+-)$1.7 #(& H+0.1,<1.,7 6.+,-+5 P6-

215 8<-4726, >1 +-7/+21:81-+ 8=6 :18</6<8= F6/67-1/, >1 :1=+G1 ?6 34?1 8<76<6:+ :6 >+21@78 1<87:

„%81 ,-1 :6@1-+ .8,=+, :6.8,6:+ 2 ,4/B6-6 :8, 9<-:626:+ 8 ./+>8-6:+ +- 2,8>78-1 >+21B8; 8 C2C26-1 ,1,>1 ,-1 W/8,-+2+ .8,=+, ./+8<5C<5+ >/1< :6@1-+ ,59-G1:1, :6.8,6:+ :1 , =6,-85+, :+ , M9F6 :6 G828C D+*,:1 :6 .5+>8 +- 76=47, :+ :6 .5+>8 +- .54- — :6,4/?B1-+. ;67626 921/1:+,- 8=6=1 ,./C=+ D+*6 >/1<W/8,-6. &1 >1 ,=1 ,.+,+3:8 +- ,6=+,131 ,8 ?6 ,4?8=<6 :1J+ 76-+ +- :6, ,8; :+ :6@6-6 ,.+,+3:+,- 1 +- D+-*6, 7+K-+ :8 1 :6./6285 ,.+,+3:8 76-+ ,59G8-158 :61?8: :+2 <621- — :1 :6 39726-6, :+ :6 ?9F6; <6J+-+39726-6 93826, 6 ?9F4- +G82+-2+/C26.“ ( '+/. 2; 3:2–6)

;6<8 +.+<8B8C =1G?9 39726-6, 7+C-+ 93826, 8 ?9F6, 7+K-++G82+-2+/C26, ?45*+ J1 38-926 2 ./12+?6>1,76-6 ./67-876 8>67 ?+ WVIII 217 J1 ,59G8 <6 6/*9=1:- 2 .+5<6 :6 .+-,2+-3+?:8C :6>8: :6 ./121G?6:1, ,51?26J ,=8,456.

**DD""!!EE++**FF**

— CD-rom Didak „l’Histoire de la traduction“ (!-,+0.< 1$ 507-%+'$), Jean Delisle 8 Gilbert Lafond, O:821/,8-1- 2 (-626.

— Michel Ballard, De Cicéron à Benjamin, traducteurs, traduc-tions, réflexions (9, S.;70+1 '+ ?71<&.1, 507%+'$=., 507-%+'., 0$"&.Q)71.<), Presses universitaires de Lille, 1995.

— Jean-Louis Cordonnier, Traduction et culture (C07%+' . #J)-,J0$), Paris, Hatier, Crédif, 1995.

— Henri Meschonnic, „L’atelier de Babel“, Les tours de Babel,essais sur la traduction (O$%.)+1-#+ $,7).7, O$%.)+1-#. #J-)., 7-7,$ "$ 507%+'$), Mauvezin, TER, 1985, B8-. 2 Poétiquedu traduire (C+7,.#$ 1$ 507%7:'$17,+), Verdier, 1999.

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:++3/6<:8 <:6B8 2 /6<58>:8 7+=38:6B88), ?6-8/6J8 +- IIIF85C?+51-81 ./. :. 1., ,28?1-15,-26- <6 :658>81 :6 ./12+?6->1,76 ?1K:+,- +J1 2 -6<8 ?651>:6 1.+F6. '58:+.8,:8-1 :6?-.8,8 ./1?,-625C26- ./1?8=:+ ,.8,4B8 +- ?9=8, :6.+?+3C26-J8 ?291<8>:8 858 -/81<8>:8 /1>:8B8, 7+8-+ ,6 3858 8<.+5-<26:8 ./8 ./12+?6 :6 2+1::8 ?+*+2+/8, <67+:8 8 -4/*+2,78,.+/6<9=1:8C 8 ,6 951,:C2658 7+=9:876B8C-6 , *+51=8-18=.1/88 8 ,4,1?:8-1 ?4/G628. "?=8:8,-/6-82:8, -4/*+2,788 ?8.5+=6-8>1,78 ./12+?8 ,6 3858 8<24/@26:8 2 ?/121:H*8.1-, 242 %6285+: ./1< II F85C?+51-81, 2 ?/12:6 R4/B8C, 2'6/-6*1: 8 2 #8=,76-6 8=.1/8C. &6K-8<21,-:8C- ./8=1/ <6-+26 1 #+<1-,78C- 76=47, .+=+*:65 :6 I6=.+58+: ?6 /6<>1--1 K1/+*5808-1: 24/F9 :1*+ 1 385 8<?4536: :6?.8, 2 >1,- :6P-+51=1K V :6 -/8 1<876 , K1/+*580:+, ?1=+-8>1,7+ 8 ,-6-/+*/4B7+ .8,=+.#6<./+,-/6:1:81-+ :6 /158*88-1 1 ?/9* *+5C= 8<-+>:87

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M6 ./8.+=:8= :67/6-7+, >1 „38358C“ ./+8<58<6 +- 56-8:-,76-6 ?9=6 biblia = „7:8*8“, 7+C-+ +- ,2+C ,-/6:6 8?26 +-*/4B78: ôÜ âßâëéá = „7:8*8-1“, 767-+ ,6 3858 :6/8>6:8E-6/8C- 8 &+28C- <621-.E-6/8C- <621- 8=6 <6 +,:+26 9,-:8-1 ./1?6:8C :6 12/1K-

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1 P/12+? +- ,-6/+*/4B78 R. !8F6K5+2. P56-+:, 3.$)+"., &6976 8 8<-79,-2+, E. 1982. — D15. ./12.

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78 :6 E-6/8C <621-, 76-+ :6K-8<21,-:8-1 ,6 -+<8 :6 "72856,-24/?1 3972651: ('+:,-6:-8:-'8/85 A85+,+0 *+ ,.+=1:6262 7/8-8>:6 ,21-58:6, 767-+ J1 28?8= .+-:6-6-47), ./12+?4-:6 E8=6F — 7+=./+=8, =1G?9 397265:+,- 8 ,-/1=1G 74=./62851: 8<76< :6 ,-6/+*/4B78, ./12+?4- :6 ;1+?+-, +,:+26::6 I75,J$/.1,$,$.;+<8 ./12+?, .+,/1J:6- , /6?+,- +- */4B7+*+2+/1J6-6 12-

/1K,76 +3J:+,-, ,1 ./81=6 , :1?+21/81 8 :1+?+3/1:81 +- 3+-*+,5+28-1: ,.+/1? 1?:6 51*1:?6, ?+76-+ ,1 8<24/@265 ./1-2+?4-, <1=C-6 .+-4:656 2 =/67 76-+ <:67 <6 3+G81 :676<6:81.(J1 ./1< -6<8 1.+F6 ,8 ./+./62C .4- 9.+/8-+-+ ,F26J6:1 <6./12+?6 76-+ +,#0+%71.7 -%.Q7 (7+1-+ @8/+7+ 38-926 ./1</8=,76-6 1.+F6, E/1?:+217+281-+, -6 ?+/8 8 ./1< #1:1,6:,68 #10+/=6B8C-6). E.+/1? A85+: H2/18:6 (13 *. ./. W/. — 54*. ,5. W/.) ./12+?6>4- :6 ,21-8-1 .8,6:8C 1 +/4?81 2 /4B1-1:6 D+*6, 7+1-+ :1 +<:6>626 +36>1, >1 1 31<*/1@1: 2 ,2+8-1./12+?6>1,78 /1@1:8C. H-+ <6J+ -+K -/C326 ?6 ./121G?6397265:+ 8 ?6 ,.6<26 +/8*8:65:8C ,5+2+/1?, ,6=8C- -+K-6K:,-2+. T6?6>6-6 :6 ./12+?6>6 1 2 -+26 ?6 ./1?626 +/8*8-

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„$ D+* :6/1>1 ,21-58:6-6 M1:, 6-4=:8:6-6 :6/1>1 &+J “) ,24/<26 3+G81-+ ,5+2+ ,4, E4-2+-/1:81-+, 7+1-+ :656*6 8<2+?6 <6 ./8/+?:6-6 2/4<76 =1G?9?9=8-1 8 -1F:8C ?1:+-6- (/101/1:-).P/1< II 2. +- :. 1. /+?1:8C- 2 "517,6:?/8C (/8*1:, ./+8<-

F+G?6J +- F/8,-8C:,7+ ,1=1K,-2+ 8 8<9>6265 +J1 2 ?1-,-2+--+ ,8 E21-+-+ .8,6:81, .+,21J626 G82+-6 ,8 :6 :1*+2+-+-457926:1 8 ./+.+2C?26:1. % ,2+C -/9? T7#"$5). -+K ,/62-:C26 38351K,78-1 -17,-+21, 76-+ ,4.+,-62C +/8*8:656 8 /6<-58>:8-1 :1*+28 ./12+?8 :6 ,-6/+*/4B78. T6*56281-+ :6 ,4>8-:1:81-+ 8?26 +- :1*+26-6 0+/=6: 2 @1,- 7+5+:8 ,6 ./1?,-6-21:8 -17,-4- :6 ,-6/+12/1K,78, */4B76-6 =9 -/6:,58-1/6B8C,./12+?4- :6 "72856, ./12+?4- :6 I7'7&'7-7,,7, ./12+?8-1:6 ;1+?+- 8 :6 E8=6F.

T7#"$5). 1 B1::+ .+=6*65+ 8, 767-+ J1 28?8= .+-:6-6-47,7+*6-+ ./628 ,2+C ./12+? :6 D8358C-6 :6 56-8:,78, 8<21,-1:76-+ OJ)/$,$,$, ,2. V1/+:8= *+ 8<.+5<26 <6 ,/62:C26:1 :6,21J1:8-1 -17,-+21.

**DD""!!EE++**FF**

— Henri van Hoof, Histoire de la traduction en occident (!-,+-0.< 1$ 507%+'$ 1$ P$5$'), Paris, Duculot, 1991.

— Michel Ballard, De Cicéron à Benjamin, traducteurs, traduc-tions, réflexions (9, S.;70+1 '+ ?71<&.1…), Presses univer-sitaires de Lille, 1995.

— Gérard Genette, Mimologiques, Paris, Seuil, 1976/99.

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/6<:++3/6<:6: 9,-1: ./12+? 242 2+1::6-6, .+58-8>1,76-6 8?8.5+=6-8>1,76-6 +356,-; ./12+? :6 -4/*+2,78 ,.+/6<9=1-:8C 8 :69>:8 -/9?+21 (=1?8B8:6, *1+*/608C); 3+*+,5+2,78./12+?8; 58-1/6-9/1: ./12+?.$=1::+ 2 #8= ./12+?4- ,1 +3+,+3C26, <6/6G?6 ,1 58-1/6-

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>8-6- 31<,.+/:8C 62-+/8-1- :6 */4B78-1 ./+8<21?1:8C 8 8<-.+5<26- +/8*8:658-1 <6 ?+,-6 ,2+3+?:8-1 ,8 ./12+?8 8 8=8--6B88 (P562- 8 ;1/1:B8K ,6 ?+3/1 8<21,-:8 ./8=1/8 2 -+26+-:+@1:81). &+ -1<8, 7+8-+ ,1 <6:8=626- , .+?+31: 28? ./1-2+?, :1 ,1 .+5<26- , -24/?1 ?+3/+ 8=1, ,=C-6:8 ,6 <6 :1,.+-,+3:8 :6 ,+3,-21:+ +/8*8:65:+ -2+/>1,-2+, <6 /6<5876 +-*/4B78-1 62-+/8, 7+8-+ 8= ,59G6- <6 +3/6<1B (.+?+3:+ +-:+-@1:81 J1 +-7/81= 242 A/6:B8C .+ 2/1=1 :6 F9=6:8<=6,./1< WVI 8 :6>65+-+ :6 WVII 2., 767-+ 8 2 D45*6/8C ./1<%4</6G?6:1-+, ,51? 1850).&+, <6 ?6 8<.+5<26=1 :6F+?>826-6 0+/=958/+276 :6 H?-

=+: '6/81, „2 .+21>1-+ ,59>68 ./12+?4- ./1?@1,-26 ,6=+,--+C-15:+-+ 58-1/6-9/:+ -2+/>1,-2+, -+K „8</6G?6“ 58-1/6--9/8-1“. P+?/6G6:81 8<*51G?6 :1+3F+?8= 1-6. 242 0+/=8-/6:1-+ :6 +/8*8:65:8-1 58-1/6-9/8 858, ,.+/1? 8</6<6 :6":-+6: D1/=6:2, 2 .+-+3J8C ./+B1, :6 58-1/6-9/:+-+ 507-1$-<17.

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&C7+8 ./+>9-8 .8,6-158 ,6 ,1 8<C2C2658 8 76-+ ./12+?6->8: U8B1/+:, '6-95 8 W+/6B8K ./121G?6- P56-+:, M1=+,-1:,',1:+0+:-, E60+, ;1+7/8-, 6 :C7+8 +- -CF, 76-+ U8B1/+:, W+-/6B8K, P58:8K !56?8, '28:-858C:, +-?15C- =C,-+ 2 ,4>8:1-:8C-6 ,8 8 <6 /6<,4G?1:8C 24/F9 ./12+?6>1,76-6 ?1K:+,-.R+51=8C- 24./+,, 7+K-+ ,8 .+,-62C- /8=,78-1 ./12+?6>8 —

?8,79,8C, 7+C-+ +,-62C +-.1>6-47 24/F9 <6.6?:+12/+.1K,76-6=8,45 2 +356,--6 :6 ./12+?6 <6 =:+*+ .+7+51:8C :6./1?, — 1

1 Edmond Cary, Les grands traducteurs fran"ais (U+)7&.,7 6071-#.507%+'$=.), Genève, 1963.

2 Antoine Berman, Pour une critique des traductions (P$ 7'1$ #0.,.#$1$ 507%+'.,7), ;.,.-(=., ,. 56–57.

?851=6-6 <6 21/:+,--6 74= +/8*8:656: ?9=6-6 858 ,=8,454--/C326 ?6 ,1 ./121G?6-? $ 7+*6-+ :6 ,2+K /1? ,1 ,354,76-, ./+351=8-1 :6 ./12+?6, <6.6?:8-1 ./12+?6>8 1,-1,-21-:+ ,1 +3/4J6- 74= -1<8 ./1?@1,-21:8B8 , 31<,.+/1: 62--+/8-1-.!"#$%&' +76<26 ,85:+ 258C:81 24/F9 0/1:,76-6 =8,45 2

+356,--6 :6 ./12+?6 8 ./1< #1:1,6:,6, 8 ./1< XVII 217. "2--+/ :6 :C7+57+ -/67-6-6 .+ /1-+/876, -+K ./1.+/4>26 ?6 ,1.+?/6G626 :6 */4B78-1 +/6-+/8, <6 ?6 ,1 +256?11 +/6-+/,7+--+ 8<79,-2+. % 1?8: +- ,2+8-1 -/67-6-8, De optimo genereoratorum (P$ 1$B-'+*0.< 0+' +0$,+0.), -+K 8<56*6 ,F26J6-:1-+ ,8 <6 :6>8:6 :6 ./121G?6:1, 76-+ ,1 +.8/6 :6 ,+3,-21-:8C ,8 ./12+? :6 ?21 /1>8 :6 M1=+,-1: 8 H,F8::

„P/+>11 ./1?6?+F *8 :1 76-+ ./12+?6>, 6 76-+ +/6--+/, <6>8-6K78 0/6<8-1, ,5+21,:8-1 858 =8,5+2:8-108*9/8, 76-+ 8<.+5<26F 2,1 .67 8</6<8, ,4+3/6<1:8 ,:6@8-1 56-8:,78 :628B8. &1 ,=1-:6F <6 :1+3F+?8=+?6 ./1?6= 2,8>7+ ?9=6 .+ ?9=6, :+ <6.6<8F ,=8,456 8,856-6 :6 2,C76 ?9=6. E=1-:6F, >1 -+26, 7+1-+ 1 26G:+?6 ./1?6= :6 >8-6-15C, 1 :1 ,4J8C- 3/+K, 6 -676 ?6 ,176G1 — ,4J6-6 -1G1,-. (…) "7+, 767-+ ,1 :6?C26=,,4= ./1?65 -1F:8-1 /1>8, 8<.+5<26K78 2,8>78-1 8=?+,-+K:,-26, -. 1. 8</1>1:8C-6, 08*9/8-1 8 7+:,-/97-B8C-6, ,51?26K78 +-358<+ ?9=8-1, :+ ?+-6=, ?+74?1-+-1 :1 38F6 :674/:858 :6@8C 279,, -. 1. ?+/8 8 ?6 :1 ,=1./12158 2,8>78 151=1:-8 :6 */4B78C -17,-, 2,1 .67,=1 ,1 .+,-6/658 ?6 <6.6<8= -1F:8C ,=8,45.“1,2

;97 =+G1= ?6 +-3151G8= /6<5876-6 =1G?9 „./12+?6>“ —>+217, >8K-+ -/9? :1 1 28,+7+ B1:1: (-4K 76-+ ./12+?4- 1.+?/6G6-15:6, :1-2+/>1,76 ?1K:+,-), 8 „+/6-+/“; <6>8-6:1:6 62-+/6 8 :6 +/8*8:65:8C -17,-, :+ 8 ,-/1=1G 74= ./6285-:+ 8</6<C26:1 :6 1<876-B15, -. 1. -4/,1:1 :6 ,/1?:+ .+5+G1-:81; =8,45-6, >1 ./12+?4- :1 -/C326 ?6 34?1 3972651:, 6 ?6,1 +.8/6 :6 BC5+,-:+-+ /6<38/6:1 :6 ,=8,456, ?6 <6.6<8 8<-/6<:6-6 ,856 :6 +/8*8:656 (genus, vis).

1 P/12+? +- 0/1:,78. — D15. ./12.2 (,21: 67+ 8</8>:+ :1 1 .+,+>1:+ ?/9*+, -17,-+21-1 <6 ./12+?6 8 92+-

?8-1 :6 ./12+?6>8 ,6 2<1-8 +- 8<3/+1:8-1 2 7/6C :6 2,C76 *5626 8<-+>:8B8.

". !1@+:87 ./1?56*6 ?/9*+ 8:-1/1,:+ -457926:1, 7+1-+:C=6 6:65+* ?+ ?:1,, :6 -+<8 -+57+26 >1,-+ B8-8/6: .6,6G:,.+/1? :1*+ U8B1/+: 1 385 276/6: 2 ?29.+5Q,:6-6 ,F1=60+/=6/,=8,45, 6 :1 ,1 1 .+,-6285 ,6= 2 :1C. T6 -+26 -24/?1-:81 -+K ,1 +.8/6 :6 ?9=6-6 „,856“ (vis): „E856-6 ./1?.+56*6,9317-. (…) E856-6 ./1?.+56*6, >1 1<874- 1 :6>8: :6?1K,-281. X1 :6>8:4- :6 ?1K,-281 :6 1<876 1 =+G1 38 .+-26-G1: +- ,=8,456 :6 ?9=8-11.“!:+*+ ?8,79,88 1 .+/+?85 ./+>9-8C- ,-8F :6 (&%)#"*

<6 ./12+?6, 2 :1*+2+-+ C.-&+ '+ C."+1.,7 (XIII 2. ./. :. 1.),8<21,-:+ 76-+ C+7,.=7-#+ ."#J-,%+, 2 7+1-+ 62-+/4- ,1+3/4J6 ,4, ,421- 74= =56?8-1 .+1-8 :

Nec verbum verbo curabis reddere fidusInterpres…

P4/2+-+ -457926:1 (7+1-+ 21/+C-:+ 1 8 ./6285:+-+ 27+:-17,-6) 1 ,51?:+-+: „&C=6 ?6 ,1 ,-6/61@ ?6 ./1?626@?9=6 .+ ?9=6, 76-+ 21/1: ./12+?6> “ (-. 1. 767-+ 38 :6./6-285 -+26 1?8: ./12+?6>, 21/1: 74= +/8*8:656). ;+26 +<:6->626, >1 „21/:8C-“ ./12+?6>, ./+-82+.+,-621: :6 .+1-6, :6-2+/1B6, ./121G?6 ?9=6 .+ ?9=6. M45*+ 2/1=1 +36>1 -+<8,-8F 1 385 -457926: -+>:+ 2 +3/6-:8C ,=8,45: „$ 76-+ 21-/1: ./12+?6>, :C=6 ?6 ,1 ,-6/61@ ?6 ./1?626@ ?9=6 .+ ?9-=6“, 7+1-+ +<:6>626, >1 <6?6>6-6 :6 ?+3/8C ./12+?6>, :621/:8C ./12+?6> :1 1 397265:+-+ ./1?626:1. ;+26 -457926-:1, 7+1-+ 1 2 .+?7/1.6 :6 .+-,2+3+?:8C ./12+?, ,1 24<./8-1=6 8 +- ,2. V1/+:8= 8 ,1 :656*6 ./1< BC5+-+ E/1?:+217+-281. H?26 P15-81 ?Q !6: ./1< WVI 2. 8 P81/ M6:815 [1,217 .+-74,:+, J1 24<,-6:+2C- ./6285:8C ,=8,45 :6 8<21,--:8C ,-8F :6 W+/6B8K.O +,-. /$."* (125–175) +-7/826=1 8:-1/1,:8 =8,58

,/1J9 397265:8C ./12+?, 2 <6J8-6 :6 2+5:+,-8-1, 7+8-+ ,8 1.+<2+585 %1/*858K , ?+2+?8, ,F+?:8 , 8<.+5<26:8-1 +- <6-J8-:8B8-1 :6 „&121/:8-1 F93628B8“ ./1< WVII 2.: 8<5+G1-:8-1 6/*9=1:-8 ,6 ,=1,8B6 +- 1<87+28, 795-9/:8 8 :/62,-21-:8 7/8-1/88 8 67/1?8-8/6- -1<6-6 <6 :1./12+?8=+,--6 :6 :C-7+8 -17,-+21:

1 Henri Meschonnic, Poétique du traduire (C+7,.#$ 1$ 507%+'$),Verdier, 1999, ,. 151.

„'+*6-+ 8,76=1 ?6 24<./+8<21?1= 858 ?6 8=8-8/6-=1 2 56-8:,78 ,-8F+21 :C7+8 <63151G8-15:8 =8,58 :6*/4B78-1 .+1-8, :1 -/C326 — 767-+ ,=C-6- F+/6-6 ,279, — ?6 ,1 ,-/1=8= ?6 ./1?626=1 2,8>7+ ?9=6 .+ ?9-=6; <6J+-+, 76-+ +76<26=1 :6,8581 24/F9 -17,-6, ./1-21G?6K78 :C7+8 7/6,828 =1,-6, /8,7926=1 ?6 :674/-:8= ?+,-+K:,-26-6 8 +>6/+26:81-+ :6 +/8*8:656. (...)&6 ?/9*+ =C,-+ ,1 +-315C<26, >1 %1/*858K 356*+/6<9=-:+ 1 ./+.9,:65 1?8: 8</6< , ./17/6,:+ 24<?1K,-281 :6*/4B78, -4K 76-+ 8<CJ1,-2+-+ :6 8<.+5<26:8-1 +- 62--+/6 ?9=8 1 :1./12+?8=+ 8 56-8:,78C- .+1- , ./62+ *81 ,47/6-85, <6?+2+5C26K78 ,1 , 151*6:-:6 8=8-6B8C.(...) X9265 ,4= .+1-6 ":6:8K 8 .+21>1-+ :1*+28 ,43/6--C .+ .1/+ ?6 B8-8/6-, 31< ?6 .1,-C- F26513,-28C-6 ,8,,-8F+21-1, 2 7+8-+ %1/*858K, *+2+/1K78 <6 56,78-1 :6%1:1/6 8 %9576: 2 3/6>:+-+ 8= 5+G1, 1 ,49=C5 ?6 *8./1?6?1 .+ <6+387+51: :6>8:, .+7/826K78 -+26 -6K:-,-2+ , 395+-+, , 7+1-+ ./8/+?6-6 1 .+G15656 -+ ?6 34-?1 ./87/8-+.“1

77**22..8844##)),,##

D8 385+ 8:-1/1,:+ ?6 8<3/+8= */4B78-1 8 56-8:,78-1-1/=8:8, 8</6<C26J8 67-6 :6 ./121G?6:1. M+76-+ :6 */4B78<6315C<26=1 +-:+,8-15:6 F+=+*1::+,-, 2 56-8:,78C 1<87 ,18<.+5<26- :C7+57+ /6<58>:8 ?9=8. R/4B78-1 -1/=8:8 åñìå-

í!õù, „+3C,:C26=“, +-74?1-+ 8?26 8 „-457926=“, „8:-1/./1--8/6=“, „./121G?6=“ 8 ìåôáöñÜæù, „.6/60/6<8/6=“, +-74?1--+ 8 ,F26J6:1-+ <6 ./12+?6 76-+ ./10+/=958/6:1, .+,-62C-67B1:-6 24/F9 .4/2+-+ ?1K,-281 — 0$"*.0$17,+ :6 +/8*8-:65:8C -17,-.% 56-8:,78 +-7/826=1 :C7+57+ *56*+56 ,4, <:6>1:81 :6

„./1=8:626:1“ 858 „./1+3/6<926:1“ (-. 1. %("-'7B-,%.7 24/-F9 +/8*8:656, 2+?1J+ ?+ :1*+26-6 ./+=C:6): verto, converto,transverto, imitare, reddere, translatere, transfere.#8= :8 1 <621J65 8<2+/6 :6 +.+<8B8C-6 3972651: ./12+? /

,2+3+?1: ./12+?: ,F26J6:1-+ <6 21/:+,--6 74= +/8*8:65676-+ ?8F+-+=:+ +-:+@1:81 ?9=8 / ,=8,45, 0+/=6 / ,4?4/G6-

1 P/12+? +- 0/1:,78. — D15. ./12.

:81. ;6<8 ?8F+-+=8C J1 +,-628 +-.1>6-47 24/F9 <6.6?:6-6=8,45 2 +356,--6 :6 ./12+?6 >67 ?+ :6@8 ?:8, ,4G821:6 8„=+?1/:8<8/6:6“ >/1< -1+/8C-6 :6 E+,Q/ <6 <:676 (-676 767--+ 58-1/6-9/:6-6 -1+/8C ?45*+ 2/1=1 ./628 /6<*/6:8>1:81=1G?9 0+/=6 8 ,4?4/G6:81 858 ,=8,45).E.+/1? ":-+6: D1/=6: (La traduction et la lettre ou

l’Auberge du lointain, C07%+'(, . *J#%$,$ .). '$)7=1$,$-,0$11+50.7&1.;$), -6<8 ?8F+-+=8C 2+?8 :6>65+-+ ,8 +-P56-+:+26-6 =8,45 8 +.+<8B8C-6 9,1J6:1 / /6<38/6:1, -C5+ /?9@6. ".+,-+5 P6215 ./1+,=8,5C -6<8 +.+<8B8C 76-+ „?9F4-+G82+-2+/C26 / 39726-6 93826“. P/12+?4- -/C326 ?6 ?+,-8*-:1 ?+ ,4/B128:6-6 :6 ?9F6, ?+ ,=8,456 8 ?6 *+ 95+28, 31< ?6,1 8:-1/1,926 +- =4/-26-6 39726. P/12+?4- :6 ,=8,456 ,1./81=6 76-+ ,6=+,-+K:+ 38-81, >8,-6 8?165:+,-, „8:26/8-6:-“, 7+K-+ ./12+?4- ./1:6,C +- 1?8: 1<87 :6 ?/9*, +,-62CK-78 :6,-/6:6 „-C5+-+“, „>92,-28-15:6-6 +328276“, +<:6>626-J+-+. M+=8:8/6J+ 1 ,F26J6:1-+ <6 *+,.+?,-26J8C ëüãïò,

7+K-+ ,4<?626 1?8:,-2+-+ :6 1<8B8-1 8 .+,-62C ./12+?6+-24? /6<58>8C-6. ;+26 1 +-/8>6:1 :6 %6285+: 2 8=1-+ :6 1?-:6 2,1+3J6 ./12+?8=+,-. &+, 767-+ J1 28?8= .+-:6-6-47,9562C:1-+ :6 ,=8,456 24/28 /476 <6 /476 , 8=.58B8-:+-+858 17,.58B8-:+-+ 9-24/G?626:1 :6 24/F+21:,-2+-+ :6 1<8-76-B15, 24<./81=6: 76-+ 63,+5Q-1:, 8?1651:, /6B8+:651:.

**DD""!!EE++**FF**

— Henri van Hoof, Histoire de la traduction en occident, Paris,Duculot, 1991.

— Michel Ballard, De Cidéron à Benjamin, traducteurs, traduc-tions, réflexions, Presses universitaires de Lille, 1995.

— Paul Horguelin, Anthologie de la manière de traduire, domainefrançais, Montréal, Linguatech, 1981.

— Antoine Berman, La traduction et la lettre ou l’Auberge dulointain, Paris, Seuil, 1999.

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<:6>8-15:6 /+5C <6 ./1:6,C:1-+ :6 6:-8>:+-+ 795-9/:+ :6,-51?,-2+ 2 E/1?:+217+281-+, +,+31:+ 2 +356,--6 :6 ./12+?6,8 76-+ ./67-876, 8 76-+ ,F26J6:8C <6 :1*+.T6 ?6 /6<31/1= .+-?+3/1 <:6>8=+,--6 :6 -+26 ?15+, :176

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:81 8 , :+2 ./12+? :6 56-8:,78 +- ,-6/+12/1K,78 8 ,-6-/+*/4B78 :6 +/8*8:65:8-1 -17,-+21 :6 E-6/8C 8 &+28C <6-21-. '/8-87926: <6 -/9?6 ,8, -+K +-*+26/C :6 :6.6?78-1 2=:+*+ .8,=6 8 +,-62C ,+3,-21:8 /6<,4G?1:8C <6 ./12+?6;/+?11J8 ,1 , 8?18-1 :6 U8B1/+:, :1*+28-1 ,F26J6:8C J1+76<26- ./+?45G8-15:+ 258C:81 24/F9 <6.6?:+12/+.1K,76-6=8,45 2 +356,--6 :6 ./12+?6.

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+3/6<+26:81 2 #8=, ./8 8<21,-:8C */6=6-87 M+:6-; 8<9>626-2+/>1,-2+-+ :6 %1/*858K, W+/6B8K 8 +,+31:+ U8B1/+:,74= 7+*+-+ 8<.8-26 *+5C=+ 24<F8J1:81. % #8= V1/+:8= ,1+-?626 :6 /6<:++3/6<:8 /6<251>1:8C, ,/1? 7+8-+ ,6 -16-4/4-8 B8/74-, 767-+ 8 :6 .+-„*/1F+2:8“ <6:8=6:8C, 7+8-+ J1 -1-G6- :6 ,421,--6 =9 ./1< B158C =9 G82+-.E51? 76-+ .+,1J626 ;/128, ,1 <62/4J6 2 E-/8?+:6 8 +--

7/826 2 "F851C (E121/:6 $-658C) ,-/+*8C =+:6@1,78 G82+-.;+<8 G82+- =9 ?+.6?6 8 -+K /1@626 ?6 +-8?1 :6 .+75+:1:812 V1/9,658=. P+ .4-C ,1 /6<3+5C26 8 ,1 :656*6 ?6 ,./1 2 ":--8+F8C, 74?1-+ =9 ,1 C2C26 ./+>9-8C- ,4:, 7+K-+ J1 ./+=1-:8 .+-:6-6-4@:8C =9 G82+-. % .8,=+ ?+ =56?6-6 ,8 9>1:8>-76 H2,-+F8C -+K /6<76<26 -+<8 ,4::

„P+?*+-2CF6 .+*/131:81-+ =8 8 G8<:1:6-6 -+.58:6:6 8<,-826J+-+ =8 -C5+ 31 +,-6:656 ?6 -9.-8 ,6=+ 231?:6-6 =8 */4?, 7+*6-+ 8<21?:4G ?9F4- =8 ,1 24<:1,18 ,1 8<./628 ./1? ,4?6 :6 ,4?8C-6. (- <6+38765CJ6-6=1 ,21-58:6 ,-/91@1 -+57+26 C/47 35C,47, >1, ./8-8,-:6- 74= <1=C-6, :1 ,=11F ?6 .+2?8*:6 +>8. '+*6-+ =1 <6-.8-6F6 76742 ,4=, +-*+2+/8F, >1 ,4= F/8,-8C:8:. )4-G1@! — =8 76<6 -+<8, 7+K-+ ,4?1@1 .— ;8 ,8 B8B1/+-:1B, 6 :1 F/8,-8C:8:; 74?1-+ 1 8=6:1-+ -8, -6= 1 8 ,4/-B1-+ -8. %1?:6*6 <6=45>6F 8 .+? 9?6/8-1, 7+8-+ ,1 ,8-.1F6 24/F9 =1: — <6J+-+ -+K 31@1 <6.+2C?65 ?6 =1 38-C- — .6/1J8-1 -1/<6:8C :6 ,421,--6 =8 =1 8<=4>26F6+J1 .+-,85:+ 8 ,6=+ .+2-6/CF 31<,.8/ ?9=8-1: „%.47456 7+K J1 28 8<.+2C?6?“ (…) &67/6C, ./+,:6-8 2:+<1-1 :6 ./1?,1?6-15C, :1*+28-1 .+=+J:8B8 *+ <6=+-58F6 ?6 ./+C28 =85+,- 74= =56?+,--6 =8, ?6 =8 ?6?124<=+G:+,- ?6 ,1 .+76C <6 */1@76-6 ,8; :676<6:81-+ =8?6 34?1 24<+3:+21:+, 67+ +-:+2+ >1-6 1<8>1,78 7:8*8. %-6<8 7/8-8>:6 ,8-96B8C 3CF *+-+2 ?6 ?6= 8 .+-*+5C=+31-, <6.+>:6F ?6 ,1 745:6 -4/G1,-21:+ 8 ?6 ./8<+26-26= 8=1-+ =9: „R+,.+?8 — /17+F 6< — 67+ :C7+*6 +-:+-2+ ,1 ,?+38C , :1>1,-828 >1-826, 67+ .67 *8 >1-6, -+26J1 <:6>8, >1 ,4= ,1 +-/1745 +- -13!“ E51? -6<8 751-26=1 .9,:6F6 ?6 ,8 24/2C 8 ,1 24/:6F :6 <1=C-6.“ 1

1 %,8>78 B8-6-8 2 -6<8 *5626 ,6 ./121?1:8 +- 0/1:,78. — D15. ./12.

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7+.8, <6=8:626 <6 #8=, 74?1-+ ,1 8<C2C26 76-+ 9,-1: ./12+-?6>. ;+<8 2-+/8 ./1,-+K 2 #8= 1 +- /1@626J+ <:6>1:81 <6:1*+: .6.6 M6=6,8K *+ :6<:6>626 <6 ,2+K ,17/1-6/ 8 =9 24<-56*6 ./12+?6-/128<8/6:1 :6 D8358C-6. A85+,+0 8 */6=6-87,256?11J -/8 1<876 (*/4B78, 56-8:,78, 12/1K,78), ?86517-87 8+/6-+/, V1/+:8= ./8-1G626 :1+3F+?8=8-1 <:6:8C 8 76>1,--26, <6 ?6 ,1 ,./628 , -+26 +-*+2+/:+ ?15+. &+ ./1< 384, ,51?,=4/--6 :6 .6.6 M6=6,8K I — :1*+2 .+7/+28-15 8 ./8C-15,V1/+:8= :6.9,76 #8=, 74?1-+ 1 <6+387+51: +- <628,-:8B8.O,-6:+2C26 ,1 +-:+2+ :6 $<-+7, 242 %8-511=, 74?1-+ ./176/-26 .+,51?:8-1 35 *+?8:8 +- G82+-6 ,8. ;97 ,4<?626 56-8:,78=6:6,-8/ 8 G1:,78 =1-+F 8 /63+-8 .+ ./12+?6 :6 D8358C-6.

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/1?8 -17,-+21-1, -676 >1 ?6 34?1 8<*+-21:6 +08B865:6 21/-,8C :6 E21-+-+ .8,6:81.

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E21-8 "2*9,-8: +36>1 *+ 9./1726 8 +-315C<26, >1 */1@78--1 =+G1 38 ,1 ?45G6- :6 ,6=8C V1/+:8=. '6-+ 3+*+,5+2, ,2."2*9,-8: ,1 1 ./8?4/G65 ,-/87-:+ 74= ,4?4/G6:81-+ :6,21J1:8-1 -17,-+21 8 1 ,=C-65, >1 ,-/1=1G4- 74= ./1?626:1:6 ,-858,-8>:8-1 -4:7+,-8 :6 38351K,78C -17,- =+G1 ?6 ?+-21?1 ?+ 8<+.6>626:1 :6 .4/2+:6>65:8C ,=8,45. % .8,=+ ?+V1/+:8= -+K <6C2C26:

„"7+ -+26, 7+1-+ -/C326 ?6 ,1 ./121?1, 1 :1C,:+,8<*51G?6, >1 8 -8 =+G1@ ?6 ?+.9,:1@ */1@76; 67+ 58.47 1 C,:+, 8<*51G?6, >1 -1 [./12+?6>8-1 :6 I75,J$-/.1,$,$] :1 ,6 =+*58 ?6 ,*/1@6-.“

D+*+,5+2,78C- ,.+/ ,4, ,2. "2*9,-8: 1 F6/67-1/1: <6 '+#--$,$ .+ +:+26 2/1=1. E2. "2*9,-8: <6J8-626 397265:8C ./1-2+?, 7+K-+ :6.45:+ ,1 2.8,26 2 -/6?8B8+::+-+ ,F26J6:1 <6./12+?6>1,78C .+?F+? 74= E21-+-+ .8,6:81, ,.+/1? 7+K-+./12+?6>4- 1 :6,+>26: +- E21-8C ?9F (8<+3/6<C26: 2 =:+*+76/-8:8 76-+ *4543, ?87-926J 2 9F+-+ :6 ./12+?6>6 7672+ ?6.8@1) 8 -/C326 ?6 24<./+8<21G?6 ?+,5+2:+ +/8*8:65:8C -17,-.% .8,=+ ?+ ./8C-15C ,8 P6=6F8K, ,4, <6*56281 De optimo

genere interpretandi (P$ 1$B-'+*0.< 1$=.1 '$ -7 507%7:'$,7+1-+ ?8/17-:+ ./1./6J6 74= U8B1/+:), ,21-8 V1/+:8=/6<7/826 :6K-C,:+ ,F26J6:1-+ ,8 <6 ./12+?6, 76-+ C,:+ /6<*-/6:8>626 ./12+?6 :6 ,21J1:8-1 -17,-+21 +- -+<8 :6 ?/9*8-17,-+21:

„&68,-8:6, :1 ,6=+ 8<.+2C?26=, :+ 8 ./+.+2C?26=+-7/8-+ -+26: 7+*6-+ ./121G?6= *4/B8-1, :1 ./1?626=:6.8,6:+-+ ?9=6 .+ ?9=6, 6 8</6< .+ 8</6<, 76-+ ./62C8<75Q>1:81 ,6=+ <6 E21-+-+ .8,6:81, 74?1-+ ?+/8 8,5+2+/1?4- 1 -6K:,-2+.“

D97265:8C- ./12+? 1 ,/62:1: , /+3,-2+ — ,/62:1:81, 7+-1-+ @8/+7+ J1 ,1 8<.+5<26 2 ./+?45G1:81 :6 :C7+57+ 2176.

„P/12+?4- +- 1?8: 1<87 :6 ?/9*, 67+ 1 :6./621: ?9-=6 .+ ?9=6, ,7/826 ,=8,456, -676 767-+ *4,-8-1 39/1-:8 ,7/826- =56?8-1 745:+21. #+3926K78 :6 .6?1G8-1 808*9/8-1, ,-854-, 2=1,-+ ?6 8</6<8 , =657+ ?9=8 7/6--76-6 =8,45, 1?26 9,.C26 ?6 C <6*6-:1, 24./178 ?45*8-17/82+58B8 8 .6/60/6<8. T6 ?6 8<31*:6 -+<8 :1?+,--6-47, ./121?+F .+ -2+C =+536 ,21-8 ":-+:8K -676, >1?+/8 8 :1J+ ?6 58.,26 +- ?9=8-1, :8J+ ?6 :1 58.,26+- ,=8,456. &176 ?/9*8 ?6 F+?C- :6 5+2 <6 ,/8>78 8 ?9-=8; -8 -4/,8 =8,58-1. &C=6 ?6 =8 ,-8*:1 BC5 ?1: ?68</1?C 76<6:+-+ +- 2,8>78 62-+/8, ./121G?658 ,4+3-/6<:+ ,=8,456. M+,-6-4>:+ 1 ?6 ,.+=1:6 $56/8K, ./1-215 +- */4B78 :6 56-8:,78 .+F265:8-1 ,5+26 <6 V+2 8=:+*+ -/67-6-8 <6 .,65=8-1; 2=1,-+ ?6 ,1 ./8?4/G674= ./8,.82:6-6 39726 8 ?6 ,1 8<=4>26 , :6-/901:./12+?, 767-+ ./62C- :121G8-1, -+K 1 .51:85, -676 ?6,1 76G1, 8?18-1 8 *8 1 ./1?65 :6 ,+3,-21:8C ,8 1<87 ,./62+-+ :6 .+31?8-15.“

$58 .47:

„;1/1:B8K 1 ./1215 !1:6:?4/, P562- 8 U1B858K ,6./12158 ,-6/8-1 7+=1?8K:8 62-+/8: :8=6 -1 ,6 ,1./8?4/G658 ,6=+ 74= ?9=8-1, :8=6 -1F:8-1 ./12+?8:1 ,6 ,4F/6:858 .+-,7+/+ +>6/+26:81-+ 8 8<CJ1,-2+--+ :6 .4/2++3/6<6? ;+26, 7+1-+ 28 1 9*+?:+ ?6 :6/8>6--1 -+>1: ./12+?, +3/6<+26:8-1 5Q?1 :6/8>6- 5+@ 279,.(…) (- =56?8:8 ?+ ?:1, ./121G?6= :1 ?9=8-1, 6 =8,-58-1.“

%,4J:+,- V1/+:8= 8<>8,-26 +/8*8:656 +- ,79>:6-6=:+*+,5+2:+,-, <6 ?6 .+,-8*:1 .+-*+5C=6 C,:+-6. '+*6-+ ,1,354,726 , :C76726 -/9?:+,- 858 7+=.+<8B8+::6 :1.+F26--:+,- 2 12/1K,78C -17,-, ./10+/=958/6 =8,45-6 .+-C,:+.P/1=6F26 :1:9G:8-1 .+2-+/1:8C 8 8<.+5<26 ,8:+:8=8, <6?6 :6./628 8<76<6 .+-8<CJ1: 8 ?+,-4.1: <6 @8/+76-6 .93-5876:

„"< 356*+*+21C :1 ./1? 1<87+26-6 :1?+?C56:+,-, 6./1? ,21J1:6-6 ./+,-+-6.“

X1,-+ 8<-4726 ?2+K:6-6 -/9?:+,-, .+/+?1:6 +- /6<5878-1=1G?9 1<8B8-1 — :1+3F+?8=+,--6 ?6 ,1 8<3C*26 8 -24/?1397265:8C-, 8 ./17651:+ ,2+3+?:8C- ./12+?:

„"7+ ./121G?6= ?9=6 .+ ?9=6, ,1 .+59>626 :151.+<29>1:1; 67+ .+ :1+3F+?8=+,- ./+=1:C, ?+/8 1?26 <6-3151G8=+, ,5+2+/1?6 858 ,-856, J1 ,1 +76G6 8<=1::87:6 ./12+?6>1,78C ?45*.“

(-?626J *+5C=+ <:6>1:81 :6 ,438/6:1-+ :6 ?+,-+21/:6?+79=1:-6B8C, ./1?8 ?6 <6.+>:1 ./12+?6 :6 D8358C-6, V1/+-:8= 8<9>626 :6./621:8-1 ./1?8 :1*+ ./12+?8, 7+8-+ ?+.45-26, 7+/8*8/6 8 9,424/@1:,-26, 8 >1,-+ ./628 ,./6278 , T7#-"$5).,7 :6 (/8*1:.

;;<<..==**((**((**

V1/+:8= 1 76:+:8<8/6: ./1< VIII 2., 6 ./1< WIII 2. 1 +3C-21: <6 +-1B :6 U4/726-6, <61?:+ ,4, ,21-8 "=3/+<8K, ,21-8"2*9,-8: 8 ,21-8 R/8*+/8K I %15878.P/1< 1546 ;/1:-,78C- ,43+/ ./+24<*56,C26 ./12+?6 :6

D8358C-6, :6./621: +- V1/+:8= 8 8<21,-1: .+? 8=1-+ OJ)-/$,$ (,.+/1? +3J+./81-6-6 21/,8C — +- vulgus = :6/+?) <6+08B8651: -17,- :6 #8=+76-+58>1,76-6 B4/726 8 -+K +,-626-6742 ?+ 1943 (1:B875876-6 :6 .6.6 P8K XII). E51? ,43+/6,:6/8>6: „2+1::6 =6@8:6 ,/1J9 #10+/=6B8C-6“, ./12+?4- :6OJ)/$,$,$ :6 ./+,-+:6/+?:8 1<8B8 3826 <63/6:1:, <6J+-+,1 1 ,=C-65+, >1 ,6=+ ?9F+21:,-2+-+ 1 7+=.1-1:-:+ ?6 -45-7926 E21-+-+ .8,6:81.T6 ,/1?:+217+2:8-1 =+:6,8 V1/+:8= +,-626 ./1?8 2,8>-

7+ =+:6F-+-@15:87, +--1*585 ,1 <6 .+76C:81 2 .9,-8:C-6.W9=6:8,-8-1 ./1< #1:1,6:,6 ./8362C- 74= -+<8 +3/6< >1/-8:6 1/9?8-, ./8C-15 :6 7:8*8-1 8 7:8G+2:8B8-1. (3C2C26- *+<6 ,2+K .+7/+28-15. H/6<4=, .+-,.1B865:+, 1 F/6:15 74= :1-*+ ?453+7+ 24<F8J1:81 8 *+ 1 :6/8>65 „F/8,-8C:,78C U8B1-/+:“, =676/ >1 256?11:1-+ :6 */4B78 8 12/1K,78 .+ -+26 2/1-

=1 ?6 .+<2+5C26 ?6 ,1 +-7/8C- :C7+8 */1@78 242 OJ)/$,$,$:!87156:?G15+ 8<+3/6<C26 !+K,1K , /+*6 .+/6?8 */1@76 2./12+?6 :6 V1/+:8=, 7+K-+ 242 OJ)/$,$,$ +34/726 ?9=6-6quâran =„,8CC“ , queren = /+*6!

**DD""!!EE++**FF**

— CD-rom Didak „l’Histoire de la traduction“ (!-,+0.< 1$ 507-%+'$), Jean Delisle è Gilbert Lafond, O:821/,8-1-6 2 (-626.D8+*/608>:6 ,./6276 <6 ,2. V1/+:8= +- L6: M1585.

— Michel Ballard, De Cicéron à Benjamin, traducteurs, traduc-tions, réflexions, Presses universitaires de Lille, 1995.

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-8:,78 -1+/88, -+ .+:1 /6<,4G?1:8C <6 ./12+?6>1,76-6./67-876 .+ +-:+@1:81 :6 9,-6:+2C26:1-+ :6 ?+,-+21/:8 8<-F+?:8 -17,-+21, ,4+3/6<C26:1-+ , >8-6-15C, C,:+-6-6 :6 8<-76<6 :6 1<876-B15, /1@626:1-+ :6 517,8765:8-1 ./+351=8>/1< <61=78 858 76578 8 ?/. %4./+,8, :6 7+8-+ ,1 -4/,8 +--*+2+/ ./1< BC5+-+ 8,-+/8>1,7+ /6<28-81 :6 ./12+?6.

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<6?*/+31: G82+-, .+-?+34/ +- -1G7+-+ <1=:+ ,4J1,-2926-:81; -+26 1 /158*8C :6 */6?,7+-+ :6,151:81. P/+/+74- :6=8-/6 .+,51?+26-158 8=1::+ ,/1? -1<8 ,5+121 8 ,8 ,.1>1526 :1-?+2+5,-2+-+ :6 9./625C26J8-1 8 3+*6-8-1 756,8.P/1< 622, *+?8:6-6 :6 1*8/6-6 (hedjra, F8?G/6, F8?G56 =

./1,151:81), :6>65+ :6 =Q,Q5=6:,7+-+ 51-+3/+1:1, !+F6-=1? 1 ./8:9?1: ?6 :6.9,:1 !176 , .+-*+5C=6-6 >6,- +- ,2+-8-1 .+,51?+26-158; 9,-6:+2C26 ,1 2 ,4,1?1: */6?, 7+K-+./81=6 8=1-+ !1?8:6 (Madinat = */6?4- :6 P/+/+76). !+-F6=1? 1 :1 ,6=+ ./+/+7, 6 8 ?9F+21: 8 ,21-,78 2+?6> :6 =Q-,Q5=6:,76-6 +3J:+,-, 8<./621: ./1? =:+*+3/+K:8 ./67-8->1,78 24./+,8, 7+1-+ +3C,:C26 :+/=6-82:8-1 8 ./67-8>1,-78-1 6,.17-8 :6 '+/6:6 8 ,F26J6:1-+, >1 /158*8+<:8C- 8 ?9-F+2:8C- G82+- ,6 1?:+ BC5+. M+3/1 1 8<21,-:6 -4/.8=+,--6:6 =Q,Q5=6:8-1 74= =+:+-18,-8>:8-1 /158*88 („F+/6-6 :6':8*6-6“), F/8,-8C:8 8 Q?18, 7+8-+ 8=6- ./62+ ,2+3+?:+ ?6,1 /6<.+/1G?6- , 8=9J1,-2+-+ ,8, ,2+3+?:+ ?6 8<.+2C?26-/158*8C-6 ,8, ?6 <6.6<C- =1,-:8-1 256,-8 ,4, ,-6-9- :6„dhimma“ (<67/85C: ?6:47+.56-1B), >/1< .56J6:1 :6 +,+-31: ?6:47, „?G8<81“ (.+5+G1:81, ,F+?:+ :6 -+26 :6 F/8,-8-C:8-1 8 12/18-1 2 (,=6:,76-6 8=.1/8C, :C7+57+ 2176 .+-74,:+).!+F6=1? 9=8/6 ./1< 632. P+ -+26 2/1=1 8,5C=4- 1 +3-

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— E8/8C, ?+,-8*6 ,2+C /6<B-

21- ./8 0"')12"32) ') 45)30"2$ (661–750). E4<?626- ,1356*+./8C-:8 9,5+28C <6 .+?1= 2 ?9F+2:6-6 ,01/6: 6/63,78-C- ,-626 +08B8651: 1<87 8 8<=1,-26 */4B78C 8 .1/,8K,78C.;+26 1 .1/8+? :6 67-82:8 7+:-67-8 =1G?9 6/638-1 8 =1,-:8-

-1 158:,78 795-9/8, +3C,:C26J8 ,85:+-+ 28<6:-8K,7+ 258C-:81 24/F9 "/63,76-6 8=.1/8C 8 +-?651>626:1-+ S +- ?/12:8C.1/,8K,78 ,2C-, ,4<?626:1-+ :6 356*+?6-:6 ,/1?6 <6 <6/6G-?6J+-+ ,1 8,5C=,7+ 8<79,-2+. ;+26 1 8 .4/26-6 B1:-/658<8-/6:6 8,5C=,76 8=.1/8C, 2 7+C-+ 256,--6 ,1 ./1?626 .+ :6,51?-,-2+ 8 >88-+ 256?1-158 — F65808-1, ,1 +3*/6G?6- , =:+*+-3/+K:6, G8211J6 2 +F+5,-2+, ,28-6 8 .+,-1.1::+ ,1 +-74,26-+- :6/+?6. $,5C=4- <:6>8-15:+ ,1 ./+=1:C ,./C=+ -+26, 7+-1-+ 1 385 .+ 2/1=1-+ :6 !+F6=1?; ,/1? 2C/26J8-1 ,1 .+/6G-?6 :1?+2+5,-2+ +- -+26, >1 F65808-1 2,1 .+21>1 8<+,-62C-?9F+2:8-1 ,8 <6?45G1:8C, ./8-8,:6-8 +- -1G7+-+ 3/1=1 :6,21-,76-6 256,-. T6,8526J6-6 ,1 ./+.6*6:?6 2 .+5<6 :6 -24/-?8C 8,5C=8<4= (./+351=, 7+K-+ J1 ,1 .+C2C26 B8758>:+).+?7+.626 9,-+8-1 :6 256,--6.6"')12"32) ') +7)1"0"2$ (750–1050) 8?26 :6 256,-,

76-+ ,1 24<.+5<26 +- :1?+2+5,-2+-+ :6 =6,8-1 8 ./1=1,-26,-+58B6-6 :6 8=.1/8C-6 :6 8<-+7 — 2 D6*?6?, 2 !1,+.+-6-=8C (?:1@1: $/67). $<-+>:874- :6 258C:81 ,4J+ ,1 8<=1-,-26 +- 28<6:-8K,76-6 B82858<6B8C 74= 8<-+>:8-1 8=.1-/88, ./1?8=:+ 8/6:,78-1. ;+<8 .1/8+? 1 315C<6: , 24-/1@-:+ ,-63858<8/6:1 2 9,-6:+21:8-1 */6:8B8, :+ 8 , /6<?/+3C-26:1 :6 .+58-8>1,76-6 256,-: .+C2C26- ,1 /+?+21-1, :6/8>6-:8 „-6K06“, :C7+8 ./+28:B88 ,1 +-74,26- +- B1:-/65:6-6256,- — -6742 1 ,59>6C- , -1/8-+/8C-6 :6 $,.6:8C, ,51?<6256?C26:1-+ S ./1< 711, 7+C-+ +08B865:+ ,1 +-?15C +-"36,8?8-1, ./81=6 +=6C?,78 31G6:B8, 6 2 ":?659,8C ,1,4<?626 :1<628,8=+ 1=8/,-2+ (, '+/?+26 8 ;+51?+ 76-+ +,-:+2:8 795-9/:8 B1:-/+21). ;1+7/6-8>:6-6 256,- :6 "36,8-?8-1 ,1 +.8/6 :6 8,5C=8<8/6:8 :16/63,78 151=1:-8, F6-5804- .+1=6 +-:+2+ ?9F+2:8-1 ,8 09:7B88, 6 21<8/4- —,21-,76-6 256,-.;+26 1 <56-:8C- 217 :6 8,5C=6, +,+31:+ ./8 B6/926:1-+

:6 F65808-1 W6/9: 65 #6@8? (766–809) 8 65-!6=9:(786–833), -+26 1 .1/8+? :6 87+:+=8>1,78 ./+,.1/8-1- 8/6<B21- :6 8<79,-26-6, :6976-6 8 7:8G+2:+,--6 356*+?6-/1:81 :6 /6<:++3/6<:6-6 .+ F6/67-1/ 8 +*/+=:6 .+ +31=./12+?6>1,76 ?1K:+,-. E4<?626 ,1 351,-CJ6 B82858<6B8C.+? =:+*+,-/6::+-+ 24<?1K,-281 :6 :C7+57+ 795-9/8:158:,76 2 E8/8C, .1/,8K,76 2 $/67, 78-6K,7+ 8 8:?8K,7+258C:81.

„„??""**((** ))** 00""##$$%%&&,,((##““ $$ ++**==&&**&&

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:656*6 :1+3F+?8=+,--6 6/63,76-6 8=.1/8C ?6 +256?11 8<79-,-2+-+ :6 6/*9=1:-8/6:8C ,.+/ 8 ?6 /6<281 8,-8:,7+ 8,5C=-,7+ 3+*+,5+281, 7+1-+ .+/6?8 -6<8 ./8>8:6 -4/.8 258C:81-+:6 158:8<=6. $ :67/6C, :1 =+G1 ?6 :1 +-3151G8=, >1 <6 /6<-5876 +- '6-+58>1,76-6 B4/726 ./1< E/1?:+217+281-+, 7+C-+:C=6 8:-1/1, ?6 ./+,21J626 .6,-2+-+ ,8 8 ?+.9,76 ,6=+ ?9-F+21:,-2+-+ ?+ 8<2+/8-1 :6 <:6:81, '+/6:4- ./+C2C26 2 -+26+-:+@1:81 ?1=+7/6-8>1: 8 =+?1/1: F6/67-1/, 76-+ 76<26:

„'+K-+ ,1 ,-/1=8 74= <:6:8C, ./+,562C "556F6.(256?C26:1-+ :6 <:6:8C 1 :1 .+-=657+ B1::+ +- .+,-8--1, ./1.+?626:1-+ :6 <:6:8C 1 :1 .+-=657+ B1::+ +-=+58-26-6. (…) (- 5Q3+2 74= "556F6, ./81=6K <:6-:8C ?+/8 +- 9,-6-6 :6 :121/:87!“

%,8>7+ -+26 J1 .+?-87:1 6/638-1 74= 9,851:+ 8<?8/26:1:6 /47+.8,8, ./1?8=:+ */4B78, 7+8-+ ,1 ./12/4J6- 2 /6<-=1::6 =+:1-6 ./8 7+:-67-8-1 , 28<6:-8KB8-1, 79.926- ,1 8,1 +-./62C- , B158 71/26:8 +- !656 "<8C <6 D6*?6?. %,8>78+356,-8 :6 <:6:81-+ ./1?,-625C26- 8:-1/1,: 085+,+08C, 08-5+5+*8C, .,8F+5+*8C, 8,-+/8C, =1?8B8:6, 5+*876 8 ?/. (58-1-/6-9/6-6 +-,4,-26 :6.45:+, :+ 6/63,76-6 .+1<8C, .+? 258C-:81 :6 .1/,8K,78C, 3151G8 8,-8:,78 /6<B21-). !6,+2+ ,1,4<?626- +3J+?+,-4.:8 38358+-178 (1?8: ?1=+7/6-8>1:./8:B8., ?+76-+ .+ ,4J+-+ 2/1=1 2 H2/+.6 ?651> .+-=65+-3/+K:8-1 /47+.8,8 /12:82+ ,1 .6<C- 2 =6:6,-8/8-1 8 ,21--,7+-+ :6,151:81 :C=6 ?+,-4. ?+ -CF). E6=+ 2 D6*?6? 38358+--178-1 ,6 .+21>1 +- 100.

E.1B8658,-8-1 /6<*/6:8>626- -/8 +,:+2:8 .1/8+?6:1. 8$%"&0 ') 9"&'$%"2$ (752–811): \F8C $3: 65-D8--

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8-)+%.<,$: 9,7+/1:+ 8<?8/26:1 :6 /47+.8,8 2 +356,--6:6 63,-/67-:8-1 :6978 (./1?8=:+ 085+,+08C, =1-608<876,?86517-876 8 /1-+/876); ,4<?626:1 ./1< 830 *. :6 M+=6 :6=4?/+,--6 — :69>:6 676?1=8C , 38358+-176, ,4?4/G6J6/1?78 /47+.8,8 8 B1:-4/ <6 ./12+?8, 2 7+K-+ /63+-C- /6<-58>:8-1 9>6,-:8B8 2 8</63+-26:1-+ :6 /47+.8,8-1: ./12+?6->1,78 178.8, 7:8*+21<:8B8, ./1.8,26>8.

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B8 (./1,51?26:8 76-+ 1/1-8B8 242 %8<6:-8K,76-6 8=.1/8C,:6=1/858 931G8J1 ./1< V 2. 2 E8/8C, 6 .+,51 2 P1/,8C, 28<21,-:8C 795-9/1: B1:-4/ MG9:?8@6.9/, 74?1-+ ,1 ./1-21G?658 :6 ?/12:+,8/8K,78 =:+*+ ,-6/+*/4B78 ./+8<21?1-:8C). P/1< VI 2. MG9:?8@6.9/ ?+/8 ./81=6 31G6:B8 +-"-8:6 ,51? <67/826:1-+ +- 28<6:-8K,78C 8=.1/6-+/ [,-8-:86: :6 6-8:,78-1 085+,+0,78 @7+58 8 ,1 ./12/4J6 2 =95--8795-9/1: B1:-4/. &C7+57+ ./12+?6>8 :1,-+/86:B8 3858

.+76:1:8 2 D6*?6?, 6 6/63,78-1 ./12+?6>8 ,1 +39>62658 2MG9:?8@6.9/. P+21>1-+ :1,-+/86:B8 3858 3858:*28, 256-?1158 ?/12:+,8/8K,78 8 */4B78, :C7+8 <:6158 6/63,78. % :6->65+-+ ./12+?6>8-1 /63+-158 .+ ?2+K78 — 1?8:8C- ./121G-?65 +- */4B78 :6 ?/12:+,8/8K,78, 6 ?/9*8C- — +- ?/12:+,8-/8K,78 :6 6/63,78. P+,-1.1::+ 6/638-1 <6.+>:658 ?6 9>6-*/4B78, 6 :1,-+/86:B8-1 — 6/63,78, 8 ./12+?4- ,-6:65 ?8-/17-1:. &6 6/63,78 ,1 ./121G?658 8 -17,-+21, ./121?1:8 +-*/4B78 :6 ?/12:+,8/8K,78 (.+-,.1B865:+ ./12+?8-1 :6"/8,-+-15 8 P+/08/8K, :6./621:8 +- E1/*8K ./1< V 217).P/621:8 ,6 8 =657+ :6 3/+K ./12+?8 +- .1/,8K,78 8 ,6:-,7/8-,78.&6K-8<21,-:8C- ./12+?6>, .+5<26J ,1 , +*/+=1: 62-+/8-

-1-, 385 31< ,4=:1:81 W9:6K: $3: $,F67 (809–873), 5176/ 81/9?8-, 8<21,-1: 2 56-8:,78-1 ./12+?8 .+? 8=1-+ V+6:878K.P/+8<F+G?6J +- F/8,-8C:,7+ 6/63,7+ .51=1 (?/12:+,8-/8K,78C- 1 385 1<874- :6 F/8,-8C:8-1 2 6/63,76-6 8=.1/8C),-+K 9>85 */4B78 2 "517,6:?/8C 8 9,424/@1:,-265 6/63,78C2 D6,/6. P/121G?65 *562:+ +- */4B78 :6 ?/12:+,8/8K,78 8/1?67-8/65 ./12+?8-1 :6 ./12+?6>8, /63+-858 2 178. (=1G-?9 7+8-+ ,+3,-21:8C- =9 ,8: $,F67 $3: W9:6K: 8 .51=1:-:874- =9 W936K, $3: '9//6, 767-+ 8 ;638- $3: '9//6, \F86$3: W6/9:, !9,6 $3: W658?…). E51? 76-+ ,1 <624/:65 2D6*?6?, ,-6:65 58>1: 5176/ :6 F65806 8 385 :6-+26/1: ?6 +--*+26/C <6 ./12+?6>1,76-6 ?1K:+,- 2 M+=6 :6 =4?/+,--6. (7-5121-1: ./1? F65806 +- <628,-:8B8, -+K 8<.6?:65 2 :1=8-5+,- 8 385 F24/51: 2 <6-2+/6 (.+-74,:+ 385 /163858-8/6:).E.+/1? C.-&+ ?+ :1*+2 ./8C-15, 2 7+1-+ *+2+/8 <6 ./12+?8--1 ,8, -+K 1 ./1215 +7+5+ 135 ,4>8:1:8C 8 /1?67-8/65 :C7+5-7+ .+-,-6/8 ./12+?6.D+5@8:,-2+-+ +- ./12+?6>8-1 3858 ,.1B8658<8/6:8 2

+./1?151:6 +356,- (8<8,726:1, 7+1-+ +-7/826=1 2 T6.6?:6H2/+.6 1?26 ./1< XVI 2. 9 H-81: M+51).

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>8:1:8C :6 R658K 8 W8.+7/6-.!6-1=6-876, 6,-/+:+=8C, 6*/+:+=,-2+, 3+-6:876, 6,-/+-

5+*8C: P8-6*+/, P-+51=1K, H2758?, "/F8=1? 8 ?/.)+*876, 1-876, 085+,+08C, =1-608<876: P56-+:, "/8,-+-

-15 (8 =:+*+ -1F:8 7+=1:-6-+/8), P59-6/F, P5+-8:, P+/08-/8K 8 ?/.

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

K$"-(:'71.< "$ 507%+'$: W9:6K: :1 1 +,-6285 -/67-6- 2+356,--6 :6 ./12+?6, :+ /6<.+56*6=1 , =:+*+ :1*+28 7+=1:--6/8 8 /6<=8@51:8C (:6./8=1/ 2 1?:+ :1*+2+ .8,=+), 7+8-+C,:+ 8</6<C26- ./12+?6>1,78-1 =9 :6=1/1:8C: */8G582+ 9,--6:+2C26:1 :6 +/8*8:65:8C -17,- >/1< ,4.+,-62C:1 :6 /6<-58>:8-1 ./1.8,8 (W9:6K: 1 .4-9265 =:+*+, <6 ?6 8<?8/26 -6-7826 ./1.8,8), -4K 76-+ 1 ,4<:6265 :1-/6K:+,--6 :6 .8,6:8C-17,- .+ +:+26 2/1=1 .+/6?8 */1@78-1, , 7+8-+ 3858 .45:8./1.8,8-1:

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E51? 76-+ 9,-6:+2C265 +/8*8:65:8C -17,-, *+ 8<,51?265 8-4579265 <6?453+>1:+ (>/1< 7+=1:-6/8 858 +3,4G?6:1); +--?6265 *+5C=+ <:6>1:81 :6 +.8-6 8 0+/=958/65 :C7+8 8<8,7-26:8C, 7+8-+ +,-626- 67-965:8 8 ?+ ?:1,:

— 8<F+?:8C- -17,- ?6 34?1 ?+3/1 /6<3/6: 8 ?6 ,1 ./121G-?6 C,:+ 8 24<=+G:+ :6K-./6285:+ :6 1<876-B15:

„;1 28?CF6, >1 *8 ./124<F+G?6= ,4, <:6:8C-6 ,8, , /6-3+-6-6 ,8 8 , ./12+?6, 7+K-+ ./62C <6 -CF :6 <:6=1:8-8:6978 +- 1<8B8, 7+8-+ -1 :1 256?1C- 8 8<+3J+ :1 <:6C-,8 -+ , :6K->8,-8 8</6<8 8 ,-85, 31< :876726 */1@76, 31<./+.9,7 +- *51?:6 -+>76 :6 6/63,78-1 */6=6-8B8, 7+8-+,<:61K78 ./62856-6 :6 ,5+2+/1?6, :1 +-7/8F6 :876726*/1@76, :8-+ 0517,8C 858 <:6>1:81, 7+8-+ ?6 :1 ,6 ,42-,1= ./6285:8, 8 2,8>7+ -+26 8<5+G1:+ , :6K-./8C-:8C 8C,1: ,-85, /6<38/61= <6 2,178, 7+K-+ :1 1 ,.1B8658,- .+=1?8B8:6 858 1 .451: :121G6 .+ 085+,+08C.“

— 8<3/6:8C- 1<87+2 /1*8,-4/ ?6 34?1 ,4+3/6<1: , -+<8,<6 7+*+-+ 1 ./1?:6<:6>1: -17,-4-, ?6 ,1 ./121G?6 ,4+3/6<:+8:-1517-965:+-+ :82+ :6 6?/1,6-6:

„'+K 1 ./1215 .+?+3:+ ,4>8:1:81 8<=1G?9 -1<8,7+8-+ :1 ,6 ./121?1:8 +- =1:, 76726 1 3856 ,856-6 :62,178 1?8: +- -1<8 ./12+?6>8, <6 7+*+ ,6 ./121G?658-1 8 <6 7+*+ ./121G?6= 6< ,6=8C- 2,C7+ .+?+3:+ ,4>8-:1:81 8 2 76742 .1/8+? +- G82+-6 ,8 ./62C -+26, <6J+--+ -+26 ,6 ?21 26G:8 :1J6, 7+8-+ =+G1= ?6 8,76=1 ?69<:61=, -4K 76-+ ./12+?4- <628,8 +- ,856-6 :6 ./12+-?6>6, <628,8 8 +- -+<8, <6 7+*+-+ 1 ./1?:6<:6>1:.“

— ?6 ,1 ./1?6?1 ,=8,454-, ,4J:+,--6 :6 62-+/+28-1 ?9=8;— 26G:+ 1 -17,-4- ?6 34?1 ./+21/1: (+- ?26=6 ?9@8 858

,6=+,-+C-15:+).

(- ,2+C ,-/6:6, 65-MG6F8,, 085+,+0 +- IX 217, <6C2C26,>1 .+1<8C-6 1 :1./12+?8=6, -4K 76-+ =1-/876-6 :18<31G:+,1 +76<26 .+*/1@:6 8 ,-8F4- *938 +- 7/6,+-6-6 ,8. ;+K ,=C--6 ,4J+, >1 ./12+?6>4- -/C326 ?6 1 /621: .+ 9= 8 <:6:8C :662-+/6 8 ?+3/1 ?6 256?11 ?26-6 1<876, 1<876-8<-+>:87 8 1<8-76-B15. %,178 ./12+?6> -/C326 ,4J+ -676 ?6 +,4<:61, >1 :C-=6 ,4+-21-,-281 =1G?9 ?26-6 1<876, -4K 76-+ 8</6<:8-1 8=,/1?,-26 ,6 /6<58>:8.

(-7/826=1 8:-1/1,:+ 8 <6?453+>1:+ ,28?1-15,-2+ <6./12+?6 9 65-"06?8, 7+K-+ ./+-82+.+,-62C 8,-8:,78C ./1-2+? :6 -/6:,.+:8/6:1-+:

„E4J1,-2926- ?26 =1-+?6 ./8 ./12+?6>8-1: .4/28-C- 1 -+<8 :6 [F6::6 $3: 65-D8-/87, :6 $3: &6K=6 65-$=,8 8 :6 ?/9*8. P/12+?6>4- ,1 8:-1/1,926 +- 2,C76*/4B76 ?9=6, +- :1K:+-+ <:6>1:81 8 ,51? -+26 ?6266/63,76 ?9=6 , /62:+,-+1: ,=8,45 8 C <6.8,26, ,51?-+26 2<8=6 ?/9*6 ?9=6 8 -676 :6-6-47, ?+76-+ <624/@8./12+?6. ;+<8 =1-+? 1 :1./62851: .+ ?21 ./8>8:8:.4/2+, <6J+-+ :1 2,C76 */4B76 ?9=6 8=6 ,2+C ,4+-21--76 :6 6/63,78, 8 ,51?+26-15:+ ./8 -+<8 :6>8: :6 ./1-21G?6:1 :C7+8 */4B78 ?9=8 +,-626- ,4J8-1, 8 2-+/+,<6J+-+ ,5+2+/1?4- 8 ,-/97-9/6-6 :6 8</1>1:8C-6 21?8: 1<87 :1 28:6*8 =+*6- ?6 34?6- ./85+G1:8 74= -+-26, 7+1-+ ,1 .8@1 :6 ?/9* 1<87; 8<.+5<26:1-+ :6 =1-6-0+/8 +,21: -+26 >1,-+ 2+?8 ?+ 31<,=8,58B8, 6 =1-60+-/8-1 ,6 =:+*+3/+K:8 242 2,8>78 1<8B8. %-+/8C- =1-+?:6 ./121G?6:1 :6 6/63,78 ,1 ./856*6 +- $3: $,F67,65-MG96F6/8 8 ?/9*8. P/8 :1*+ 8<8,726:8C-6 ,6 ?6 ,1./+>1-1 8 /6<31/1 8</1>1:81-+, ,51? 7+1-+ ./12+?6>4-?6 *+ ./121?1 , 8</1>1:81, 7+1-+ =9 ,4+-21-,-26 :1<6-28,8=+ ?658 ?9=8-1 ,8 ,4+-21-,-26-, 858 :1. ;+<8 =1--+? 1 .+-?+3/8C-.“

3. 8$%"&0 ') 9%$%)7&2=" " 9%$">0),)'$ (912–1050).;+<8 .1/8+? ,1 F6/67-1/8<8/6 , 58-1/6-9/:6 7/8-876 :6 28-,+7+ /62:8J1, 085+5+*8>1,78 8<,51?26:8C, .+?1= 242 085+-,+08C-6 8 8,5C=,78-1 :6978, 76-+ ./+?45G1:81 :6 -+26, 7+-1-+ 21>1 1 385+ ./121?1:+. E/1?6-6 :6 IX 217 3151G8 7/6C :61/6-6 :6 ./12+?6. T6 200 *+?8:8, 356*+?6/1:81 :6 6/63,78-1./12+?6>8, 8,5C=,78C- ,2C- /6<.+56*6 , .+>-8 2,8>78 ,-6-/+*/4B78 :69>:8 8 085+,+0,78 -/9?+21.

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P$ 507%+'$ ."+*@+: +J1 .+ -+26 2/1=1 ./12+?6>8-1, +,+-31:+ -1<8 +7+5+ W9:6K: 83: $,F67, .+2?8*6- +,:+2:8 24.-/+,8, 67-965:8 8 ?+ ?:1,, 7+8-+ 2 T6.6?:6 H2/+.6 J1 34?6-0+/=958/6:8 =:+*+ .+-74,:+ (256?11:1 :6 ?26-6 /63+-:8

1<876, ?+3/+ .+<:626:1 :6 =6-1/8C-6, 1?:672+ /62:8J1 :6<:6:8C , -+26 :6 ./121G?6:8C 62-+/, ?6 ,1 ./121G?6 C,:+ 8/6<38/61=+, ,4+3/6<C26:1 , >8-6-15C).

P$ $0$*.,7 . $0$*-#$,$ #J),J0$: =6J63:6-6 ./12+?6->1,76 ?1K:+,- +,8*9/C26 ?+,-4. ?+ ?/12:+*/4B7+-+ 795-9/-:+ :6,51?,-2+, .+<2+5C26 34/<+-+ 9,2+C26:1 :6 <:6:8C(750–850), 7+8-+ -56,76- /6<28-81-+ 8 /6<./+,-/6:1:81-+:6 6/63,76-6 :6976. ;C ?+./8:6,C <6 <:6>8-15:+-+ +3+*6-C-26:1 :6 1<876, 7+K-+ ,1 ./12/4J6 2 1<87 :6 8<79,-2+-+, :69-76-6, 085+,+08C-6 8 3+*+,5+281-+.

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–1590); ,/1?:+217+2:6-6 =6-1=6-8->1,76 =8,45 ,1 .+<+2626 +,:+2:+ :6 F0.,&7,.#$,$ 8 F)-/7*0$,$ :6 65-W6/1<=8. &6 6/638-1 ?45G8= ,4J+ -676 .4/-28C +.8, :6 <21<?8-1, .4/28-1 6.-178, :6./1?476 2 F8=8C-6,.4/28-1 9>858J6, 676?1=88, 3+5:8B8 8 ?/.

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

:6 6/63,76-6 8=.1/8C 2,51?,-281 :6 :6@1,-28C-6 :6 ,15?G97-,78-1 -9/B8 (8,5C=8<8/6:8 :+=6?8, <6256?158 ":6?+56)

./1< XI 217 8 :6 =+:*+5B8-1 ./1< XIII 217, 7+8-+ .5C>7+,26-D6*?6? <6 +,1= ?:8, 9:8J+G626K78 +*/+=:8 795-9/:8 3+*6--,-26: 38358+-178, 7:8*8 8 ?/., -676 >1 6/63,76-6 B82858<6-B8C ,1 <6.6<26 ./1?8 2,8>7+ 2 <6.6?:6-6 >6,-, ./1?8=:+ 2H*8.1-. &67/6C +-+=6:,7+-+ :6@1,-281 24<,-6:+2C26 *+5C-=6-6 8,5C=,76 =1>-6. U6/8*/6? .6?6 ./1< 1453 8 :6,-4.261.+F6-6 :6 *+,.+?,-2+-+ :6 8,5C=6 :6? F/8,-8C:,78C ,2C-,:6 <6256?C26:1-+ :6 8,5C=,78-1 -1/8-+/88 ,51? XI 217: E8-/8C, P651,-8:6, "/638C, H*8.1-, )838C, ;9:8,, "5G8/,$/67. (-+=6:,78C- ,95-6:, ,=C-6K78, >1 1 24<,-6:+285 ./1-?8@:6-6 8,5C=,76 8=.1/8C, ./81=6 +-:+2+ -8-56-6 F6580,<658>626K78 +- =Q,Q5=6:,7+-+ ,4<:6:81 217+21-1 /6<?151-:81, .+,51?265+ .4/28-1 :6@1,-28C. P4/2+:6>65:+-+ 1?8:-,-2+ 1 24<,-6:+21:+.

**DD""!!EE++**FF**

— Ghassan Aris, „De Bagdad à Tolède : le rôle des traducteursdans la transmission des patrimoines culturels grec et arabe àl’Occident“, thèse présentée à l’Ecole de traduction et d’inter-prètes de l’université d’Ottawa, 1985 ; in CD-rom Didak„l’Histoire de la traduction“, Jean Delisle et Gilbert Lafond,université d’Ottawa.

— Myriam Salama-Carr, „L’évaluation des traducteurs versl’arabe chez les traducteurs du Moyen Age“, TTR, vol. 6, n°1,1993, p 15/25.

— Myriam Salama-Carr, La traduction à l’époque abbasside,Paris, Didier érudition, collection traductologiques, 1990.

— Annette Donckier de Donceel, „Introduction à l’histoire del’Islam“, Les cahiers du CeDoP, université libre de Bruxelles,2002.

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$ .67 *+2+/8 :1*+28C- 9>1:87, 215878C- M8+:8,8K: „E=C--6=, >1 1 31<,=8,51:+ 8 =:+*+ .+*/1@:+ ?6 -4/,8= :1 ,856--6 :6 /6<9=6, 6 ?6 ,1 ,4+3/6<C26=1 , ?9=8-1. ;+26 :1 =+G1 ?6

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'+:,-6:-8:-'8/85 ,-/87-:+ 1 ,51?265 */4B78C -17,- 8 *+ 1./1?65 -+>:+, ,.6<26K78 -/6?8B8+::8C .+?F+? ./8 ./12+?6:6 ,21J1:8 -17,-+21 (,.+/1? V1/+:8= ?+/8 ,5+2+/1?4- 1-6K:,-2+, 7+1-+ -/C326 ?6 34?1 <6.6<1:+, +-74?1-+ 8 <6?45-G8-15:+-+ 8<8,726:1 :8J+ ?6 :1 ,1 ?+362C, :8-+ +-:1=6).E4<:626K78 C,:+ +36>1 /6<58>:6-6 ,-/97-9/6 :6 1<8B8-1,-+K +./62?626 -4/,1:1-+ :6 ,4+-21-,-28C 2 8=1-+ :6 ,=8,4-56, <6J+-+ 1 26G:6 „,856-6 :6 /6<9=6, 6 :1 ?9=8-1“. T6 ?6/6<31/1= .+-?+3/1 -+26 -24/?1:81, -/C326 ?6 8=6=1 ./1?-28?, >1 ./12+?4- :6 E-6/8C <621-, :6./621: ./1< II 2. +- "7-2856, 1 385 -+57+26 3972651: (,.6<26: 1 ?+/8 /+?4- :6 ?9=8--1!), >1 1 385 :6.45:+ :1/6<38/61=!;+26, 7+1-+ -/C326 ?6 ,1 +-3151G8, 767-+ ./8 '+:,-6:-

-8:-'8/85, -676 8 ./8 :1*+28-1 ,51?+2:8B8 8 ./+?45G8-158:6 ?15+-+ =9, 1 ,5+2+-2+/>1,-2+-+, ,4<?626:1-+ :6 ,562C:-,78 ?9=8, 76578 +- */4B78, :6 :1+5+*8<=8, 7+8-+ +3+*6-C26-1<876 (2=1,-+ -/6:,58-1/6B8C), 8 ,-/1=1G4- ?6 ,1 .8@1 :6C,1: 8 /6<38/61= 1<87.!1-+?8K ./+?45G626 ?15+-+ :6 3/6- ,8 2 =:+*+ :6./1*-

:6-6 8 ,5+G:6 .+58-8>1,76 8 /158*8+<:6 +3,-6:+276: 2 G156-:81-+ ,8 ?6 ,8 +,8*9/8 „26,658“ ,/1? ,562C:8-1 +- U1:-/65-:6 H2/+.6, .+-8,76:8 +- *1/=6:,7+-+ ?9F+21:,-2+, .6.6"?/86: 8<./6J6 !1-+?8K , =8,8C ,/1? ,562C:,7+-+ :6,151-:81 2 P6:+:8C 8 !+/628C ?6 +39>626, ./+.+2C?26 8 8<24/-@26 3+*+,59G1:81 :6 ,562C:,78. !1-+?8K 1 /47+.+5+G1: <6.6:+:,78 1.8,7+., :+ :1 9,.C26 ?6 <61=1 ?54G:+,--6 ,8, <6-J+-+ .+? :6-8,76 :6 :1=,7+-+ ?9F+21:,-2+, <6 7+1-+ :6<:6->1:81-+ =9 1 +38?6 8 ./1>76, -+K 1 6/1,-926: 8 <6-+>1: 2 36-26/,78 =6:6,-8/. H?26 -/8 *+?8:8 .+-74,:+ .6.6 V+6: VIII,1 <6,-4.26 <6 :1*+ 8 -+K 1 +,2+3+?1:. (M658 /62:+?9@:+-++-:+@1:81 :6 .6.6-6 1 385+ ./+?87-926:+ +- .+58-8>1,788:-1/1,8? $58 .47 :1 1 <:615 7672+ ,-626?) P/1< 873 *. !1--+?8K ,1 <62/4J6 2 6/F81.8,7+.,-2+-+ ,8 2 P6:+:8C, 74?1--+, 24./178 .4/2+:6>65:6-6 <63/6:6 :6 .6.6-6, 2+?8 ,59G-36-6 :6 ,562C:,78 8 /6<*/4J6 67-82:6 126:*158<6-+/,76 ?1K-:+,-. R+?8:6 .+-74,:+ +36>1 =+/62,78C- 7:C< .+56*6 751-26

<6 2C/:+,- 74= *1/=6:,78C 7/65: ?9F+21:,-2+-+ ,1 24<.+5<-26 +- -+26 8 <6.+>26 ,8,-1=:+ ?6 9:8J+G626 ?15+-+ :6 '+:,--6:-8:-'8/85 8 !1-+?8K. P6.6-6 1 ./8:9?1: ?6 +-,-4.8, <67+1-+ *+2+/8 8 .+,56:81-+ =9 ?+ !1-+?8K:

„&69>8F=1 ,1, >1 8<24/@26@ 3+*+,59G1:81-+ :626/26/,78, -. 1. :6 ,562C:,78 1<87, 24./178 >1 2 .+,56-:81-+, 7+1-+ -8 ./1?6?1 P6215, 1.8,7+. ":7+:,78, -83CF=1 <63/6:858 ?6 +-,59G26@ :6 -+<8 1<87 ,21-6-658-9/*8C; -+26 =+G1@ ?6 ./628@ ,6=+ :6 56-8:,78 858*/4B78 1<87, -676 767-+ 1 ./81-+ +- D+G8C-6 U4/726,./1?,-621:6 .+ BC56-6 <1=C 8 ,/1? 2,8>78 :6/+?8. H,--1,-21:+, =+G1@ ?6 ./+.+2C?26@ 8 ?6 ,1 +3/4J6@74= :6/+?6 :6 -+<8 1<87.“

$<.6?:65 2 8<+56B8C ,51? :19,.1F6 :6 =+/62,76-6 =8,8C,!1-+?8K ,1 2/4J6 74= ./12+?6. "7+ ,1 2C/26 :6 :1*+28C G8--81.8,1B, <6 +,1= =1,1B6 9,.C26 ?6 ./121?1 <61?:+ , 9>1:8-B8-1 ,8:

— .+>-8 .45:8C -17,- :6 D8358C-6 .+ )9786:+26-6 /1-B1:<8C (/1?67B8C :6 ./12+?6 :6 I7'7&'7-7,,7, :6./621:6+- ":-8+F8K,78C ./1<28-1/ )9786: +- 12/1K,78 8 ,4.+,-6-21:6 , ?/9*8 */4B78 ./12+?8);

— &+=+76:+:6 (,3+/:87 , 28<6:-8K,78 */6G?6:,78 8 /1-58*8+<:8 <67+:8);

— P6-1/87+:6 (,3+/:87 , ?156-6 :6 B4/7+2:8-1 +-B8).!1-+?8K 9=8/6 ./1< 885 *+?8:6.

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„(-:+,:+ .47 ,21-+-+ 3+*+,59G1:81, -6K:,-26-6 8,2. 58-9/*8C, 7+8-+ !1-+?8K ,8 1 .+<2+585 ?6 8<24/-@26 :6 ,562C:,78 1<87, <6.+2C?26=1 :87+K .+ :876742:6>8: ?6 :1 ./628 -+26 <6:6./1?.“

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— F/8,-8C:8<8/6:1 (.+,-8*6:1 :6 /158*8+<:+ 1?8:,-2+);— 01+?658<8/6:1 (.+,-8*6:1 :6 ,+B865:+-.+58-8>1,7+

1?8:,-2+);— ,562C:8<8/6:1 (.+,-8*6:1 :6 795-9/:+ 1?8:,-2+).T6/6G?6J6-6 ,1 ,562C:,76 8 F/8,-8C:,76 795-9/6 ,51?26

:6K-358<78C 8 :6K-351,-CJ8C <6 +:+26 2/1=1 12/+.1K,78=+?15, -+<8 :6 %8<6:-8C, :6,51?:87 :6 ?/12:+*/4B76-6 795--9/6, :+ *+ +3+*6-C26 ,4, ,+3,-21:8 -1=8 8 +3/6<8, <6.6<-26K78 .+ -+<8 :6>8: .+58-8>1,76-6, /158*8+<:6-6 8 795-9/-:6-6 ,6=+,-+C-15:+,- :6 D45*6/8C. ;+26 1 7+:-/+58/6:+ 8./6285:+ /6<3/6:+ 9,2+C26:1 :6 28<6:-8K,78C F/8,-8C:,78=+?15 >/1< /6<28-81 :6 =1,-:8C 1<87, :6-+26/1: , 58-1/6--9/:8 8 58-9/*8>:8 09:7B88 (767-+ J1 28?8= .+-:6-6-47,-+<8 .+?F+? 8=6 .6/6515 , :6,4/>626:6-6 +- "50+:,+ W./12+?6>1,76 ?1K:+,- 2 ;+51?+, B15CJ6 /6<2826:1 :6 58-1-/6-9/6 :6 =1,-:8C 76,-85,78 /+=6:,78 1<87 8 +-4/,26:1 +-.+.1>8-15,-2+-+ :6 '6-+58>1,76-6 B4/726). ;+26 ?15+ <6-.+>26 ./1?8 ./81=6:1-+ :6 ,562C:,78C <6 +08B8651: B4/7+-21: 8 ?4/G621: 1<87 ./1< 893 *. ./8 B6/ E8=1+: 356*+?6/1-:81 :6 '8/85+-!1-+?8128-1 9>1:8B8.P/1< 886 *. -1 ./8,-8*6- 2 P58,76 — ,-+58B6 :6 D45*6-

/8C ./8 7:C< D+/8,. '58=1:- 1 8<./6-1: 2 !671?+:8C, 2 +3-56,--6 '9-=8>128B6, <6 ?6 ./+,21J626 ,562C:8-1 — F/8,-8-C:8, 1<8>:8B8 858 .+? 258C:81-+ :6 ?9658,-8>:8-1 1/1,8

(.62587C:8). (356,--6 +-,7+/+ 1 6:17,8/6:6 74= D45*6/8C 8D+/8, 8,76 ?6 <6,858 256,--6 ,8 2 :1C >/1< 126:*158<8/6:1:6 :6,151:81-+ :6 ,562C:,78. &69= +,-626 2 P58,76. E4<?6-26- ,1 ?26 ?9F+2:8 B1:-4/6: ,121/+8<-+>1:, 2 P58,76 (./1-=1,-1: .+-74,:+ 2 P/1,562, 7+*6-+ -+<8 */6? ,-626 ,-+58B6,./1< 893 *.), 8 Q*+<6.6?1:, 2 (F/8?,7+.

DDFFGGHH@@

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.+<8B8+::+ 28<6:-8K,78-1 +3/6<B8: */4B76 /1-+/876 , 24.-/+,8, ./1F+?8, /8-=876, 767-+ 8 ./62856-6, :6,51?1:8 +-

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— 6*8+*/60,78 ./+8<21?1:8C (.+-,.1B865:+ L8-8C-6 :6'8/85 8 !1-+?8K);

— B4/7+2:6 .+1<8C;— ./12+?8 (:C=6 :87672+ ,4=:1:81, >1 ,1 1 <6:8=6265 ,

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1=6 =+:6@1,-2+-+. ;+K ,4J+ 1 ,/1? 9>6,-:8B8-1 2 =+/62-,76-6 =8,8C, .+-74,:+ +-826 2 #8=, 74?1-+ 1 /47+.+5+G1: <6./1<28-1/. E51? 76-+ '58=1:- 3826 .+,21-1: 2 1.8,7+.,78,6: ./1< 893 *., &69= .+1=6 :1*+26-6 ./+,21-:6 8 9>13:6 =8-,8C. E4J1,-2926- ,1/8+<:8 +,:+26:8C ?6 ,1 ,=C-6, >1 7:8-G+2:6-6 =9 ?1K:+,- 1 <:6>8-15:6, :+ 1 <6.6<1: ,6=+ 1?8: :1-*+2 /47+.8,, +-7/8- :6,7+/+ — H$1+1 "$ $5+-,+) F1'07B.

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26: 256?1-15, B1:8-15 :6 7:8*8-1 8 795-9/6-6. P+7/+28-15:6 7:8G+2:8B8-1, -+K ,1 1 ,-6/615 ?6 8= +,8*9/8 ?+3/8 9,-5+28C :6 /63+-6, 9>6,-265 1 2 .+?3+/6 :6 -17,-+21-1, 7+8-+?6 ,1 ./121G?6-, .+/4>265 1 ./12+?8 8 ./1.8,8 (:6./. :+2./1.8,, :6./621: +- >8>+ =9 M+7,, :6 W7,.0. -)+%$ -07@J$0.$1.,7, ./121?1:8 +- '+:,-6:-8: P/1,562,78; ./12+? :61:B875+.1?8>1,78C L1+/++,=7-#. -*+01.#; 7+=.856-82:8,3+/:8B8 P)$,+-,0JB, I%7,+-)$%+% 8 ?/.). P/1?.+56*6 ,1,

>1 1 8<*/6?85 2 ?2+/1B6 ,8 7:8*+F/6:858J1 , 3+*6-6 38358-+-176, +- 7+C-+ :8J+ :1 1 ?+,-8*:65+ ?+ :6@8 ?:8, :+ 7+C-+,1 ,.+=1:626 2 /47+.8,8-1.R+-21: +- 36J6 ,8 <6 28,@6 B4/7+2:6 ?54G:+,-, E8=1+:

8<9>626 2 ./+>9-6-6 !6*:69/,76 @7+56 2 U6/8*/6? */6=6-8-76, /1-+/876, 085+,+08C, 3+*+,5+281, 6,-/+:+=8C, =9<876.P/176/26 10 *+?8:8 2 U6/8*/6?, 74?1-+ 9,2+C26 */4B7+-56--8:,76-6 795-9/6. ;97 +,4<:626 795-9/:8-1 .+-/13:+,-8 :6,-/6:6-6 ,8 8 9 :1*+ ,1 <6/6G?6 G156:81-+ ?6 8<?8*:1 795--9/:+-+ S /62:8J1, -676 >1 -C ?6 ,1 8:-1*/8/6 .+-?+3/1 2F/8,-8C:,76 H2/+.6. E/1J6-6 =9 , 9>1:8B8-1 :6 '+:,-6:--8:-'8/85 8 !1-+?8K, ,51? <62/4J6:1-+ =9 2 D45*6/8C,8<8*/626 /1@626J6 /+5C 2 :1*+28C G82+-. E51? 8<?8*6:1-+=9 :6 ./1,-+56, ./1< 893 *., -+K 8=6 21>1 .45:6 ,2+3+?6 ?6+,4J1,-28 -6<8 6=38B8C. I1,-:6?1,1--1 *+?8:8 =8/, 7+8-+:6,-4.26- ,51? .+31?8-1 :6 E8=1+: :6? =6?G6/8-1 8 *4/B8--1 (-. :. pax symeonica), ,6 356*+./8C-1: .1/8+? <6 795-9/-:8C /6<B21- :6 P/1,562, >81-+ 8<*/6G?6:1 76-+ 97/1.1: */6?./875Q>26 ./1< 917 *+?8:6.'/4*4- +- ./12+?6>8, , 7+8-+ E8=1+: ,1 <6+38765C,

275Q>26:?&'12)'2"' 8%$1.),1=", 9>1:87 :6 '+:,-6:-8:-'8/85

8 !1-+?8K. P4/2+ ./1<28-1/ 2 P58,76, .+-74,:+ 1 .+,21-1:2 ,6: 1.8,7+. :6 %15878 P/1,562. #63+-8 <61?:+ ,4, E8=1-+:. T6 G82+-6 =9 ,1 <:61 =657+, :+ 1 +,-6:65+ 7:8G+2:+-+=9 ?15+. $<C2C26 ,1 76-+ =6K,-+/ :6 67/+,-8F6 — 0+/=6,7+C-+ 1 3856 =:+*+ :6 =+?6 ./1< E/1?:+217+281-+. (,-62851 ,51?:+-+ 7:8G+2:+ :6,51?,-2+:

–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

*1581 ,4?4/G6 51 :1?15:8 ./+.+21?8. %,C76 +- -CF 8=6,+3,-21:+ <6*56281 8 .+,+>26 8<-+>:876, 767-+ 8 126:*1581--+, 7+1-+ J1 34?1 7+=1:-8/6:+. ;. 1. 58>:8C- 7+=1:-6/ ,4.4--,-26 ./12+?:8C -17,-, 6 7+=.+<8B8+::+ ./+8<21?1:81-+,51?26 ,-/87-:+ ./8:B8.8-1 :6 /1-+/876-6.% ./+5+*6 62-+/4- +3C,:C26 7+1 *+ 1 :676/65+ ?6 ,1 <61-

=1 , -+<8 ./12+?: 21/+C-:+ 1 385 .+?-87:6- +- &69= , +3/6-<+26-15:6 B15:

„" 281 2,8>78, =+8 3/6-C, 36J8 8 ,8:+21, 7+8-+ 8,-76-1 ?6 ,1 .+9>8-1, :1 =8 ./8?8/CK-1, >1 ,1 +,=158F ?6,1 <61=6 , -+26, :+ .+,-6/6K-1 ,1 ?6 ,1 :6,56?8-1, 76--+ :6./1*:1-1 ,59F6 ,8.“

E.+?15C ./8-1,:1:8C-6, ,24/<6:8 , ./12+?6>1,76-6 ,8/63+-6 (?/9* -+.+, :6 1.+F6-6), :+ :1 8 ./8:B8.8-1, 7+8-+ 1,51?265:

„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“

;+26, 7+1-+ ./1?,-625C26 8:-1/1, 2 -+<8 .6,6G, 8<24: ,.+-=1:6-8-1 -+.+,8 (=+58-26 <6 9,.1F 2 /63+-6-6, =+536 74= >8--6-158-1 F/8,-8C:8 ?6 ./+C2C- ,:8<F+?8-15:+,-, ,7/+=:+,- 8,=8/1:81 .+ +-:+@1:81 :6 8<24/@1:6-6 /63+-6), 1 067-4-,./1?,-625C26J 2./+>1= :6K-*+5C=6-6 -/9?:+,- .+ +:+26 2/1-=1: ./12+?4- ,1 8<24/@26 +- 1<87 , =:+*+217+2:+ /6<28-81, ,63,-/67-:8 .+:C-8C, , 3+*6-8 58-1/6-9/:8 -/6?8B88 :6 1<87,7+K-+ 1 2 ./+B1, :6 8<*/6G?6:1. Y1 +-3151G8= ,4J+ -676, >12 -17,-+21-1 +- +:+26 2/1=1 ,1 *+2+/8 <6 ,562C:,78 1<87, 31<?6 ,1 9-+>:C26 <6 7+K -+>:+ ?86517- ,-626 ?9=6. P+-:6-6-47

J1 28?8=, >1 .+ ,4J+-+ 2/1=1 242 A/6:B8C ./12+?6>8-1 :1*+2+/C- <6 „,-6/+0/1:,78“, 6 <6 /+=6:,78 1<87.

— P+ 8,76:1 :6 E8=1+: -+K ,1 <6F26J6 , ./12+?6 :6 W7-,.0. -)+%$ -07@J $0.$1.,7 :6 ,2. "-6:6,8K "517,6:?/8K-,78 ./1< 906 *+?8:6. E4>8:1:81-+ 1 .+51=8>:6 8 6.+5+*1--8>:6 <6J8-6 :6 8,-8:,76-6 2C/6 8 :6 ?+*=8-1 S +- 1/1,8-1:./1< IX 8 X 2. 2 D45*6/8C ,1 /6<./+,-/6:C26- ?9658,-8>:8--1 8<-+>:8 1/1,8 76-+ 3+*+=85,-2+-+.C$%'&%">$# (%)7-% 1 ,/1? :6K-?+3/8-1 .8,6-158 .+51-

=8,-8 ./1< -6<8 1.+F6. &6K-8<21,-:+-+ =9 ./+8<21?1:81, P$*J#%.,7 (9 5.-&717A4), 1 =:+*+7/6-:+ ./1.8,26:+ 8 /6<./+-,-/6:C26:+ 2 E4/38C 8 #9,8C 8 8=6 <:6>1:81 <6 B158C ,562C:-,78 ,2C-. A67-8-1 <6 58>:+,--6 :6 62-+/6 8 1.+F6-6, 2 7+C--+ 1 G82C5, :1 ,6 9,-6:+21:8 ,4, ,8*9/:+,-. P/1?.+56*6 ,1, >11 .8,65 2 7/6C :6 IW — :6>65+-+ :6 W 2., =657+ ,51? 893 *.D85 1 ,/1? 7:8G+2:8B8-1 +7+5+ E8=1+:. T6J8-626 ,562C:-,-2+-+ 8 ,562C:,76-6 6<3976 2 ?9F6 :6 .+58-876-6, 2+?1:6 +-256?1-15C. % P$ *J#%.,7 /6<76<26 8,-+/8C-6 :6 ,562C:,78C1<87: .8,6: .4/2+:6>65:+ , „>1/-8 8 /1<78“, ,51? -+26 :6*/4B78 8 :67/6C , 6<3976-6, ,4<?6?1:6 +- '+:,-6:-8:-'8/85,./1?,-621: 76-+ 8<3/6:87 8 ./6-1:87 :6 D+*6. E51? -+26./628 F6/67-1/8,-876 :6 -6<8 ,562C:,76 .8,=1:+,-: ,.+/1?:1*+ *4/B8-1 ,6 C <68=,-2658 +- 12/18-1, 6 '+:,-6:-8:-'8-/85 — +- *4/B8-1. &67/6C +.8,26 :6.6?78-1 ,/1J9 6<3976-68 C <6J8-626 , ?+3/1 .+?3/6:8 6/*9=1:-8 8 8<>8,-1:6 7+=-.+<8B8C: 2421?1:81 2 .+51=876-6, -1<6, 6:-8-1<6, <675Q>1-:81, 6:65+*8>:8 ./8=1/8. E=C-6 ,1, >1 -+26 1 .4/2+-+ +/8-*8:65:+ .+51=8>1,7+ ./+8<21?1:81 2 D45*6/8C.%1/+C-:+ 345*6/8: .+ ./+8<F+?, D&)' :=>)%; 1 <:615 <6

?15+-+ :6 '+:,-6:-8:-'8/85 8 !1-+?8K (2G. ./+5+*6 =974= E7*7-$). T61=6 ,1 , ./12+?6 :6 085+,+0,78 ./+8<21?1-:8C , -/9?:6 <6 2/1=1-+ 517,876:

— P$ 50$%+-)$%1$,$ %<0$ :6 V+6: M6=6,78: (E7*7-$);— V7-,+'17% .+ ./+8<21?1:8C :6 %6,858K %15878, V+-

6: T56-+9,-, "/8,-+-15 8 ?/.• % E7*7-$ ,1 ./1.58-6- 62-+/,78 -17,- 8 <:6>8-15:8

./121?1:8 .6,6G8 +- -/9?6 :6 V+6: M6=6,78:. ;+26 1 3+*+-,5+2,78 -/67-6-, 2 7+K-+ ,6 275Q>1:8 8 :C7+8 :69>:8 <:6:8C+- +:+26 2/1=1 <6 2+?6-6, :131-+, 24<?9F6, +*4:C 8 ./. P/1?-:6<:6>1: 1 <6 +3/6<+26:8 >8-6-158, 6 ./+5+*4- 74= :1*+ 1

+,+31:+ B1:1: <6 8,-+/8C-6 :6 ./12+?6, <6J+-+ 2 :1*+ 62--+/4- 8<56*6 ,4=:1:8C-6, =+-828-1, ./8:B8.8-1 :6 ./12+?6:?6 ,1 ./121G?6 :1 39726-6, 6 ,=8,454-:

„P/+5+*, ,4>8:1: +- ./1<28-1/ V+6:, 345*6/,78 17-<6/F, 7+K-+ 8 ./121?1 -1<8 7:8*8.P+:1G1 ,21-8C- 3+G8 >+217 '+:,-6:-8:, -. 1. A85+-

,+04-, .+5+G8 =:+*+ -/9?, 76-+ 9,-/+8 .8,=1:6 <6 ,56-2C:,78-1 7:8*8 8 ./121?1 8<3+/ +- H26:*1581-+ 8".+,-+56 — 7+57+-+ =+G6, ?+76-+ G82C :6 -+<8 -4=1:,2C-, -+57+26 8 ./121?1, — <6-+26 8 251<1 2 31<7+:1>-:8C G82+- 8 .+59>8 ,21-58:6 76-+ :6*/6?6 <6 ,2+8-1?156. " ,51? 76-+ -+K .+>8:6, +,-6:6 :6 -+C ,2C- 2158-78C- 3+G8 6/F81.8,7+. !1-+?8K, :1*+2 3/6-, 7+K-+./121?1 2,8>78-1 60 9,-62:8 7:8*8 +- 158:,78 1<87, -. 1.+- */4B78 :6 ,562C:,78. " 6<, ,59@6K78 =:+*+ .4-8 <6-+26, .+8,76F ?6 ,1 +.8-6= ?6 ./121?6 :6 ,562C:,781<87 -457926:8C-6 :6 9>8-158-1. T6J+-+ +:8C, 60--1,31 *8 21>1 ./1215, 767-+ 3CF >95, !1-+?8K. (36>1, /6<-=8,5CK78, 9.56@8F ,1 ?6 :1 38, 76-+ ,1 .+-/9?C, ?6 ./1-21?6 :6 ,2+K 1<87 -457926:8C-6 :6 9>8-158-1 <6 .+5<6:6 .+7+51:8C-6, ?6 *8 8<+.6>6. T6J+-+ .+<:626= -4.+--6-6 8 */93+,--6 :6 ,2+C 9= 8 -151,:6-6 ,8 :1=+J 8 51-:+,-. '6-+ +3=8,58F 2,8>7+ -+26, +-76<6F ,1." 76-+ =8:6F6 :C7+57+ *+?8:8, >1,-:8C- >+217, =+-

:6F4- M97,, 7+*6-+ +-8?+F ?6 *+ .+,1-C, :6,-+C ./1?=1:1, 76-+ =8 .+/4>26@1 8 =1 =+51@1 ?6 ./121?6 -45-7926:8C-6 :6 9>8-158-1. P/8.+=:CK78 =8, -+K /1>1:„'6726 ?/9*6 /63+-6 8=6- .+.+21-1, +,21: ?6 .+9>6-26-? $ J+= ,8 .+15 -6<8 ,59G36, -8 ,8 ?54G1: ?6 C24/@8@.“ " 6<, :6=8/6K78 ,1 =1G?9 ?21-1 — */93+,---6 8 51:+,--6, — .+21>1 ,1 9.56@8F +- 51:+,--6 8 +-<6.56F6-6 :6 D+*6 74= ./+/+B8-1, >/1< 7+8-+ 1 /1745:„(- 26@8-1 /4B1 J1 8,76= ?9@8-1 :6 -1<8, 8 767-+ =1+-354,:6F-1, 76-+ ,1 +-/17+F-1 ?6 34?1-1 2+?6>8 8256?1-158 :6 =+8-1 F+/6, -676 8 6< J1 28 +-F24/5C, 76--+ :1 J1 34?6 26@ B6/. ! #$,+ 17 5+-)JQ$A,7 /)$-$&., :+ G1,-+7+ =8 +34/:6F-1 */43, +-76<26K78 ?6 ,1.+?>8:8-1, 7+*6-+ =1 ./8<+21-1, :1 J1 ,1 +34/:6 74==+58-26-6 28 8 :1 J1 C >9C.“ (…) " .47 6<, /6<?2+1:

+- ,-/6F, /17+F: :1.+,59@:8C- J1 :6=1/8 ,=4/-, 6.+,59@:8C- — G82+-. $ .+:1G1 =+*4J8C- D+* ?626 :6,51.8-1 </1:81, :6 *59F8-1 — ,59F, :6 */938C 8 ?13159= — +,-/+-6 8 /6<38/6:1 :6 2C/6-6, 8 .+:1G1 2,178?+34/ .+?6/47 8 2,C76742 ?6/ 8?26 +- -131, 36J6 :6,21-58:6-6, >81-+ 8=1 ,.+=1:6F, 8 +- :1*+28C ,8:$,9, W/8,-+, 8 E21-8C ?9F, <65+28F ,1 , -+26 ?15+ 8./121?+F 7:8*6-6 :6 ,2. V+6:6, ./1<28-1/6 M6=6,78:6.T6-+26, 3/6-C, :1 ./8?8/CK-1, 67+ :6=1/8-1 :C74?1

:1 ,4J6-6 ?9=6, -4K 76-+ 2 :1C 1 25+G1: ,4J8C-,=8,45. T6J+-+ -676 76<26 8 ,2. M8+:8,8K: „&19=1,--:+ 1, ,=C-6=, ?6G1 .+*/1@:+ 1 ?6 ,1 +3/4J6 2:8=6:81:1 :6 >92,-26-6 8 :6 ,=8,456, 6 :6 ?9=8-1.“ $ :1 1 ./6-285:+, 67+ 8,76- ?6 /6<31/6- 3+G1,-21:+-+ ,5+2+, ?6 :1+3/4J6- 2:8=6:81 ,6=+ :6 *+58-1 <297+21, 6 ,6=+-+,5+2+ ?6 :1 ?+,-8*6 ?+ ,59F6 8=, 76-+ +,-626 +-24:, 8?6 :1 8,76- ?6 <:6C- 7672+ -6<8 ?9=6 +<:6>626. $ 767 124<=+G:+ , :6.45:+ /62:+<:6>:8 ?9= ?6 ,1 8<76<26 >+-217, 76-+ ,1 ?4/G8 <6 ./1?=1-8-1 8 31<,=8,51:8-1 397-28 8 :1.+<:6-8-1 ?9=8, 8 ?6 +-=8:626 25+G1:8C 2 -CF,=8,45, 6 ?6 ,59@6 ,6=+ +:+26, 7+1-+ @9=8 :6 9,-6-6 8:6 9F+-+? T6J+-+ :1 1 9?+3:+ >8,5+-+ >1-8/8 ?6 ,1 8<-76<26 >/1< 8</6<6 ?26 .4-8 .+ ?21 858 .47 :1J+ ?/9*+,4J+ ?6 ,1 8</6<C26 >/1< =:+*+ >6,-8 :6 /1>-6.!+5C 28, 281, 7+8-+ >1-1-1 -1<8 7:8*8, ?6 =+58-1

D+*6 <6 =1:1 */1@:8C , ?+3/+=8,581 8 , 2:8=6:81 ?6./+>1-1-1 8 ?6 =1 ./+,-8-1, 74?1-+ =8,58-1, >1 :1./6-285:+ ,4= ./1215 ?9=8-1. T6J+-+ :1 28:6*8 =+G1 -+>-:+ ?6 ,1 ./121G?6 158:,78 1<87 :6 ?/9*. E4J+-+ 1 ,2,178 1<87, 7+*6-+ ,1 ./121G?6 :6 ?/9*.“

$ -97 +-7/826=1 -+.+,8-1 :6 1.+F6-6 (8</6<1:8 .+ ,F+-?1: :6>8: 8 2 ./+5+<8-1 :6 0/1:,78-1 ,/1?:+217+2:8 ./12+-?6>8): ,7/+=:+,- 8 *+5C=+ ,=8/1:81, ,-/6F +- :1,./62C:1,4, ,21J1:6-6 <6?6>6, :6?F24/5CJ6 9=1:8C-6 :6 ./12+?6>6,+79/6G626:1 +-24: 8 ./. %6G:+ <6 V+6: H7<6/F 1 ?6 ./+?45-G8 '8/85+-!1-+?812+-+ ?15+ 8 ?6 ./1?6?1 ,=8,456, 6 :1 ?9-=6-6 (:1 1 31<8:-1/1,:+ ?6 ,1 +-3151G8, >1 -+K B8-8/6 8=1:-:+ M8+:8,8K "/1+.6*8-, 7+K-+ +76<26 ,85:+ 258C:81 24/F9:1+.56-+:8>1,76-6 =8,45: ,.+/1? D1/=6: 8=1::+ 2 :1+.56-

-+:8<=6 ,1 7+/1:8 ./121G?6:1-+ :6 ,=8,456, 6 :1 :6 39726--6 (+-*/6:8>626:1 :6 -C5+-+ / +<:6>626J+-+, 7+1-+ 1 ,6=+24:@:6 +328276, +- ?9@6-6 / +<:6>61=+-+, -. 1. ,4J:+,--6).;+26 ,F26J6:1 <6 ./12+?6 :6=8/6 ,2+8 .+,51?+26-158 2

58B1-+ :6 ,51?:8-1 ./12+?6>8:— 6:+:8=:8C 62-+/ :6 C+A%$)1+ -)+%+ "$ I.&7+1:

„%15878C- =1G?9 B6/1-1 E8=1+:, / 2,1=+J:8C- .+-2158-15 8 256?1-15, / 76-+ .+G156 , -24/?1 *+5C= 7+.-:1G / ?6 8<26?8 :6C21 ,7/8-8-1 =8,58 / 2 ?453+>8:6-6:6 =:+*+=4>:8-1 7:8*8 / ,.+/1? -457926:8C-6 :6 ./1-=4?/8C %6,858C / <6.+2C?6 :6 =1:, :8J+ :1<:61J8C, /?6 :6./62C ./+=C:6 2 ,5+21,:6-6 0+/=6, / :+ ?6 .6<C-+>:+,--6 :6 =8,45-6 =9. (...)“

— ./1<28-1/ V+6: 2 ./+5+*6 =9 74= 2.,.7 1$ F1,+1.BO7).#.:

„T6J+-+ :1 :6=1/8F=1 <6 9?+3:+ ?6 ./121G?6=12,8>78-1 158:,78 ?9=8 :6 ,562C:,78 1<87. $ -+26 :1 124<=+G:+, :+ ,1 .+=4>8F=1 ?6 ./1?6?1= ,=8,456 8=.“

• V7-,+'17% 1 ./+8<21?1:81, ./1?:6<:6>1:+ <6 .+-@8-/+7 7/4* >8-6-158, ./1?56*6J+ 7+:7/1-:8 <:6:8C <6 >+2176.T6*56281-+ 8?26 +- 0+/=6-6 :6 ,4>8:1:81-+, 7+1-+ ,4?4/G6@1,- ,5+26 — 7+=.856B8C +- %6,858K %15878, V+6: T56-+-9,-, V+6: E121/86: (1.8,7+. R6265,78) 8 "/8,-+-15, .+ 1?-:+ <6 2,178 ?1:.'67-+ 2 ./+5+*6 :6 E7*7-$, -676 8 2 -+<8 :6 V7-,+'17%,

7+K-+ <6.+>26 76-+ .+F265:+ ,5+2+ <6 E8=1+:, V+6: H7<6/F+3C,:C26 :6>8:6 ,8 :6 /63+-6, 8<.+5<26K78 =1-60+/6-6 ,2<1-8-1 :6<61= =6-1/8658 <6 */6?1G6. P/12+?4- ,1 ./1?,-6-2C 76-+ <6=1,-8-15 :6 +/8*8:65:+-+ -2+/>1,-2+, 76-+ <61=-76, ,4<?626:1 +- „>9G?+-+“:

„;1<8 @1,- ,5+26, *+,.+?6/Q =+K, :1 ,=1 :81 ,6=8,4<?658, :+ ./81F=1 ,4J8-1 ?9=8 +- I1,-+?:126 :6 ,2.%6,858K. (- :1*+ ,=1 ./8158 8?18-1. E4J+ -676 8 +-V+6:6, 6 +,-6:65+-+ +- ?/9*8, 7+1-+ 2,178 +- :6, :C7+-*6 1 ./+>15. ;676 :81 ,4,-628F=1 -+26. &81 .+,-4.8F-

=1 767-+ 67+ :C7+K, .+7/6K 7+*+-+ =8:626 256?1-15C-,8 7+*6-+ -+K =8:626, -+<8 .+8,76 ?6 =9 8<?8*:1 ?2+/1B,:+ 76-+ :C=6 +- 7672+ ?6 *+ :6./628, +-826 ./8 3+*6-8--1, <6 ?6 8<=+58 +- -CF — +- 1?8: =/6=+/, +- ?/9*8-9F58. $ -+K , 8<=+51:+-+ +- 3+*6-8-1 8 ,-1:8-1 J1 8<-?8*:1, 8 .+?6 , =/6=+/ J1 .+7/81. " 7+*6-+ .+8,76 ?6.+,-628 .+7/826 8 76-+ :C=6 :8J+ ?+,-+K:+ <6 .+7/82,7+1-+ ?6 ,4+-21-,-26 :6 ,-1:8-1 8 :6 =/6=+/:8C .+?,-+K J1 8<.51-1 .51- 8 J1 .+,-628 ./1*/6?8 :6 ?2+/1B68 :67/6C J1 *+ .+7/81 ,4, ,56=6. (- ./4-8 -+K J1 8<-.51-1 8 2/6-8, 8 .+ ,4J8C :6>8: J1 :6./628 8 75Q>65-78-1. ;676 ,-626 , +:<8, 7+K-+ :1 :6=8/6 :8J+ 2,+3,-21:8C ,8 ?+=. ;676 31?1: 1 8 :6@8C- 9=, -6 :C=6K-78 :8J+ 2 ,2+C ?+=, +- >9G?+-+ ,4,-628 -1<8 ,5+26. (-,2+C ,+3,-21: 31?1: ?+= 6< ./83628F ?9=8, 7+8-+ ,6.+?+3:8 :6 ,56=6 8 ./4-8. "7+ *+,.+?6/C- 1 356*+-,75+:1: 74= :1*+, J1 ./81=1 2,8>7+ -+26 76-+ :1*+26/63+-6. &6 :1*+ .47, :6 256?1-15C, :176 D+* R+,.+?,%56?1-15C- :6 256?1-158-1, ?6 =9 ?6?1 G82+- 3+*+9*+-?1:, <6 ?6 <6,59G8 /6C <61?:+ , 2,8>78 ./1.+?+3:8 =4-G1. " :6 :6@8C D+* ,5626 ./1< 2,8>78 217+21 — 6=8:.“

E.+/1? +38>6K:6-6 ./67-876 ./1< E/1?:+217+281-+, 74-?1-+ .+:C-81-+ 62-+/ :1 ,4J1,-2926, .+-*+5C=6-6 >6,- +-./12+?8-1 ,6 6:+:8=:8 8 :1 ,6 ?6-8/6:8.

„„!!**""**..##..))**““ 00%%00<<..//""))** ..,,((##""**((<<""**

T61?:+ , -6<8 „+08B865:6“ 58-1/6-9/6, +-*+26/CJ6 :6 8:--1/1,8-1 :6 ?4/G626-6 8 :6 U4/726-6, ,1 /6<2826 8 „.6/6515-:6“ ./12+?:6 58-1/6-9/6, +-*+26/CJ6 .+-?+3/1 :6 279,6 8 .+--/13:+,-8-1 :6 :+28-1 „.+59*/6=+-:8“ >8-6-158, 7+8-+ =+*6-?6 >1-6- :6 *56*+58B6 8 78/858B6. '+57+-+ ?+ @8/+78-1 :6/+?-:8 =6,8, -1 ./+?45G626- ?6 F6/1,26- :6/+?:+-+ -2+/>1,-2+,:+,1J+ 2,1 +J1 3151<8-1 :6 1<8>1,-2+-+. T6-+26 ,1 ./121G?6-:

— 6.+7/808 (.4/2+:6>65:+-+ 1-8=+5+*8>:+ <:6>1:81 :6„,7/8- -17,-“ .+,-1.1::+ ,1 /6<@8/C26 8 +3F26J6 2,178-17,-, <63/6:1: +- U4/726-6): ./+<6, /6<76<8 8 .+21,-8, +--7/+21:8C, .8,=6, .,65=8, -17,-+21 , 24./+,8 8 +-*+2+/8, 7+-

8-+ +3/6<926- „8,-8:,78-1 6.+7/808“; 2-+/8>:8 6.+7/808,<6:8=626J8 ,1 :6./8=1/ , *6?6-15,-2+. ".+7/808-1 ,1 .+C-2C26- :6 345*6/,78 2 7/6C :6 IX–X 2., ./1:1,1:8 +- P651,--8:6, E8/8C 8 H*8.1- ./1< R4/B8C; .+-74,:+ ,1 .+C2C26- 242%8<6:-8K,76-6 8=.1/8C, :6.8,6:8 +- 1/1-8B8 ?9658,-8 —.62587C:8, :1,-+/86:B8 8 ?/. (387:+21:+ -+26 ,6 38+*/6-08>:8 ./1?6:8C, :6.8,6:8 G82+ 8 <6362:+, , .+21>1 ,438--8C, +-7+57+-+ 2 G8-8C-6, 2 7+8-+ 8=6 8 /1658,-8>:+, 8 06:--6,-8>:+ .+21,-2+26:81, 8 ?9658,-8>:6 .+976. D+*+=85,76--6 58-1/6-9/6 1 ./1?,-621:6 +,:+2:+ , M$B1$,$ #1./$. ;4K76-+ 3+*+=85,76-6 1/1, ./1?,-625C26 ,85:6 <6.56F6 <6 ?4/-G626-6 8 U4/726-6, .+?7+.626 62-+/8-1-6 8= 8 .+?,-/1762674= 39:-, :1K:8-1 ./824/G1:8B8 ,6 ./1,51?26:8.

— P+21,-2+26-15:6 58-1/6-9/6 (38F=1 76<658 ?+/8./875Q>1:,76, , /6<76<8 <6 38-78, 5Q3+2, ./8C-15,-2+, .+-31?8 8 ?/.). &6K-.+.95C/:+-+ ./+8<21?1:81 ./1< BC5+-+E/1?:+217+281 (2 D45*6/8C ./+?45G626 ?6 34?1 .+.95C/:+8 ./1< XIX 2.) 1 K+&$1(, 1$ F)7#-$1'(0, 7+K-+ ,1 .+C2C26./1< II–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

— %8<6:-8K,78 51-+.8,8: T0+1+/0$6.<, :6 V+6: !656-56, T0+1.#$, :6 R1+/*8 "=6/-+5.

— ':8*8 , ./8/+?+:69>:+ ,4?4/G6:81: D.".+)+/, V7--,+'17% :6 V+6: H7<6/F.

— ;/67-6-8 .+ ./62+: ,3+/:87 , 28<6:-8K,78 <67+:8 (E+-&+#$1+1), ./121?1: +- !1-+?8K, P7&7'7)-#. #$1+1.

77**22..8844##)),,##

P/12+?6>1,76-6 ?1K:+,- :6 ,-6/+,562C:,78 ,1 +-58>626 ,:6,51?1:8-1 +- 6:-8>:+,--6 /158*8+<:6 /12:+,- 8 ?+,5+2:+,.6<26:1 :6 76:+:8>:8C ,21J1: -17,- — F6/67-1/8,-878,

7+8-+ ,1 :635Q?626- ./1< BC5+-+ E/1?:+217+281. R562:6-6B15 :6 ./12+?8-1 1 ?6 ?+./8:6,C- <6 /6<./+,-/6:1:81 :6F/8,-8C:,-2+-+, +-74?1-+ 8 8<8,726:1-+ ?6 ,1 ./121G?6 :6C,1:, /6<38/61= 8 ?+,-4.1: 1<87, 358<47 ?+ *+2+/8=8C.% -+<8 +3J 7+:-17,-, ?+76-+ ,-/1=1G4- :6 '+:,-6:-8:-

'8/85 ./8 ./12+?6 :6 H26:*158C-6 1 ?6 ,51?26 ,-/87-:+ +/8-*8:65:8C -17,-, -+<8 :6 .+,51?+26-158-1 =9 1 .+-,7+/+ ?6 ,1./1?6?1 ,=8,454-. W6/67-1/:+ <6 -1<8 .4/28 ,562C:,78 ./1-2+?6>8 1, >1 -1 ./1?.+>8-6- ,5+2+-2+/>1,-2+-+ ./1? <61=78--1 8 ,4<?626-, ?+7+57+-+ 1 24<=+G:+, 76578 8 :+28 ?9=8,-1:?1:B8C, 7+C-+ J1 ,1 <6,858 , 2/1=1-+. ;+26 C251:81 ,1 <6-315C<26 :6K-21>1 ./8 +3/6<926:1-+ :6 ,5+G:8 ?9=8, 2 ,856 8?:1,, -4K 76-+ ,6=6-6 ,-/97-9/6 :6 1<876 *+ .+<2+5C26, 8 ,1/6<2826 767-+ 2 P/1,562, -676 8 .+-74,:+ 2 ;4/:+2+.Y+ ,1 +-:6,C ?+ ,-6-9-6 :6 ./12+?6 8 -+<8 :6 ./12+?6>8-

-1, -+K :1 ,1 /6<58>626 +,+31:+ +- ./67-876-6 2 T6.6?:6 H2-/+.6: 2 1?:+ 8 ,4J+ ,4>8:1:81 ,1 ?+.9,76 ,=1,26:1 :6 ./1-2+?1: -17,- 8 +/8*8:65:+ -2+/>1,-2+ >/1< 7+=.856B8C, 24-21G?6:1 :6 7+=1:-6/8 8 ?/. '+=.856B8C-6 :6 ./+8<21?1:8C:6 8<21,-:8 ,21-B8 ,1 C2C26 8 *6/6:B8C <6 62-+/8-1-6 :6 ./8-1-+-+ +-,7+/+ 3+*+,59G1:81 :6 ,562C:,78. ;C .+<2+5C26 +,-21: -+26 ?6 ,1 +-*+2+/8 :6 24./+,8-1 :6 >8-6-15C 8 ,56*6 :6->65+ :6 -/6?8B8C, ./+?45G1:6 .+-74,:+ +- 3$&$-#.1.,7,./1< WVI–WVIII 2.P/12+?4- 8 7+=.856B8C-6 .+?*+-2C- <6/6G?6:1-+ :6 +/8-

*8:65:6-6 58-1/6-9/6, >88-+ +3/6<B8 ,51?26- 28<6:-8K,78-176:+:8 (G8-8C, .+F265:8 ,5+26, .+9>1:8C, ./+.+21?8, /158-*8+<:6 .+1<8C 8 ?/.).P/1?.+56*6 ,1, >1 ./12+?6>8-1 2 (F/8? 8 P/1,562 ,6 /6<-

.+56*658 , ?+3/8 9,5+28C :6 -/9?, +,8*9/1:8 8= +- 256?1-1-5C, -676 767-+ 1 385+ 2 D6*?6? ./1< IW 2., 2 ;+51?+ 8 E1285C./1< WII 8 WIII 217.

**DD""!!EE++**FF**

— H.0.)+-L7,+'.7%-#$ 71;.#)+57'.<, E+08C, D"&, -+= 1,1985, -+= 2, 1995, -+= 3, 2003.

— H=85 R1+/*812, K$";%7,(, 1$ *()/$0-#$,$ ).,70$,J0$507" IX–X %., E+08C, D"&, 1962.

— I,$0+*()/$0-#. -,0$1.;., 6:-+5+*8C (,4,-628-15 P1-4/M8:17+2), E+08C, D45*6/,78 .8,6-15, 1966.

— M(0:7-,%+ 1$ -)+%+,+, P)$,1.<, %7# 1$ *()/$0-#$,$#1.:1.1$: )7,+5.-., :.,.<, *+/+-)+%.7, 07,+0.#$, 5+7-".<, $1,+)+/.< (,4,-628-158 '58=1:-8:6 $26:+26, E21-58-:6 &87+5+26), E+08C, "*6-6, 1995.

— André Vaillant, Manuel du vieux slave (O>13:87 .+ ,-6/+,56-2C:,78), Paris, Institut d’Etudes slaves, 1964.

— Francis Comte, Les Slaves (I)$%<1.,7), Paris, Albin-Michel,1985.

— M+:76 P1-76:+26, D45*6/,76 ,/1?:+217+2:6 58-1/6-9/6,%1587+ ;4/:+2+, "36*6/, 2001 (4--+ ?+.45:1:+ 8<?6:81).

— T0.-,+&$,.< 5+ -,$0+*()/$0-#$ ).,70$,J0$ (P. M8:1-7+2, K. '912, M. P1-76:+26), E+08C, &6976 8 8<79,-2+, 1978.

— I,$0+*()/$0-#$ ).,70$,J0$, 71;.#)+57'.=71 07=1.#(M+:76 P1-76:+26), E+08C, P1-4/ D1/+:, 1992.

— '58=1:-8:6 $26:+26, O 1$=$)+,+ *7 #1./$,$, E+08C, "/8-6?:6, 2002.

— V+6: H7<6/F, V7-,+'17%, E+08C, W1K<45, 2000.— 2.%+,(, 1$ F)7#-$1'(0 L$#7'+1-#., E+08C, %/1=1, 1994.— '/6,8=8/ E-6:>12, I,.).-,.#$ . :$10+%7 1$ -,$0+*()-

/$0-#$,$ ).,70$,J0$, E+08C, P/+,21-6, 1982, 1995.— I,$0+*()/$0-#$ ).,70$,J0$ % 7 ,+&$, E+08C, D45*6/,78.8,6-15.

— $26: D+G85+2, HJ),J0$,$ 1$ -07'1+%7#+%1$ ?()/$0.<,"36*6/, 1996.

— E-6/+345*6/,7+ 7:8G+2:+ :6,51?,-2+ (,4,-628-15 )85C:6R/6@126), E+08C, !6/8: M/8:+2, 2002.

— "@8- I67/63+/-8, C07%+'.,7 % -07'1+%7#+%1$ ?()/$0.<,E+08C, &6976 8 8<79,-2+, 1981.

$<76<26= ,.1B865:6 356*+?6/:+,- :6 *-G6 ":8,626!85-1:+26 8 :6 *-G6 H51:6 O<9:+26, 7+8-+ =8 ./1?+,-6-28F6 +,+31:+ B1::8 <6 8,-+/8C-6 :6 ./12+?6 :1.935879-26:8 -17,-+21 (,4+-21-:+ — '8/85,78 !671?+:,78 58,-8 ./8.8,76 :6 $,6K E1/,78).

&&''((##!!%%$$"" &&!! ##''((GG(( ++,, ##**DD,,++""**HH<<99!!""!!##)),,%%**EE((<<""##!! ((11001188––11118866 JJ..)) ** ##""!!''!!""!!CC$$))AA,,''<<99!! FF,,''<<""##!! ((11001188––11339966 JJ..))::&&''**((GG<<""##((++!!<<"" ** '',,DD##**""**(( ++,,

DD,,&&!!EE++,,""!!""!! %%(())!!,, DD,,##''$$II,,++(( 99$$GG**DD##!!''**""(( ** **DD**<<99##,,++(( DD,, ##BB''++!!<<""99$$GG !!''**AA**++,,)),, ## CC!!''CC,,"",, << ((''((<<**""((

E51? >1-8/8?1,1- *+?8:8 2+K:8 =1G?9 345*6/,7+-+B6/,-2+ 8 %8<6:-8C .+31G?626 8=.1/6-+/ %6,858K, +,-

-6:65 2 8,-+/8C-6 , ./+<28J1-+ D45*6/+9381B, <6/6?8 ,2+-C-6 G1,-+7+,-. T6 D45*6/8C -+<8 06-651: 9?6/ +<:6>626:

— 7/6K :6 .+58-8>1,76-6 :1<628,8=+,-: 345*6/,76-6 ?4/-G626 1 <6>1/7:6-6 +- .+58-8>1,76-6 76/-6 :6 H2/+.6. %./+?45G1:81 :6 217 8 .+5+28:6 -C J1 34?1 >6,- +- 28<6:--8K,76-6 6?=8:8,-/6-82:6 ,8,-1=6 8 J1 8=6 ,-6-9- :6 28-<6:-8K,76 ./+28:B8C;

— 7/6K :6 B4/7+2:6-6 :1<628,8=+,-: +J1 ./1< 1019 *.D45*6/,76-6 .6-/86/@8C 1 58728?8/6:6, 6 09:7B88-1 S .+1-=6 (F/8?,76-6 6/F81.8,7+.8C; .+,-1.1::+ 28,@8C- 758/,,51? -+26 8 :8<@1-+ ?9F+21:,-2+ ,1 158:8<8/6-, 7+1-+ 2+?8?+ 158:8<8/6:1 :6 3+*+,59G1:81-+, :6 795-9/6-6, ?+/8 :6:6/+?6;

— 345*6/,76-6 6/8,-+7/6B8C 1 /6<./4,:6-6, >6,- +- :1C,1 ./1,1526 2 U6/8*/6?.P+/6?8 9:8J+G626:1-+ :6 -/8-1 ,-4536 :6 345*6/,76-6

795-9/6 (?4/G626-6, U4/726-6 8 6/8,-+7/6B8C-6) 795-9/:8-C- G82+- <6=8/6 8 :6 ./67-876 ,1 ,21G?6 ?+ ./1.8,8 :6 ./1-21G?6:8 ./1?8 -+26 ./+8<21?1:8C (126:*158C, -/13:8B8, =+-58-21:8B8), ./12+? :6 /6<76<8, ,4<?626:1 :6 6.+7/80:8 ,4->8:1:8C — ./1?8=:+ 6:+:8=:8, ?+,-4.:8 <6 @8/+76-6 .93-5876, 8 7/6-78. ;+26 8=6 <6 /1<95-6- ?+358G626:1-+ :6 7:8-G+2:8C 1<87 ?+ 1<876 :6 :6/+?6, ?+ „.+.95C/8<8/6:1“ :6 58--1/6-9/6-6.X9G?+-+ 256?8>1,-2+ ?+./8:6,C <6 ./+39G?6:1-+ :6 :6-

B8+:65:+-+ ,4<:6:81: 8:-1/1,:+ 1 ?6 ,1 +-3151G8, >1 ?+76--+ 2 ./1?8@:8-1 217+21 ./12+?6>8-1 .+,+>26- 2 ./1?8,5+28-C-6 ,8, >1 ./121G?6- +- */4B78 :6 ,562C:,78 („:6@8C ,562C-:,78 1<87“), ,51? 28<6:-8K,7+-+ 256?8>1,-2+ 2 .+21>1-+ ,4->8:1:8C 21>1 ,1 *+2+/8 <6 *()/$0-#. („:6@8C 345*6/,781<87“). )Q3+.8-:+ 1, >1 ,4J+-+ C251:81 ,1 :635Q?626 8 242A/6:B8C — ./8358<8-15:+ .+ ,4J+-+ 2/1=1 0/1:,78-1 ./1-2+?6>8 <6C2C26-, >1 ./121G?6- :1 :6 /+=6:,78, 6 :6 0/1:,78.P/+39?1:+-+ :6B8+:65:+ ,4<:6:81 ,1 ,4.4-,-26 +- 8<21-

,-:+ =1,86:,-2+: 8?1C-6, >1 345*6/,78C- :6/+? 1 3+*+8<3/6:8 3+*+,59G1:81-+ :6 -+<8 1<87 1 ,21J1:+, 76:+:8<8/6- ,1 8,1 ,67/658<8/6- :C7+8 *1/+8 8 <63151G8-15:8 58>:+,-8,,/1? 7+8-+ :6K-8<21,-1: 1 ,21-8 $26: #85,78.

;;((%%""%% --''..==**""5522%% LL**""55(($$%% ((11118866––11339966 ==..))::,,&&##CC))%% ,, 22)),,11%%$$))%% %%--))%%$$..##)),,## 00""##66 XXIIVV $$##22

P/1< 1186 *. 3/6-C-6 ",1: 8 P1-4/ +,2+3+G?626- D45*6-/8C +- 28<6:-8K,7+ 256?8>1,-2+. E4<?626 ,1 %-+/+-+ 345*6/-,7+ B6/,-2+ ,4, ,-+58B6 ;4/:+2+, 2 7+C-+ 39/:+ ,1 /6<2826--4/*+28C-6 8 <6:6C-8-1. E51? 2+1::8-1 .+31?8 :6 :C7+57+256?1-158 (",1: I, '65+C:, $26:-",1:) D45*6/8C .+>-824<,-6:+2C26 -1/8-+/88-1 ,8, 275Q>1:8 2 */6:8B8-1 :6 E8-=1+:+26-6 ?4/G626. T6,8526 2/4<78-1 ,8 ,4, T6.6?:6 H2/+-.6, +,+31:+ .+ 2/1=1 :6 ;/1-8C 7/4,-+:+,1: .+F+?(1189–1190). E21-,76-6 8 B4/7+2:6-6 256,- .+1=6- +-:+2+/47+2+?,-2+-+ :6 795-9/:8C G82+- :6 ,-/6:6-6, <6.+>:65 ?6,1 /6<2826 2 =6:6,-8/8-1. D45*6/,76-6 .6-/86/@8C ,1 24<-,-6:+2C26 ./1< 1235 *.P/1< XIII 2., 1.+F6 :6 24-/1@:8 (=1G?9+,+3:8 3+/38) 8

24:@:8 (-6-6/,78 :6@1,-28C) :6./1G1:8C, /6<28-81-+ :658-1/6-9/6-6 ,1 ?28G8 +- ,-/1=1G6 <6 24<,-6:+2C26:1 :6-/6?8B88-1 +- P4/2+-+ 345*6/,7+ B6/,-2+, ./174,:6-8 +-28<6:-8K,7+-+ 256?8>1,-2+ =1G?9 1018 8 1186 *. ;4/,8 ,1./C76 ./81=,-21:+,- , 58-1/6-9/6-6 :6 „T56-:8C 217“ ./89,-6:+2C26:1 :6 58-1/6-9/:8-1 :+/=8 <6 ./1+356?626J8-1G6:/+21 — G8-8C, F8=:8 8 7/6-78 51-+.8,8. ;+<8 ./+B1, :1,51?26 21>1 ,6=+ */4B78C =+?15, 6 ,1 +.8/6 :6 76:+:8-1,,4<?6?1:8 +- 7:8G+2:8B8-1 +- ./1?8@:6-6 1.+F6, 767-+ 8 :6

:6/+?:8-1 -1:?1:B88 +- ./1?8@:8C 217. &+ 58-1/6-9/:+-+-2+/>1,-2+ — ./12+?:+, +/8*8:65:+ 858 ,=1,1:+ 8 2422,8>78 ,59>68 6:+:8=:+, +,-626 ?+,-6 +*/6:8>1:+: L$1$-.-7%$ A0+1.#$, I#$"$1.7 "$ -(*+0$ -07@J *+/+&.).,7 (,=1-,1: ,3+/:87: ./12+?8 +- */4B78 8 +/8*8:65:8 -17,-+21), K$"-#$" "$ %("-,$1+%<%$17,+ 1$ *()/$0-#$,$ 5$,0.$0Q.<, L8--8C :6 ,21-B8 (.+ .+2+? ./1:6,C:1-+ :6 =+J8-1 :6 :C7+57+,21-B8 2 ;4/:+2+ — (,21-6 P6/6,7126, ,21-8 V+6: #85,78 8?/.), -/13:8B8, 6.+7/808, ./1.8,8 :6 ./12+?8 :6 126:*158C.M9F+2:+-+ 24</6G?6:1 ./1< XIV 2. 1 ,24/<6:+ , .+,51?+-

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./12+?8, ?1K:+,-, 8<24/@26:6 .+? /47+2+?,-2+-+ :6 :C7+8=+:6,8, 76-+ V+6:.'+1 :656*6 ./1< WIV 2. ./1/63+-26:1-+ :6 ,-6/8 ./12+?8

8 8<24/@26:1-+ :6 :+28, .+?+3:+ :6 :6./621:+-+ +- F9=6-:8,-8-1 2 T6.6?:6 H2/+.6 ?26 2176 .+-74,:+? P/8>8:8-1 ,6:C7+57+: .4/2+, ,4J6-6 ?1K:+,- ,1 8<24/@26 2 U6/8*/6?, 6D45*6/,76-6 B4/726 1 ./C7+ ,24/<6:6 , B6/8*/6?,76-6. (-?/9*6 ,-/6:6, 2 ./121G?6:8-1 2 D45*6/8C ./1< IX 8 X 2.-17,-+21 B6/8 8<21,-1: F6+, .+/6?8 :6-/9.26:1-+ :6 */1@78./8 =:+*+3/+K:8-1 ./1.8,8, .+/6?8 7+1-+ :C7+8 ,-6/8 ./1-2+?8 ,1 +76<26- :1<6?+2+58-15:8. % 1?8: ./1.8, +- XIV 2.+-7/826=1 ,28?1-15,-2+ <6 -+26:

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1 M+:76 P1-76:+26 (2001), ,. 455.2 P/12+? +- ,-6/+,562C:,78 :6 ,42/1=1:1: 345*6/,78 +- D+/C:6

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5+,- +- D+*6 8 ./+@76 +- F+/6-6, ?6K-1 8 :6 =1:1 26-@6-6 ./+@76 8 8<=+51-1 +- D+*6 ?6 +./+,-8 31<?:6-6+- */1F+21-1 :6 =+C-6 +76C:+,-. "7+ 8,76-1 ?6 9<:61--1 8=1-+ =8 — :6 =1:1, 31?:8C =+:6F, :6>65+-+ =9 1+,=1/8>:+ >8,5+, ,/1?6-6 — ?21,-6 8 1?:+, 7/6C- —?1,1-+, <624/@26J+ , 1?8:8B6 /$,6C/. ;+*626 31@1 *+-?8:6-6 6879/1371/, 8:?87- 9. E5626, >1,- 8 .+75+:1:812 31<7/6K:8-1 217+21 :6 D+*6, ?65 =8 ?6 <6.+>:6 -+268 356*+8<2+585 ?6 *+ <624/@6. "=8:!“

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% C+A%$)1+ -)+%+ "$ N%,.&.B :6 R/8*+/8K U6=3567 +--7/826=1 8:-1/1,1: .6,6G <6 ?15+-+ :6 H2-8=8K:

„" 76726 31 /63+-6-6 :6 /4B1-1 =9? M658 ./+*+:26-:1 :6 9:8:81-+, ?658 ./8.1>1526:1 :6 :1J+ =65+B1:-:+, ?658 ?+,-62C:1 :6 2,178?:12:6 F/6:6? &8-+ 1?:+--+ +- -8C :1J6: <6J+-+ 8 9:8:81-+ 31@1 ./+*+:85, 8,=C-6:+-+ <6 .1>6536 :6 -+<8 ,2C- ,>8-6@1 <6.+?F24/51:6 ?/8.6, 8 <6 F/6:6-6 :1 ,1 -/12+G1@1. "-/9.6@1 <6 3/6-C-6 .+5<6, 7+C-+ 1 +- B6/,78-1 ,47/+-28J6 .+-B1::6 8 7+C-+ ./124<F+G?6 G8-:8B8-1 :6 +:CF/6:8-15 2 H*8.1-. T6J+-+ *+,.+?:8-1 ,5+26 ,6 ,5+26>8,-8 — ,/13/+ /6<.5621:+, +- ./4,- +>8,-1:+ 8 ,1?-=+7/6-:+ 8<.8-6:+: „'+57+ ,6 ,56?78 :6 *4/5+-+ =8-2+8-1 ,5+26! P+-,56?78 +- =1?6 :6 9,-6-6 =8!“&+ 7672+ 24/@1@1? P/121G?6@1 3+G1,-21:8-1

7:8*8 +- ,562C:,78 1<87 :6 345*6/,78. $ :C7+K, 76-+=1 ,59@6 ?6 *+2+/C -1<8 :1J6, :176 :1 ,=1-:1, >1 ,4=8<5C<45 24: +- 8,-8:6-6, .+:1G1 345*6/,78-1 7:8*8 ,6, =:+*+ *+?8:8 .+-,-6/8 8 ,6 +- ,6=+-+ :6>65+ :6.+7/4,-26:1-+ :6 :6/+?6, .47 8 <6J+-+ ,6 8=1::+ 7:8-*8-1, 7+8-+ 1 8<9>6265 8 -+<8 21587 =1G?9 ,21-B8-1>+217, ?+G82C5 ?+/8 ?+ :6@8 ?:8. T:6C -+26 8 6< 8 -+8:6>1 :1 1..&+ 385+ <6J+-+ .4/28-1 ./12+?6>8 :1 ,6 2:87:658

?+7/6K 2 1<876 8 9>1:+,--6 :6 158:8-1, 385+ .47 <6J+--+ -1 ,6 ,8 .+,59G858 , */938C ,2+K 1<87, 8<?6?1:8-1+- -CF 7:8*8 ,6 ,1 +76<658 ./+,-8 .+ /1> 8 :1,24/<6:8.+ ,=8,45 , */4B78-1 .8,6:8C, */93+ ,4>8:1:8 8 :1,--/+K:8 2 .+-+76 :6 /1>-6. $ ,6=+ <6J+-+ ,1 :6/8>6F67:8*8 :6 356*+>1,-828-1, <6-+26 ,1 ,=C-6F6 <6 21/:8,656 2 -CF ,1 7/81@1 *+5C=6 2/1?6 8 ./+-82+/1>81 , 8,--8:,78-1 ?+*=8 . T6-+26 8 =:+*+ 1/1,8 ./+8<5C<+F6 +--CF. '6-+ 9:8J+G8 2,8>78 ,-6/8 7:8*8, -+<8 2-+/8 <6-7+:+?6-15 [H2-8=8K] ,51<1 +- 24/F6 :6 .56:8:6-6 :69=6, :+,1K78 , /4B1-1 ,8, .+?+3:+ :6 :6.8,6:8 +- 3+-*6 ,7/8G658, 7:8*8-1, :6? 7+8-+ ,1 -/9?8, 8 ./1?6?1 :6U4/726-6 8,-8:,78 :131,:+ ,47/+28J1: 2,8>78 :+28,2,8>78 >1,-:8, , H26:*1581-+ ,4<29>:8, 2 ,856-6 :6?+*=8-1 :1.+7+5138=8, 76-+ G826 2+?6 <6 ?9@8-1 :6

356*+>1,-828-1, 76-+ :+G <6 1<8B8-1 8 76-+ +*4: <6 58-B6-6 :6 1/1-8B8-1. $ ,1 ./+28726@1 <61?:+ , P6215:„E-6/+-+ +-=8:6, 1-+ 2,8>7+ ,-6:6 :+2+1 (…) &+ <6 ?6,1 <6-2+/C- :6K-,1-:1 9,-6-6 :6 31<,/6=:8-1 Q?18 8 <6?6 ,1 +-F24/5C- =4?/926:8C-6 :6 31<9=:8-1 *4/B8,./1?8 =:+*+ *+?8:8 E21-8C- ?9F :6 ,.6,8-15:+-+ ./+-28?1:81 .+G156 ?6 ,1 8<24/@8 -+26. T6J+-+ -+K 38 28-?C5 ,1*6, 76G8 =8, -+57+26 8<79,:+ ./121?1:8 8/6<-457926:8 +- 12/1K,78 1<87 :6 :6@8C 8 <621-4- 8./+/+B8-1, 76-+ :6=65CF6 =4G1-1, .+<:626>8 :6 <67+-:6, 1?:+, .+/6?8 7/6-7+,--6 :6 G82+-6, 8, ?/9*+, .+/6-?8 >1,-8-1 .51:C26:8C 8 .651G8, ,.+51-158 :6K-21>1:6/+?6, ,51?26J 7/4,-6: 7+*6-+ ?+K?1 8 7/6C-, 7+K-+ 1/6<+/1:8C 8 <6.9,-C26:1 :6 F/6=+21 8 :6 G858J6?“

;+<8 -17,- :8 ?626 8:0+/=6B8C <6 :C7+57+ 6,.17-6 :6?+7,6-6 +- +:+26 2/1=1: ,4<:6:81-+, >1 ,1 .8@1 :6 7-.<)%-1=" 1<87 (6 :1 :6 ,562C:,78, 767-+ ./1< IX 8 X 2.); 2.8,26:1--+ 242 21>1 ,4J1,-2926J6 -/6?8B8C („345*6/,78-1 7:8*8 ,6.+-,-6/8“); :19?+251-2+/1:+,--6 +- .+-,-6/8-1 ./12+?8, 7+-8-+ ?+.9,76- */1@78 ./8 ./1?626:1 :6 ,=8,456, 8=6- 5+@67+:,-/97B8C, ./+-82+/1>6- :6 ?+*=6-6 8 .+/6?8 -+26 ,6 ,.+-,+3:8 ?6 ./1:6,C- 1/1,8. T6-+26 H2-8=8K 8 =:+*+ 7:8G+2:8-B8 <6.+>26- ?6 ./1/63+-26- 8 ?6 ./121G?6- +-:+2+ -17,-+21--1 („8,./6251:81 7:8*4“), 76-+ ,.6<26- ?+*=8-1 :6 1?:6 <6,--/6@1:6 +- :6@1,-281-+ :6 ?/9*6 /158*8C U4/726. E.+/1?,.1B8658,-8-1, 8<9>62658 ./12+?6>1,7+-+ =9 ?15+, H2-8=8K1 ./81=:87 :6 ./8:B8.8-1 :6 P/1,562,76-6 @7+56 (-4/,1:1:6 15"1.&,& ,4+-21-,-281), :+ ,4J12/1=1::+ , -+26 ,1,-/1=8 74= .+-*+5C=6 358<+,- ?+ 0+/=6-6 :6 +/8*8:656(,-/+1G :6 8</1>1:81-+, ,5+2+/1?, <6.6<26:1 :6 +-=8/6J8-12 *+2+/8=8C 1<87 .6?1G:8 0+/=8).;+26, 7+1-+ +,-626 :18<21,-:+, 1 -+>:8C- 3/+K :6 ./121-

?1:8-1 :6:+2+ 7:8*8 8 ?658 :68,-8:6 -+26 1 :+2 ./12+? 858/1?67B8C 8 ,/62:1:81 , +/8*8:656.D56*+?6/1:81 :6 ,4>8:1:81-+ :6 ?/9* :1*+2 9>1:87 —

'+:,-6:-8: '+,-1:1>78, 62-+/ :6 K$"<-171+ .")+:71.7 "$*J#%.,7, 1 8<21,-:+, >1 H2-8=8K ,1 1 3+/85 <6 1?8:,-2+ :6

1 ".+,-+5 P6215, %-+/+ .8,=+ ?+ '+/8:-C:8-1, 5:17.

345*6/,78C 1<87, 8<.8-26J 258C:81-+ :6 /6<58>:8-1 ?86517--8 8 <6,8526J+-+ ,1 24<?1K,-281 :6 *+2+/8=8C 1<87, 76-+ 124215 :+/=8, 7+8-+ 21/+C-:+ :1 ,6 3858 9,-6:+21:8 2 .8,-=1: 28?, 6 ,6 3858 ./1?626:8 9,-:+ :6 :1*+28-1 9>1:8B8 8 <67+8-+ =+G1= ?6 ?+381= ./1?,-626 +- 7:8G+2:8C 1<87 +- -+-26 2/1=1. ;6<8 „./62+.8,:6 /10+/=6“, 767-+ C :6/8>6- .+21->1-+ 8,-+/8B8, 2+?8 ?+ /6<?151:81 =1G?9 .8,=1:8C 8 *+2+-/8=8C 1<87 (C251:81, 7+1-+ :635Q?626=1 .+ +:+26 2/1=1 2:C7+57+ ?4/G628, ,/1? 7+8-+ 8 A/6:B8C): -C .+??4/G6, ?+-7+57+-+ 1 24<=+G:+, F6/67-1/8,-878-1 :6 ,-6/+,562C:,78C+- -17,-+21-1 :6 '+:,-6:-8:-'8/85 8 !1-+?8K, ?+/8 8 -1 ?6,6 ,1 ./+=1:858 2 *+2+/8=8C 1<87 858 ?6 ,6 +,-6/158 (.+-,-1.1::+ ./1=8:626:1 ./8 ,/1?:+345*6/,78C +- ,8:-1-8>-:+,- 74= 6:658-8>:+,-).'6-+ .8,6-15, 2 =:+*+3/+K:8-1 ,8 G8-8K:8 -2+/38, .+F-

265:8 ,5+26, /158*8+<:6 .+1<8C 8 .+,56:8C H2-8=8K ,1 1 8<-/6<C265 :6 28,+7+ /1-+/8>1: 8 97/6,1: ,-85 (-. :. 5)7,71.7-)+%7-), 2 7+K-+ :C7+8 28G?6- <6/6G?6:1 :6 36/+7+28 -1:-?1:B88.&1*+2+-+ ?15+, ./12+?:+ 8 +/8*8:65:+, ,1 .+1=6 +- 9>1-

:8B8-1 =9 2 :1<628,8=+-+ 28?8:,7+ B6/,-2+: V+6,60 D?8:-,78 8 '8./86: (34?1J8C- !+,7+2,78 =8-/+.+58-, 7+K-+ J1*+ /6<./+,-/6:8 8< #9,8C), R/8*+/8K U6=3567 (.51=1::87:6 '8./86:, 7+K-+ ,-626 8*9=1: :6 ,/43,78 =6:6,-8/, 6 .+-74,:+ '812,7+-)8-+2,78 =8-/+.+58-) 8 '+:,-6:-8: '+,-1-:1>78, .56=1:1: <6J8-:87 :6 F/8,-8C:,-2+-+ 8 ,562C:,-2+--+, 7+K-+ 256?115 ,-6/+12/1K,78, */4B78, -9/,78 8 /9,78 8/6<./+,-/6:85 ./8:B8.8-1 :6 H2-8=8K 2 E4/38C.

KK))%%)),,33)),, ,, ))**""%%&&)),, 00""##$$%%&&,, 00""##66 XXIIIIII ,, XXIIVV $$##22

P+ -+26 2/1=1 2,1 +J1 :1 ,1 ./628 /6<*/6:8>1:81 =1G?9-2+/>1,-2+-+ :6 ./12+?6>6 8 -+26 :6 .8,6-15C; -1 ,6 ?21-1,-/6:8 :6 1?:6 8 ,4J6 7:8G+2:6 ?1K:+,-. &C7+8 6:+:8=:8./12+?8 ?+3826- +*/+=:6 .+.95C/:+,- <6/6?8 ,21-,78C, @6-/1: 8 G82 F6/67-1/ :6 ./+8<21?1:81-+, , 2=47:6-8 7/6-78/6<76<8 (./8->8), 8 ./1?,-625C26- .4/2++3/6<8 :6 7/6-78C/+=6: 8 .+21,--6:

— O$0)$$& . X+$-$6, ./121?1:6 :6 30 1<876 2 H2/+.6,

"<8C 8 "0/876; ./1?.+56*6 ,1, >1 1 F/8,-8C:,78 26/86:- :6G82+-6 :6 D9?6. $<21,-:8 ,6 ?26 ./12+?6 2 ,/1?:+217+2:6D45*6/8C (XII–XIII 8 XIV 217); ./1< XVIII 217 ,1 ./628 :+2./12+? :6 ,42/1=1:1: 345*6/,78 1<87.

— I,76$1., . !A1.)$,, :6 +,:+26-6 :6 C$1=$,$1,0$(II 2., $:?8C). !:+*+ ,2+3+?1: ./12+? +- */4B78 :6 345*6/-,78, :6./621: ./1< XIII 217. $<21,-:6 8 2 6/63,78C ,2C- 76--+ H$).)$ . 3.&1$.

— C+%7-, "$ M0+<1-#$,$ %+B1$, N"+5, K$"#$" "$ -,$0.<F)7#-$1'(0, H0(=&$0#$,$ M7+6$1$, H$# -$ 50+.")7"). -$-&+'.%.,7 8 ?/.P+21>1-+ +- -1<8 ./12+?8 ,6 ?+,-6 ,2+3+?:8.P/121G?6- ,1 8 :C7+8 .+-085+,+0,78 ,4>8:1:8C: F07+-

5$/.,.#., 3.+5,0$ 1$ &+1$A D.).5 L$1+,0+5, @8/+7+/6<./+,-/6:1:6 2 B158C F/8,-8C:,78 ,2C-, ,3+/:8B8 ,4,,1:-1:B88 8 ?/.

77**22..8844##)),,##

E51? 28<6:-8K,7+-+ 256?8>1,-2+, 7+1-+ */93+ ./174,26<6.+>:65+-+ ./1< IW 217 ?15+, 1?26 ./1< WIV 217 345*6/,76--6 58-1/6-9/6 J1 ?+,-8*:1 ?+ :+28, =676/ 8 :1 -+57+26 28,+-78, 24/F+21 2 ,2+1-+ /6<28-81, 2 7+1-+ 8<.4726 ./8:+,4- :6P6-/86/F H2-8=8K 8 <:6>8-15:6-6 /+5C, 7+C-+ 8*/61 ./1-2+?4-.;+<8 :+2 795-9/1: 8 ?9F+21: .+?1= 1 315C<6: +- 8,8F6<-

=6, 9>1:81, ./+.+2C?26J+ 6,71-8<4= 8 ./1>8,-26:1, 275Q->8-15:+ 8 :6 1<876, 8 +- 3+/36-6 ,/1J9 1/1,8-1. $<24/@26,1 @8/+76 ?1K:+,- .+ /1?67-8/6:1 8 ./1/63+-26:1 :6 ,-6/8--1 ./12+?8 8 +,+31:+ :6 =:+*+3/+K:8-1 ./1.8,8, 2 7+8-+ ,-1>1:81 :6 2/1=1-+ ,1 :6-/9.26- =:+*+ */1@78, <6 7+8-+ ,1,=C-6, >1 356*+./8C-,-26- .+C26-6 :6 1/1,8-1.Y+ ,1 +-:6,C ?+ :6>8:6 :6 ./121G?6:1, -+K ,1 F6/67-1/8-

<8/6 ,4, <62/4J6:1 74= 8<21,-:6 397265:+,-, ,-/1=1G 74=-+>:+,- 8 24<=+G:+ :6K-*+5C=6 2C/:+,- 74= +/8*8:656, .+-,.1B865:+ .+ +-:+@1:81 :6 */4B78C ,5+2+/1? 8 ,8:-67,8,,8<3+/ :6 28,+7 1<87+2 /1*8,-4/, 8<>8,-1: +- 8</6<8-1 :61G1?:12:8C *+2+/8= 1<87, ,4<?626:1 :6 :1+5+*8<=8, 76578-/6:8 +- */4B78 (+,+31:+ ,4,-62:8 ?9=8).

**DD""!!EE++**FF**

— H.0.)+-&7,+'.7%-#$ 71;.#)+57'.<, E+08C, D"&, -+= 1,1985, -+= 2, 1995.

— H=85 R1+/*812, K$";%7,(, 1$ *()/$0-#$,$ ).,70$,J0$507" IX–X %., E+08C, D"&, 1962.

— I,$0+*()/$0-#. -,0$1.;., 6:-+5+*8C (,4,-628-15 P1-4/M8:17+2), E+08C, D45*6/,78 .8,6-15, 1966.

— M(0:7-,%+ 1$ -)+%+,+, P)$,1.<, %7# 1$ *()/$0-#$,$#1.:1.1$: )7,+5.-., :.,.<, *+/+-)+%.7, 07,+0.#$, 5+7-".<, $1,+)+/.< (,4,-628-158 '58=1:-8:6 $26:+26, E21-58-:6 &87+5+26), E+08C, "*6-6, 1995.

— André Vaillant, Manuel du vieux slave (O>13:87 .+ ,-6/+,56-2C:,78), Paris, Institut d’Etudes slaves, 1964.

— Francis Comte, Les Slaves, Paris, Albin-Michel, 1985.— M+:76 P1-76:+26, D45*6/,76 ,/1?:+217+2:6 58-1/6-9/6,%1587+ ;4/:+2+, "36*6/, 2001 (4--+ ?+.45:1:+ 8<?6:81).

— T0.-,+&$,.< 5+ -,$0+*()/$0-#$ ).,70$,J0$ (P. M8:1-7+2, K. '912, M. P1-76:+26), E+08C, &6976 8 8<79,-2+, 1978.

— I,$0+*()/$0-#$ ).,70$,J0$, 71;.#)+57'.=71 07=1.# (M+:-76 P1-76:+26), E+08C, P1-4/ D1/+:, 1992.

— '58=1:-8:6 $26:+26, O 1$=$)+,+ *7 #1./$,$, E+08C, "/8-6?:6, 2002.

— I,$0+*()/$0-#+ 1$-)7'-,%+ ()85C:6 R/6@126), E+08C,D"&, 2002.

— V+6: H7<6/F, V7-,+'17%, E+08C, W1K<45, 2000.— I,76$1., . !A1.)$,, E+08C, R65-$7+,1996.— 2.%+,(, 1$ F)7#-$1'(0 L$#7'+1-#., E+08C, %/1=1, 1994.— '/6,8=8/ E-6:>12, I,.).-,.#$ . :$10+%7 1$ -,$0+*()-

/$0-#$,$ ).,70$,J0$, E+08C, P/+,21-6, 1982, 1995.— I,$0+*()/$0-#$ ).,70$,J0$ % 7 ,+&$, E+08C, D45*6/,78.8,6-15.

— $26: D+G85+2, HJ),J0$,$ 1$ -07'1+%7#+%1$ ?()/$0.<,"36*6/, 1996.

— M(01+%-#$ #1.:+%1$ Q#+)$, 6:-+5+*8C (,4,-628-158 R1+/-*8. M6:>12, &12C:6 M+:>126-P6:6K+-+26), E+08C, O:821/-,8-1-,7+ 8<?6-15,-2+ „E2. '58=1:- (F/8?,78“, 1996.

— I,$0+*()/$0-#+ #1.:+%1+ 1$-)7'-,%+ (,4,-628-15 )85C-:6 R/6@126), E+08C, !6/8: M/8:+2, 2002.

— M+/6 $26:+26-!8/>126, $26: W6/656=.812, !-,+0.< 1$*()/$0-#.< 7".#, %1587+ ;4/:+2+, A631/, 1999.

— "@8- I67/63+/-8, C07%+'.,7 % -07'1+%7#+%1$ ?()/$0.<,E+08C, &6976 8 8<79,-2+, 1981.

""!!))((%%!! ** &&''((##!!%%$$"":: <<$$@@'',,++BB##,,++((++,, CC!!AA,,""<<""##,,"",, ++,, EE!!##((LL99!!""!!

&&!!DD++,,++**(( EE''((DD &&''((##!!%%,, **))** %%**,,))!!AA$$""**DD""!!99 —— DD,,&&,,%% &&''((DD XXIIII ** XXIIIIII ##((99

P+/6?8 :1<6?+2+58-15:6-6 7:8G:8:6 :6 56-8:,78 8 795--9/:6-6 8<+,-6:65+,- .+ -+26 2/1=1 >6,- +- 8,.6:,78C 8

=1G?9:6/+?:8C 158-, G6?:6 <6 :+28 <:6:8C, ,1 +3/4J6 74=":?659,8C 8 [G:6 $-658C (8 +,+31:+ 74= ;+51?+, ,51? 76--+ */6?4- +-:+2+ ,-626 F/8,-8C:,7+ 256?1:81), <+:8 :6 7+:--67- =1G?9 $<-+76 8 T6.6?6, 8 -676 ?626 :6>65:8C -56,47 :639/:+-+ /6<28-81 :6 ./12+?6>1,76-6 ?1K:+,- 2 -+<8 B1:-4/,:6 67-82:+-+ ./8+3J626:1 74= :69>:+-+ 8 8?1K:+-+ :6,51?-,-2+ :6 ?/12:6 R4/B8C 8 :6 6/63,78C ,2C-. ;+26 /6<28-81 31-51G8 ?26 1-6.6: ./1< .4/28C (XII 217) ./12+?4- 1 .+? 1*8?6--6 :6 U4/726-6 8 ,1 8<24/@26 :6 56-8:,78 1<87, 6 ./1< 2-+-/8C (XIII 2.) ,1 /6?26 :6 .+7/+28-15,-2+-+ :6 7/65 "50+:,+X 8 ,1 8<24/@26 +,:+2:+ :6 8,.6:,78 /+=6:,78 1<87.!1G?9 711 8 1492 *. ":?659,8C (El Andalus = =Q,Q5=6:-

,76 $,.6:8C) 1 .+? 6/63,7+ 256?8>1,-2+. P4/2+:6>65:+ <6-28,8=6 +- D6*?6?,78C F65806-, -C ?+,-8*6 6.+*1K 2 ,2+1-+/6<28-81 .+ 2/1=1 :6 +=6C?,78C '+/?+2,78 F65806-(929–1031) 8 39/1: 795-9/1: .+?1= 356*+?6/1:81 :6 .+7/+-28-15,-2+-+ :6 F65808-1. ;+26 1 .1/8+? :6 8<?8/26:1 :6 /4-7+.8,8, :6 9,4/?:6 ?1K:+,- :6 9>1:8, ./12+?6>8, ./1.8,26->8, F9?+G:8B8 :6 =8:86-Q/8; 8<*/6G?6 ,1 ?G6=8C-6 2 '+/-?+26, ,4<?626 ,1 38358+-176 ,4, ,-+-8B8 F85C?8 -+=+21 (<6-.6?:+12/+.1K,78-1 38358+-178 +- -+26 2/1=1 :1 ,6 ./8-1-G62658 .+21>1 +- 500–600 -+=6). &+ .+,-1.1::+ 24-/1@:8--1 .+58-8>1,78, ,+B865:8 8 1-:8>1,78 ./+-82+/1>8C — ":-?659,8C 1 ./1,1>:6 -+>76 :6 :C7+57+ B82858<6B88 8 1<876 81 +38-626:6 +- 6/638, 31/31/8, 6/638<8/6:+ =1,-:+ :6,151-

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XII 217 85Q,-/8/6- =1G?9:6/+?:8C F6/67-1/ :6 -+26 =6-J63:+ ?15+: P56-+: +- ;82+58 — 8-6586:1B, #+34/- +-X1,-4/ — 6:*58>6:8:, #9?+50 +- D/Q*1 — 056=6:?1B, !+-@1 E106/?8 (8<21,-1: 76-+ P1?/+ "50+:,+) — .+7/4,-1:8,.6:,78 12/18:, M6:815 +- !+/58 — 6:*58>6:8:, "?156/?+- D6- — 6:*58>6:8:, "2/6= D6/ W8KC 8 "2/6= D. H</6 —8,.6:,78 12/18, W1/=6: M65=6-8:1B6 — ?65=6-8:1B, M+-=8:*+ R9:?8,6528 — 8,.6:,78 ?9F+2:87, W96: +- E1285C 8!6/7+ +- ;+51?+, ,4J+ 8,.6:B8, 8 ?/. P+-*+5C=6-6 >6,- +--1<8 ./12+?6>8 ,6 >9G?1:B8 (@+-56:?B8, 0/6:B9<8, 8-658-6:B8, 6:*58>6:8) 8 +,+31:+ 12/18, 7+8-+ 8*/6C- +,:+2:6 /+-5C. E24/<26- *8 56-8:,78C- 1<87 8 U4/726-6: -+26 ,6 +3/6<+-26:8 ?9F+2:8B8-3858:*28.P/67-876-6 1 ?+,-6 /6<:++3/6<:6 .+ +-:+@1:81 :6 /101-

/1:-:8-1 ./6<:+-8 (-4K 76-+ ,1 ./121G?6- -C,:+ ,.1B8658-<8/6:8 -17,-+21), 1<87+28-1 ./+.9,78 (:1 28:6*8 ?+3/1 ,1.+<:626 8<F+?:8C- -17,-, 31< ?6 3/+8= 6.+/88-1 :6 56-8:,-78C 1<87) 8 -1<8, ,24/<6:8 , */1@78 2 ./1.8,8-1 (./1.8,4- 11?8:,-21:+-+ ,/1?,-2+ <6 /6<./+,-/6:1:81 ./1?8 8<+3/1-C-26:1-+ :6 .1>6-6/,76-6 =6@8:6 ./1< XV 217). % +3J8 58:88,24<./81-8C- .+?F+? 1 -+<8 :6 397265:8C ./12+?, +- 1?:6,-/6:6 — <6 ?6 ,1 8<31*:6- 8<3/+1:8-1 -/9?:+,-8, :+ 8 .+-/6?8 356*+*+21:81-+ :6 ./12+?6>6 ./1? +/8*8:65:8C -17,-.!6,+26 ./67-876 1 -/6:,58-1/6B8C-6 :6 .+:C-8C, 58.,26J8:6 56-8:,78; /C?7+ ,1 ./83C*26 ?+ :1+5+*8<=8 (<6 /6<5876 +-6/638-1, +3+*6-858 <:6>8-15:+ ,2+C 1<87) <6 ,=1-76 :6 =:+-*+3/+K:8-1 6/63,78 <61=78 2 56-8:,78C, :+ 8 2 <6.6?:8-1./+,-+:6/+?:8 1<8B8 (76-+ 657+F+5, 65*13/6, B80/6, <1:8- 8=:. ?/.).(J1 .+ -+26 2/1=1 ,1 <6315C<26 ./12+?6>1,76-6 :6=1,6 2

-17,-6, ?+2156 ?+ 56-8:8<8/6:1 :6 6/63,78-1 8 =Q,Q5=6:-,78-1 /101/1:-8, <6 ?6 34?6- ,4+3/6<1:8 , /158*8+<:6-68?1+5+*8C :6 1.+F6-6: ./67-876, 7+C-+ :6.+=:C <6 .+0/1:>-26:1-+ ./1< WVII 8 WVIII 217 858 .+345*6/C26:1-+ ./1<

%4</6G?6:1-+. (- .4/2+,-1.1::+ <:6>1:81 -97 1 9-858-6/-:6-6 B15: /6<./+,-/6:1:81-+ :6 <:6:8C.(- ?/9*6 ,-/6:6, .+?+3:+ :6 ./67-876-6 2 D6*?6?, 74?1-+

./12+?4- 1 ./1=8:6265 ./1< =1G?8:1: 9,-1: 1<87, 1<87-.+,-/1?:87 (,-6/+,8/8K,78C), -+51?,78-1 ./12+?6>8, .+21>1-++- 7+8-+ :1 ,6 256?1158 6/63,78, ,6 /63+-158 .+ ?2+K78:.4/28C- (+387:+21:+ 12/18:) 1 ./121G?65 (9,-:+) +- 6/63-,78 :6 /+=6:,78, 6 2-+/8C- — +- 9,-1: /+=6:,78 :6 .8,=1:56-8:,78. ;1<8 „?2+K78“ 8=658 8 ?/9*+ „8?1+5+*8>1,7+“,./1?8=,-2+, -4K 76-+ ./8,4,-281-+ :6 ?9F+2:+ 58B1 ./8?6-265+ 8<21,-1: 62-+/8-1- :6 ./12+?6. ;676 :6./8=1/ "?156/?+- D6- 1 /63+-85 <61?:+ , P1?/+ "50+:,+, W96: +- E1285C— , M+=8:*+ R9:?8,6528, "2/6= D6/ W8KC — , P56-+: +-;82+58.P/+9>26:1-+ :6 .8,6:8-1 +- ./12+?6>8-1 ./1?*+2+/8 :8

?626 =657+ 8:0+/=6B8C <6 ./12+?6>1,78-1 /1@1:8C 8 ./12+-?6>1,76-6 ./67-876; +- ?/9*6 ,-/6:6 +36>1, -6= +-7/826=1+,:+2:8-1 -+.+,8 :6 2/1=1-+, 7+8-+ 2./+>1= 38-926- ./1<BC5+-+ E/1?:+217+281 8 ?+,-6 ,51? :1*+: +324/<6:+,- ,.+/4>8-15C :6 ./12+?6 858 =1B1:6-6, 8</6<1:6 , .+>-8-15:+8 /63+51.:+ +-:+@1:81, ,7/+=:+,- :6 ./12+?6>6, 7+K-+ .+?->1/-626 -/9?:+,--6 :6 <6?6>6-6 ,8 8 =+58 >8-6-15C <6 ,:8<-F+G?1:81.

NN22""##00$$**))## ))** 22""**..5522**((** $$..**55((,,""**66$$,,$$**))## ))** 33##55((##)) ##66,,22 00""##66 XXIIIIII $$##22

C+).,.=7-#., 507%+'$=7-#. . .1,7)7#,J$)71#+1,7#-,

P/12+?:6-6 ?1K:+,- ./1< XIII 217 (1252–1287) 2 E1285C,1 .+7/+28-15,-26 +- 7/65 "50+:,+ X, 7+K-+ ,1 ,-/1=8 ?6 ,1+3/6<+26 8 ?6 ?+21?1 ?+ 9,.1@1: 7/6K ,2+C-6 :6B8+:65:61<87+26 8 795-9/:6 .+58-876; -+26 :656*6 /+=6:,78C 76-+./81=1: 1<87 :6 .+21>1-+ +- ./12+?8-1 (<61?:+ , .+-,563+<6,-4.1:8-1 0/1:,78 8 56-8:,78), 7+1-+ 1 *+5C=6 :+2+,-. T6.4/28 .4- 76,-85,78C- /+=6:,78 ,1 ./12/4J6 2 7:8G+21:1<87, 8<=1,-26K78 56-8:,78C — 1<876 :6 ?9F+2:8B8-1 8 7:8-G+2:8B8-1. P+ -+<8 :6>8: "50+:,+ X ,1 ,-/1=8 ?6 <6-24/-?8 256,--6 ,8 ,./C=+ U4/726-6, , 7+C-+ 1 2 7+:0587-:8 +--

:+@1:8C. T6 -+26 *+2+/8 8 C,:+ 8</6<1:+-+ =9 G156:81 ?6./124/:1 E1285C 2 ,/1?8J1 <6 8<9>626:1 :6 56-8:,78C 8 :66/63,78C, +,8*9/C26K78 :6 2,8>78, 7+8-+ G156C- ?6 ,1 .+,21--C- :6 -6<8 ?1K:+,-, 356*+./8C-:8 9,5+28C :6 /63+-6. ;+26+-*+26/C :6 ,-/1=1G6 =9 <6 8:,-8-9B8+:658<8/6:1 :6 :6976--6 8<24: +.176-6 :6 U4/726-6 — 21>1 ?+,-6 :6./1?:65 ./+-B1, 2 T6.6?:6 H2/+.6 ./1< XIII 217, 767-+ 8 <6 ,8,-1=6-8<8-/6:1 :6 ./8?+38-8-1 ./1< ./1?F+?:8C 217 <:6:8C.T6 /6<5876 +- ./1?8@:8C 1-6. :6 ./12+?8 2 ./67-8>1,78

2,8>78 +356,-8 :6 .+<:6:81-+, ./1< XIII 217 ./12+?:6-6 ?1K-:+,- ,1 ,4,/1?+-+>626 2 +356,-8-1, +- 7+8-+ ,1 8:-1/1,9267/65C-: 6,-/+:+=8C 8 6,-/+5+*8C (7+8-+ .+ -+26 2/1=1 ,626G:6 >6,- +- 2+1::6-6 ,-/6-1*8C 8 .+58-876), +,+31:+ 2 .1-/8+?6 1250–1260. '/65C- .+?38/6 -1=8-1 8 7++/?8:8/6 ?1K-:+,--6, ?+/8 ,6= /1?67-8/6 =:+*+ +- ./12+?8-1 8 ?4/G8-17,-4- ?6 34?1 C,1: 8 ?+,-4.1:, ./8 7+1-+ :1 ,1 7+51361 ?6,1 :6=1,26 2 ./12+?6, .+?+3:+ :6./8=1/ :6 B6/ E8=1+: 8./12+?6>8-1 +- P/1,562,76-6 @7+56 ./1< IX 217. M+76<6-15-,-2+ <6 -+26 :8 ?626 1?:6 3151G76 2 7:8*6-6 O-7&.01$ .-,+-0.<, ./1?,-625C26J6 7+=.856B8C +- ./12+?:8 -17,-+21:

„'/65C- ,4,-62C 1?:6 7:8*6 :1 <6J+-+ C .8@1,+3,-21:+/4>:+, 6 <6J+-+ ,438/6 /6<58>:8-1 S 151-=1:-8, 7+/8*8/6 *8, .+?/1G?6 *8, 8</62:C26 *8, .+,+>-26 .+ 76742 :6>8: ?6 ,1 ?1K,-26 8 ,51? -+26 ?626 :6 :C-7+K ?6 *8 :6.8@1; 1-+ <6J+ 76<26=1, >1 7/65C- 1 ,4,-6-285 7:8*6-6.“

$58 .47 2 ./+5+*6 74= Libro de las estrellas fijas +- MG+-26:8 +- !1,8:6, MG+26:8 +- '/1=+:6, [?6 8 E6=985:

„E51? -+26 7/65C- .+1 /47+2+?,-2+-+ 8 :6/1?8 ?6 C,4,-62C-; 8 ./1=6F:6 -+26, 7+1-+ 31@1 8<58@:+ 858 ,1.+2-6/C@1 8 7+1-+ :1 31@1 :6 ./62851: 76,-85,78;-+K 275Q>8 =6-1/8658-1, 7+8-+ ,=1-:6, >1 ,6 ?+,--6-4>:8, 8 .+./628 1<876, :6 7+K-+ 3CF6 :6.8,6:8; 6 <6?/9*8-1 <:6:8C :1*+28 ,4,-628-158 3CF6 =6K,-+/8-1MG+26:8 +- !1,8:6, MG+26:8 +- '/1=+:6, 767-+ 8 *+-/1,.+=1:6-8-1 [?6 8 E6=985.“

'67-+ =+G1= ?6 <63151G8=, 2 -6<8 ?1K:+,- 21>1 :1 9>6,--26- ,6=+ ?9F+2:8B8, 6 8 ,21-,78 58B6 8 :1F/8,-8C:8, ./1-?8=:+ +3/6<+26:8 12/18.E51? 1270 *. ,1 ,4<?626- 8 +/8*8:65:8 ./+8<21?1:8C, :6K-

21>1 .+? 0+/=6-6 :6 ./1/63+-78, 7+=1:-6/8 8 /1?67B88 :6./12+?8, :6./621:8 ./1< ./1?8@:8C 217.

C07%+'$=.,7

P/12+?6>8-1, .+?>8:1:8 ./C7+ :6 7/65 "50+:,+ X, +3/6-<926- F+=+*1::6 */9.6 , *5621: ./12+?6>, +387:+21:+ 12/1-8:, 8 .+=+J:87-./12+?6>, +387:+21:+ F/8,-8C:8::

„E51? 76-+ [7/65C-] ,1 ,?+38 , 7:8*6-6, -+K :676/6?6 =9 C ./+>1-1 $F9?6 !+,76 15 !1:+/, ?/9* 12/18:,7+K-+ 31@1 :1*+2 5176/ 8 7+K-+ /6<38/6@1 +- 6,-/+-:+=8C 8 <:61@1 ?+3/1 6/63,78 8 56-8:,78; .+,51, ,51?76-+ 356*+?6/1:81 :6 -+<8 12/18:, :1*+2 5176/, -+K/6<3/6 ,-+K:+,--6 8 *+5C=6-6 .+5<6 +- 7:8*6-6, :6/1-?8 ?6 C ./1F24/5C- +- 6/63,78 :6 76,-85,78 1<87, <6 ?6=+*6- F+/6-6 .+-?+3/1 ?6 C /6<31/6- 8 ?6 8<25176- .+-21>1 .+5<6 +- :1C. % -6<8 <6?6>6 =9 .+=+*:6 R6/,8 P1-/1,, .8,6/ :6 7/65C, 7+K-+ ,4J+ /6<38/6@1 =:+*+ +-6,-/+:+=8C.“ (P/+5+* 74= ./12+?6 :6 G$5.'$0.+ +-[?6 31: !+@1 8 R6/,8 P1/1,.)

P/12+?6>8-1 /63+-C- 76-+ +/*6:8<8/6: 178. <61?:+ ,4,,.1B8658,-8 .+ 8<?8/26:1-+ :6 /47+.8,8, ./1.8,26>8, /1-?67-+/8-7+/17-+/8, ,4,-628-158, ,.1B8658,-8 .+ +0+/=C:1--+ :6 +-?15:8-1 *5628 :6 7:8*8-1.&6K-8<21,-:8-1 ,/1? -CF ,6 "2/6= "50678: — 12/18: 8

5176/ :6 7/65C, D1/:6/ "/638:6 — .+7/4,-1: =Q,Q5=6:8:,A1/?8:6:?+ +- ;+51?+, E6=915 )128, $,67 31: E8? 8 [?631: !+@1 — 12/18, R851= +- ",.6 — 8,.6:1B, MG+26:8 +-'/1=+:6, D+:621:-9/6 +- E81:6, MG+26:8 +- !1,8:6 8 ?/.P/1+356?626- 8,.6:B8-1, F/8,-8C:8 858 12/18 (+3/6<+26:8,106/6?,78 12/18, .+58*5+-8 8 >1,-+ 5176/8 858 9>1:8,+-74?1-+ 8 8<21,-:6 „./+01,8+:658<6B8C“ :6 ./12+?6, .+-?+3:+ :6 :635Q?626:6-6 2 D6*?6?).T6 /6<5876 +- .+5+G1:81-+ ./1< ./1?F+?:8C 217, ./12+-

?6>8-1 ./8?+3826- 8<21,-1: „+08B8651:“ ,-6-9-: ,=C-6-*8 <6 „=6K,-+/8“, -. 1. <6 ./+01,8+:658,-8 :6 ,59G36 ./87/65C.&6>8:4- :6 ./121G?6:1 ./+?45G626 ?6 ,1 ./8?4/G6 .+-

,7+/+ 74= 39726-6, :+ ,1 :635Q?626 8 8<21,-:6 ,2+3+?6: :6-=1,6 2 -17,-6 .+,/1?,-2+= ?+.45:1:8C, ./+.9,78, 7+=1:-6-/8, ?+./8:6,CJ8 <6 .+-*+5C=6 C,:+-6 8 /6<38/61=+,- (7+1-+8<*51G?6 1 +./1?15CJ8C- 7/8-1/8K <6 7/65 "50+:,+ X).P/12+?4- >1,-+ ,1 ,4.4-,-26 +- +31=8,-8 +3C,:1:8C 8 +./1-?151:8C :6 :+2+,4<?6?1:8-1 .+:C-8C, -4K 76-+ ,1 8<3C*26--/6:,58-1/6B88-1, <6 ,=1-76 :6 ,5+2+-2+/>1,-2+ :6 /+=6:-,78. % -+<8 ,=8,45 ./12+?6>8-1 8<8*/626- ,4J1,-21:6 /+5C<6 ,4<?626:1-+ :6 :6B8+:65:8C 7:8G+21: 1<87. E.+/1? 8</6-<6 :6 '56/6 A+, -+26 1 ./+B1, :6 ./1=8:626:1 +- „./121G-?6J8C 7:8G+2:87 74= +3/6<+26:8C ./12+?6>“.&6./6<:+ J1 -4/,8= :C76728 /6<=8,58 858 -17,-+21 2

+356,--6 :6 ./12+?6, 1<87+21?,78 858 */6=6-8>1,78 -/67-6--8 8 ?/. .+?.

77**22..8844##)),,##

E ./62+ =+G1= ?6 -24/?8=, >1 2 ;+51?+ 8 E1285C ./1< WII8 WIII 2. ,1 8<24/@26 7+5+,65:+ ./12+?:+ ?15+, 7+1-+ 8=6+./1?15CJ+ <:6>1:81 <6 /6<28-81-+ :6 =1,-:8-1 1<8B8 (76,--85,78C- 8 0/1:,78C- /+=6:,78 ,1 +3+*6-C26- , 6/63,78 ?9-=8 +- 1G1?:12:8C /1*8,-4/); <6 <6/6G?6:1 :6 <6.6?:6-6 876,-85,76-6 .8,=1:6 ./+<6; <6 795-9/:+-+ 8 :69>:+-+ /6<28--81 :6 <6.6?:8C ,2C- 2 +356,--6 :6 =1?8B8:6-6, *1+=1-/8C-6,6,-/+:+=8C-6, 085+,+08C-6.;+26 ?15+ ./+./62C .4-C :6 :+2 -8. <:6:8C, /6<./+,-/6-

:C26:8 +- :1/158*8+<:8 8:,-8-9B88 — ./1?8=:+ 9:821/,8--1-8-1, 767-+ 8 :6 ,F+56,-876-6 (?28G1:81, ./+.+2C?26J+2/4J6:1 74= 6:-8>:8-1 8<2+/8 8 8<,51?26:1 >/1< /6<9=6 :624./+,8-1, ,24/<6:8 , 2C/6-6).T6.6?:8C- ,2C- ,1 +3/4J6 +-:+2+ 74= .+<63/621:6-6

?/12:+*/4B76 795-9/6 8 .+-,.1B865:+ 74= "/8,-+-15126--6 -/6?8B8C. O,2+C26K78 -+26 ?/12:+*/4B7+ 8 6/63,7+:6,51?,-2+, -+K J1 *+ 8<.+5<26, <6 ?6 .+?*+-28 ,2+C #1:1-,6:,.

**DD""!!EE++**FF**

— Ghassan Aris, „De Bagdad à Tolède: le rôle des traducteursdans la transmission des patrimoines culturels grec et arabe àl’Occident“ (9, ?$/'$' '+ M+)7'+, 0+)<,$ 1$ 507%+'$=.,7"$ 507'$%$17 1$ P$5$'$ 1$ /0(;#+,+ . $0$*-#+,+ #J),J0-1+ 1$-)7'-,%+), thèse présentée à l’Ecole de traduction etd’interprètes de l’université d’Ottawa (?8,1/-6B8C, <6J8-1:62 I7+56-6 <6 .8,=1: 8 9,-1: ./12+? 74= O:821/,8-1-6 2(-626), 1985; in CD-rom Didak „l’Histoire de la traduction“,Jean Delisle et Gilbert Lafond, université d’Ottawa.

— Clara Foz, Le traducteur, l’Eglise et le Roi (C07%+'$=(,,S(0#%$,$ . #0$)<,), Presses de l’université d’Ottawa, Artoispresses université, 1998.

— Clara Foz, „La traduction-appropriation : le cas des traducteursTolédans des 12e et 13e siècles“ (C07%+'(,-50.-%+<%$17:-)J=$<, 1$ ,+)7'-#.,7 507%+'$=. +, TII . TIII %.), Bulletinde l’Association canadienne de linguistique appliquée, 1990,vol. 12, N°1, pp. 67–76.

— Henri van Hoof, Histoire de la traduction en occident (!-,+-0.< 1$ "$5$'1.< 507%+'), Paris, Duculot, 1991.

— Marie-Thérese d’Alverny, „Les traductions à deux interprètesd’arabe en langue vernaculaire et de langue vernaculaire enlatin“ (C07%+'.,7 - '%$&$ 507%+'$=. +, $0$*-#. 1$ &7--,71 7".# . +, &7-,71 7".# 1$ )$,.1-#.), Traduction et tra-ducteurs au Moyen Age, Editinos du CNRS, Paris, 1989, pp.193/206.

— Paul Werrie, „L’école des traducteurs de Tolède“ (C07%+'$-=7-#$,$ Q#+)$ % M+)7'+), in CD-rom Didak „l’Histoire de latraduction“, Jean Delisle et Gilbert Lafond, universitéd’Ottawa.

— Jacques Le Goff, Les intellectuels au Moyen Age (!1,7)7#,J-$);.,7 507" I07'1+%7#+%.7,+), Paris, Seuil, 1957 (./18<?.2000).

— Tolède XII–XIIIe siècle: Musulmans, chrétiens et juifs; lesavoir et la tolérance (L>->)&$1., A0.-,.<1. . 7%07., "1$-1.7 . ,(05.&+-,), sous la direction de Louis Cardaillac,Paris, Autrement, 1991.

MM''((++<<99**""(( <<''((%%++!!##((99!!##++**„„""'',,++<<)),,""!!''**““11:: DD,,'',,>>%%,,++((++,, ++,,FF**!!++,,))++**BB ((DD**99..

„„&&''((##((>>%%,,++(( DD,, CC!!>>**BB &&''!!<<)),,##,,** ##<<((!!CCII!! CC)),,AA!!““

P/12+?4- :87+*6 :1 ,1 ./+C2C26 76-+ 8<+58/6:+ C251:81.;+K ,1 2.8,26 2 1?8: =6J631: :6B8+:658,-8>1,78, 8?1-

+5+*8>1,78 858 /158*8+<1: ./+17-, 7+K-+ +387:+21:+ ,1.+5<26 , .+?7/1.6-6 :6 256?1-158-1, 6/8,-+7/6-8>:6-6 756,6858 ,4J1,-2926J8-1 8:,-8-9B88. '+*6-+ ./12+?6>8-1 =+*6-?6 /6<>8-6- :6 258C-15:8 .+/4>8-158 8 :6 356*+./8C-:6 8,--+/8>1,76 +3,-6:+276, -1 /6<.+56*6- , :1+3F+?8=8-1 „3+1.-/8.6,8“, <6 ?6 34?1 ./8<:6-6 51*8-8=:+,--6 :6 -1F:8C -/9?8 <6 ?6 +,-62C- +-.1>6-47 24/F9 1<876 8 795-9/6-6 :6 ,2+C-6,-/6:62“. O,-6:+28F=1 ./62+-6-6 :6 -+26 -24/?1:81 ./8 <6-/6G?6:1-+ :6 ,562C:,78C B4/7+21: 8 7:8G+21: 1<87; -+ 12C/:+ 8 <6 .4/28-1 ,-4.78 :6 0/1:,76-6 58-1/6-9/6 (8 :6=:+*+ 12/+.1K,78 58-1/6-9/8).&C7+57+ 067-+/6 +./1?15C- ?+7,6-6 ./1< -6<8 1.+F6 242

A/6:B8C 8 +76<26- 258C:81 24/F9 ./12+?6>1,78C =1-+?:E/1?:+217+281-+ 1 :1 ,6=+ .1/8+? :6 ,+B865:8 3+/38

(,15,78 39:-+21 — G671/88, 3+/38 =1G?9 7/651 8 26,658),2+K:8, 7/4,-+:+,:8 .+F+?8, *56?, :6@1,-28C, :121G1,-2+, :+ 81.+F6 :6 -2+/>1,-2+, :6 39/:+ /6<28-81 :6 */6?+21-1 ,51?XII 2. 8 :6 .+C26 :6 8:-158*1:B8C-6. M9F+2:8C- 8 795-9/:8C-G82+- :6.9,76- <6-2+/1:+-+ ./+,-/6:,-2+ :6 =6:6,-8/8-1.

1 %42 0/1:,78C -17,- 8<.+5<26= ,-6/8-1 0+/=8 „translater“, „transla-teur“ <6 „./121G?6=“ 8 „./12+?6>“, <6 ?6 ,1 ./+,51?8 .+-?+3/1 517,8765-:+-+ /6<28-81 :6 -1<8 .+:C-8C 2 ,/1?:+217+2:8C 0/1:,78.

2 Jean Delisle 8 Judith Woodsworth, Les traducteurs dans l’histoire (C07-%+'$=.,7 % .-,+0.<,$), Presses de l’université d’Ottawa/éd. DeL’UNESCO, 1995, p. 39.

&6B8+:65:+-+ 9-24/G?626:1 1 ,24/<6:+ , 7".#$ :6 1?:6?4/G626, -9 ,.5+-1:6, -9 /6<.+74,26:6 +- :6,51?,-21:+-+./62+ 8 7/42:+-+ /+?,-2+, 8 -+<8 <6/6G?6J ,1 1<87 1 /+=6:-,78C- (.+-74,:+ — 0/1:,78C-); -+26 1 .8,=1: =1,-1: ./+-,-+:6/+?1: 1<87, 7+K-+ -/C326 ?6 ,1 /6<281 8 76-+ 58-1/6-9-/1:, +-74?1-+ 8 :1+3F+?8=+,--6 ?6 ,1 51*8-8=8/6 ./12+?4-+- 56-8:,78 — 9:821/,651: 1<87 8 1<87 :6 :6976-6 8 /158*8-C-6, :6 /+=6:,78 (+- „24<28@1:8C 56-8:,78“ :6 „/6<38/61=/+=6:,78“ ,.+/1? 8</6<6 :6 E8=+: ?N+ H?1:), 767-+ 8 ?6 ,1+3/6<+26 >8-6-15C- 8 ?6 ,1 0+/=8/6 :1*+28C- 279,, ?+76-+=9 ,1 +,8*9/8 ?+,-4. ?+ -17,-+21-1 :6 756,8B8-1.% -+26 :6>8:6:81 :C7+8 7/651, .+7/+28-158 :6 8<79,-2+-

-+ 8 58-1/6-9/6-6, =1B1:6-8 8 .+/4>8-158 J1 8<8*/6C- .4/-2+,-1.1::6 /+5C.

II((""**55--<<""==5522,,((## 22..##(($$,,::„„**22((''(( 66** ""**11&&**))## ))** &&''""11**$$)),,// ##66,,22 $$''$$ OO""**))LL,,//““1

% ./+?45G1:81 :6 .+21>1 +- >1-8/8,-+-8: *+?8:8 .+-*+-5C=6-6 >6,- +- -1/8-+/88-1, 7+8-+ J1 34?6- :6/1>1:8Francia, ,6 >6,- +- /8=,76-6 8=.1/8C 8 .+? 258C:81-+ :6 56--8:,78C 1<87. %6/26/,78-1 :6@1,-28C (+,+31:+ :6 0/6:78--1) 8 9.6?474- :6 T6.6?:6-6 /8=,76 8=.1/8C (476) :1 :674/-:C26- 62-+/8-1-6 :6 56-8:,78C 1<87, 7+K-+ ,1 ,5628 76-+1<87 :6 795-9/6-6, 6 ,51? ./81=6:1-+ :6 F/8,-8C:,-2+-+ +-7/65C :6 0/6:78-1 '5+28, ./1< 498 *. — ,-626 8 3+*+,59G1-31: 1<87. R658C +36>1 1 126:*158<8/6:6 +- ,2. P+-8: +J1./1< II 217 8 :C7+8 /158*8+<:8 +3J:+,-8, 76-+ 31:1?87-8:,-76-6, /6<./+,-/6:858 258C:81-+ ,8 8< BC56 H2/+.6, ,1 9,-6-:+2C26- 2 -1<8 -1/8-+/88, <6 ?6 ./+?45G6- /6<./+,-/6:C26-:1-+ :6 F/8,-8C:,-2+-+ (636-,-2+-+ '5Q:8 :6./8=1/ ,1./12/4J6 242 26G:+ 795-9/:+ ,/1?8J1 ,51? 910 *+?8:6).P+ +-:+@1:81 :6 1<876 -+26, 7+1-+ F6/67-1/8<8/6 A/6:7-

,7+-+ 7/65,-2+, ,.+/1? 8</6<6 :6 #1:1 D65836/, 1 #+).1/-%."&(,: ,4G8-15,-2+-+ :6 -/8 +,:+2:8 1<876 , K1/6/F8<8-/6:8 09:7B88 8 9.+-/136:

— 56-8:,78: 1<874- :6 :6976-6 (085+,+08C, 3+*+,5+281,

1 ;97 ,1 .+<+2626= :6 <6?453+>1:8C 6:658< :6 #1:1 D65836/ 2L’Institution du français (8-,$1+%<%$17,+ 1$ 6071-#.< 7".#), 1985.

*/6=6-876, /1-+/876, .+1-876 2 /6=78-1 :6 /158*8+<:+-+ 8:6 ,21-,7+-+ +3/6<+26:81); 1<87 :6 ?9F+21:,-2+-+, 9:821/-,651: 1<87 :6 +3/6<+26:6 H2/+.6, 1<87 :6 ,21J1:8-1 -17,-+-21, ,5+2+ :6 H?8::8C D+*, :+ 8 +08B8651: 1<87 :6 ?4/G626--6 8 :6 /8=,7+-+ ./62+, +351>1: , 63,+5Q-:6 256,- ;

— ,-6/+*1/=6:,78: 1<874- :6 <62+126-158-1, :6 0/6:7-,78-1 8 =1/+28:*,78-1 7/651 (V–VIII 2), 767-+ 8 :6 '6/+58:-*8-1 (VIII–X 2.) 8 :6 *+51=8-1 01+?65:8 256?1-158 +- -CF:+--+ +37/4G1:81; -+26 1 8 1<874-, 7+K-+ ,1 *+2+/8 2 8<-+>:6-6>6,- :6 7/65,-2+-+;

— /+=6:,78 1<87 2 ?21-1 ,8 0+/=8 — QG1: 8 ,121/1:,7+K-+ ,1 *+2+/8 2 T6.6?:6 A/6:B8C, ,=C-6: <6 ./+,-+26-1<87 :6 ,15,7+-+ :6,151:81.;676 =1G?9 B4/7+2:8C 158- 8 :6/+?:8-1 =6,8 24<:8726

1<87+26 ./+.6,-. P/1< 813 *. E43+/4- 2 ;9/ ./1.+/4>26 :61.8,7+.8-1 ?6 6?6.-8/6- 2 ./+.+21?8-1 ,8 56-8:,78-1 .+9->1:8C :6 ./+,-+:6/+?:8C 0+&$1-#. 1<87; ./8 -457926:1-+:6 -+26 /1@1:81 8<,51?+26-158-1 <6,-4.26- ./+-82+.+5+G-:8 =:1:8C: ,.+/1? 1?:8-1 ,-626 ?9=6 <6 „?1=+7/6-8>1:“ 67-,,.+/1? ?/9*8-1 — <6 ,-/1=1G 74= <6.6<26:1 :6 >8,-+-6-6 :6.8,=1:8C 56-8:,78, >/1< 8<+58/6:1-+ =9 +- :8<@8-1 1<8B8,76-+ ,4J12/1=1::+ ,1 8<.+5<26- ,4J1,-2926J8-1 =1,-:8*+2+/8, <6 ?6 ,1 9./625C26- .+-51,:+ 2C/26J8-1.E51? ,=4/--6 :6 ,8:6 :6 '6/5 %15878, )98 I D56*+>1,-8-

28, <6.+>26- 2+K:8 =1G?9 -/8=6-6 =9 ,8:+21 +- ?21 /6<58>-:8 =6K78 (./62+-+ :6 .4/2+/+?:8C ,8: 2,1 +J1 :1 1 9,-6:+-21:+). '4/2626-6 38-76 ./8 A+:-6:1 1 .+2+? <6 01+?658-1,.+??4/G6J8 /6<58>:8-1 56*1/8, ?6 <6,85C- :6-8,76 ,8. %,1-78 1?8: +- 3/6-C-6 —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

>1 751-28-1 ,6 3858 ./+8<:1,1:8 ./1? E21-+-+ .8,6:81, 6,51? -+26 ,6 3858 <6.8,6:8 :6 /+=6:,78 8 :6 ,-6/+*1/=6:,-78, 76-+ 2,178 1?8: +- ?26=6-6 3/6-C — '6/5 P51@828 8)98 ()9?28*) &1=,78 (,4Q<1:8 ,/1J9 3/6- 8= )+-6/), *8 1./+>15 ./1? 2+K,76-6 ,8 :6 1<876 :6 ?/9*8C 3/6-. % ./12+?+- ,42/1=1:1: 0/1:,78 2 -CF ,1 76<26 ,51?:+-+:

„(- 5Q3+2 74= D+*6 8 <6 +3J+-+ ,.6,1:81 :6 F/8,--8C:,78C :6/+? 8 <6 :6@1-+, +- ?:1, :6,1-:1 8 ?+76-+D+* =8 ?626 <:6:81 8 ,856, J1 +76<26= .+=+J 8 .+?-7/1.6 :6 =+C 3/6- '6/5 242 2,C7+ ?15+, -676 767-+ ,1.+?7/1.C 3/6-, ./8 9,5+281 >1 -+K ,-+/26 ,4J+-+ <6=1:, 8 :C=6 ?6 ,75Q>26= , )+-6/ :87672+ ,.+/6<9=1-:81, 7+1-+ .+ =+C 2+5C 38 385+ 2 9J4/3 :6 ,.+=1:6--8C =8 3/6- '6/5.“

;1<8 751-28 ,6 8,-8:,7+ ?8.5+=6-8>1,7+, Q/8?8>1,7+ 8.+58-8>1,7+ :+2+2421?1:81, 767-+ .+?>1/-626 #1:1 D658-36/, , =:+*+.+,+>:+ <:6>1:81 — ?4/G62:+ 8 751/8765:+,:6B8+:65:+ 8 =1G?9:6/+?:+:

— -1 .+,-62C- ?26-6 1<876 2 :+2+ +-:+@1:81 ,./C=+ 56--8:,78C, 7+1-+ 21>1 :1 1 :6 .+?>8:1:+,-, -4K 76-+ 8 ?26-61<876 ,-626- ?4/G62:8: /+=6:,78C- — :6 <6.6?:8-1 0/6:78(34?1J6 A/6:B8C), ,-6/+*1/=6:,78C- — :6 $<-+>:6 A/6:-B8C (34?1J6 R1/=6:8C);

— -1 ,6 8</6< 8 :6 .+58-8>1,76 2+5C <6 97/1.26:1, >/1<8:,-8-9B8C-6 :6 1<876, :6 ?4/G628, /6<?8/6:8 ?+ -+<8 =+-=1:- +- /+?+28 8 26,65:8 =1G?9+,+38B8, 2+5C, 7+C-+ 1 =+*-56 ?6 34?1 +,4J1,-21:6 ,6=+ +- 28,@1-+ ?9F+21:,-2+, 1?8:-,-21:+ ./8-1G626J+ :9G:8-1 1<87+28 7+=.1-1:B88;

— >/1< 1<876 ,-626 24<=+G:+ +31?8:1:81-+ :6 :6/+?8-1242 24-/1@:+.+58-8>1,78 .56: 8 ?801/1:B8/6:1-+ 8= 24224:@:+.+58-8>1,78;

— 8 :67/6C, -1 ,6 .4/28C- 67- :6 /1B8./+>:6 +,:+26, +--58>626J ,1 +- +38>6K:6-6 01+?65:6 ./67-876 :6 26,65:+.+?>8:1:81.H?:6 *+?8:6 .+-74,:+ ,1 .+?.8,26 %1/?Q:,78C- ?+*+2+/

=1G?9 -/8=6-6 3/6-C, 76-+ )+-6/ 1 ./8:9?1: ?6 ,1 <6?+2+58, )+-6/8:*8C, :6=8/6J6 ,1 =1G?9 ,4<?6?1:8-1 ?21 0/1:,78?4/G628 8 7+C-+ <6 ?45*8 217+21 :6./1? J1 +,-6:1 C34576 :6

/6<?+/6 =1G?9 -CF. '6/5 P51@828 .+59>626 -1/8-+/88-1 :6T6.6?:6 A/6:B8C, , /+=6:8<8/6:+ :6,151:81, 6 )9?28*&1=,78 — $<-+>:6 A/6:B8C, >88-+ :6/+?8 *+2+/C- ,-6/+-*1/=6:,78.

!!''""$$,, ..,,((##""**((<<"")),, 00**33##(()),,LL,,))** ""%%33**))5522,, ##66,,22:: IIXX––XXII $$##22

H?26 ./1< IX 2. ,1 .+C2C26 58-1/6-9/6 :6 /+=6:,78 1<87(romanz) — =1,-1: ./+,-+:6/+?1: 1<87, 7+K-+ 242 A/6:B8C,4J1,-2926 2 ?21 +,:+2:8 /6<:+28?:+,-8: ,121/:+0/1:,78(langue d’oïl) 8 QG:+0/1:,78 (langue d’oc), .+C26, 7+C-+,42.6?6 , -6<8 :6 ,-6/+,562C:,78C .8,=1: 1<87. )8-1/6-9/-:+-+ -2+/>1,-2+ +,-626 ?+,-6 ,7/+=:+ ./1< -+<8 .1/8+?, ?+.+C26-6 :6 C7-71 "$ K+)$1' — :6K-,-6/8C 58-1/6-9/1: .6-=1-:87 :6 0/1:,78 1<87 ,4, ,21-,78 F6/67-1/, 2 7/6C :6 XI2., 8 .+1<8C-6 :6 R8K+= "728-6:,78, 2 :6>65+-+ :6 XII 2., 8./1,51?26 ?21 +,:+2:8 B158:

— 8<?8*6:1 :6 ./+,-+:6/+?:8C 1<87 2 58-1/6-9/1: 8 .+-1-8>1: 1<87, ,.+,+31: ?6 ,4.1/:8>8 :6 62-+/8-1-:8-1 56-8:-,78 +3/6<B8 (-/C326 ?6 .+?>1/-61=, >1 .+ -+26 2/1=1 ./12+-?8-1 ,1 ./62C- ,6=+ 2 ,-8F+21, <6J+-+ ,1 ,=C-6, >1 ,6=+ ,-8-F+21-1 ,6 ?+,-6-4>:+ 24<28@1:8, <6 ?6 ./1?6?6- 7/6,828C56-8:,78 1<87; ./+<6-6 ,1 .+C2C26 1?26 ./1< 2-+/6-6 .+5+28-:6 :6 XII 2.). "531/87 ?N+ D/86:,+: ./121G?6 2 ,-8F+21 :6/+=6:,78 K+&$1(, 1$ F)7#-$1'(0 (+7+5+ 1100 *.), .+.95C/-:+ >1-82+ 2 BC56 ,/1?:+217+2:6 H2/+.6;

— +3/6<+26:1 8 24<.8-626:1 2 F/8,-8C:,76-6 2C/6 :6,21-,7+-+ :6,151:81 :6 :1*+28C ,+3,-21: 1<87, >/1< 62-+/8--1-:8 -17,-+21: H$1,.)71$ (C7-71) "$ -%7,$ N%)$).<, 2.-,.7 1$ -%7,. G7:7, 2.,.7 1$ -%7,. F)7#-.-, C0+5+%7' "$X+1$, H)70&+1-#+ -,0$'$1.7, H$1,.)71$ "$ -%7,$ D+$(O<0$).;1<8 =+-828 ,6 ?+,-6 ,F+?:8 , -1<8 :6 '8/85, !1-+?8K 8

-1F:8-1 9>1:8B8, 767-+ 8 :6 345*6/,78-1 B6/1 .+ ,4J+-+2/1=1, 76-+ 1?8:,-21:6-6 /6<5876 1 2 8<3/6:8C =+?15: 1?:8--1 ,51?26- */4B78C (>/1< %8<6:-8C — :6K-62-+/8-1-:8C =+-?15, .4/2++3/6<6), 6 ?/9*8-1 — 56-8:,78C (7+K-+ >/1< ./1-2+?6 21>1 1 9,2+85 */4B78C +3/6<1B, :6 7+K-+ .+?/6G626).P/121G?6 ,1 8 :6 56-8:,78. ;676 :6./8=1/ .+ 8:8B86-8-

26 :6 75Q:8K,78C 636- P81/ M+,-+.+>-1:8, 7+K-+ ./1< 1143 *.,438/6 178. +- ./12+?6>8, ,1 ./121G?6 H+0$1(, :6 56-8:-,78, <6 ?6 ,1 2+?8 .+-9,.1@:6 3+/36 ,/1J9 :121/:8B8-1 (-+-<8 ./12+? 1 ./1?:6<:6>1: <6 =65+3/+1: B4/7+21: 158-).(3/6<+26:81-+ 2,1 +J1 ,1 +,4J1,-2C26 2 =6:6,-8/8-1,

:+ .+,-1.1::+ ,1 8<=1,-26 2 */6?+21-1 8 9>858J6-6.

XXIIII $$##22:: $$''66EE%%&& ))** ==""**&&%%$$##((##,, 66**""**11&&**))##))** ,,))((##..,,==##))LL,,//((**,, %%((22"",,$$**))## ))** ==""''LL22**((**

,, **""**--5522**((** PP,,..%%55%%PP,,// ,, ))**<<22**

P/1< XII 217 ,1 ./62C- :C7+8 26G:8 -1F:8>1,78 8<+3/1--1:8C (7+=.6,4-, >6,+2:874-, ,42/1=1::+-+ /65+, 2+?1:8B8--1 8 2C-4/:8-1 =15:8B8 8 ?/.), /6<2826 ,1 :6976-6 (:69>:6-6=8,45 ,1 +-?15C +- /158*8C-6 8 ./8/+?:8-1 C251:8C <6.+>-26- ?6 ,1 8<9>626-, 31< ?6 ,1 -4/,C- /158*8+<:8 +3C,:1:8C <6-CF); */6?+21-1 ./+B40-C26- 356*+?6/1:81 :6 /6<28-81-+ :6-4/*+28C-6 (<6:6C->8K,78 <6?/9*8, 36:71/8) 2 +-*+2+/ :66/63,7+-+ -4/,1:1: :6,151:81-+ :6 6/63,76-6 8=.1/8C 1 ,4,-/1?+-+>1:+ ./1?8=:+ 2 *+51=8-1 */6?+21 76-+ '+/?+26, D6*-?6?, ;9:8,, M6=6,7. T6.6?4- 8<:6,C <6 =Q,Q5=6:,78C ,2C-,9/+28:8 — ?4/21,8:6, 7+G8, :+ ,4J+ -676 8 /+38. E /6<28--81-+ :6 */6?+21-1 +3/6<+26:81-+ :6.9,76 =6:6,-8/8-1 8 ,1./1=1,-26 2 9>858J6-6, .+C2C26 ,1 8:-1517-9651B4-, „>+-2174-, >8K-+ <6:6C- 1 ?6 .8@1 858 ?6 ./1.+?626, 6 >1,-+ 8?21-1 1?:+2/1=1::+, 7+K-+ 9./6G:C26 ./+01,8C-6 :6 ./1.+-?626-15 8 9>1:“ ,.+/1? +./1?151:81-+ :6 L67 )N+ R+0.&6,-4.26 8 8,-8:,76 795-9/:6 /12+5QB8C: +- „=9<11:“

17,.+:6-, /C?7+ 8 B1::+ 8<?1581, 76-+ ,1 8=6 ./1?28? 2/1=1--+, :1+3F+?8=+, <6 ?6 34?1 :6.8,6:6 8 97/6,1:6, 7:8*6-6 ,1./12/4J6 2 8:,-/9=1:- :6 <:6:81-+. !+:6,8-1, 7+8-+ ./1?8,6 ,1 <6:8=62658 , 7:8G+2:6 ?1K:+,- 2 =6:6,-8/8-1, ,6 ,18:-1/1,92658 :1 -+57+26 +- ,4?4/G6:81-+ :6 7:8*8-1, 7+5-7+-+ +- 24<=+G:+,--6 ?6 8<79.C- */1F+21-1 ,8 8 ?6 ,8 +,8*9-/C- 21>1: <6?*/+31: G82+- >/1< .+76C:81, 7672+-+ 1 ./1?-,-625C265 <6 -CF -+<8 8<=+/8-151: -/9?. &6976-6 1 3856 B1:-:+ 356*+, ,4F/6:C26:+ :6 :1?+,-4.:8 =1,-6. E4<?626:1-+ :6/63+-85:8B8 <6 7+517-82:+ 8<24/@26:1 :6 ./1.8,8, <6 ?6 ,1./1.8,26 .+-34/<+ 8 2 .+21>1 17<1=.5C/8, 1 ,4./+2+?1:+ +-

110000

@8/+7+ /6<./+,-/6:1:81 :6 8?18-1 8 <:6:8C-6 8 /6<7/826:1--+ :6 .4/28-1 12/+.1K,78 9:821/,8-1-8: P6/8G, !+:.1581,)+:?+:, D+5+:C. M+,1*4- , .+,-8G1:8C-6 :6 */4B76-6 86/63,76-6 795-9/6, ,4F/6:1:8 356*+?6/1:81 :6 ?1K:+,--6 :66/63,78-1 ./12+?6>8, ?+.45:1:8 , -1F:8-1 58>:8 7+=1:-6/8,?+./8:6,C <6 /6<28-81-+ :6 ,21-,7+-+ +3/6<+26:81.U1::8-1 -/9?+21 :6 ,-6/+*/4B76-6 085+,+08C 8 :6976

./+:8726- +-:+2+ 2 <6.6?:8C F/8,-8C:,78 ,2C- 356*+?6/1-:81 :6 8,.6:,76-6 #17+:78,-6 (767-+ 8 :6 E8B858C, ?/9*6 <+-:6 :6 795-9/1: 7+:-67-) 8 =6J63:+-+ ./12+?6>1,7+ ?15+ :656-8:,78, 2 7+1-+, 767-+ 28?CF=1, ,6 9>6,-2658 :1 ,6=+ 8,.6:-,78 8:-1517-965B8, 6 8 8-6586:,78, 6:*58K,78, 0/1:,78. T6-.6?4- ./1+-7/826 "/8,-+-15, H2758?, P-+51=1K, W8.+7/6-,R658K 8 =:+*+ ?/9*8 ./1?,-628-158 :6 ?/12:+*/4B76-6=8,45, :+ ,4J+ -676 8 6/8-=1-876-6 8 *1+=1-/8C-6 :6 65-W6-/1<=8, =1?8B8:6-6 :6 65-#6<8 8 $3: E8:6 ("28B1:6), ,4>8-:1:8C-6 :6 6/63,78 6,-/+:+=8, 3+-6:8B8, 6*/+:+=8, 65F8=8-B8 8 085+,+08: +.8/6K78 ,1 :6 "/8,-+-15, 65-A6/638 8"28B1:6 ,4<?626- ,+3,-21:8 -/9?+21. ;676, .+? 0+/=6-6 :6<61=78, 242 0/1:,76-6 517,876 :6258<6- =:+*+ 6/63,78 ?9=8(douane, bazar, chèque, algèbre, sofa, aubergine, alambic,alcool — =8-:8B6, 36<6/, >17, 65*13/6, ,+06, .6-56?G6:,656=387, 657+F+5 8 ?/.)E.+/1? L67 )N+ R+0 „./12+?6>8-1 ,6 .8+:1/8-1 :6 -+26

%4</6G?6:1“. M1K,-28-15:+ T6.6?:6 H2/+.6 21>1 :1 256?11*/4B78, -4K 76-+ 1<874- :6 :6976-6 1 56-8:,78C-. ;676 >1 ,1./121G?6- 6/63,78 +/8*8:65:8 -17,-+21, 6/63,78 ./12+?8:6 */4B78 -17,-+21, +/8*8:65:8 */4B78 -17,-+21 +- ./12+?6->8, /63+-1J8 ,6=+,-+C-15:+ 858 2 178. (.+?+3:+ :6 ./67-8-76-6 :6 6/638<8/6:8-1 F/8,-8C:8, 12/18-1 8 =Q,Q5=6:8-13858:*28 858 -/858:*28). '4= +*/+=:8C ./8:+, :6 ./12+?6->8-1 -/C326 ?6 ?+3628= ,4J1,-2926J6-6 *+5C=6 5Q3+<:6--15:+,-, 767-+ 8 21>1 ?+,-4.:8-1 <6 :69>:6-6 =8,45 .+ -+262/1=1 =1-+?+5+*8C 8 5+*876. !676/ >1 ./12+?6>8-1 ,1 ,:63-?C26- +-24: , /47+.8,8-1, 7+8-+ ./121G?6-, 2 <+:8-1 :6 7+:--67- , 6/63,7+-=Q,Q5=6:,78C ,2C- -1F:8-1 ./12+?8 ,1 /6<-./+,-/6:C26- ,/1? <6.6?:8C ,2C-, 74?1-+ F/8,-8C:,76-6 795--9/6 9,2+C26 -+<8 25+* +- $<-+76: 2 P6/8G, ./124/:65 ,1 2,-+58B6 :6 :6976-6, 795-9/6-6, 3+*+,5+281-+, ?86517-876-6,.+>826J6 :6 "/8,-+-15126-6 5+*876 (:6 ,2+3+?+=8,581-+ 8

110011

9?+2+5,-28C-6, 767-+ 8 :6 39:-6/,78C ?9F ,./C=+ 256,--6,?+2158 ?+ .+>-8 =8-8>:6-6 08*9/6 :6 "3156/!), :+ ,4J+ -6-76 8 2 I6/-/, (/516:, #1K=,, )+:?+:, D+5+:C...&+ XII 2. 1 8 2/1=1-+, ./1< 7+1-+ ,1 .+C2C26- 8 .4/28-1

58-1/6-9/:8 G6:/+21 , ./1-1:B88 <6 0+/=65:6 8<CJ:+,-,:6?F24/5CJ8 >8,-+ ?8?67-8>:8-1 B158: 58/8>:6-6 .+1<8C 8/+=6:4- (./+8<21?1:81 2 ./+<6, ./1?:6<:6>1:+ <6 .11:1, :6-.8,6:+ :6 =1,-1: /+=6:,78 1<87), 7+8-+ >1/.C- -1=8-1 ,8 +-*/4B7+-/8=,76-6 6:-8>:+,- (6:+:8=:8-1 K+&$1 "$ M0+<, K+-&$1 "$ N17B) 858 ?/9*8, 76-+ M0.-,$1 . !"+)'$ :6 ;+=6, 8D1/95, .1--1 /+=6:6 :6 '/1-81: ?N+ ;/+6, -. :. „51“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

!!""##$$%%&&))** 00%%..,,((,,22**,, 00%%&&22""##00//))** %%(( 22""**..##((##::XXIIIIII––XXVV $$##22

P/1< XIII 217 9:821/,8-1-8-1 2 T6.6?:6 H2/+.6 3151G6-39/:+ /6<28-81. (3/6<+26:81-+ 1 2?4F:+21:+ +- ,F+56,-8-76-6, 7+C-+ .47 ,1 +.8/6 :6 "/8,-+-15126-6 5+*876, ?+/6<28--6 +- ,2. ;+=6 "728:,78: , .+,-62C:1 :6 ./+351=6 (quaestio),8<56*6:1 :6 6/*9=1:-8-1 „<6“ 8 „./+-82“ 8 8<21G?6:1 :6,+3,-21:+ <675Q>1:81. '+=1:-8/6- ,1 -17,-+21-1 +- ?/12:+,---6, 7+1-+ :656*6 34/<+ /6<=:+G626:1 :6 275Q>1:8-1 2 ./+*-/6=6-6 /47+.8,8: /47+.8,:6-6 7:8*6 ./8?+3826 J,.).,$0-1+ 8<=1/1:81, 7+1-+ 2+?8 ?+ /6<B21-6 :6 ,4<?626:8-1 74=9:821/,8-1-8-1 /63+-85:8B8, 2 7+8-+ ,1 -/9?C- ./1.8,26>8,F9?+G:8B8 :6 =8:86-Q/8, ./+8<2+?8-158 :6 .1/*6=1:-;

110022

./1=8:626 ,1 74= *+-8>1,78 @/80-, .+-34/< +- 8<.+5<26:8C?+-+*626 *65,78 (.+-?/131:).!676/ >1 .4/28-1 ./12+?8 :6 D8358C-6 :6 =1,-1: 1<87 ?6

,1 .+C2C26- — ,4, <674,:1:81 — 242 A/6:B8C ./1< XII 2. (8-+ ,6=+ :C7+57+ 7:8*8), -C 1 ./121?1:6 8<BC5+ +- 56-8:,78:6 0/1:,78 1?26 2 7/6C :6 XIII 2. +- R86/ ?1 !951:, .+ 8,76-:1 :6 7/65 '6/5 V, 6 ./12+?4- 1 /128<8/6: +- #695 ?N+ P/15.O,.+/1?:+ , -+26 ,1 /6<2826- 8 ?/9* 28? ./12+?8 :6 D8358-C-6: :/62+9>8-15:8-1 8 8,-+/8<8/6:8-1 383588, 2 .451: 858,47/6-1: 26/86:-, ./8?/9G1:8 +- 7+=1:-6/8 8 +3C,:1:8C.H?26 ./1< XVI 2. D8358C-6 J1 34?1 ./121?1:6 8<BC5+ +-+/8*8:65:8-1 1<8B8 +- #+31/ (5821-6:.#6<28-81-+ :6 >1-1:1-+ 8 .8,6:1-+, 767-+ 8 /6<./+,-/6-

:1:81-+, .4/2+:6>65:+ :6 /47+.8,:6-6 7:8*6, 6 ,51? 1450 *. —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

6$, +- 56-8:,78C ./12+?, :6./621: +- 6/63,78 (.+ ,4J+-+2/1=1 -+26 ,4>8:1:81 1 ./121?1:+ 8 :6 ,-6/+345*6/,78 +-:1*+26 */4B76 21/,8C) — ,76<6:81 <6 G82+-6 :6 D9?6, 7+1-+,1 /6?26 :6 +*/+=1: 9,.1F 2 BC56 ,/1?:+217+2:6 H2/+.6;/6<58>:8 :69>:8 ,4>8:1:8C (+,+31:+ 2 +356,--6 :6 =1?8B8-:6-6 8 F8/9/*8C-6, ./121?1:8 +- 6/63,78 62-+/8), 767-+ 8 8,--+/8>1,78 7:8*8 (R/1*+6/ ?N+ ;9/). L6: ?’":-8+@ ./1?56*6,2+C ./12+? :6 U8B1/+:, +<6*5621: Rettorique de Marc TullesCyceron (K7,+0.#$ 1$ L$0# MJ).B S.;70+1), 74= 7+K-+ :6-.8,26 92+?, 8<56*6J ./8:B8.8-1, 7+8-+ ,6 *+ /47+2+?858:

110033

./12+?6>4- /6<*/6:8>626 „la maniere dou tratter de l’auctor“(+-:+@1:81-+ :6 62-+/6 74= ,4?4/G6:81-+) +- „la manieredou parler“ (:6>8:6 :6 8</6<C26:1), 76-+ ,1 ./8?4/G6 ,-/87--:+ 74= .4/2+-+ (-.1. ./1?626 ,=8,456, ,4?4/G6:81-+), :+ ,1,354,726 , /6<58>8C-6 =1G?9 1<8B8-1:

„&6>8:4- :6 8</6<C26:1 :6 56-8:,78 +387:+21:+ 1/6<58>1: +- -+<8 :6 0/1:,78, 767-+ ,6 /6<58>:8 8 */6-=6-8>1,78-1 7+:,-/97B88, .+?/1?36-6 :6 /6<,4G?1:8-C-6 8 ,5+2+/1?4-. ;+26 1 +3J6 >1/-6 :6 2,8>78 1<8B8,<6J+-+ 2,178 1<87 8=6 ,+3,-21:8 F6/67-1/8,-878 8:6>8: :6 8</6<C26:1. $ :87+K .8,=1: 858 9,-1: ./1-2+?6> :1 =+G1 ?+3/1 ?6 ./121G?6 +- 1?8: 1<87 :6 ?/9*,67+ :1 1 8<9>85 F6/67-1/8,-878-1 8 ,2+K,-26-6 :6 1<8-76, :6 7+K-+ ./121G?6.“

#6<58>8C-6 2 517,8765:8-1, 0+:1-8>:8-1 8 ./+<+?8>:8-1,8,-1=8 ,.+/1? :1*+ +./62?626- ?+36278-1 858 ,47/6J1:8C--6, :6./621:8 2 -17,-6.W6/67-1/:+ <6 1.+F6-6 1 8<+38581-+ :6 .+.95C/8<6-+/-

,78 ,4>8:1:8C, ./+?87-926:+ +- ,-/1=1G6 <:6:8C-6 2 /6<-58>:8 :69>:8 +356,-8, :/62+9>8-15:8-1 8 :6<8?6-15:8 >1-8-26 ?6 ,-6:6- ?+,-4.:8 <6 ,21-,7+-+ :6,151:81, 8 .+-,.1B865-:+ <6 ./1?,-628-158-1 :6 6/8,-+7/6B8C-6, 76-+ ,1 ./1?,-6-2C- :6 -1F:8C 1<87. ;6<8 G6G?6 <6 <:6:8C ,/1? ,21-,7+-+ :6-,151:81 +-*+26/C :6 G156:81-+ <6 ./+,21-6, ./+C2C26:+ +-7/651 76-+ L6: M+3/8 (1319–1364) 8 +,+31:+ '6/5 V !4?-/8 (1338–1380).(7+5+ 1352 *. F)' 6&7%" :6/1G?6 :6 ,2+C ,17/1-6/, =+-

:6F6 P81/ D1/,Q8/, ?6 ./121?1 37#$'.,7 (.4/26, -/1-6 8>1-24/-6) :6 /8=,78C 8,-+/87 ;8- )828K. (-.1>6-26: =:+-*+7/6-:+ ,51? 1486, -+<8 ./12+? 1 385 ./8?/9G1: — 8:-1-/1,:6 .+?/+3:+,- — , /1>:87, ,4?4/G6J +3C,:1:8C-6 :6+7+5+ 70 -/9?:+/6<38/61=8 ?9=8. P/8 ./1?,-62C:1 :6 7:8-*6-6 ,8 :6 7/65C (-+<8 B1/1=+:865 1 85Q,-/8/6: +- =:+*+76/-8:8 8 =8:86-Q/8 +- -6<8 1.+F6, 8<+3/6<C26J8 <6,-6:65.+>-8-15:+ :6 1?:+ 7+5C:+ ./12+?6>, 7+K-+ 2/4>26 :6 7/65C,2+C ./12+?) D1/,Q8/ 8<56*6 /6<,4G?1:8C-6 ,8 <6 -/9?:+,--8-1, 7+8-+ -/C326 ?6 ,1 ./1+?+51C- ./8 ./12+?6 :6 ,-6/+-0/1:,78 :6 -17,-, :6.8,6: :6 756,8>1,78 56-8:,78:

110044

„!676/ >1 28,+78C- ,-85 8 ./+:87:+21:+-+ 256?1-1:1 :6 56-8:,78, ,2+K,-21:8 <6 -+<8 62-+/ [;8- )828K],?6 :6?F24/5CF6 =+1-+ /6<38/6:1 8 9=, -4K 76-+ :1*+-28-1 7+:,-/97B88 ,6 -+57+26 C,:8 8 7/6-78, -+57+2624<28@1:8 8 ,4,-621:8 +- ,-/6::8 ?9=8, >1 <6 =+=1:--6 =65B8:6 ,6 2 ,4,-+C:81 ?6 *+ /6<31/6-, 6 +J1 .+-=657+ ?6 *+ ./121?6- 858 ,21?6- :6 0/1:,78, 6< 2,1 .67,8 :6./628F -/9?6 ?6 *+ ./121?6, <6 ?6 8<.45:C 2+5C-6%8, R+,.+?6/Q, 8 ?6 34?6 .+51<1: :6 2,8>78, 7+8-+>/1< =1: J1 *+ /6<31/6-.“

P+-:6-6-47 +3C,:C26 7+1 :656*6 ,4<?626:1-+ :6 :1+5+-*8<=8:

„"2-+/4-, 7+*+-+ ./121G?6=, 7+*6-+ *+2+/8 <6 +/4-G8C 858 .+ ?/9*8 -1=8, :6 :C7+57+ =1,-6 8<.+5<26,J+= =9 1 :1+3F+?8=+, =:+*+ ?9=8 , -+>:+ <:6>1:81. ":81 :1 /6<.+56*6=1 :6 0/1:,78 ,4, ,4+-21-:8-1 ?9=8,+<:6>626J8 ,4J+-+ :1J+; .+/6?8 -6<8 ./8>8:6 <:6->1:81-+ :6 -1<8 ?9=8 -/C326 ?6 ,1 +3C,:C26 =:+*+-,5+2:+ 8 , .6/60/6<8. % .+?+3:8 ,59>68 >1,-+ 1 .+-?+3/1 ?6 ,1 8<.+5<26 ,4J6-6 ?9=6; 8 -4K 76-+ 38 +-:1-5+ =:+*+ 2/1=1 ?6 ,1 +3C,:C26 ,=8,454- S 2,178 .4-,-4K 76-+ 0/1:,78C- :1 ./8-1G626 ,4+-21-76, /1@8F 2=+C ./12+? ?6 2421?6 -1<8 ?9=8, <6 ?6 ./1?6= 56-8:-,78-1, 31< ?6 *8 +3C,:C26=, 6 2 :6>65+-+ :6 ./+8<21?1-:81-+ ?6 275Q>6 /1>:87, 7+K-+ ?6 +3C,:8 <:6>1:81-+:6 2,8>78 :+28 ?9=8, .+?/1?1:8 .+ 6<39>1: /1?.“

H-+ 2./+>1= :C7+8 +- -CF, 7+8-+ ./+?45G626- ?6 ,1 8<.+5-<26- 8 ?:1, 242 0/1:,78C 1<87: auspices, fastes, cirque, expi-er, transfuge, triomphe, faction, sénat (./1?<:6=1:+26:81, 51--+.8,8, B8/7, 8<79.926=, 8<=1::87, -/89=0, <6*+2+/, ,1:6-)8 ?/.&C7+57+ *+?8:8 .+-74,:+ :18<21,-1: ./12+?6> ?+362C

74= ./12+?6 ,8 :6 C-$),.0$ +, L7; (:6/1>1: -676, <6J+-+1 :6 5+-6/8:*,78 ?86517-) 92+?, 2 7+K-+ 8<56*6 ,/1J:6-8-1+- :1*+ ./+351=8 ./8 ./12+?6. P/1.+/4>26 :6 34?1J8-1./1.8,26>8 ?6 :1 ./+.9,76- 8 92+?6:

110055

„;+<8 P,65-8/ 1 8<251>1: 8 ./121?1: +- 56-8:,78:6 /+=6:,78, :6 5+-6/8:*,78 1<87, ,.+/1? +3J6-6 8,--8:6 8 1<87, 8 ,51?26 7+57+-+ =+G1 .+-358<7+ 56-8:-,78C: 21?:4G ?9=6 .+ ?9=6, ?/9* .4- 0/6<6 .+ 0/6<6858 .47 <6=1:CK78 ?9=6 8 8</6< , ?/9*8 ,4, ,4J8C,=8,45, <6 ?6 ./1?6?1 <:6>1:81-+ :6 ./+8<:1,1:8-18</6<8.T6J+-+ /+=6:,78C- 1<87, 8 .+-,.1B865:+ -+<8 :6

)+-6/8:*8C, 1 -+57+26 :1,424/@1:, ?+76-+ 56-8:,78-C- 1 :6K-,424/@1:8C- +- 2,8>78 1<8B8, >1 :87+K, ?+/88 ?9F+2:87, *+2+/1J ?+3/1 /+=6:,78, :1 38 =+*45 ?6./121?1 +- 56-8:,78 :6 /+=6:,78 =:+*+ 56-8:,78 ?9-=8; :+ .+/6?8 +,74?:+,--6 8 :1,4+-21-,-281-+ :60/1:,78-1 ?9=8 :6 /+=6:,78 -/C326 ?6 ,1 76G1 -676,767-+ 1 8</1>1:+ :6 56-8:,78: :6./8=1/ iniquitas —„iniquiteit“ (:1./62?6), redemptio — „redemption“ (8<-79.51:81), misericordi — misericorde (=85+,4/?81); 8-676 <6 =:+*+ 8 /6<58>:8 ?/9*8 ?9=8, 7+8-+ ,51?26 ?6,1 76G6- :6 /+=6:,78 -676, 767-+ 8 :6 56-8:,78. P+:C-7+*6 56-8:,78C- 8=6 :C7+57+ ?9=8, 7+8-+ :81 :1 =+-G1= ?6 8</6<8= 858 ?6 8<76G1= ./6285:+ :6 /+=6:-,78 .+/6?8 :1,424/@1:,-2+-+ :6 :6@8C 1<87. &6./8-=1/ :6 56-8:,78 ,1 76<26 erue, eripe, libera me, 6 <6 -1-<8 -/8 ?9=8 :6 56-8:,78 :81 8=6=1 ,6=+ 1?:6 :6 /+=6-:,78: „+,2+3+?8 =1“; ,4J+-+ 1 8 <6 =:+*+ ?/9*8 .+-?+3:8 ?9=8, 7+8-+ :C=6 ?6 8</1G?6=, <6 ?6 :1 +-:1=6=+- 2/1=1-+ 28...;/C326 ?6 ,1 <:61 ,4J+ -676, >1 :6 56-8:,78 8=6 ?9-

=8, 7+8-+ :1 =+*6- ?6 34?6- 8</6<1:8 :6 /+=6:,78 ?/9-*+C>1, +,21: >/1< .6/60/6<6 858 +3C,:1:81 (…), +- 7+-1-+ ,-626 C,:+, >1 .+:C7+*6 8<76<26:1-+ ?9=6 .+ ?9=6:6 /+=6:,78 :6 -+26, 7+1-+ 1 8</1>1:+ :6 56-8:,78, 1:1,424/@1: :6>8:, 7+K-+ :1 ./1?626 -+>:+ ,=8,456, 8>1 -+<8 28? ./121G?6:1 .+:C7+*6 8<+.6>626 8</1>1:8-1-+, /6</9@626 ,=8,456 :6 8</6<8-1, ./1+3/6<926 8./+=1:C :6=1/1:81-+ :6 39726-6 8 :6 -17,-6.$ 1 +.6,:+ :6>8:6:81 ?6 ,1 ./121G?6 E21-+-+ .8-

,6:81 +- 56-8:,78 :6 /+=6:,78, <6J+-+ E21-+-+ .8,6-:81 1 8<.45:1:+ , -+57+26 =:+*+ <:6>1:8C 8 -457926-:8C, >1 67+ 8,76=1 ?6 *+ ./1?6?1= +- 56-8:,78 :6 /+-

110066

=6:,78, 1 :1+3F+?8=+ ?6 ,=1 *+ 8<9>62658 ./+?45G8--15:+ 2/1=1, ?6 ,=1 *+ +.+<:658 +-358<+ 8 ?6 ,=1 *+/6<3/658, 2 ./+-821: ,59>6K :1 38F=1 ,49=158 ?6 *+./121?1= 8,-8:,78 8 31< */1@76.$ >1,-+ ,1 ,59>26, 7+*6-+ ,1 <6=1:C ?9=6 , ?/9*6

?9=6, 39726 , ?/9*6 39726, 58B1 , ?/9*+ 58B1, ./856*6--15:+ ,4, ,4J1,-28-15:+, ,=8,454- 8 -457926:1-+ ?634?6- 8<7/821:8 8 8<+.6>1:8 8 :6=1/1:81-+ :6 E21--8C ?9F ?6 34?1 +.+/+>1:+, 6 <:61=, >1 ,21-8-1 ./+/+-B8, 6.+,-+58 8 126:*158,-8 ,6 8</1758 ,5+2+-+ 2 ,21--8-1 .8,6:8C, +<6/1:8 +- :1*+2+-+ 2?4F:+21:81 8 9>1-:81; 2 .+?+31: ./12+? ,1 ,4?4/G6- */1@78 8 1/1,. H-+74?1 1 +.6,:+,--6 ?6 ,1 ./121G?6- .8,6:8C-6 +- 56-8:-,78 :6 /+=6:,78 8 .+-,.1B865:+ ,21-8-1 .8,6:8C 8,5+26-6 :6 ,21-B8-1.“

;+<8 92+?, /6<28- 8 85Q,-/8/6: , 7+:7/1-:8 ./8=1/8, 21-/+C-:+ 1?8: +- :6K-3+*6-8-1 :6 /6<=8,58 <6 ./12+?6>1,76-6./67-876 ./1< -6<8 1.+F6, :8 ?626 8:0+/=6B8C <6 :C7+57+067-6: ,-6/6:81-+ ?6 ,1 ,51?26 =67,8=65:+ +-358<+ -17,-4-,31< +36>1 ?6 ,1 /+3926 :6 0+/=6-6 :6 +/8*8:656, -676 >1 ?6,1 ./1?6?1 ,=8,454-; :1+3F+?8=+,--6 +- 2421G?6:1 :6 :1+-5+*8<=8 (76578/6:8 +- 56-8:,78), -4K 76-+ 0/1:,78C- 1 2,1+J1 31?1: 1<87; ,4<:626:1-+, >1 ,4J1,-2926- /6<58>:8 ,1-=6:-8>:8 8 ,1=8+-8>:8 :826 2 ,21J1:8C -17,-; /6<./+,-/6-:1:+-+ 2 E/1?:+217+281-+ ,F26J6:1, >1 E21-+-+ .8,6:81 1.8,6:+ , 3+G81 2?4F:+21:81, +--97 8 ,-/6F4- ?6 :1 34?18<+.6>1: :1*+28C- ,=8,45 (,-/6F +- 1/1-8>:+ -457926:1,7+K-+ +-7/826=1 .+ ,4J+-+ 2/1=1 8 2 D45*6/8C).'6/5 V !4?/8, ,8: :6 L6: M+3/8, 1 385 *+5C= =1B1:6-,

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— 8<+3J+

110077

:6 ,4>8:1:8C , '.'$#,.=1+ <:6>1:81. T6 8<24/@26:1-+ :6-1<8 ./12+?8 -+K ,1 +3/4J6 74= 178. +- 28,+7++3/6<+26:88:-1517-965B8, 7+8-+ J1?/+ 24<:6*/6G?626: #695 ?N+ P/15,&87+56 (/1=, L6: '+/31@+:, E8=+: ?N+ H?1:, L6: R+51:.O,.+/1?:+ , -+26 ,4<?626 8 31<./1B1?1:-:6 ,38/76 +- 7:8*8,,4F/6:C26:8 2 /6<58>:8-1 <6=4B8, 7+8-+ +38-626, 8 :6K-21->1 2 )924/6, 74?1-+ 38358+-176-6 =9 <61=6 -/8 1-6G6 :6 79-56-6 A+7+:/8. P4/28C- +.8, :6 „38358+-176-6“ 2 )924/6,8<*+-21: +J1 ./1< 1373 *., ,4?4/G6 +7+5+ F85C?6 <6.6<1:8-+=6.$=1::+ .+ <6.+21? :6 7/65C ,1 ./121G?6- ,4>8:1:8C-6 :6

"/8,-+-15 P$'$=. (+- ./8?2+/:8C 5176/ H2/6/ ?N+ '+:-8),C+).,.#$, !#+1+&.#$ 8 N,.#$ (+- &87+56 (/1=, +- 56-8:-,78), ./+8<21?1:8C :6 8,-+/876 %651/8K !67,8= (I 2.) +-E8=+: ?N+ H?1: 8 &87+56 ?N+ R+:1,, U0$' ?+:. :6 ,21-8"2*9,-8: +- #695 ?N+ P/15, 7+K-+ ./121G?6 8 /1?67-8/6 8D8358C-6, :C7+57+ ./+8<21?1:8C :6 U8B1/+: (De officiis, Desenectute, De amicitia) +- )+/6: ?N+ P/1=8101, C.-&$,$ :6E1:176 8 :C7+57+ ./+8<21?1:8C :6 D+76>+, +-:+2+ +- )+/6:?N+ P/1=8101, 7+K-+ ./121G?6 ,51? ,=4/--6 :6 '6/5 V, .+?.+7/+28-15,-2+-+ :6 ?97 L6: ?N+ D1/8.&6 &87+56 (/1=, ./121G?65 -17,-+21 +- -1/=8:+5+*8>:+

-/9?:8 +356,-8 (085+,+08C 8 -+>:8 :6978), ,1 ./8.8,26 24-21G?6:1-+ :6 +7+5+ 450 :1+5+*8<=6, 7+8-+ ,1 8<.+5<26- 8?:1,, 76-+: aristocratie, démagogue, législation, politique,sédition (6/8,-+7/6B8C, ?1=6*+*, <67+:+?6-15,-2+, .+58-876,=1-1G) 8 ?/., , 7+8-+ <:6>8-15:+ +3+*6-C26 0/1:,76-6 517,8-76. H-+ 767 -+K +3C,:C26 :1+3F+?8=+,--6 +- -+26 ,5+2+-2+/->1,-2+:

„H?:6 ,6=6 .+ ,131 ,8 ,85:6 :6976 :1 =+G1 ?6 34?1./1?6?1:6 , 51,:+/6<38/61=8 ?9=8: >1,-+ ,1 :656*6 ?6,1 ./83C*26 ?+ 8</6<8 8 ?9=8, ./8,4J8 :6 :6976-6 87+8-+ +387:+21:+ :1 2,178 /6<38/6 8 <:61.“

&6 &87+56 (/1= ?45G8= 8 8</6<4- „=6K>8: 1<87“, 1<874-:6 =6K76-6, /6<58>1: +- -+<8 :6 ?9F+2:8B8-1, -. 1. 56-8:,78C.% ./+5+*6 ,8 74= N,.#$ :6 "/8,-+-15 -+K 8<-4726 795-

-9/:6-6 .+58-876 :6 '6/5 V 8 51*8-8=8/6 ./12+?6 :6 =1,-1:1<87; +- 1?:6 ,-/6:6, -+26 *+2+/8 <6 ./1F+?1: .1/8+?, ./8

110088

7+K-+ ,1 ./1=8:626 +- *+,.+?,-26J8C 56-8:,78 1<87 74==1,-:8-1 1<8B8, >8C-+ /+5C <:6>8-15:+ ,1 1 <6,85856, 8 -1.+,-1.1::+ 8<=1,-26- 56-8:,78C; +- ?/9*6 ,-/6:6, 28G?6=1,>1 ?+=8:8/6J6-6 B15 1 24<.8-6:81-+ 8 +3/6<+26:1-+ :6 >8--6-15C:

„M6 ,1 ./121G?6- :6 0/1:,78 .+?+3:8 7:8*8 8 ?6 ,1./1?6?6- :6 0/1:,78 8<79,-26-6 8 :6978-1 1 -24/?1.+51<:6 /63+-6, <6J+-+ -+26 1 356*+/+?1: 1<87, 8<.+5-<26: +- F+/6 , *+5C= 9= 8 *+5C=6 =4?/+,-. $ 767-+-24/?8 ;958K 2 7:8*6-6 ,8 F#$'7&.;.,7, -/9?:8-1 8=1/+?62:8 :1J6 ,6 ./8C-:8 8 925176-15:8 <6 F+/6-6,7+*6-+ ,6 :6 -1F:8C 1<87. ;676 >1 J+ ,1 +-:6,C ?+ -6<87:8*6 8 ?+ :C7+8 ?/9*8 8 7672+-+ 8 ?6 -24/?C- :C7+8,?+3/1 1 :6978-1 ?6 34?6- ./121G?6:8 +- */4B78 :6 56--8:,78 (…). " <6 /8=5C:8-1 */4B78C- 1 385 ,./C=+56-8:,78C -+26, 7+1-+ ?:1, 56-8:,78C- 1 <6 0/6:B9<8--1. (…) (- -+26 ./62C <675Q>1:81-+, >1 ,4+3/6G1:8C--6 8 =+-828-1 :6 :6@8C ?+34/ 7/65 '6/5 ,6 <6 ./1-.+/4>26:1, <6J+-+ -+K ,1 */8G8 ?6 34?6- ./121G?6:8:6 0/1:,78 ?+3/8 8 ./17/6,:8 7:8*8. (…) !:+<8:6 +-*+2+/1J8-1 0/1:,78 1<87, F+/6 9=:8 8 :6>1-1:8, :1/6<38/6- ?+,-6-4>:+ ?+3/1 56-8:,78; .+/6?8 -6<8./8>8:6 ,562:8-1 7/651 :6 A/6:B8C ,6 ,1 .+,-6/658:C7+8 7:8*8 ?6 34?6- ./121?1:8 :6 0/1:,78, +,+31:+E21-+-+ .8,6:81 8 :C7+8 8,-+/88, 8<.45:1:8 , ?+3/8./8=1/8, <6,59G626J8 ?6 34?6- <6.+=:1:8.“

P/+5+*4- 74= ./12+?6 :6 ?+:. /0$', ?15+ :6 #695 ?N+P/15, :621G?6 :6 =8,45-6, >1 7/65C- 1 ?6265 :6.4-,-28C <6:6>8:6 :6 ./121G?6:1: ,=8,454- 1 -/C3265+ ?6 34?1 ./1?6-?1: C,:+ 8 /6<38/61=+.

„$ 67+ 2 -+<8 ./12+? :1 ,51?26= ?9=8-1 +- -17,-6 8.+:C7+*6 ./83C*26= ?+ .6/60/6<8 858 /6<58>:8 8</6-<8, :176 =8 34?1 ./+,-1:+, <6J+-+ %81 .+8,76F-1 +-=1:, ./8 +,21-5C26:1-+ :6 -6<8 =6-1/8C, ?6 ,1 2+?C +-8,-8:,78C ./+,- 8 C,1: ,=8,45, 31< ?6 ,51?26= ?+,-5+2:+ ?9=8-1 2 -17,-6.“

110099

M+3/1 8<21,-:8 ,6 6/*9=1:-8-1 2 .+5<6 :6 =657+ .+-,2+-3+?:8C ./12+? :6 E8=+: ?N+ H?1:, 2 ./+5+*6 74= :1*+28C./12+? :6 %651/8K !67,8=: B15-6 =9 1 „?6 ./124/:1 24<28-@1:8C 56-8:,78 2 C,1: 8 /6<38/61= /+=6:,78, -676 >1 ?6 34-?1 /6<3/6: +- 2,178“.&C7+57+ *+?8:8 .+-74,:+, .+ 2/1=1-+ :6 )98 XII 8 I6/5

VIII, ?/9* ./12+?6>, #+31/ R6*1:, J1 ,1 +3C28 +J1 .+-C,:+ 2.+5<6 :6 -+26 ?6 ,1 ./121G?6 ,=8,454-, 8 -+ 2 8=1-+ :6 2,1-+3J+-+ 356*+:

„(…) )6-8:,78C- 1 =:+*+ .+-,-1*:6- 8 ,38- +-0/1:,78C 8 :1 =+G1 ?6 34?1 ./121?1: C,:+, 31< 9?45-G626:1 :6 -17,-6. T6J+-+, 67+ ./121G?6=1 2,C76 ?9=6,-676 767-+ 1 3856 <6.8,6:6, 0/1:,78C- 38 ,-6:65 */93,:1C,1:, */+<1: <6 ,59F6 8 :1./8C-1:.“

P/1< XV 217, .1/8+? :6 2+K:8 8 =1G?9+,+38B8, .+?756G-?6:8 +- 6=38B88-1 :6 256,-+5Q3828 256?1-158, ./12+?6>1,-76-6 ?1K:+,- 1 ?+,-6 ,7/+=:6. P/12+?6>8 76-+ %6,7 ?N+ )Q-,1:, 21>1 ,.+=1:6-8C- #+31/ R6*1:, (7-6281: ?N+ E1:-L1518 '5+? ?N+ E1,15 2,1 .67 ./121G?6- <:6>8=8 62-+/8, ,4+--21-:+ '28:--'9/B8K, U1<6/, (28?8K 8 %1/*858K, ',1:+-0+:-, M8+?+/ E8B8586:,78, ".86:, P59-6/F 8 ;978?8?.P+C26-6 :6 7:8*+.1>6-6:1-+ 8 258C:81-+ :6 $-6586:,78C

#1:1,6:, ?626- :+2 -56,47 :6 ./12+?6 ./1< XVI 2., 767-+ 8:+26 B15: -+K 1 ./8<26: ?6 8<.45:C26 21>1 :1 ,6=+ ?8?67-8>-:8, :+ 8 F9?+G1,-21:8 09:7B88.

- .$/!01*%&*, .+ +-:+@1:81 :6 :6>8:6 :6 ./121G?6:1 :6.4/28-1 ,/1?:+217+2:8 ./12+?6>8 (:6/8>6:8 „-/6:,56-+/8“— ./1:+,8-158), :176 ./8.+=:8= 0$").=1.,7 6J1#;.., 7+-8-+ =9 ./8.8,26 P+5 I628:

— 8:0+/=8/6J6, .1?6*+*8>1,76, .+9>8-15:6 09:7B8C: ?6,1 ./1?+,-62C- :6 >8-6-158-1 :6 ./+,-+:6/+?1: 1<87 :+28<:6:8C 8 8?18 858 -67826, <6 7+8-+ -1 ,6 <:6158 ,6=+ 7+,21-:+; +3/6<+26:1 :6 256?1-158-1, ./1?8=:+ 6/8,-+7/6-8-1 —./12+?6>8-1 ./1< -6<8 1.+F6 ./121G?6- „+- 5Q3+2 74= D+*68 <6 .+9>626:1 :6 358G:8-1“, 7+8-+ :1 28:6*8 /6<38/6- ?+3-/1 56-8:,78; ,-/1=1G ?6 ,1 ./121G?6 C,:+ 8 /6<38/61=+;

— 58:*28,-8>:6 8 ,-858,-8>:6 09:7B8C: <:6>8=+ 517,8-

111100

765:+ +3+*6-C26:1 :6 ,-6/+0/1:,78C, :6 7+K-+ 21>1 :6 ./67--876 =+*6- ?6 34?6- 8</6<1:8 2,8>78 :69>:8 8 085+,+0,78.+:C-8C; ,8:-67-8>:+ 8 17,./1,82:+ +3+*6-C26:1;

— .+1-8>1,76 09:7B8C: 8=1::+ >/1< ./12+?6 ,1 .+C2C26-+3/6<B8 :6 :18<21,-:8 858 ./1:13/1*26:8 G6:/+21 76-+1.+.1C-6, 7+=1?8C-6, ?865+<8-1, :1/158*8+<:6-6 ./+<6;

— .6-/8+-8>:6 09:7B8C: ,4<:6-151: ,-/1=1G 74= +3+*6--C26:1 :6 0/1:,78C 1<87 8 58-1/6-9/6 8 74= <6,8526:1 :6./1,-8G6 :6 -6<8 795-9/6; ?+76-+ .4/28-1 ./12+?6>8 8<56-*6- <6-/9?:1:8C-6 ,8 ?6 ./121G?6- +- 3+*6-8C 56-8:,78 :6.+-*/93 8 .+-31?1: 1<87, +7+5+ 1500 *+?8:6 21>1 ,1 0+/=8-/6 ,F26J6:1-+, >1 0/1:,78C- 1 1<87, :6 7+K-+ ,1 +3J926 -6-76, 767-+ 8 :6 56-8:,78, 1<87 C,1: 8 7/6,82;

— ?1=+7/6-8>1,76 09:7B8C: <:6:8C-6 ,-626- ?+,-4.:8 <6,21-,7+-+ :6,151:81 8 -+<8 067- +-,56326 256,--6 8 62-+/8--1-6 :6 ?9F+21:,-2+-+.

T6 #$#%$ 5J*).#$, >1-CJ6 .+ ,+3,-21:+ G156:81 858 .+:1+3F+?8=+,- :6 ./+,-+:6/+?1: 1<87, ,6 ./1?:6<:6>1:8 -1-<8 ./12+?8?

— >1,-+ <6 7/65C 858 <6 :C7+K 215=+G6, .+/4>65 ./12+-?6, 7+K-+ ./12+?6>4- =9 2/4>26 .+ 2/1=1 :6 -4/G1,-21: /8--965, 8<+3/6<1: 2 =8:86-Q/8-1;

— <6 2,8>78, 7+8-+ :1 >1-6- :6 56-8:,78: 28?:8 ./1?,-6-28-158 :6 6?=8:8,-/6B8C-6 858 ./62+,4?81-+, ./1?,-628-1-58 :6 39/G+6<8C-6, -4/*+2B8, :8,@8 ?9F+2:8B8, 356*+/+?-:8B8, 7+8-+ +387:+21:+ ,6 :1+3/6<+26:8, G1:8.

A9:7B88-1, 8<.45:C26:8 +- ./12+?6, .935876-6, <6 7+C-+,6 3858 ./1?:6<:6>1:8 ./12+?:8-1 ./+8<21?1:8C, +-:+@1-:81-+ 74= -17,-6, <6 7+K-+ ,1 ,=C-6, >1 .+?51G8 :6 9,424/-@1:,-26:1, 6 :1 1 „<6,-8:65“ 242 28?6, 2 7+K-+ 1 385 ,4<?6-?1: +- 62-+/6, -. 1. 7+K-+ =+G1 ?6 34?1 ./+=1:1: — 2,8>7+-+26 .+76<26, >1 ,4?4/G6:81-+, .+,56:81-+, ,6 .+-26G:8./1< E/1?:+217+281-+ +- 0+/=6-6, >1 .+:C-81-+ 62-+/ :1 18=65+ -+26 <:6>1:81, 7+1-+ 8=6 ?:1,, +-74?1-+ ./+8<-8>6 81$=.1(, 1$ 507%7:'$17, ./8 7+K-+ ./12+?4- ,4<:6-15:+:

— 1 ,2+3+?1: 8 ,51?26 ,=8,456; ./81-+ 1 ?6 ,1 ./+=1:C-+26, 7+1-+ =+G1 ?6 @+78/6, ?6 ,1 ./1=6F26 8<58@:+-+ 8 ?6,1 ?+362C :1+3F+?8=+-+;

111111

— ./+C2C26 -2+/>1,-2+ (:1+5+*8<=8);— 1 =:+*+,5+21: (.+2-+/1:8C <6 9-+>:C26:1 :6 .+:C-8C-

-6 76-+: „B1:6-6 8 ,-+K:+,--6 :6 .+79.76-6“, „,.+/1? +38>6C8 24<./81-+-+ 2 ,-/6:6-6“);

— 1 ,=1,1: 8 :1?+,-6-4>:+ +3+,+31:: 7+=.856B88 :6./12+?:8 8 +/8*8:65:8 -17,-+21, 7+=1:-6/8, -457926:8C,58>:8 /6<,4G?1:8C, 92+?8, +/8*8:65:8 .6,6G8, 6?6.-6B88,./1:6.8,26:1 8 ?/.;

— >1,-+ 1 6:+:8=1:.E.+/1? ":-+6: D1/=6: 067-4-, >1 ./12+?6>1,78C- 67- :1

28:6*8 1 8<+58/6: +- ?/9*8-1 28?+21 +-:+@1:81 74= -17,-+-21-1, >1 ./12+?4- :C=6 8,-8:,78 ,.1B808>:6 09:7B8C 2 .8,-=1:6-6 ./+?97B8C, >1 ,1 1 ./+=1:C5 2 <628,8=+,- +- 28?6 :6-17,-6 8 +- 1<8B8-1 (:6./8=1/ B4/7+2:8-1, 3+*+,5+2,78-1 8085+,+0,78-1 -17,-+21 1 -/C3265+ ?6 34?6- :6.8,6:8 :6 56-8:-,78, ./12+?4- +- 56-8:,78 8 ./12+?4- :6 56-8:,78 :1 ,6 385824<./81=6:8 76-+ 1?:+ 8 ,4J+ ?1K,-281, :8-+ .47 ./121G?6-:1-+ :6 B4/7+21: -17,- 8 :6 58-1/6-9/:+ ,4>8:1:81), +3C,:C-26 /6<:++3/6<81-+ :6 8<.+5<26:8-1 ?9=8 <6 +3+<:6>626:1 :6-+26 ?1K,-281 ./1< E/1?:+217+281-+: translater, espondre,tourner en romanz, mettre en romanz, enromanchier 8 ?/.P/121G?6:1-+ 1 385+ =:+*++3/6<1: 67-, 8</6<C26: , /6<-

58>:8 .+:C-8C, 7+1-+ 2./+>1= 1 :6,51?1:+ +- */4B76-6 8/8=,76-6 6:-8>:+,-.

**DD""!!EE++**FF**

— Antoine Berman, „De la translation à la traduction“, TTR,vol.1, numéro 1, 1er semestre 1988, pp. 23–40.

— Jean Delisle et Judith Woodsworth, Les traducteurs dansl’histoire, Presses de l’université d’Ottawa/éd. De L’UNESCO,1995.

— CD-rom Didak „l’Histoire de la traduction“, Jean Delisle etGilbert Lafond, université d’Ottawa.

111122

— Jacques Le Goff, Les Intellectuels au Moyen Age, Paris, Seuil,1957 (rééditions 1985 et 2000).

— Renée Balibar, L’institution du français, essai sur le colin-guisme des Carolingiens à la République, PUF, 1985.

— Histoire de la littérature française, (sous la direction de DanielCouty), Paris, Larousse, 2000.

— Michèle Gally, Christiane Marchello-Nizia, Littératures del’Europe médiévale,Paris, Magnard, 1985.

— Paul Chavy, „Les premiers translateurs français“, The Frenchreview, vol. 47, Z3, 1974, p. 557/565 ; „Domaines et fonctionsdes traductions française à l’aube de la Renaissance“, Revue delittérature comparée, 63e année, Z2, 1989, p. 147–153.

111133

MM''((++<<99** ''((++((<<,,++<< ** &&''((##!!%%::!!"" <<''((%%++!!##((99!!##++!!""!! ++,,<<))((%%<<""##!! 99$$GG++,,EE((++99**""(( ++,, ""((!!''((""**EE++,,"",, GG**<<$$)) ——„„%%,, **DD%%**AA++((GG ++,,LL**BB &&''!!<<""!!++,,''!!%%((++((DD**99 %%!! '',,##((++ ** !!CC'',,DD((FF ++,, %%''??AA**""((

++,,HH--&&''!!EE??""** ((DD**FF**““ ((%%NN CC(())(())

C(0%++*0$" 1$ 5.-$17,+, 507%+'(, 7 . 17/+% A+-0."+1,.

P$ =+%7#$ +, XVI %. 5.-$17,+ 1.#+/$ 17 7 '$)7=+, 507%7:'$17,+.

C.-$17,+ 17 -$&+ 50+."A+:'$ +, 507%+'$, 1+ .17507#(-1$,+ -7 %0(@$ #(& 17/+. (…)

M+B 7 &$,0.;$,$ 1$ ,+%$, #+7,+ .&711+ ,+/$%$"$5+=%$ '$ -7 1$0.=$ ).,70$,J0$.

FEM9FE ?NKLFE

E.1B8658,-8-1 2 +356,--6 :6 ./12+?6 ./1< #1:1,6:,6 .+?->1/-626- <:6>8-15:+-+ 92158>626:1 :6 +31=6 :6 ./121G-

?6:8-1 ./+8<21?1:8C (2,1 +J1 +- 56-8:,78, :+ 8 — :1J+ :+-2+, +- */4B78 8 +- ?/9*8 ./+,-+:6/+?:8 1<8B8, 76-+ 8,.6:-,78 8 8-6586:,78), C251:81, 7+1-+ ,1 +3C,:C26 , 356*+./8C--:+-+ 24<?1K,-281 :6 :C7+57+ 067-+/6:

— /6<28-81-+ :6 .1>6-:+-+ ?15+ (.4/26-6 +-.1>6-6:67:8*6 1 D8358C-6 +- !6K:B, 1455 *.); .4/28-1 .1>6-6/,78./1,8 242 A/6:B8C ,6 =+:-8/6:8 2 E+/3+:6-6 ./1< 1470 *.,6 ,7+/+ ,51? -+26 — 8 2 ?/9*8-1 *+51=8 */6?+21;

— 795-9/:6-6 .+58-876, ./+21G?6:6 +- 7/651-1 I6/5 VIII(1483–1498), )98 XII (1498–1515), A/6:,+6 I (1515–1547),":/8 II (1547–1559), 7+8-+ ,1 <6+38765C- , 1/9?8-8 8 .+1-8,,4<?626- 356*+./8C-:8 9,5+28C <6 -2+/>1,76 8 ./12+?6>1,76?1K:+,-, 7+C-+ ,-626 >6,- +- +3/6<+26:81-+ :6 6/8,-+7/6B8C--6 8 :6 :6/+?6, :1.+5<26J8 56-8:,78, +3+*6-C26- 38358+-178--1 ,4, ,-6/8 ./+8<21?1:8C. M21 ,6 <63151G8-15:8 ,438-8C 2-6<8 795-9/:6 .+58-876 <6 9-24/G?626:1 :6 0/1:,78C 1<87:+,:+2626:1-+ :6 '/65,78C 7+51G ./1< 1530 *. (.+ 8:8B86-826:6 158:8,-6 R8K+= DQ?1) 8 .+,-6:+251:81-+ :6 %851/,-'+--/1 +- 1539 *., , 7+1-+ 0/1:,78C- ,1 +3C2C26 <6 +08B8651: 1<872 6?=8:8,-/6B8C-6 8 ./62+,4?81-+ 2=1,-+ 56-8:,78C;

— ./1+-7/826:1-+ :6 ?/12:6-6 795-9/6 8 .+28@1:8C- 8:--1/1, 74= ,42/1=1::8-1 12/+.1K,78 1<8B8, .+-,.1B865:+

111144

74= 8,.6:,78 8 8-6586:,78; ,51? .6?6:1-+ :6 U6/8*/6? .+?+,=6:,7+ 256?8>1,-2+ ./1< 1453 *. ?+,-6 28<6:-8K,78 9>1:8,1 9,-6:+2C26- 2 $-658C (:C7+8 +- -CF ,1 ./1,1526- 242A/6:B8C 2 7/6C :6 XV 2.), 74?1-+ .+.95C/8<8/6- =:+*+ -17,--+21 +- ?/12:+,--6 8 ./1.+?626- */4B78 1<87: V+6: )6,76-/8,, V+6: "/*8/+.95+,, ;1+?+/ R6<6 8 ?/.; 8-6586:,78 80/1:,78 1/9?8-8 ,1 +39>626- 8 +39>626- :6 ,2+K /1? :+2+.+7+51:81 F9=6:8,-8 76-+ R8K+= DQ?1, #+KF58:, H/6<4=,7+8-+, 256?11J8 21>1 */4B78 1<87, ,6 .+-2<8,76-15:8 74=-+>:+,--6 :6 ./12+?6;

— 3+*+,5+2,78-1 8 085+5+*8>1,78-1 ?136-8, ,4.4-,-26-J8 #10+/=6B8C-6.;+26 /6<28-81 +36>1 ./+-8>6 1?26 ./1< 2-+/6-6 .+5+28:6

:6 XVI 2. 8 795-9/:+-+ +3:+251:81, .+/+?1:+ +- F9=6:8<=6,,1 C2C26 ./81=:87 :6 E/1?:+217+281-+.

!!"",,##33)),,LL,,((## ))** 00''""$$,,((## „„((""**))55..**((%%"",,““((22""**// ))** XXVV $$..––553300 ==..))

P/8358<8-15:+ ?+ 1530 *. 56-8:,78C- <6.6<26 .+<8B88-1,8 :6 1<87 :6 7+=9:876B8C-6 242 A/6:B8C: 2 .1/8+?61500–1505 *., 2 P6/8G ,6 +-.1>6-6:8 6 7:8*8 :6 56-8:,78 81 :6 0/1:,78, 2 )8+: — 7 :6 56-8:,78 8 1 :6 0/1:,78. (7+-5+ 1520 *. 2 P6/8G ,6 +-.1>6-6:8 8 7:8*8 :6 56-8:,78 8 1?-:6 :6 0/1:,78, 6 2 )8+: — 15 :6 56-8:,78 8 +-:+2+ ,6=+ 1?-:6 :6 0/1:,78! (7+5+ 1530 *, ,4+-:+@1:81-+ ,1 ./+=1:C/C<7+ 2 .+5<6 :6 0/1:,78C 8 :6 ./12+?:8-1 7:8*8: =1G?91480 *. 8 1530 *. 3/+C- :6 8<?6?1:8-1 ./12+?8 1 +7+5+ ?1,1--8:6 *+?8@:+; ./1< 1530 *. ,6 8<?6?1:8 23 ./12+?6, ./1<1530 *. — 42, ./1< 1540 *. — 118, 6 ./1< 1550 *. — 125. P+-21>1-+ +- -1<8 7:8*8 ./1?,-625C26- :63+G:8 8 :/62+9>8-15-:8 >1-826, ,4>8:1:8C .+ F8*81:6 8 =1?8B8:6, 1:B875+.1?88.P/18<?626- ,1 ,-6:658 756,8>1,78 ./+8<21?1:8C, :6K-

=657+-+ +- ,4+3/6G1:8C <6 /1:-6385:+,-, -4K 76-+ .1>6-6-/8-1 ,6 8 -4/*+2B8: ./+8<21?1:8C-6 :6 "/8,-+-15, 2 ./12+?:6 &87+56 (/1=, D+1B8K, ./121?1: +- L6: ?N+ !N+:, E1:1-76, (28?8K, )976:, E659,-8K 8 E21-+:8K, ;8- )828K, ./121-?1: +- P81/ D1/Q8/, %651/8K !67,8= 2 ./12+? :6 &87+56?N+ R+:1,, ;1/1:B8K, P59-6/F 8 '28:--'9/B8K. % ,59>6K, >1

111155

,-6/8-1 ./12+?8 ,1 +76G6- :19?+251-2+/8-15:8, -1 ,1 +,42-/1=1:C26- 858 ,1 ./628 :+2 ./12+?, 76742-+ 1 ,59>6C- , (28-?8K, U8B1/+:, E659,-8K, %1/*858K. R+5C=6-6 :+2+,- ,6 ./1-2+?8-1 :6 */4B78 62-+/8. ;676 :6./8=1/ #+31/ ?N+ E1,15,7+K-+ :1 1 <:615 */4B78, ./121G?6 „:6 >1-8/8 /4B1“ <61?:+, V+6: )6,76/8, ,4>8:1:8C :6 H2,128K, M8+?+/ E8B858K-,78, ;978?8?, 767-+ 8 F1$*$".- :6 ',1:+0+:-. % .+,21J1:8-1-+ 74= .+,51?:+-+ ./+8<21?1:81 -+K 8<56*6 ./12+?6>1,78C,8 =1-+?:

„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…) P/1?6?1 =8 :1*+2+-+ ,4?4/G6:81 8./1?=1-, 7+K-+ :6=1/8F <6 7/6,82 8 >9?:+ ./8C-1:..(…) E=C-6K78, >1 1 ?+,-+1: ?6 34?1 >9- +- %6@1 %1-58>1,-2+ 8 ?6 ,1 <6.+<:61-1 , :1*+, .+=+58F ,.+=1:6--8C )6,76/8, ?6 =8 +3C,:8 8 8<5+G8 -+<8 /6<76< :6 56--8:,78, <6 ?6 =+*6 ?6 *+ ./1?6= +- 56-8:,78 :6 0/1:-,78; 7+1-+ -+K ,-+/8 :6 ?/6*+ ,4/B1.“

)6<6/ ?N+ D680 1 62-+/ :6 ./12+? 2 ,-8F+21 :6 N)7#,0$:6 E+0+745, R8K+= D+@-15 — :6 T7#J*$ :6 H2/8.8?, L6:E6=7,+: — :6 !).$'$ :6 (=8/, 8 ?/., 76-+ 2,8>78 -1<8 ./1-2+?8 ,6 :6./621:8 +- 56-8:,78 1<87!X8-6-158 :6 -1<8 ./12+?8 .+ +:+26 2/1=1 ,6 ,21J1:8B8-

-1, 7+8-+ 21>1 :1 ,6 <6?45G8-15:+ 56-8:8,-8; ?+,-6 :1+3/6-<+26:8-1 ,4?88, ./8358G1:8-1 :6 7/65C (2./+>1= ?+,-6 +-./12+?6>8-1 ,6 „>8:+2:8B8“ :6 ,59G36 ./8 7/65C, :1*+28

111166

.+=+J:8B8 8 ,421-:8B8) 767-+ 2 6?=8:8,-/6B8C-6 -676 8 2

./62+/6<?626:1-+; 1,:608, -4/*+2B8… 6 ,4J+ -676 8 G1:8--1, 7+8-+ >1-6- =:+*+!'+57+-+ ?+ ./12+?6>8-1, ./1< XVI 2. -1 ,6 2 ./1+356?6-

26J6-6 ,8 >6,- Q/8,-8, ?9F+2:8B8, .8,6-158-F9=6:8,-8,7/65,78 ,421-:8B8. P/12+?4- 21>1 :1 1 ?15+ :6 +*/6:8>1:3/+K +3/6<+26:8 ?9F+2:8B8: (7-6281: ?N+ E1: L151, 1.8,-7+. :6 ":*951= (./12+?6> :6 (28?8K 8 %1/*858K), '5+? MN+E1,15, ,421-:87 :6 )98 XII, ":-+6: !67+, 76=1/81/ :6A/6:,+6 I (./1215 +- 56-8:,78 /1>8 :6 U8B1/+:, M8+?+/ E8-B858K,78, H/6<4=), L6: '+51: — ./62+,4?1: ./1?,-628-15:6 */60 MN+ D+0+/ (./12+?6> :6 U8B1/+:, P59-6/F), '51=6:!6/+ — .+1- (./12+?6> :6 (28?8K, %1/*858K, )9786: 8 :6P,65=8), H-81: M+51 — .1>6-6/ 8 8<?6-15, 62-+/, +,21: :6./+>9-8C -/67-6-, 8 :6 ./12+?8 :6 U8B1/+: 8 P56-+:, [*E6515 — ?+=+9./628-15 :6 A/6:,+6 I, ./12+?6> :6 !).$'$+- */4B78, ;+=6 E138K1, ./1215 +- */4B78 H2/8.8? (!6./7-1.< % F%).'$) 8 :6.8,65 1?:+ C+7,.=7-#+ ."#J-,%+, .+,21--1:+ :6 ./12+?6, L6: )651=6: — 5176/, ./12+?6> :6 M1=+,--1: +- */4B78, L6: D/1@ — 6?2+76-, ./1215 +- */4B78 $<+7-/6-, P59-6/F, W8.+7/6- 8 R658K, L6:-P81/ ?N+ !1=, ./12+-?6> :6 F0.+-,+ +- 8-6586:,78, I6/5 A+:-1: — .+1-, ./1-215 +- 56-8:,78 (28?8K (8 /1?67-8/65 ./12+?6 :6 E1: L1-51), L67 P15-81 ?Q !6: — .+1- 8 7/8-87, ./12+?6> :6 (=8/8 W+/6B8K, L67 "=8+ — ./1.+?626-15 .+ 56-8:,78 8 */4B-78 2 O:821/,8-1-6 2 D9/G, =:+*+ 8<21,-1: ./12+?6> :6 W1-58+?+/ 8 P59-6/F, )+8, 5N+ #+6 — 517-+/ .+ */4B78 2'/65,78C 7+51G, ./12+?6> :6 P56-+:, "/8,-+-15, M1=+,-1:;D51< ?N+ %8G:1/ — ?8.5+=6-8>1,78 ,17/1-6/, ./121G?65 +-*/4B78, ,-6/+12/1K,78, 8-6586:,78 8 56-8:,78 U1<6/, U8B1-/+:, ;8- )828K, ;6B8-, P56-+:, )9786:, '658,-/6-, C)$=(,1$ X707&.< 8 9-%+*+'71.<, N0J-$).& :6 ;6,+ 8 ?/.T6J+ ,1 ./121G?6 ./1< #1:1,6:,6? P+,21J1:8C-6 8 ./1?-

*+2+/8-1 74= ./12+?8-1 :8 ?626- 7/6,:+/1>826 8:0+/=6B8C<6 -+26. P/121G?6 ,1:

— , 24<.8-6-15:6 B15 (<6 +3/6<+26:1 8 ./+,21J1:81 2./67-8>1,7+, :/62,-21:+ 858 ?9F+2:+ +-:+@1:81); ./12+?4-1 ,51?+26-15:+ .+51<:+ ?15+. ;676 :6./8=1/, 2 ./+5+*6 74=,2+C ./12+? :6 T7#J*$, R8K+= D+@-15 .8@1:

111177

„'67-+ =+G1= ?6 <63151G8=, +38>6C- :6 .+1-8-1,.4/28 62-+/8 8 8<+3/1-6-158 :6 085+,+08C-6, 28:6*81 385 ?6 <6*/4J6- 8 ./87/826- .+? 395+-+ :6 36,:8-18,-8:6-6 <6 :1J6-6, 7+C-+ ,6 8,7658 ?6 ./1?6?6-; 858?6 ./8=1,C- 9?+2+5,-281-+, 7+1-+ .+59>626=1 +- -CF-:6-6 8<+3/1-6-15:6 06:-6<8C, , ?+3/8 8 .+51<:8 -17,--+21. H-+ <6J+ W+/6B8K 76<26, >1 .+1-4- 9>8 F+/6-6 ?6*+2+/C- >1,-:+, ./+,21J626 *8 , ?+3/8 :6.4-,-28C,.+/8B626 .+/+B8-1 8 24<F265C26 ?+3/+?1-158-1.“

;6<8 ?8?67-8>:6 B15 +3C,:C26 ./8,4,-281-+ :6 -457+26--15:8, 7+=1:-6/:8, :/62+9>8-15:8 -17,-+21.

—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

„P/824/<6:+,--6 =8 74= >1,--6 :6 =+C-6 ,-/6:6 1-67626, >1 8<.+5<26= 2,C7+ ,/1?,-2+, <6 ?6 C ./+,56-2C=. $ :6K-?+3/+-+, 7+1-+ =+*6 ?6 ,-+/C, 1 ?6 24<.C-26= :1K:8C 1<87, -676 767-+ *4/B8-1 8 /8=5C:8-1 ,624<.158 ,2+8-1.“

— % 8<.45:1:81 :6 .+/4>76 :6 7/65C 858 ?/9* =1B1:6-.

!!""##$$%%&&,, 00""##$$%%&&**44,,,, 00""**$$,,..**66** &&%%--""%% 00""##$$##11&&**))## ((XXVVII $$##22))

E51? 30--1 *+?8:8, .+ 2/1=1-+ :6 A/6:,+6 I, 3/+C- :6./12+?8-1 <:6>8-15:+ :6/6,-26 8, 7+1-+ 1 :6K-26G:+, -+*626,1 .+C2C26- .4/28-1 /47+2+?,-26 8 ./62856 <6 :6>8:6 :6./121G?6:1, 767-+ 8 :6 ,42/1=1::8-1 -1/=8:8 <6 -6<8 ?1K-:+,-. P/1< 1539 *. P+,-6:+251:81-+ :6 %851/,-'+-/1 24-

111188

21G?6 <6?45G8-15:6-6 9.+-/136 :6 0/1:,78C 1<87 2 +08B8-65:8-1 ?+79=1:-8 8 ./62:8-1 67-+21: +>128?1: 1 ,85:8C-,-/1=1G :6 256?1-15C ?6 /6<2826 8 9-24/G?626 767-+ ./+,--+:6/+?:8C 1<87, -676 8 :6B8+:65:6-6 58-1/6-9/6. H-+ <6J+./12+?4- <:6>8-15:+ /6<@8/C26 ,2+1-+ .+51 :6 ?1K,-281::1*+2 ./1?=1- 21>1 :1 ,6 ,6=+ /158*8+<:8-1 -17,-+21 8 „62--+/8-1-8-1“ — 21>1 =+G1 ?6 ,1 ./121G?6 2,C76742 -17,-, 27+K-+ 8 ?6 1 G6:/ 8 +- 76742-+ 8 ?6 1 1<87 (<6.+>26 ?6 ,1 ./1-21G?6 +- ?/9*8 =1,-:8 1<8B8, :6K-21>1 +- 8-6586:,78 8 8,-.6:,78). ;+26, >1 ,1 ./121G?6 .+21>1, :1 +<:6>626 +36>1, >1,1 ./121G?6 .+-?+3/1, :C7+8 ?+/8 ./121G?6-, 31< ?6 <:6C-8<F+?:8C 1<87 8 8<.+5<26- 1<87-.+,/1?:87. ;676 ,1 ,-8*6 ?+.4/28-1 /47+2+?,-26, 7+8-+ ./62C- +.8- ?6 2421?6- 8<21,-1:/1? 2 F6+,6 +- ./12+?6>1,78 ./67-878.% -+26 +-:+@1:81 ?26 -17,-6 8*/6C- /+5C-6 :6 =6:801,-8:

! H-81: M+51, P$ 1$=.1$ '+*07 '$ -7 507%7:'$ +, 7'.11$ '0J/ 7".# (1540).H-81: M+51 <6*826 :6 .5+J6? „!+31/“, 8<*+/1: :6 756?6

76-+ 1/1-87 :6 3 62*9,- 1546, :6 37 *+?8:8. P/+8<F+G?6 +-<:6-:+ +/516:,7+ ,1=1K,-2+; 8</6,:65 1 2 P6/8G, ./176/268<21,-:+ 2/1=1 2 P6?96, 74?1-+ ,1 9,424/@1:,-26 .+ 7/6,-:+/1>81, 9>8 ./62+ 2 ;959<6 8 ,-626 .1>6-6/ 2 )8+:. T6/6-?8 3+*+,5+2,78-1 ,8 24<*51?8 8 ,6-8/8>:8C ,8 ?9F :17+57+-7/6-:+ 1 8<./6J6: 2 <6-2+/6, +-74?1-+ 1 +,2+3+G?626: .+7/65,76 =85+,-.% ,2+1-+ /47+2+?,-2+ -+K 8<56*6 .1- ./62856, 7+8-+ 8

?:1, :1 ,6 <6*93858 ,2+C-6 67-965:+,-:

1. „&6 .4/2+ =C,-+, ./12+?6>4- -/C326 +-58>:+ ?6/6<38/6 ,=8,456 8 =6-1/8C-6, 8<5+G1:8 +- ./121G-?6:8C +- :1*+ 62-+/, <6J+-+ <:61K78 -+26, -+K :C=6:87+*6 ?6 34?1 :1C,1: 2 ./12+?6 ,8: 8 67+ ./121G?6-:8C- 62-+/ 1 ?+ 8<21,-:6 ,-1.1: */93, -+K =+G1 51,-:+ 8 ,42,1= /6<38/61=+ ?6 ./1?6?1 -+26. (…) " 31<-+26 :C=6 ?6 =+G1 ?6 ./121G?6 ,8*9/:+ 8 2C/:+.“

2. „%-+/+-+ 8<8,726:1 ./8 ./12+?6 1 ./12+?6>4- +--58>:+ ?6 256?11 1<876 :6 ./121G?6:8C 62-+/ 8 ?634?1 ,4J+ -+57+26 ?+34/ 2 1<876, :6 7+K-+ ,1 <6-F26J6 ?6 ./121G?6. P+ -+<8 :6>8: -+K :C=6 ?6

111199

:674/:8 8 :6=658 2158>81-+ :8-+ :6 1?8:8C, :8-+:6 ?/9*8C 1<87. (…) ;+26 +<:6>626, >1 2,178 1<878=6 ,2+8-1 ,2+K,-26, ,-85, 8</6<:8 ,/1?,-26, -4:-7+,-8 8 ,856, 7+8-+ ,6 =9 ./8,4J8. "7+ ./12+?6>4-:1 *8 .+<:626, -+K :6:6,C 2/1?6 :6 ./121G?6:8C 62--+/, 767-+ 8 :6 1<876, :6 7+K-+ *+ ./1?626: <6J+-+:1 ./1?,-62C 8 :1 8</6<C26 ?+,-+K:,-2+-+ 8 3+*6--,-2+-+ :6 -1<8 ?26 1<876, , 7+8-+ ,8 ,59G8.“

3. „;/1-8C- .9:7- 1, >1 ./12+?6>4- :1 -/C326 ?6 ,1 <6-/+326 ?+-6=, >1 ?6 ./1?626 ?9=6 .+ ?9=6. $ 67+ :C-7+K *+ ./628, -+26 .+76<26, >1 :1 =9 ?+,-8*6 9=. T6-J+-+, 67+ 8=6 *+/1,.+=1:6-8-1 76>1,-26 (7+8-+-/C326 ?6 ./8-1G626 1?8: ?+34/ ./12+?6>), -+K :C-=6 ?6 ,51?8 /1?6 :6 ?9=8-1, 6 J1 ,1 ,./1 :6 =8,58--1 8 J1 :6./628 -676, >1 ?6 8</6<8 :6=1/1:8C-6 :662-+/6, 76-+ ,-6/6-15:+ <6.6<8 ,2+K,-26-6 8 :6 1?8-:8C, 8 :6 ?/9*8C 1<87. (…) R59.+,- 1 ?6 8,76@ ?6./1?626@ /1? .+ /1? 858 ,-8F .+ ,-8F. &C=6 ?6./1=45>6 *59.+,--6 :6 :C7+8 ./12+?6>8, 7+8-+2=1,-+ :6 ,2+3+?6-6 ,1 .+?>8:C26- :6 /+3,-2+-+.“

4. „X1-24/-+-+ ./6285+, 7+1-+ 8,76= ?6 8<5+G6 -97, 1?6 ,1 <6>8-6- .+21>1 ./+,-+:6/+?:8-1 (…) 1<8B8.%:8=626K ?6 :1 +3,1326@ :C7+8 -24/?1 358<78 ?+56-8:,78C ?9=8 (…), 6 ,1 <6?+2+58 , +3J+./81-+-+8 :1 +3:+2C26K *59.62+ :C7+8 8</6<8 (…), <6J+-+<:61=, >1 */4B78C- 858 56-8:,78C- 1<87 ,6 =:+*+.+-3+*6-8 :6 8</6<8 +- 0/1:,78C. ;+26 :8 ./8:9G-?626 >1,-+ ?6 9.+-/13C26=1 /C?7+ 8<.+5<26:8 ?9=8.&+ -+26 -/C326 ?6 ,1 ./628 ,6=+ ./8 7/6K:6 :9G?6.(…) &6K-?+3/1 1 ?6 ,1 ,51?26 +3J+./81-8C- 1<87.“

5. „&176 ?6 28?8= ,1*6 7+1 1 .1-+-+ ./6285+, 7+1-+-/C326 ?6 ,51?26 ?+3/8C- ./12+?6>. ;+ 1 -+57+26B1::+, >1 31< :1*+ 2,C7+ ,4>8:1:81 ,-626 -1G7+ 8:1./8C-:+. !:+*+ +/6-+/8 (…) ,49=C26- ?6 .+,-8*-:6- -+57+26 ,56?7+ ,24/<26:1 8 .+?/1?36 :6 8</6<8--1, >1 :1 ,6=+ 9?+251-2+/C26- ?9@6-6, 6 +>6/+26- 8,59F6, 7+K-+ 28:6*8 ,1 /6?26 :6 -67626 F6/=+:8C :6/1>-6.“

'67-+ 9=1,-:+ +-315C<26 !8@15 D656/, M+51 ,1 C2C26

112200

.+,51?+26-15 :6 U8B1/+:, 76-+ ,1 +3C2C26 <6 ./121G?6:1 :6,=8,456, 6 :1 :6 /1?6 :6 ?9=8-1 — ./1+356?626J6 ./12+?6->1,76 ./67-876 ./1< BC5+-+ E/1?:+217+281 8 #1:1,6:,6. !6-76/ 8 ?6 :C=6 *+5C=6 :+26-+/,76 ,-+K:+,-, -+<8 -/67-6- 8=6<6,59*6-6, >1 .+,-62C =1-+?8>:+ +,:+2:8 ./8:B8.8, 8 2,21-,78, 8 2 9:821/,651: .56:.

! !6:801,-4- O "$@.,$ . 50+-)$%$ 1$ 6071-#.< 7".#,:6.8,6: +- L+6@1: MQ D151 ./1< 1549-6, ,1 2.8,26 2 @8/+-7+-+ :6B8+:65:+ ?28G1:81 <6 9-24/G?626:1 :6 0/1:,78C1<87 8 <6J8-6 :6 9.+-/136-6 :6 ./+,-+:6/+?:8C 1<87. !676/8 :1 „-+57+26 3+*6-“, 7+57+-+ */4B78C- 8 56-8:,78C-, :6 -+-<8 1<87 21>1 =+G1 ?6 ,1 *+2+/8 <6 2,8>7+ 8 ?6 ,1 ./121G?62,8>7+; :1 1 ?+,-6-4>:+ +36>1 ?6 ,1 ./121G?6 — -/C326 8 ?6,1 -2+/8 :6 0/1:,78: ./12+?4- 1 :1+3F+?8= 1-6., 7+K-+ 34/-<+ -/C326 ?6 34?1 ./1+?+5C:, <6 ?6 =+G1 0/1:,78C- 1<87 ?6,1 8</62:8 .+ ?+,-+K:,-26 , */4B78C 8 56-8:,78C.% ,2+C 92+? MQ D151 :68,-8:6 2.8,26 ,2+C =6:801,- 2

.6-/8+-8>:8 /6=78:

„;+26 :68,-8:6 1 T6J8-6 8 P/+,5626 :6 :6@8C0/1:,78 1<87, :6>8:6:81, 74= 7+1-+ 3CF .+?-87:6-1?8:,-21:+ +- 1,-1,-21:+-+ ,8 /+?+5Q381.“

E51?26 *5626, .+,21-1:6 :6 ./+8<F+?6 :6 1<8B8-1, 7+K-+62-+/4- 28G?6 2 „G156:81-+ 8 2+5C-6 :6 ,=4/-:8-1“ 8 :8./8.+=:C -CF:+-+ =:+*++3/6<81 („>81-+ =:+*++3/6<81 834/7+-8C , ./62+ =+G1 ?6 ,1 :6/1>1 %6285+:,76 7956“). ;+-<8 >+21@78 ./+8<F+? :6 1<8B8-1 1 +,:+26:81 2,178 1?8: +--CF ?6 34?1 .+>8-6: :6/62:+ , ?/9*8-1 8 +3C,:C26 9:821/-,65:+,--6 :6 ,=8,456 858 :6 „./1?,-628-1 8 /6<,4G?1:8C-6:6 9=6“. "7+ :C7+8 1<8B8 ,6 ,-6:658 .+-3+*6-8 +- ?/9*8, -+1, <6J+-+ F+/6-6, 7+8-+ ,6 *8 *+2+/858, ,6 ,49=158 .+-?+3-/1 ?6 ,1 */8G6- <6 -CF 8 ?6 *8 +3/63+-26- (2 -17,-6 1 8<.+5<-26:6 3+-6:8>1,76 =1-60+/6). $ 67+ 0/1:,78C- 2,1 +J1 :1 ,1+3/63+-26 ?+3/1 +- -1<8, 7+8-+ *+ 8<.+5<26-, 62-+/4- 8<76<-26 :6?1G?6 -+26 ?6 ,-6:1 2 34?1J1:

„Y1 ?+K?1 -67+26 2/1=1 (=+G1 38) 8 ,1 :6?C26=, >1356*+?6/1:81 :6 ?+3/6-6 0/1:,76 ,4?36 -+26 356*+-

112211

/+?:+ 8 ,85:+ 7/65,-2+ :6 ,2+K /1? J1 F26:1 <?/62+Q<?8-1 :6 =+:6/F8C-6 8 :6@8C- 1<87, 7+K-+ 1?26 1 <6-.+>:65 ?6 ,1 27+/1:C26, J1 .+745:1 8 8<28,8 ,-/+K:68 ,85:6 ,:6*6 8 J1 ,-6:1 /621: :6 158:8-1 8 /8=5C:8--1 8 .+?+3:+ :6 -CF J1 /+?8 (=8/+2B8, M1=+,-1:+2-B8, %1/*85812B8 8 U8B1/+:+2B8.“

% *5626 IV ,1 <6C2C26, >1 0/1:,78C- 1<87 „:1 1 -+57+26 31-?1:, 7+57+-+ ,=C-6- :C7+8“, 6 ./12+?4- 1 ,/1?,-2+, /6<7/8-26J+ -+26 3+*6-,-2+:

„'+*6-+ ,1 1 /6G?65 :6@8C- 1<87, 1?26 58 1 385 -4K<51 +/8,6: +- 3+*+21 8 <21<?8, >1 ?6 :1 =+G1 1?8: ?1:?6 ?+,-8*:1 ?+ ,424/@1:,-2+-+ 8 ./124<F+?,-2+-+ :6?/9*8-1 1<8B8, ,51? 76-+ 2,8>78 :6978 =+*6- -+>:+ 8+3,-+C-15,-21:+ ?6 34?6- +3,4G?6:8 :6 :1*+, 767-+ 128?:+ +- =:+*+-+ */4B78 8 56-8:,78 7:8*8, -6 ?+/8 88-6586:,78, 8,.6:,78 8 ?/9*8, ./121?1:8 :6 0/1:,781<87 +- :1 1?:+ ./124<F+?:+ .1/+ :6 :6@1-+ 2/1=1.“

&+ ./12+?4- :1 1 ?+,-6-4>1:, :1*+2+-+ .+51 :6 ?1K,-2811 +*/6:8>1:+:

„P/8 2,1 -+26 -6<8 .+F265:6 ./12+?6>1,76 /63+-6:1 =8 ,1 ,-/926 1?8:,-21:+ 8 ?+,-6-4>:+ ,/1?,-2+, <6?6 8<?8*:1 :6@8C ./+,-+:6/+?1: 1<87 ?+ /621: 8 +3/6-<1B :6 ?/9*8-1 :6K-./+>9-8 1<8B8.“

MQ D151 ?+/6<2826 -6<8 =8,45: 67+ 1 :1+3F+?8=+ ?6 ,1.+<:626- 158:8-1 8 /8=5C:8-1, <6 ?6 8= ,1 .+?/6G626, 8 ?6,1 .+,-8*:1 3+*6-,-2+-+ :6 -1F:8C 1<87 8 ,-85, 8 -+ >/1< ./1-2+?6, -/C326 ?6 ,1 +-8?1 .+-?651>, -4K 76-+ ./12+?4- :1 38=+*45 ?6 ./1?6?1 2,8>78 ,-858,-8>:8 08*9/8 (=1-60+/8,651*+/88, ,/62:1:8C, 08*9/8 8 97/6@1:8C) „,4, ,4J+-+ 8<C-J1,-2+, 7+1-+ 1 8<.+5<265 62-+/4-: +J1 .+21>1, >1 2,1781<87 8=6 :1J+ :1+3C,:8=+, ./8,4J+ ,6=+ :1=9, 8 67+ ,1+.8-6-1 ?6 *+ 8</6<8-1 :6 ?/9* 1<87, ,4*56,:+ <67+:6 :6 ./1-21G?6:1-+, 7+K-+ 8<8,726 ?6 :1 ,1 ./1=8:626 +-24? -+26, 7+-1-+ 1 8</1745 62-+/4-, 26@8C- :6>8: :6 8</6<C26:1 J1 34?1:11,-1,-21:, ,-9?1: 8 58@1: +- 08:1,“.

112222

;6<8 =8,45 1 8:-1/1,:6, <6J+-+ +-/6<C26, +- 1?:6 ,-/6:6,./8:B8.6, >1 ./121G?6:1-+ :1 1 -4G?1,-21:+ :6 6?6.-8/6:1--+ 8 >1 -/C326 ?6 ,1 ,.6<26 8<21,-:6 1-876 (?6 :1 ,1 +-?651->626@ +- 62-+/6), 6 +- ?/9*6 ,-/6:6, 8=1::+ -+<8 .+?F+? :6-56*6 8 8<21,-:8 +*/6:8>1:8C: 8<8,726:1-+ ?6 ,1 <6>8-6 62--+/4- =+G1 ?6 1 2 9J4/3 :6 ./81=:8C 1<87. $ MQ D151 <6-75Q>626 , =1-60+/6, <68=,-26:6 +- G82+.8,-6:

„H-+ :67/6-7+ ./8>8:8-1, .+/6?8 7+8-+ ,=C-6=, >1,6=+ <6?6>6-6 8 ,-6/6:81-+ :6 ./12+?6>8-1, 7+8-+8:6>1 ,6 -24/?1 .+51<:8, <6 ?6 +3/6<+26- ,4, <:6:8C <6:1J6-6 :1256?11J8-1 >9G?8 1<8B8, :1 ,6 ?+,-6-4>:8?6 ./8?6?6- :6 :6@8C 1<87 -+26 ,424/@1:,-2+ 8, .+-?+3:+ :6 F9?+G:8B8-1, ?6 .+5+G6- .+,51?:6-6 7/6,76,7+C-+ +>6726=1 +- -CF.“

$ -97 ./12+?4- :1 8<58<6 8<24: .+,-621:8-1 =9 ?8?67--8>:8, 6 :1 F9?+G1,-21:8 /6=78.% ,51?26J6-6 *5626 MQ D151 +,4G?6 5+@8-1 ./12+?6>8,

-1<8, 7+8-+ :1 <:6C- 1<876, +- 7+K-+ ./121G?6-, 8 <6C2C26, >1.+1<8C-6 1 :1./12+?8=6:

„&+ J+ ?6 76G6 <6 :C7+8, .+-<6,59G858 ./+<28J1--+ 8<=1::8B8, +-7+57+-+ ./12+?6>8? ;4K 76-+ -1 8<=1-:C- :6 -1<8, , >81-+ ./1?,-62C:1 ,6 ,1 <6158, 58@626K-78 *8 +- ,5626-6 8=, 8 -676 ,1 F6/1,26- :6 :121G8C >8--6-15, 7+=9-+ ./1?,-62C- 3C5+-+ <6 >1/:+; 7+8-+, <6 ?634?6- :6/1>1:8 9>1:8, ./121G?6- :6 ?+21/81 1<8B8, +-7+8-+ :C=6- :8 :6K-=657+ .+:C-81, 76-+ 12/1K,78C 8*/4B78C; 8 <6 ?6 ,1 ,6=+8<-47:6- +J1 .+21>1, ,1 <6F-26J6- , .+1-8-1 — 62-+/8, 74= 7+8-+, 67+ 9=11F 8588,76F ?6 ./121G?6=, :1 38F ,1 ?+7+,:65 .+/6?8 3+G1-,-21:+-+ 24+3/6G1:81, , 7+1-+ ,6 :6?6/1:8 .+21>1 +-?/9*8-1, .+/6?8 24<28@1:8C 8= ,-85, 21587+51.81-+:6 ?9=8-1, ,-/+*+,--6 :6 ,5+*6, ,=15+,--6 8 =:+*++3/6-<81-+ :6 08*9/8-1 8 F85C?8 +J1 .+1-8>:8 ,21-58B8.“

)Q3+.8-:+ 1, >1 -+K 21?:6*6 ,=17>626 ?9=8-1 ,8: 76<6:+--+ :1 26G8 <6 ./12+?8-1 .+ .+/4>76 :6 7/65C .+/6?8 ?45G8-=+-+ =8 .+,59@6:81!

112233

E51?26J8-1 *5628 ,6 .+,21-1:8 :6 ?+,-+K:,-26-6 :6 .+?-/6G6:81-+ 8 :1+3F+?8=+,--6 +- +/8*8:65:+ -2+/>1,-2+.

! I6/5 A+:-1:, 2 C07%+'$=(, #(& =.,$,7).,7 +- 7:8-*6-6 C+,+;.,7 1$ D+1,71… - 507%+' 1$ 7'1$ #1./$ 1$9%.'.B . '%$'7-7, . +-7& "$/$'#. 1$ I.&5+".B, 1555, 8<-56*6 =1-60+/8>:+ -/8 ./62856 <6 ./121G?6:1 (,=1,26K782./+>1= *56*+58-1 traduire 8 translater), 8 -/8-1 ./1?,-625C-26J8 8<8,726:1 <6 2C/:+,- 74= ./121G?6:8C -17,-. P/12+-?6>4- -/C326 ?6 <6.6<8:

1. #+75C-6 — -. 1. 0+/=6-6: „P4/2+-+ ./6285+ 1 ?6,.6<26 8 ./1?626 ?9=8-1 8 8</6<8-1 :6 62-+/67+57+-+ 1 24<=+G:+ .+-358<7+: -+26, 7+1-+ 38F-=1 =+*58 ?6 :6/1>1= /+75C-6.“

2. ;C5+-+ 858 ,=8,456, -. 1. ,4?4/G6:81-+: „%-+/+--+ ./6285+ 1 ?6 ./1?626 ,=8,456 76-+ BC5+ (<6-J+-+ :1 -/C326 ?6 ,1 8:-1/1,926 +- ?9=8-1 -+5-7+26, >1 ?6 ./1:13/1*26 ,=8,456 858 ?6 *+ ./628:1C,1:), -+26 38F=1 :6/1758 -C5+-+.“

3. M9@6-6 858 17,./1,82:+,--6: „;/1-+-+ ./6285+1 ?6 ./1?626 8 8</6<C26 -+>:+ ./8,4J+-+ 8<CJ1-,-2+, ?+3/+?1-15, 1:1/*8C, :1G:+,-, 7/6,+-6,?+,-+K:,-2+, ,856 8 G82+,- :6 62-+/6, 7+*+-+./121G?6 (…): -+26, 7+1-+ 38F=1 :6/1758 ?9@6--6 :6 ,5+2+-+.“&+ =65B8:6 +- ./121G?6J8-1 ,49=C26- ?6

8<.45:C- -1<8 -/8 -+>78 .+/6?8 *+5C=6-6 8= -/9?-:+,-. H-+ <6J+ .+-*+5C=6-6 >6,- +- =4?/8-1 8 +.8--:8 ./12+?6>8 ,1 ,-/1=C- .+21>1 ?6 ./1?626- ,=8,4-56 8 8<CJ1,-2+-+, +-7+57+-+ ?9=8-1.

O=:+G626:1-+ :6 -17,-+21-1, -/1-8/6J8 24./+,8-1 :6./12+?6, , /47+2+?,-26 858 92+?8, +3/4J1:8C 8 .+,21J1-:8C, 767-+ 8 .+C26-6 :6 ,.1B808>:8C -1/=8: traduire (507-%7:'$&), ?+3/1 85Q,-/8/6- G156:81-+ :6 58-1/6-+/8-1 +--+26 2/1=1 ?6 +./1?15C- .+-C,:+ */6:8B8-1 :6 ./12+?6>1,-78C 67-.M9=6-6 traduction — „./12+?“, , 7+C-+ 2 /+=6:,78-1 1<8-

B8 (8 2 :1=,78, 74?1-+ ?9=6-6 Übersetzung ./1?,-625C26

112244

3972651: ./12+?) ,1 +<:6>626 ,6=+ 67-4- :6 ./121G?6:1, ,1.+C2C26 2 ,6=+-+ :6>65+ :6 XVI 217. P/1< E/1?:+217+281-+./1+356?626 translatere (5071$-<&), <6.6<1:6 2 6:*58K,78, :++-7/826=1 8 tourner (+*0(@$&), mettre en romanz (507%0(-@$& % 0+&$1-#.), enromanchier (5+0+&$1=%$&). % -+26 8<+-38581 +- -1/=8:8 ":-+6: D1/=6: 28G?6 ,51?,-281 :6 067--6, >1 ./1< E/1?:+217+281-+ 8 2 :6>65+-+ :6 #1:1,6:,667-4- :6 ./121G?6:1 2,1 +J1 :1 1 ,.1B808>:6 ?1K:+,-, 6>6,- +- .8,6:1-+ 8<+3J+, :6/62:+ , 7+=1:-6/8-1, 7+=.856-B8C-6, 6?6.-8/6:1-+. % N-,7,.#$ . ,7+0.< 1$ 0+&$1$ D6F--8: ,4J+ 8</6<C26 .+?+3:6 =8,45: „P/1< E/1?:+217+281-+(…) */6:8B8-1 =1G?9 „,+3,-21:+-+“ ,5+2+ 8 -+26 :6 ?/9*8--1 ,6 3858 -4:78, :1C,:8, >1,-+ 9=8@51:+ /6<=8-8.“ T6362-:6 1 7+:,-6-6B8C-6, >1 ?9=6-6 traduire, 7+C-+ ,1 9,-6:+2C26242 0/1:,78C 1<87, .+>826 24/F9 ./12+?6>1,76 ,=8,5+26*/1@76! $?26J6 +- 56-8:,78, 767-+ 8 translatere, -C ./+:87-26 242 A/6:B8C +- $-658C: )1+:6/?+ D/9:8 ./121G?6 , -+,-76:,7+-+ tradotto =8:65+-+ ./8>6,-81 traductum, 9.+-/131-:+ +- "245 R158K 2 ,=8,45 :6 „./1:1,1:“, -. 1. „<61-“. (-8-6586:,78 *56*+54- ./1=8:626 242 0/1:,78, +-7/826=1 *+./1< 1509 *. 2 <6*56281-+ :6 7:8*6, 74?1-+ „,4G8-15,-26“ ,translatere: H$,$)+/(, 1$ I+)+&+1 . L$0#+)6J-, 507'$-'71 1$ 6071-#. 7".# -(- -)+%$,$ 1$ -7'7&,7 &('07;. .'0J/. 6.)+-+6. +, U(0;.<, 507%7'71. +, /0(;#. 1$ 6071--#. +, &$B-,+0 27$1 3.%0.. H-+ 767 D1/=6: -457926 .+?-=C:6-6 :6 translatere , traduire: „P/12+?4- (traduction) 1 ?1K-:+,-, 7+C-+ 8=6 ?1C-15, ?+76-+ translation +<:6>626 .+-6:+-:8=:+ ?28G1:81 :6 ./1=8:626:1. %,8>78 ?9=8, +3/6<926:8+- ductio, ./1?.+56*6- ?1C-15. $ 8=1::+ <6J+-+ ./12+?6>1,-76-6 ?1K:+,- ,1 24<./81=6 ,51? #1:1,6:,6 76-+ $#,, 8 -+ 76--+ -57;.6.=71 $#,, -C <6.+>26 ?6 34?1 :6/8>6:6 traduction(507%+').“ % -6<8 ?1K:+,- D1/=6: 28G?6 8 -/6:,0+/=8/6J6,856, 6 — ./8.+=:C -+K — „0/1:,76-6 795-9/6 1 -6<8, 7+C--+ 1 ,4<?656 :6K-„,2+3+?:6-6“ 0+/=6 2 <6.6?:+12/+.1K,76--6 8,-+/8C :6 ./12+?6: „:12C/:6-6 F93628B6.“!676/ 8 .+-C,:+ +3+,+31:6 ?1K:+,- ./1< XVI 217, .+-

,.1B865:+ ,./C=+ +/8*8:65:+-+ .8,=1:+ -2+/>1,-2+, ./1-2+?4- 2,1 .67 +,-626 275Q>1: 2 1?:6 .+-@8/+76 +356,- —-6<8 :6 .+?/6G6:81-+, .8,6-15,76 ?1K:+,-, 7+C-+ ./8,2+C26-1=8 8 0+/=8 +- ?/9*8 ./+8<21?1:8C. P/12+?4- 1 >6,- +-

112255

397265:8-1 8=8-6B88, 7+8-+ B15C- ?6 24<./+8<21?6- +/8*8-:656 -6742, 76742-+ 1, 767-+ <6C2C26 P15-81 ?Q !6::

„&6K-8,-8:,78C- 28? .+?/6G6:81 1 ./121G?6:1-+.T6J+-+ .+?/6G6:81-+ :1 1 :8J+ ?/9*+, +,21: ./621:1:6 -+26, 7+1-+ 21>1 1 :6./6285 :C7+K ?/9*: 8=1::+ -+-26 ./628 P/12+?6>4-.“

(--97 8 8?1C-6 <6 /+3,-2+-+ :6 ./12+?6>6, 7+C-+ >1,-++-7/826=1 ./1< -6<8 1.+F6. P/1< #1:1,6:,6 ./12+?4- 1 :68,--8:6 +3+,+31:6 ?1K:+,-, :+2+-+ 1, >1 1 275Q>1: 2 .+-@8/+-78C G6:/ :6 .+?/6G6:81-+. '67-+ J1 28?8= .+-:6-6-47, ?+XX 217, ./12+?4- J1 +,-6:1 .+?>8:1: :6 ?/9*6, .+-+3F26-:6?1K:+,-: 7/8-876 8 F1/=1:12-876 ./1< XVIII 217, .+1-876858 ./85+G:6 58:*28,-876 — ./1< XX 217. ;+26 1 +.6,:++-:+@1:81 :6 .+?>8:1:+,-, +- 7+1-+ -+K -/C326 34/<+ ?6 ,1+-4/,8 — 21/+C-:+ -67626 1 1?:6 +- <6?6>8-1, 7+8-+ ,-+C-./1? :1*+ ./1< XXI 217.M/9* 26G1: 067- ./1< #1:1,6:,6 1 .+C26-6 :6 :1+3F+?8-

=8-1 .+=6*656 ./8 8<24/@26:1 :6 ./12+?6: /1>:8B8-1 —0/1:,7+-56-8:,78 8 56-8:,7+-0/1:,78 :6 #+31/ H-81:(1539), Thesaurus graecae linguae :6 ,8:6 =9 ":/8 H-81:(1572), 0/1:,7+-056=6:?,78C- /1>:87 :6 R63/815 !N+/81(1548), 767-+ 8 ./62+.8,:8-1 /10+/=8, 2421?1:8 +- :C7+8./12+?6>8, 7+8-+ 087,8/6- :+/=8-1 2 ./67-876-6 :6 0/1:-,78C 1<87: ./62856-6 <6 8<.+5<26:1 :6 +,-/+-+ 9?6/1:81 (#+-31/ H-81:, 1530), :6 -1G7+-+ 8 ,5+G:+-+ 9?6/1:81 8 :66.+,-/+06 (L67 E8528Q,, 1531, ;+=6 E138K1, 1549), +<:6->626:1-+ :6 =:+G1,-21:+-+ >8,5+ :6 8=1:6-6 8 ./8>6,-8C-6, -s, 6 :1 , -z (H-81: M+51).

GG**6655''11&&##)),,// 66** 00""##$$%%&&** 00""##66 GG##))##55**))55**

D56*+?6/1:81 :6 =:+*+3/+K:8-1 ./+5+<8, ./1?*+2+/8,+3/4J1:8C 74= >8-6-15C, :6.8,6:8 +- ./12+?6>8-1, ,42/1-=1::8C- >8-6-15 =+G1 ?6 ./+,51?8 -CF:6-6 ./67-876,/6<,4G?1:8C-6 8=, 7+8-+ >1,-+ 76-+ >1 58 ,51?26- -+.+,8-1:6 1.+F6-6, :6,51?1:8 +- ./1?@1,-21:8B8-1 8= 858 .47 :+-28. %8?CF=1, >1 :C7+8 <6J8-626- ./12+?6>8-1 8 ./12+?6 2

112266

8=1-+ :6 2,1+3J+-+ 356*+, :6 +3J8C 8:-1/1,, :6 +39>1:81--+ .+ .8,6:1, :6 +-26/C:1-+ 74= ?/9*8 795-9/8; ?/9*8, :6-./+-82 — 8 -+26 1 :1J+ :+2+, — .+?>1/-626- -/9?:+,-8-1,?+/8 :124<=+G:+,--6 ?6 ,1 ./121G?6, 8 24<./81=6- ./12+?676-+ /+3,78, >1/1: 8 :1356*+?6/1: -/9?, ./8 7+K-+ ./12+-?6>4- 1 8<BC5+ <628,8= 8 .+?>8:1: :6 62-+/6. % ,-6-8C-6 ,8<6 ./1?,-628-1, 7+8-+ ./12+?6>8-1 ./1< #1:1,6:,6 8=6- <6,+3,-21:6-6 ,8 ?1K:+,-, -676 767-+ ,6 +.8,6:8 2 .+,21J1:8-C-6 8 ./1?*+2+/8-1, )Q, R8K1/= 8<-4726 +3/6<6 :6 62-+/676-+ *+,.+?6/ 8 ,+3,-21:87 :6 -17,-, 7+K-+ ,2+3+?:+ 1 ,4>8-:85, ./1?,-626-6 <6 ./12+?6 76-+ :1356*+?6/:6 /63+-6, .+?->8:1:6 :1 ,6=+ :6 62-+/6, 6 8 :6 %56?1-15C — G82+-2+/CJ=6K,-+/ :6 2,C76 /1>, .+7/+28-15 :6 8<79,-26-6 8 ,5+21,:+,---6. %42 2,8>78 ,59>68 =1-60+/8-1, F6/67-1/8<8/6J8 ./12+-?6, 8<+385,-26-:

1. F0/J&71,. % 5+)"$ 1$ 50$#,.#$,$ '$ -7 507%7:'$-&.-()(,:;+26 1 ?+=8:8/6J+-+ ,F26J6:1, , 7+1-+ ,1 +./62?626-

?+.45:1:8C-6, 7+=1:-6/8-1, .6/60/6<8-1 8 +3C,:1:8C-6 28=1-+ :6 151*6:-:8C 8 C,1: 7/61: -17,-. &1/C?7+ 2 -+26 +--:+@1:81 ./12+?6>8-1 ,1 +.8/6- :6 :1./6285:+ -457926:1 :6?9=8-1 :6 W+/6B8K (2G. *5626-6 <6 #8=).

• <6 .+-*+5C=6 8<CJ:+,- :6 1<876-B15" L6: D/1@ (P/1?*+2+/ 74= ./12+?6 =9 :6 F6+0."&.:6 W8.+7/6-, 1550):

„(- 2,178 1<87 =+G1 ?6 ,1 ./121G?6, 76-+ ,1 +,2+-3+?8= +- ./8:9?6-6 ?6 ./1?626=1 ?9=6 .+ ?9=6;?1K,-26K78 -676, :81 :1 ,-626=1 .+-:121/:8, 6 ,6=+.+-=657+ -/+=628 8 :1?+?C56:8 ./12+?6>8.“

" L6:-P81/ ?N+ !1= ((3/4J1:81 74= >8-6-15C 2 ./12+-?6 =9 :6 I Suppositi :6 "/8+,-+, 1552):

„!+G1 38 J1 +-7/81-1, ?/6*8 >8-6-158, 2 :6>65+-+8 2 7/6C :6 :C7+8 ,-/6:8B8 :6 -6<8 7+=1?8C, >1 0/1:-,78C- :1 ,4+-21-,-26 ?9=6 .+ ?9=6 :6 8-6586:,78C(…): <6J+-+ ./12+?6>4- :1 1 .+G1565 ?6 ,1 .+?>8:8 8

112277

+324/G1 ?+-6=, >1 ?6 58@8 +- 8<CJ1,-2+ :6@8C 1<87,7+K-+ 8=6 0/6<8 8 8</6<8, /6<58>:8 +- 8-6586:,78-1.&+ =+*6 ?6 28 921/C, >1 -+26 ./+8<21?1:81 1 2C/:+./1?6?1:+ 8 :6K-358<7+ ?+ :6=1/1:81-+ :6 62-+/6.“

• <6J+-+ ,=8,454- 1 9:821/,651:" L67 P15-81 ?Q !6: (C+7,.=7-#+ ."#J-,%+, 1555):

„P/12+?8-1 ?9=6 .+ ?9=6 :1 ,6 8<CJ:8: :1 <6J+-+./+-82+/1>6- :6 <67+:8-1 :6 ./12+?6>1,-2+-+, 6 1?8:-,-21:+ .+/6?8 -+26, >1 ?26 1<876 :87+*6 :1 ,6 1?:67282 8<76<6 ,8. !8,58-1 =+*6- ?6 34?6- /6<3/6:8 +- 2,8>-78 F+/6, :+ ?9=8-1 8 8</6<8-1 ,6 ,2+K,-21:8 <6 2,C76+-?15:6 :6B8C.“

2. E7%("&+:1+-,,$ '$ -7 507%7:'$ (+,,J# . +,50$%7-1$,$ #(& =.,$,7)< &+)*$ '$ 50+<%. -1."A+'.,7)1+-, .*)$/+-#)+11+-,):

• 2 8=1-+ :6 3+*6-,-2+-+ 8 8</6<8-15:+,--6 :6 56-8:,78C:" L6: '+51: (./1?*+2+/ 74= ./12+?6 =9 :6 C$0$'+#-.:6 U8B1/+:, 1539):

„"7+ 8<CJ1,-2+-+, F6/67-1/:+ <6 :C7+8 28?+21 56--8:,78 ,4>8:1:8C, =+G1@1 ?6 ,1 ./1?6?1 242 0/1:,-78-1 ./12+?8, -+26 38 ?+,-6285+ ./17/6,:6 :6,56?6,767-+ -8 1 ?+3/1 8<21,-:+, ?/6*8 >8-6-15Q. (…) O21-/C26= -1, >1 8=6 :C7+57+ 8</6<6 8 8</1>1:8C, 7+8-+ :11 24<=+G:+ ?6 34?6- ?+3/1 ./1?6?1:8. '672+ 38F-1:6./62858 2 -6742 ,59>6K? T6-+26 28 9=+5C26=, 356-*+,75+::8 >8-6-158, ?6 8<28:8-1 :1?+?C56:+,--6 :6,-856 8 ?6 :1 <6C2C26-1 21?:6*6, 767-+ ,4= 28G?65 ?6./62C- =:+<8:6, >1 .+?+3:+ 8</6<C26:1 +,676-C26 56--8:,78C.“

3. C07%+'(,: 17'++;7171, ,7:(# . 17*)$/+'$071 ,0J'(-+.+,, 7+K-+ )Q, R8K1/= ?6-8/6 +- 1540 *. 8 7+K-+ ,.+/1?:1C B158 ?6 8<=+58 356*+,75+::+,--6 :6 >8-6-15C):

"[* E6515 (P/+5+* 74= ./12+?6 =9 :6 .4/28-1 ?1,1-.1,:8 :6 !).$'$, 1545):

112288

E$ %,+0+ &<-,+, -)7' #$,+ ,JB "$1.&$1.71. 1+-. &1+/+ ,0J' . 1.#$#%+ 50."1$1.7('+*0.<, 507%+'$= #$#%+,+ . '$ 50$%.,50. $%,+0$ +,.%$, %-.=#.,7 5+A%$).),5+--50$%7').%+ &$B 7 '$ -7 507#)+1.&507' %+)<,$ .&, *7" '$ /. #+0.&.P$@+,+ - $%,+0$ ,7 1<&$, 1.@+ +*@++-%71 &1+:717,+ 1$ 5+)"$,$ %-7+*@$.

" L67 P15-81 ?Q !6: (C+7,.=7-#+ ."#J-,%+, 1555):

„P/121G?6:1-+ 1 <6:8=6:81, ,24/<6:+ .+21>1 ,-/9?, +-7+57+-+ , .+F2658. T6J+-+, 67+ ./1?6?1-1 :1-J6-6 ?+3/1 8 2C/:+, :6K-=:+*+ ?6 28 ,1 ./8<:61 -+26,>1 ,-1 :6/8,92658 .4/2++3/6<6 — 8 .+-*+5C=6-6 ,56-26 +,-626 <6 +/8*8:656. "7+ ,1 8</6<8-1 <51, 2,8>789./1B8 J1 .6?:6- 24/F9 26,. "7+ 26@8C- *+,.+?6/ 176<65 :1J+ :1?+3/+, .67 26, J1 ,=1-:6- <6 :1/6<,4?-582, <6J+-+ :1 ,-1 8<3/658 .+?F+?CJ ./8=1/. E ?/9*8?9=8, P/12+?6>4- :87+*6 :1 3826 :6/8>6: "2-+/.“

" )+8, 5N+ #+6 (/47+2+?,-2+ P$ 175+-,+<1-,%+,+ .).0$"1++*0$".7,+ 1$ 17@$,$ %(% %-7)71$,$, 1575):

„;676 >1 :C=6 ,/1?,-2+, 7+1-+ ?6 ?+21?1 1?8: 1<87?+ ,424/@1:,-2+ >/1< ./12+?6, 8 :1 1 8=65+ ./12+?6>,385 -+K 8 :6K-7+=.1-1:-:8C-, 7+K-+ ?6 1 <6,59G85 ,4-J8-1 .+F2658 76-+ ./121G?6:8C 62-+/.“

" H-81: P6,781 (.8,=+ ?+ (?1 ?N+ ;Q/:13, 1576):

„T:6>8 %81 8,76-1 ?6 +35176 U8B1/+: , 0/1:,76?/1F6. T63151G1-1, =+5C, 76726 256,- ,-1 ./8?+385824/F9 =1:. &1 =/6<C :8J+ .+21>1 +- ./12+?6>1,78C<6:6C-. (…) E=C-6=, >1 ,/1? <6:8=6:8C-6 :6 9=6 :C=6.+-=4>8-15:+, .+-:1356*+?6/:+ +- :1*+.“

4. P$@.,$ 1$ 507%+'$:

• 2/+!$ 3+ 4#&! & *.&/

E.+/1? 58-1/6-+/8-1 :6 #1:1,6:,6 (767-+ .+ 74,:+ 8 ,.+-/1? -1<8 +- 345*6/,7+-+ %4</6G?6:1) 1?8: >9G? 1<87 ,1 +2-

112299

56?C26, 76-+ ,1 .8@1 :6 :1*+ (./12+? +- =6K>8:8C :6 >9G?8C1<87); 7+57+-+ ?+ ./12+?6 74= =6K>8:8C 1<87, ,.+/1? -CF -+K1 @7+56 .+ ,-85, =C,-+-+, 74?1-+ ,1 0+/=8/6 1<874-. ;+26?626 +,:+26:81 :6 ":-+6: D1/=6: ?6 <6C28: „P4/2++3/6< :6.8,6:1-+, ./12+?4- 1 8 :1*+2 F+/8<+:-. T6 >+2176 +- XVI 2..8,6:1-+ :87+*6 :1 1 ?651> +- ./121G?6:1-+. P8,6:1-+ :1,6=+ ./+8<F+G?6 +- ./12+?6, :+ 8 :1./174,:6-+ -7 %0(@$74= :1*+. (…) P/1< #1:1,6:,6 ./12+?4- 1 F+/8<+:-4- :6 2,C-76 .8,=+2:6 ?1K:+,-. ;+K 1 =6-/8B6-6 :6 -+26, 7+1-+ 8=1::+-+*626 <6.+>26 ?6 ,1 :6/8>6 58-1/6-9/6 (licterature).“

" ;+=6 E138K1 (D071-#+ 5+7,.=7-#+ ."#J-,%+, 1548):

„E51? 76-+ ./12+?4- +- >9G? 1<87 1 ,6=+ .+?/6G6-:81, 767 .+-?+3/1 ?6 -1 2421?6 2 :1*+ +,21: >/1< .+?-/6G6:81? P+?/6G626K :6 !6/+ 8 :1*+26-6 L7,$&+0-6+"$, :1*+28-1 C-$)&., :6 E6515 8 :1*+26-6 !).$'$,:6 M1=6<Q/ 8 :1*+26-6 N17.'$, :6 P15-81 8 :1*+26-69'.-7< 8 U7+0/.#.. P+?/6G626K :6 -+57+26 3+G1,-21-:8 9=+21, 7+8-+, ,51?26K78 >9G?8-1 ,-4.78, ./62C-.4-C .+-517, <6 ?6 *8 ,51?26- 8 ?/9*8.“

" )+8, 5N+ #+6 (/47+2+?,-2+ P$ 175+-,+<1-,%+,+ .).0$"1++*0$".7,+ 1$ 17@$,$ %(% %-7)71$,$, 1575):

„(- -+26 ,51?26, >1 1 .+-?+3/1 -1<8, 7+8-+ 9=1C- -+-26, ?6 ,4<?6?6- ,2+1 ,+3,-21:+ ,4>8:1:81. P/8 2,1 -+-26, 67+ ,1 ./121G?6 2 .+=+J :6 :1<:61J8-1 1<8B8, +-->6,-8 8 <6 ,+3,-21:+ ./+,21J1:81, <6 8<*/6G?6:1 :6,-856 8 24<.8-6:81 :6 9=6 >/1< :6K-?+3/8-1 62-+/8(…), ,=C-6= ./121G?6:1-+ <6 -24/?1 ./1.+/4>8-15:+.“

• 5+!.$ +# 3(*6*78$%*#+ %$ 3(+4#+%$(+8%& *.&9&

" L6: D/1@ (P/1?*+2+/ 74= ./12+?6 :6 F6+0."&. :6W8.+7/6-, 1550):

„%,8>78 :6978 8 ./1?=1-8 =+*6- ?6 34?6- ./121?1:8 :62,8>78 1<8B8 <6 :6K-*+5C=6 .+5<6 :6 +3J1,-2+-+.“

113300

• 5(*6+8:#: +;+,$#'6$%* %$ <(*%4/&' *.&/1(*. /$!/& (%*+!+,&.=&) &!& .$*=/&

" L67 P15-81 ?Q !6: (C+7,.=7-#+ ."#J-,%+, 1555):

„%C/:+ 1, >1 7+*6-+ ./121G?6 ./124<F+?1: 62-+/(6 ./1?.6<5828C- >+217 8<3C*26 ?6 ./121G?6 ?/9*8),./12+?6>4- =+G1 ?6 8<.+5<26 ,42,1= :+28 ?9=8: ,-8*6?6 1 ,8*9/1:, >1 :1 ,4J1,-2926- ?/9*8 ?9=8. $ , -+26J1 <6,59G8 .+F2656. T6J+-+ >1,-6-6 9.+-/136 :6 .6-/60/6<8 8 +3C,:8-15:8 8</6<8 ./8 ./12+?6 1 -24/?1?+,6?:6.“

" L6: D/1@ (P/1?*+2+/ 74= ./12+?6 =9 :6 F6+0."&.:6 W8.+7/6-, 1550):

„$ 67+ :C7+K 24</6<8, >1 :6@8C- ./12+?6> 1 +,-6-285 2 ./12+?6 ,8 :C7+57+ */4B78 858 56-8:,78 ?9=8,./8362CK78 8= ,6=+ 0/1:,7+ +7+:>6:81, 7+8-+ 2,1 .67+,-626- :1/6<38/61=8 <6 >8,-8C 0/6:B9<8:, J1 =9 +--*+2+/8=, >1 +- 926G1:81 74= ?+,-+K:,-2+-+ :6 :6978--1 -+K :1 1 .+G1565 ?6 +-F24/58 , 5176 /476 .+?F+?C-J8-1 -1/=8:8. &+ ,1 :6?C26 ?6 *8 8<C,:8 , >8,-+0/1:,78 ?9=8 ./8 2-+/+-+ 8<?6:81.“

• >;?*4#6*%+ ;!$,+, /+*#+ #(';6$ 8$ 4* 3(*8$8* %$;:8%&#* 3+/+!*%&', 3(+46*?*%&*, %$4!$8$

" L67 "=8+ (P/1?,-62C:1 :6 ./12+?6 =9 :6 8-5+07'1.:.%+,+5.-. :6 P59-6/F, 1513):

„(,21: -+26, E8/, :6?C26= ,1, >1 J1 :6=1/8-1 /6<--9F6 2 ,=8/1:+-+ 9?+2+5,-281, , 7+1-+ 8<24/@8F ./1-2+?6, <6 ?6 <6.6<C <6 34?:8-1 .+7+51:8C ,.+=1:6 <6%6@1-+ ,562:+ B6/926:1, <6 ?6 34?6 2 9,59*6 :6 2,1+3-J+-+ 356*+ :6 %6@8-1 .+?6:8B8 8 <6 ?6 +3+*6-C 0/1:-,78C 1<87..“

" I6/5 A+:-1: (B8-. ,4>., 1555):

113311

„O=+5C26= 28, 356*+,75+::8 =+8 >8-6-158, ?6 :1./1:13/1*26-1 ./12+?6>1,78C =8 -/9?, <:61K78 ?+3/6--6 =8 2+5C 8 ?+,-+K:8-1 =8 <6 926G1:81 9,858C, .+-51<:8 8 ?+3/+?1-15:8, <6J+-+ <6/6?8 356*+-+ 8 ?+3/+-?1-15-6 ./121?+F -+26 ./+8<21?1:81.“

5. I07'1+ 5+)+:71.7 &7:'J *J#%$)1+-, . -%+*+'$ "$."*</%$17 1$ /+)7&. "$/J*. 50. 507%+'$:

'4= ,/1?6-6 :6 XVI 217, 8<*51G?6 ,1 +0+/=C =:1:81-+,>1 ./12+?4- -/C326 ?6 34?1 „.+-21/1:“ :6 -17,-6 — .+?F+?,./856*6: ?+ -+<8 =+=1:- ,6=+ ./8 ./12+?8-1 :6 /+?1: 1<87(76-+ 9>13:+ 9./6G:1:81), ./8 ./12+?8-1 :6 ,21J1:8-1-17,-+21 8 :6 12/1K,78-1 763658,-8. $:-1/1,:+ 1 ?6 ,1 +-31-51G8, >1 .4/28C-, 7+K-+ ?626 ./6285:+ -457926:1 :6 ./+,5+-29-8C ,-8F :6 W+/6B8K, 1 L67 P15-81 ?Q !6: (1555):

„$ :1 =+*6 ?6 :1 ,1 9>9?26= :6 ?9=8-1 :6 :C7+8, 7+-8-+, 2 ,-/1=1G6 ,8 ?6 +,4?C- ./121G?6:1-+ ?9=6 .+?9=6, ,1 .+<+2626- :6 62-+/8-1-6 :6 W+/6B8K, 7+K-+76<26: „Nec verbum verbo curabis reddere, fidus inter-pres“, 7+*6-+ W+/6B8K ,4, ,8*9/:+,- 76<26 -47=+ +3-/6-:+-+ :6 -+26, 7+1-+ -1 ,=C-6-.“

;6<8 2C/:+,- 74= +/8*8:656 ,1 8</6<C26 76-+ <6>8-6:1 :6:6=1/1:81-+ :6 62-+/6, :6 :1*+28C ,-85 8 :6>8: :6 8</6<C-26:1.

" L6: )651=6: (P/1?*+2+/ 74= ./12+?6 =9 :6 D.).5.-#.,7 :6 M1=+,-1:, 1549):

„"7+ 3CF ?/4<:65 ?6 *+ ./121?6 , .+21>1 ?9=8,1:1/*8C-6, 8<CJ1,-2+-+, 1,-1,-21:6-6 =9 ,856 JCF6 ?6,1 8<*93C-, -676 767-+ ,1 *938 ,856-6 :6 :1J6-6, 7+8-+8<+.6>626=1 8 .+?./62C=1, 8 :6 ?+3/+-+ 28:+, 7+*6-+./17651:+ *+ /6</1G?6=1. (3/6-:+, 67+ 3CF .+8,765?6 ./1?6= ,-6/6-15:+ 8 .+>-8 ?9=6 .+ ?9=6 2,8>7+, 1?-26 58 JCF ?6 34?6 /6<3/6: 8 JCF ?6 34?6 :6/1>1: ./1-7651:+ :63+G1: ./12+?6>. (…) X8-6-15C- J1 2<1=1./1?28? -+26, >1 :8-+ ./17651:+ ,4= +3+3J6265, :8-+

113322

.47 >1 ./17651:+ +-358<+ ,4= ,51?265 >9G?8-1 ,-4.-78.“

" D51< ?N+ %8G:1/ (P/1?,-62C:1 :6 ./12+?6 =9 :6 P$-5.-#.,7 :6 U1<6/, 1575):

„H?:8-1 ?4/G6- :6 7/6,+-6-6 :6 1<876, 7+K-+ 8,76-?6 1 .+-,7+/+ 3+*6- 8 7/6,82, +-7+57+-+ -+>:+ +324/-<6: , ./12+?6. M/9*8-1 ,6 -+57+26 2<8,76-15:8 74=-+>:+,--6, >1 :1 /6</1@626- :6 *+/78C ./12+?6> ?6 ?+-362C 7672+-+ 8 ?6 385+ +- ,131 ,8, :8-+ ?6 +-:1=6, 38-5+ 8 ,/8>76, <6 ?6 951,:8 /6<38/6:1-+ :6 ,5+26-6 (…);+26 ,6 ?21 7/6K:+,-8, =1G?9 7+8-+ .+ =+1=9 -/C326?6 ,1 ,-/1=8@ ?6 ?4/G8@ ,/1?6-6.“

6. 950$%'$1.7 1$ -%+*+'$,$ 50. 507%+'$ % .&7,+ 1$1$-)$'$,$ 1$ =.,$,7)< . ."<@7-,%+,+ 1$ 7".#$ (507'%7--,1.# 1$ „&121/:8-1 F93628B8“):

" L67 "=8+ (P+,56:81 ?+ 7/65C — E0$%-,%71. . '0J/.-(=.171.< :6 P59-6/F, 1593):

„&+ =+*6 :68,-8:6 ?6 -24/?C, >1 ./1?,-625C26@1:121/+C-1: -/9? ?6 ,1 ?+.45:8, .+.45:8 8 .+./628(…). &87+K :1 =+G1 ?6 +B1:8, 67+ ,6= :1 *8 1 8<.8-65,-1/<6:8C-6 :6 =8,45-6 8 8<.8-6:81-+ :6 /6<9=6, 7+1-+./1?,-625C26 -+26 ?6 ?6?1@ 2 /4B1-1 :6 F+/6-6 ./+8<-21?1:81-+ 242 28?, 7+K-+ ?6 8= ?+,-628 :6,56?6 8 ./8-:1,1 .+5<6. !8,5C, >1 ,4= 9,.C5, 76-+ ,1 .+,-6/6F ?6*+ :6./62C 24<=+G:+ :6K-C,:+, =676/ 8 :6 =:+*+ =1,--6 -+ ?6 +,-626 :1C,:+ 24./178 =:+*+3/+K:8-1 */6.6-28:8 8 :1/62:+,-8.“

" D51< ?N+ %8G:1/ (P/1?,-62C:1 :6 ./12+?6 =9 :6 P$-5.-#.,7 :6 U1<6/, 1575):

„% :1*+ 2,8>7+ 1 9,-/1=1:+ 74= ?+,-62C:1 :6 :6,-56?6 8 9?+2+5,-281. T6-+26, 31< 9*/8<1:8C, :6 =1,-6,4= +3+3J6265, <6 ?6 :6./62C .+-./8C-:6 ./+<6-6.(…) T6?+2+5858 ,=1 ,1 ?6 8</6<8= ./8358<8-15:+

113333

,F26J6:8C-6 :6 62-+/6, 31< ?6 =9 +-:1=6=1 ./626-6,76-+ ,=1 2.5158 8<+385:8 97/6@1:8C, 767-+ 38F=1 :6-*8<?858 :C7+C :121,-6. ;+26 :1 38 385+ .+<2+51:+ ./8,4>8:1:81, >8C-+ B15 1 1?8:,-21:+ ?6 +3/6<+26.“

7. I#0+&1+-, 1$ 507%+'$=$, +*.#1+%71 5+-07'1.#, +-("-1$%$@ *7"-.).7,+ -.:

" R8K+= D+@-15 (P/+5+* 74= 7/65C, T7#J*$ :6 H2/8.8?(1544):

„&6/1?8F-1 =8 ?6 *+ <624/@6. ;+26 8 ,-+/8F, :1-+57+26 .+/6?8 921/1:+,-, >1 J1 *+ :6./62C ?+3/1,<:61K78 :1=+J:8-1 =8 9=1:8C, 6 .+-,7+/+ +- G156:81?6 %8 ,1 .+?>8:C. T6J+-+ .+21>1 =8 .+=+*:6 ,856-6:6 %6@6-6 <6.+21?, +-7+57+-+ =8 .+./1>8 ,4<:6:81-+<6 =+1-+ :1,424/@1:,-2+, <6 ?6 ./875Q>6 ./12+?6 :6-6<8 -/6*1?8C.“ ;97 +-7/826=1 .+/6<8-15:8 6:65+*88 ,./+5+<8-1 :6 ,/1?:+217+2:8-1 345*6/,78 ./12+?6>8(2G. ,4+-21-:6-6 *5626).

" )6<6/ ?N+ D680 (./12+? :6 N)7#,0$ :6 E+0+745(1529):

„"< ,4= ,6=+ :1*+2 .+,/1?:87, 21/1:, ?+7+57+-+=8 1 385+ 24<=+G:+.“

!1-60+/8-1 <6 ./12+?6 ,6 =:+*+3/+K:8 8 /6<:++3/6<:8:.+>1/.6:8 +- 3+-6:876-6 (MQ D151, )651=6:), =1-60+/6 ,>+21@7+-+ -C5+ (I6/5 A+:-1:), =+/,76 =1-60+/6 (MQ D1-51), G82+.8, (MQ D151, "=8+), :121,-6 (D51< ?N+ %8G1:1/)8 ?/.

!!""##$$%%&&,, ))** ++,,--..,,//((**

(- ?/12:+,--6 (,2. V1/+:8= 2./+>1= 8</6<C26 -+26, 24-21G?6K78 ,.1B865:6 ./12+?6>1,76 ./67-876 .+ +-:+@1:81:6 E21-+-+ .8,6:81) ,-/6F4- +- 8<+.6>626:1 :6 ,=8,456 :6,21J1:8-1 -17,-+21 2+?8 ?+ 3972651: ./12+? (?+76-+ <6 ,4->8:1:8C ,4, ,21-,78 F6/67-1/ ,1 ./1.+/4>26 .+-,2+3+?1:

113344

./12+?, <6>8-6J ,=8,456), ./67-876, ./+,4J1,-292656 ?45-*+ 2 T6.6?:6 H2/+.6, ?+76-+, 767-+ 28?CF=1, 345*6/,78-1./12+?6>8 ./1< IX 8 X 2. :1 ,6 ./62158 -67+26 /6<*/6:8>1-:81 8 ,6 ./121G?658 .+-,7+/+ ,=8,456. ;+26 ?+./8:6,C <68<C,:C26:1 :1,4+-21-,-281-+ ./8 ./12+?6 :6 D8358C-6 2D45*6/8C 8 242 A/6:B8C: +J1 ./1< IX 2., ,51? ,=4/--6 :6'8/85, !1-+?8K ?+.4526 ./12+?6 :6 D8358C-6, <6.+>:6- +-3/6- =9, , 8<75Q>1:81 :6 -/8-1 7:8*8 :6 !67621K 8 7:8*6 III:6 H<?/6. ;676 >1 .+ -+26 2/1=1 8=6 21>1 .+>-8 .451: -17,-:6 D8358C-6 :6 ,562C:,78, 356*+?6/1:81 :6K-21>1 :6 9,858-C-6 8 .+,-+C:,-2+-+ :6 '8/85 2 3+/36-6 =9 ,/1J9 -/81<8>-:6-6 ?+*=6.% <6.6?:8C ,2C- +3J+./8<:6-8C- ./12+? :6 D8358C-6 1

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— ,42,1= :+2+ <6 1.+F6-6 8 ?626J+ .+2+? <6?8,79,88, — >1 ./8 :1,4+-21-,-28C =1G?9 56-8:,78C 8*/4B78C -17,- 2+?1J 1 */4B78C- (<6 .4/28 .4- -6<8 8?1C 1 8<-/6<1:6 +- 8-6586:1B6 )+/1:B+ %656 ./1< XV 2., ?+76-+U4/726-6 ,=C-6, >1 *4/B8-1, 76-+ ,F8<=6-8B8, ,6 ./+=1:858&+28C <621- 2 9*+?:6 <6 -CF .+,+76, -676 767-+ 8 12/18-1 .++-:+@1:81 :6 W/8,-+,). %42 A/6:B8C L67 )N+012/M’H-6.5, 9>85 ./8 215878-1 F9=6:8,-8 !6/,858+ A8>8:+ 8

113355

P87+ ?156 !8/6:?+56 242 A5+/1:B8C 8 +256?C5 ,-6/+12-/1K,78, 8<?626 ./1< 1523 *. ./12+? :6 0/1:,78 :6 E+%.< "$-%7,, 7+K-+ ,1 2.8,26 2 @8/+7+-+ ?9F+2:+ ?28G1:81 :6<62/4J6:1 74= .4/2+8<2+/8-1 8 2 7+K-+ -+K ,1 ?8,-6:B8/6+- 9>1:8C-6 :6 +-B8-1 :6 U4/726-6. !676/ 8 ./8:9?1: ?6G8211 2 8<*:6:81 <6/6?8 8?18-1 ,8, -+K 8<?626 ,2+C-6 I%7,$?.*).<, ./12+? :6 0/1:,78 :6 OJ)/$,$,$, ./1< 1530 *..$<24: ./1?158-1 :6 A/6:B8C, 2 74,:+-+ E/1?:+217+281 ,1

.+C2C26- :6 3C5 ,2C- ?26 <:6>8=8 ./12+?6 :6 D8358C-6: -+<8:6 >1F6 \: W9,, 7+K-+ <6*826 :6 756?6-6 ./1< 1414 *., 8 -+<8 :66:*58K,78C 3+*+,5+2 MG+: O87580 (XIV 2.), 8 ?26=6-6 ./1?-21,-:8B8 :6 #10+/=6B8C-6 8 +3C21:8 <6 1/1-8B8. O87580 +--/8>6 ?+7-/8:6-6 <6 1?8:+,4J81-+ (1?:+2/1=1::+ 8 ?1K,-28--15:+ ./8,4,-281 :6 W/8,-+26-6 .54- 8 7/42 2 12F6/8,-8C-6)8 +-F24/5C .6.,76-6 256,-. ;+K ,=C-6 D8358C-6 <6 1?8:,-21:8<-+>:87 :6 F/8,-8C:,76 8,-8:6 8 <6 ?6 C /6<./+,-/6:C26, C./121G?6 :6 6:*58K,78. P/12+?4- 1 <624/@1: ./1< 1382-/6.$,-8:,78C- „+-1B“ :6 D8358C-6 :6 6:*58K,78 +36>1 1 O85C=;8:?1K5, 8<./6-1: :6 756?6-6 +- '6/5 V ./1< 1536-6. D51,-CJ1/9?8- (*+2+/15 1 12/1K,78, */4B78, 56-8:,78, 6:*58K,78, 8-6-586:,78, 8,.6:,78 8 0/1:,78), -+K ,1 1 ,/1J65 , H/6<4= 8 )9--1/ 8 1 ,.+?15C5 -1F:8-1 8?18. #1@626 ?6 ./121?1 D8358C-6 :6?+,-4.1: <6 @8/+78-1 =6,8 6:*58K,78 8 +3C,:C26 =+-828-1 ,8, ?9=8, 358<78 ?+ 8<.+5<26:8-1 +- )9-1/:

„P/1?8<28726= .6.6-6 8 2,8>78-1 =9 <67+:8 8 67+D+* =8 ?6?1 G82+-, J1 :6./62C -676, >1 2 ":*58C ,15-,78C- /6-6K ?6 .+<:626 P8,6:81-+ .+-?+3/1 +- ,6=8C.6.6.“

'67 ?6 ,1 ./+?45G8 -6<8 <6?6>6 2 ":*58C, ,51? 76-+ B4/-7+2:8-1 256,-8 8<./6J6- 2 <6-2+/6 8 ?+/8 :6 756?6-6 -1<8,7+8-+ >1-6- ,4>8:1:8C-6 :6 )9-1/? P/1< 1524 *. ;8:?1K5 :6-.9,76 /+?8:6-6, 7+C-+ :87+*6 .+21>1 :C=6 ?6 28?8. T624/@26./12+?6 ,8 2 W6=39/*. ;6= 8<58<6, ,51? =:+*+ .1/8.1-88,./12+?4- =9 :6 &+28C <621- ./1< 1525-6, :+ :C=6 2/1=1 ?6<624/@8 ./12+?6 ,8 :6 E-6/8C <621-, ./1?8 ?6 34?1 6/1,-9-26: ./1< 1535 *. 8 17<179-8/6:. ;+<8 ./12+? 1 ?15+ :6 !6K5<'624/?1K5. E51? :C7+57+ /1?67B88 ,4J8C- ./12+? J1 <6-51*:1 2 +,:+26-6 :6 K$"07Q71$,$ %70-.<, 8<?6?1:6 ./1<

113366

,51?26J8C 217 (1611), 7+C-+ J1 +,-6:1 +08B865:6-6 21/,8C2 ./+?45G1:81 .+>-8 :6 -/8 2176. $ -676, .+G156:81-+, 8<-76<6:+ +- ;8:?1K5 :6 756?6-6 (D+* ?6 +-2+/8 +>8-1 :6 7/6-5C), :6K-:67/6C J1 34?1 >9-+ ./1< 1538 *. 8 W1:/8 VIII 8<?6-26 976< -6<8 6:*58K,76 D8358C ?6 ,1 >1-1 242 2,8>78 1:+/88,:1<628,8=+ +- <63/6:6-6 :6 U4/726-6 …'6-+ ./C7 .+,51?+26-15 :6 %656, H/6<4= #+-1/?6=,78 8<-

?626 ,2+8-1 ?7)7:#. 5+ E+%.< "$%7,, ./121?1: +- %656,./1?@1,-26:8 +- ./1?*+2+/, +3C21: <6 1/1-8>1:, -4K 76-+ 2:1*+ ,1 8<-4726 <:6>1:81-+, 7+1-+ 8=6- <6 3+*+,5+281-+ ./1-2+?4- 8 1<874-:

„E6=6-6 -1+5+*8C, 7/658B6-6 :6 2,8>78 :6978, :1 38,=1-:656 <6 :1?+,-+K:+ ,.+/1? =1: ./8?2+/:6-6 S ?6-=6 — */6=6-876-6, ?6 2?8*:1 ,/1J9 :1C /476, 76-+ S +--?626 ,4J12/1=1::+ :9G:+-+ 926G1:81. R/6=6-876-6 1, .+-:8,@ /6:* +- =:+*+ ?/9*8 :6978, :+ :87+C +- -CF:1 +76<26 .+-:1<6=1:8=6 .+=+J +- :1K:6-6. (…) ;C ,1<6:8=626 , ?/13+588, 7+8-+ =+*6- ?6 ?+21?6- ?+ ,1/8-+<:8 .+,51?8B8. M6 ,1 -24/?8, >1 -1+5+*8C-6 1 ./17651-:+ 215876 ?6 ,1 .+?>8:C26 :6 */6=6-8>1,78-1 <67+:8 8>1 BC56-6 ./12+?6>1,76 ?1K:+,- <628,8 +- 2?4F:+21:8-1-+ :6 E21-8C ?9F, +<:6>626 ?6 ,1 8<?8*:6- -1+5+<8-1 2,42,1= :+2 ,6:. (…) &8=6 J1 ./8.8@1= */1@78-1 :6E21-8C ?9F 8 J1 -24/?8=, >1 ,1 ?45G6- :6 :1*+?“

H/6<4= ,1 <61=6 ,4, ,1/8+<:+-+ :6>8:6:81 ?6 ./+21/8 8,/62:8 */4B78-1 -17,-+21 :6 &+28C <621- , 56-8:,78-1 21/-,88 8 -457926:8C-6 :6 3+*+,5+28-1. P/1< 1505-6 -+K 8<?626.4/28C ,8 ./12+? :6 56-8:,78 :6 E+%.< "$%7, 2 ":*58C, ./1-2+?, 2 7+K-+ ,1 +-75+:C26 +- OJ)/$,$,$ 8 ./1?,-62C .6/6-515:+ */4B78C +/8*8:65 8 ,2+C-6 56-8:,76 21/,8C. (3C2C26,1 2 <6J8-6 :6 ./12+?6 :6 ,21J1:8-1 -17,-+21 :6 ./+,-+:6-/+?1: 1<87, <6 ?6 8= +,8*9/8 .+-@8/+7+ /6<./+,-/6:1:81….+21>1 +- @1,-,-+-8: *+?8:8 ,51? '8/85:

„E42,1= :1 ,4= ,4*56,1: , -1<8, 7+8-+ 8,76- ?6.+./1>6- E21-+-+ .8,6:81 ?6 34?1 >1-1:+ +- :121G8--1 8 ./121?1:+ :6 ./+,-+:6/+?1: 1<87, 76-+ >1 58W/8,-+, 1 ./+.+2C?265 -+57+26 ,5+G:8 :1J6, >1 ?6

113377

34?6- /6<3/6:8 ,6=+ +- @1.6 3+*+,5+28, 858 76-+ >158 :121G1,-2+-+ 1 1?8:,-21:8C- <6J8-1: <8? ./1?F/8,-8C:,76-6 /158*8C.“

&+, /6<38/6 ,1, :6K-<:6>8=8C- ./12+? :6 D8358C-6, 7+K--+ ?+./8:6,C <6 +3+*6-C26:1-+, 91?:672C26:1-+ 8 9,-6:+2C-26:1-+ :6 1<876 1 -+<8 :6 )9-1/: ,6=+ <6 :C7+57+ =1,1B6 -+K./121G?6 :6 :1=,78 E+%.< "$%7, (1521), 6 ./12+?4- =9 :6I,$0.< "$%7, 8<58<6 ./1< 1534. %./+>1= )9-1/ C,:+ 1 ,4<-:6265 8,-+/8>1,76-6 /+5C :6 ,2+1-+ :6>8:6:81:

„&+ ?+3/1 1 28?:+, >1 8=1::+ +- =+1-+ ./12+?6>1,-7+ 8<79,-2+ 8 =+C :1=,78 1<87 -1 ,1 9>6- ?6 *+2+/C- 8?6 .8@6- :6 :1=,78; -1 +*/6326- ,51?+26-15:+ =+C1<87, <6 7+K-+ ./1?8 ,6 <:6158 -24/?1 =657+.“

&1*+26-6 ./12+?6>1,76 B15 1 ./1?8 2,8>7+ -17,-4- ?6?+,-8*:1 ?+ .+21>1 F+/6, ?6 34?1 /6<3/6: +- -CF, <6-+26 1.+?:1,1: :6 1G1?:12:8C 1<87 (+--97 8 +-./621:8-1 7/8-878,>1 -17,-4--B15 1 ./17651:+ 8<*56?1:):

„M/6*8 ./8C-15Q, -17,-4- 21>1 1 :6 :1=,78 1<87 81 <624/@1:; 2,178 =+G1 ?6 *+ >1-1 8 /6<*51G?6; .+*-51?4- =+G1 ?6 ./1=8:1 ./1< -/8->1-8/8 ,-/6:8B8, 31<?6 ,1 ./1.4:1; :1 ,1 <6315C<26- 76=4:8-1 8 7+/1:8J6--6, 7+8-+ ,6 3858 -6=; 8 24/F9 2,8>7+ -+26 ,1*6 ,1,-4.26 76-+ .+ ?+3/1 54,:6-6 ?4,76; :+ ?+,-6 .+- 89,858C :8 3CF6 :1+3F+?8=8, ?+76-+ 9,.11= ?6 /6<>8,--8= .4-C +- 76=4:8-1 8 7+/1:8J6-6, -6 ?6 =+G1 .+ :1-*+ -676 517+ ?6 ,1 24/28.“

$58 ?+3/1 8<21,-:8-1 =9 ?9=8 (2 7+8-+ :6=8/6=1 ,F+?-,-2+ , B15-6, 7+C-+ ,8 1 .+,-62C5 ;8:?1K5):

„T6J+-+ :1 2 39728-1 :6 56-8:,78C 1<87 -/C326 ?6,1 2<8/6=1, <6 ?6 ,1 :69>8= ?6 *+2+/8= :1=,78, 767-+./62C- =6*6/1-6-6; -/C326 ?6 .8-6=1 =6K76-6 7/6K +*-:8J1-+, ?1B6-6 .+ 958B8-1, +387:+21:8C >+217 :6 .6-<6/6 8 ?6 *51?6=1 7672+ 8</8>6 -CF:6-6 9,-6, <6 ?6 /6<-31/1= 767 *+2+/C- 8 ,.+/1? -+26 ?6 ./121G?6=1.“

113388

77**22..8844##)),,##

&6>8:4- :6 ./121G?6:1 ./1< #1:1,6:,6 ./+?45G626 -/6-?8B88-1 +- /8=,76-6 6:-8>:+,- 8 .4/28-1 ,/1?:+217+2:8„-/6:,56-+/8“, ?+7+57+-+ ,1 ./121G?6 ,=8,454-, 6 :1 ?9=6.+ ?9=6, -. 1. ./1?.+>8-6 ,1 ,2+3+?6-6 ./1? /+3,-2+-+ (,.+-/1? :+28C -+.+, :6 1.+F6-6). ;+26 ,F26J6:1, ?+21?1:+ ?+7/6K:+,- +- "=8+, 1 ./1?21,-:87 :6 24<./81-6-6 ./1< ,51?-26J8C 217 ./67-876 8 :6 „&121/:8-1 F93628B8“.;+26 1 8 .1/8+? :6 <:6>8-15:8 <62+126:8C 2 -6<8 +356,-:

8=1::+ ./1< WVI 2. 242 0/1:,78C 1<87 ,1 2421G?6- ,42/1-=1::8-1 -1/=8:8 <6 ./12+?, ./121G?6:1 8 ./12+?6> — tra-duction, traduire 8 traducteur (=+G1 38 >67 2 :6>65+-+ :6WVIII 2. J1 ,1 .+C28 G1:,78C- /+? „./12+?6>76“). ;+26 1 81.+F6-6, 2 7+C-+ ,1 8<56*6- .4/28-1 ./62856 :6 ./12+?6>1,-7+-+ 8<79,-2+.P/12+?4- <:6>8-15:+ /6<@8/C26 ,2+1-+ .+51 :6

?1K,-281, +3F26J6K78 ,-6/+*/4B78C (.4/2+:6>65:+ ./1=8-:626K78 ./1< 56-8:,78, 6 .+-74,:+, .+ 2/1=1-+ :6 ":/8 II, 8?8/17-:+ +- */4B78), :+ ,4J+ 8 :6 ?/9*8 ./+,-+:6/+?:8 1<8-B8: ./1?8=:+ 8-6586:,78 (P1-/6/76, !67862158, "/8+,-+,'6,-858+:1, ;6,+ 8 ?/. .8,6-158) 8 8,.6:,78, :+ ,4J+ -6768 :1=,78 8 6:*58K,78 (D1K74:, )9-1/).

**DD""!!EE++**FF**

— Antoine Berman, „De la translation à la traduction“, TTR,vol.1, numéro 1, 1er semestre 1988, pp. 23–40.

— Traduire et adapter à la Renaissance, études réunies parDominique de Courcelles, Paris, Ecole des Chartres, 1998.

— Jean Delisle et Judith Woodsworth, Les traducteurs dans l’his-toire, Presses de l’université d’Ottawa/éd. De L’UNESCO,1995.

— Bruno Garnier, „Guillaume Bochetel et Lazare de Baïf, traduc-teurs conseillers du roi François I“ in : Jean Delisle, Portraitsde Traducteurs, Presses de l’université d’Ottawa, Artois presseuniversité, 1999, pp. 33–67.

— Bruno Garnier, Pour une poétique de la traduction: l’Hécubed’Euripide en France de la traduction humaniste à la tragédieclassique, Paris, L’Harmattan, 1999.

113399

— Michel Ballard, De Cidéron à Benjamin, traducteurs, traduc-tions, réflexions, Presses universitaires de Lille, 1995

— Sherry Simon, „Conflits de juridiction , la double signature dutexte traduit“, Meta, vol. 34, N02, pp. 195-208

— Henri van Hoof, Histoire de la traduction en occident, Paris,Duculot, 1991

— Paul Chavy, „Les traductions humanistes au début de laRenaissance française : traductions médiévales, traductionsmodernes“, La traduction à la Renaissance, actes du colloquetenu à l’université Carleton, Ottawa, 1976, pp. 1-17.

— Paul Herbert Larwill, „La théorie de la traduction au début de laRenaissance“, Thèse de doctorat, université de Münich, 1934

114400

&&''((##!!%%$$"" &&''((DD ##((99,, ++,, ))??** @@IIVV::„„++((##((''++**""(( @@??CC,,##**FF**““

H+/$,+ -7 5+<%. 507%+'(, 1$ GJ#.$1, 1$50$%71+, /+-5+'.1 3’F*)$1#J0, &1+/+ A+0$ -7 +5)$#$A$, =717 *.) %7071. H+)#+,+ '+ &71, $" /+ 1$07#+A „17%<0-1$ AJ*$%.;$“, 50+"%.@7, #+7,+ 1$ &)$'.1. *<A '$) 1$7'1$ +, &+.,7 &7,07-..

LNEF2, 1740

C07" XVII %7# 507%7:'$17 -7 0.&J%$ - 5.-$17, %(-+*0$:71.7, ,%+0=7-,%+.

HK!IM!FE ?FG!Y, 2002

NN(($$''""11&&**$$**))## ))** PP""##))5522%%((%% 22""**..55(($$%%,, <<(($$''""11&&**$$**))##))** PP""##))5522,,// ##66,,22

# (3J1,-21:+-.+58-8>1,78 /6=78: ,51? 76-+ ,/1?8<1=:+-=+/,76 H2/+.6 ($-658C 8 $,.6:8C) 1 5Q576 :6 B82858<6B8C--6 ./1< XVI 2., ./1< XVII 2. A/6:B8C .+1=6 J601-6-6, 6 217.+-74,:+ 8?26 /1? 8 :6 6:*5+,67,+:,78C ,2C-. '95-9/:8-1 B1:-:+,-8 ,1 8<=1,-26- .+,-1.1::+ :6 ,121/. '/65,-2+ A/6:B8C,1 9-24/G?626 8 9,-6:+2C26 -/6K:+ ,4, ,2+8-1 500 000 7=2

.5+J 8 :6,151:81 +- 20 =858+:6, 7+1-+ *+ ./628 :6K-*4,-+ :6-,151:6-6 12/+.1K,76 ?4/G626.W6/67-1/:+ <6 58-1/6-9/:+-+ 8 F9?+G1,-21:+-+ -2+/>1-

,-2+ 1 ,5826:1-+ =9 , 256,--6 ?+ ,-1.1:, 7+C-+ :C=6 6:65+*2 7+C-+ 8 ?6 1 ?/9*6 1.+F6. ;+26 1 .1/8+?, ./1< 7+K-+ 0/1:,-76-6 =+:6/F8C ?+,-8*6 ,2+C 6.+*1K, ./81=6 ,85:+ -16-/658-<8/6:8, .+>-8 =8-+5+*8<8/6:8 0+/=8 :6 ./+C251:81. ;+26 18 .1/8+?, ./1< 7+K-+ 24<=+G:+,--6 ?6 ,1 79.8 356*+/+?:8->1,76 -8-56 +- 7/65C 2+?8 ?+ ,4<?626:1 :6 65>:6 8 31<?15:6

114411

756,6, ./1?=1- :6 ,6-8/8>:8 :6.6?78 8 .+?8*/6278. &+ 67+-+26 ,358G626:1 :6 39/G+6<8C-6 , 256,--6 ,1 +76<26 .6*93-:+ <6 .+58-8>1,76-6 =+J :6 A/6:B8C, -+ 8=6 356*+./8C-:+24<?1K,-281 <6 /6<B21-6 :6 8<79,-26-6 8 58-1/6-9/6-6:./1?,-628-158-1 :6 -6<8 756,6, :1<61-8 , -/9?+26 ?1K:+,-,<6.+>26- 9,851:+ ?6 >1-6- 8 ,6=8 ?6 .8@6-. % :87+C ?/9*61.+F6 :1 ,1 8</6<F+?26- -+57+26 ,/1?,-26 <6 8<?/4G76 :6 .+-1-8, F9?+G:8B8 8 =9<876:-8.

# '95-9/:8 /6=78: >8,-+-6 8 7+?808B8/6:1 :6 0/1:,78C1<87. #6<./6-6 =1G?9 „M/12:8“ 8 „!+?1/:8“

XVII 217 1 1.+F6 :6 .+?1= 8 /6<28-81 :6 0/1:,78C 1<87,./1< 7+C-+ 56-8:,78C- +-,-4.26 2+?1J6-6 ,8 /+5C; -+26 1 8 .1-/8+? :6 ,-8=958/6J -2+/>1,-2+-+ 3858:*28<4= — :176 :1<63/62C=1, >1 0/1:,78C- 1 <63/6:1: 2 9>858J1 8 56-8:,78C- 11?8:,-21:8C- 1<87 :6 +3/6<+26:81-+. %./+>1=, =676/ 2,1 +J1?6 ,1 .8@1 :6 56-8:,78, 2,1 .+21>1 ,1 ./1?.+>8-6 0/1:,78C-.H?:6 26G:6 =C/76 .+<2+5C26 9-24/G?626:1-+ :6 0/1:,78C 76--+ 1<87 :6 8:-1517-965:6-6 ?1K:+,-: ./1< 1624 *. 7/65C- 8<?6-26 /6</1@1:81, .+ 8<75Q>1:81, <6J8-6-6 :6 ?8,1/-6B8+::8-/9?+21 ?6 =+G1 ?6 ,1 8<24/@26 :6 0/1:,78 1<87. P/+8<21?1-:8C-6 ,1 /6<./+,-/6:C26- :6 ?21 /62:8J6 — 12/+.1K,7+ >/1<56-8:,78C, =6,+2+ 8 +3J+:6/+?:+ >/1< 0/1:,78C.E51? 517,8765:+-+ +3+*6-C26:1 :6 1<876 ./1< XVI 217

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„I.'“, 1638); 8=1::+-+K, 2 517B8C <6 -16-4/6, 8<:1,1:6 ./1? 76/?8:65 #8@15N+,2421G?6 ./6285+-+ <6 -/8-1 1?8:,-26 — :6 2/1=1, =C,-+ 8?1K,-281. '+57+-+ ?+ ./1.+/478-1 :6 !651/3, <6,-4.:87 :6

114422

C,:8C ,=8,45, <297+26-6 F6/=+:8C, 5+*8>:+-+ ,5+2+, -1 ,1./12/4J6- 2 <67+: 8 D+65+ =9 8<76<26 ?453+7+-+ ,8 926G1-:81 2 ,2+1-+ ./+>9-+ C+7,.=7-#+ ."#J-,%+ (1674):

E$#0$B L$)70* '+B'7 — -07' 6071-#.,7 5+7,.#$#%+ 7 0.,(& ,+B % -,.A$ -. 50(% J-7,.,=7 'J&.,7 ,7:$, 1$ -%+.,7 &7-,$5+#$"$ . % -,.)$ 1$)+:. ,+=1+-,,$,A$07-$ /+ -%7,(, . -#+0+ %("50.7 /+. 5+-'+*07 "%J=. 7".#(, 1. -)7' 17/+. (…)9, %-.=#. *7 50."1$,, '+0. . % '17Q1+ %07&75+7,(, -7 -,07&. "$ 50.&70 '$ /+ %"7&7.O(0%7,7 -(- )>*+% -)7' ,+". 50(% -,.).-,,%"7&7,7 <-1+,$ +, ."0$"$ &J =.-,.1

%,4J:+,-, ,4, ,2+8-1 H+&71,$0. %(0AJ 375+0, (,-85+-28 8 1<87+28 3151G78 .+ .+2+? :6 1?:+ ,-8F+-2+/1:81 :6 M1-.+/-), !651/3 ./+./62C .4-C <6 8<?626:1 :6 =:+G1,-2+ */6-=6-878, 7+8-+ ,1 :6?./126/26- ?6 /1*56=1:-8/6- 1<876. ;+K,1 +3C2C26 ./+-82 6/F68<=8-1, <61=78-1, ?86517-:8-1 ?9=8,-1F:8>1,78-1 -1/=8:8, +3/6<926:1-+ :6 :69>:8 ?9=8, =6:8-1/:8-1 ?9=8 8 ,=C-6:8-1 <6 „:8<@8“ -1/=8:8. % 8=1-+ :61<87+26-6 ./67-876 8 C,:8C ,-85 -+K 8<F24/5C ,8:+:8=8-1 88<8,726 5+*8>:8-1 2/4<78 2 8</1>1:81-+ ?6 34?6- 8</6<C26-:8, ?+/8 -+26 ?6 *+ ./628 .+--/+=62+. \,:+-6, >8,-+-6,8<CJ:+,- 8 ?+34/ 279, — -+26 ,6 ./1.+/478-1, ,51?26:8 +-,42/1=1::8-1 ./12+?6>8 8 +./62?626J8 ,.+/1? -CF 2+5:+,--8-1 .+ +-:+@1:81 :6 8<F+?:8C -17,-; :6 -CF ,1 .+<+2626- 8/1@1:8C-6, 7+8-+ ./81=6 A/1:,76-6 676?1=8C.E6=8C- !651/3 ./121G?6 E1:176 8 ;8- )828K. % +3/4-

J1:81 74= >8-6-158-1 2 ./12+?6 ,8 :6 ;8- )828K (1616) 8<-56*6 ./8:B8.8-1, +- 7+8-+ ,1 1 2+?85 8 7+8-+ J1 ,51?26 BC-5+ .+7+51:81 ./12+?6>8.

H+0./.0$17 1$ +0./.1$)$, "$@+,+ 7 17."'(0:$1:

„&6 :C7+57+ =1,-6 2 -+<8 ./12+? ?+3628F :1J6, 7+-8-+ :1 3CF6 8<?4/G6:8 2 56-8:,78C -17,-, 6 :6 ?/9*8./+=1:8F +>128?:+ 8<+.6>1:8 ?9=8. "7+ -1<8, 7+8-+

114433

1 P/12+? +- 0/1:,78 P1:>+ E8=+2. D+65+, C+7,.=7-#+ ."#J-,%+, &6-976 8 8<79,-2+, E. 1983. — D15. ./12.

/6<*51G?6- -1<8 -/9?:+,-8, :1 ,.+?15C- =+1-+ =:1:81,J1 ,4= 8= -24/?1 356*+?6/1: ?6 =8 8<5+G6- .+-?+3/++- :1*+. &+ 6< J1 ,4= .+:1 9?+251-2+/1:, >1 ,4= 8=<6,28?1-15,-265 ,-6/6:81-+ ,8.“

I,07&7: #(& <-1+,$, ."<@1+-, . '+*(0 %#J-, +50$%'$-%$@. 50+&71.,7 % ,7#-,$:

„"7+ :6 :C7+57+ =1,-6 ,4= ?+36285 858 ./1=6F:65:1J+, 76728-+ =1,-6 8=6 :68,-8:6 74= .1--@1,-, :6.-/628F .4/2+-+, <6 ?6 +,21-5C :C7+8 :1C,:+-8, 7+8-+38F6 <6-/9?:858 -1<8, 7+8-+ ,76- ?6 *8 8<31*:6-; 6 2-+-/+-+ — <6 ?6 :1 8<.6?6= 2 .+2-+/1:8C 858 ?/9*8 :1-9=1,-:8 :1J6, +- 7+8-+ :C7+K 2<8,76-151: 9= 38=+*45 ?6 ,1 ?+76>8. (…) M+3/1 .+<:626= 279,6 :6 9:8-21/,8-1-6, :+ 8<38/6= -+<8 :6 )924/6.“

)8-1/6-9/:8-1 ,65+:8 ,4J+ ?+./8:6,C- <6 9,-6:+2C26:1:6 1<87+26-6 ./67-876, 24<./81-6 2 M2+/1B6 (1<874- :6'/65,78C 7+51G, -. 1. :6 O:821/,8-1-6, ,1 ./+-82+.+,-62C :6-+<8 :6 )924/6, -. 1. :6 M2+/1B6): ,65+:8-1 :6 !6?6= ?N+#6=39K1, :6 *+,.+G8B6 MN+ E7Q?1/8, :6 LQ58 ?’":G1:.A/1:,76-6 676?1=8C, ,4<?6?1:6 ./1< 1634 *. +- 76/?8:65 MN+#8@15N+ +7+5+ ,4J1,-2926J8C :10+/=651: 7/4G1B, +,8*9-/C26 :6K-356*+./8C-:8 9,5+28C <6 .+,-8*6:1 :6 1<87+26 >8,--+-6. "76?1=8C-6, 8 +,+31:+ :1K:8C- ,17/1-6/ '+:/6/,:6,4/>626- ./12+?6>8-1, ./8251>1:8 <6 9>6,-81 2 :1K:6-6/63+-6 (L8/8, P6-/Q, M’"356:79/, MQ/81, (381 8 ?/.), 8,4?1K,-26- <6 24</6G?6:1-+ :6 ./12+?6, ?+,-6 .+?B1:C26: 27/6C :6 XVI 8 2 :6>65+-+ :6 XVII 217.

„(3,4?1:+ 31 767 ?6 34?1 :6/1>1:+ ,?/9G1:81-+ 8,1 ,=1-:6, >1 :6K-?+3/+-+ +- :C7+57+-+ ./1?5+G1:88=1:6 1 A/1:,76 676?1=8C, 7+1-+ 21>1 31 +?+3/1:+ +-76/?8:656. P+ 24./+,6 <6 09:7B88-1 :6 "76?1=8C-6*+,.+?8: I6.51: ./1?,-628 ,2+1-+ *51?8J1 <6 :1K:6--6 +,:+2:6 <6?6>6, 7+C-+ -/C326 ?6 34?1 :6,+>1:6 74=.+,-8*6:1 :6 >8,-+-6 :6 :6@8C 1<87, <6 ?6 ./8?+381 76->1,-26-6 :6 :6K-28,@1-+ '/6,:+/1>81. T6 -6<8 B15, :6.4/2+ =C,-+, ,51?26 ?6 ,1 9,-6:+2C- ./62856-6, .+ 7+-

114444

8-+ ?6 ,1 2+?C- ?9=8-1 8 8</1>1:8C-6, >/1< *+5C= /1>-:87 8 -24/?1 -+>:6 */6=6-876, 7+8-+ J1 ?6/C- :6 1<876>6,- +- 58.,26J8-1 =9 97/6@1:8C, 6 2.+,51?,-281 -+K,6= J1 ./8?+381 +,-6:65+-+ >/1< ./62856-6 :6 #1-+/8-76-6 8 P+1-876-6, 7+8-+ J1 -/C326 ?6 ,1 8<*+-2C-, <6 ?6:6,+>26- -1<8, 7+8-+ 38F6 G15658 ?6 .8@6- 2 ,-8F+21858 2 ./+<6. ;+26 =:1:81, ,.+?151:+ +- 2,8>78 +,-6:6-58 676?1=8B8, 31 ./81-+ 1?8:+?9@:+.“

"76?1=8C-6 J1 <6,-6:1 :6 ,-/6:6-6 :6 0/1:,78C 1<87, -. 1.:6 „!+?1/:8-1“ 2 ,.+/6 8= , „M/12:8-1“.;. :. #6<./6 =1G?9 „M/12:8-1“ 8 „!+?1/:8-1“ 8<39F26

./1< 1687 *., 7+*6-+ I6/5 P1/+ ./+>8-6 ./1? A/1:,76-6 676-?1=8C .+1=6-6 ,8 O7#(, 1$ GJ. XIV, 2 7+C-+ ./+,562C ,42-/1=1::8B8-1 ,8 8 ,/62:C26 1.+F6-6 :6 '/65C E54:B1 , -6<8:6 (7-6286: "2*9,-. D+65+ ./+-1,-8/6 ,/1J9 -+26 -24/?1-:81, ,.+/4- ,1 /6</6,-26, 76-+ 2 :1*+ ,1 275Q>26- /1?8B6 62--+/8-1-:8 .8,6-158. „M/12:8-1“, :6>15+ , D+65+ 8 :1*+28-1.+,51?+26-158 #6,8:, )60+:-1:, )63/QK1/, <6,-4.26- -1<6--6 <6 ./124<F+?,-2+-+ :6 6:-8>:8-1 .8,6-158 — +3/6<B8, :67+8-+ -/C326 ?6 ,1 .+?/6G626 8 7+8-+ -/C326 ?6 34?6- 6?6.--8/6:8 74= ,42/1=1::8-1 :/628. )6*1/4- :6 „!+?1/:8-1“('+/:1K, I6/5 P1/+, M176/-, P6,765, M’"356:79/) <6J8-6-26 ,42/1=1::+,--6 8 ,2+3+?6-6 :6 2?4F:+21:81-+. #6<./6-6?+,-8*6 2:9@8-15:8 /6<=1/8, +3F26J6 ?+/8 :6?.8,8-1 24/-F9 .6=1-:8B8-1 (?658 -1 ?6 ./+?45G626- ?6 34?6- 8<.8,26:8:6 56-8:,78, 858 ?6 34?6- :6 0/1:,78) 8 31< ,4=:1:81 +76<-26 24<?1K,-281 24/F9 ./12+?6>1,76-6 ?1K:+,-, 7+C-+ ./C7+ 1,24/<6:6 , .+?/6G6:81 :6 „M/12:8-1“. !676/ 8 ./875Q>85, .+31?6-6 :6 „!+?1/:8-1“, 7+8-+ 8=6- ,2+K 21,-:87, LeMercure galant (U$)$1,1.<, M70#J0.B), ,51? 76-+ -1F:8C-./1?,-628-15 A+:-:15 ,-626 >51: :6 "76?1=8C-6 ./1< 1691 *.,,.+/4- ,1 /6</6<C26 , :+26 ,856 2 :6>65+-+ :6 ,51?26J8C217, , .6=1-:8C 7+:0587- =1G?9 ": M6,81 8 )6 !+--O?6/ —8 ?26=6-6 ./12+?6>8 :6 (=8/, :+ , /6<58>:8 ,F26J6:8C.'6-+ BC5+, 24./178 :C7+57+ -/9?:8 =+=1:-8, XVII 217 1

1.+F6 :6 8<+385:6 ./12+?6>1,76 ?1K:+,-, ./12+?:8-1 ./+8<-21?1:8C ,1 .+5<26- , *+5C= 9,.1F, 275Q>8-15:+ 8 -4/*+2,78,<6 -CF ,1 .8@1 2 .+C2858C ,1 +-,7+/+ .1/8+?8>1: .1>6- (,51?1631), ./12+?4- 1 ./1?=1- :6 ?8,79,88 8 .+51=878: 67+ ,8

114455

.+<2+5C- *+5C=6 ,2+3+?6 ,./C=+ 8<F+?:8C -17,-, ./12+?6>8--1 +-7/8-+ +3C,:C26- <6J+ ,6 *+ :6./62858 (8<3+/4- 8= 1,4<:6-151:); 7+57+-+ ?+ -1F:8-1 7/8-8B8, -1 ,1 ,-/1=C- ?6 :6-5+G6- /6<58>:+ ,F26J6:1 <6 ./12+?6, 76-+ 8<?626- .+-,-/+*8./62856. T6J+-+ .+?F+?4- :6 „&121/:8-1 F93628B8“ 1 ,6=+1?8: G65+:, =676/ 8 26G1:, 2 8,-+/8C-6 :6 ./12+?6 8<+3J+,8 2 >6,-:+,- :6 ./12+?6 ./1< XVII 2., :+ -+26 :1 1 1?8:,-21-:6-6 ./12+?6>1,76 ./67-876 ./1< -6<8 1.+F6. ;+26 1 26G1:G65+: 8 2 8,-+/8C-6 :6 0/1:,76-6 58-1/6-9/6, <6J+-+ ./1-2+?4- ./1< -+<8 .1/8+? ,4<?626 9,5+28C <6 +3:+2C26:1-+ 858.+C26-6 :6 :C7+8 ,.1B808>:8 58-1/6-9/:8 G6:/+21: -+<80+/=8/6J 6,.17- 1 +,+31:+ ?+3/1 85Q,-/8/6: 8 ./+,51?1:+- D/9:+ R6/:81 2 -/9?6 =9 <6 ./12+?8-1 :6 0/1:,78 :6 T7-#J*$ :6 H2/8.8? 8 <6/6G?6:1-+ :6 -/6*1?8C-6 242 A/6:B8C;-+K .+76<26 .+-,.1B865:+ 09:7B8C-6 :6 „-2+/>1,76 =6-/8-B6“, 8<.45:C26:6 +- /6<58>:8-1 ./12+?:8 .56,-+21, ./12+?8-8=8-6B88 8 ,2+3+?:8 8=8-6B88. (- ,2+C ,-/6:6, R8+=6/ (7N-+/, 2 ,-6-8C-6 ,8 <6 -/6*87+=8>:8-1 .+21,-8 :6 E76/+:, +.-/1?15C „.+0/1:>26:1-+“ :6 ./12+?8-1 76-+ 1-6. 74= .+?/6-G6-15:8-1 0+/=8, .+,51?26: +- /6<28-81 858 +3:+2C26:1 :6+/8*8:65:+-+ 58-1/6-9/:+ -2+/>1,-2+, 2 ,59>6C — :6 .+21-,--6 8 /+=6:6, .+? 258C:81 :6 8,.6:,76-6 :+2156. „;+<8 ./+-B1, :6 6,8=856B8C, .8@1 -+K, 7+K-+ 1 1?8: +- .4-8J6-6 :658-1/6-9/:+-+ -2+/>1,-2+ ./1< XVII 2., ,51?+26-15:+ .+>8-26 24/F9 „.+0/1:>26:1-+“ :6 >9G?8-1 -17,-+21.“ '67-+ J128?8= .+-:6-6-47, -+<8 ./+B1, J1 ,1 ./+C28 8 ?26 2176 .+-74,:+, 2 345*6/,76-6 24</+G?1:,76 58-1/6-9/6.

„@*6*(%&#* )";$6&9&“: „8$ %$3($6&2 /+3&*#+ 3+-)"-;$6+ +# +(&,&%$!$“, „8$ 3(*6:(%*2 /$=:%&#* & #(:%&-#* %$ [!$#&%4/&'] $6#+( 6 3(*/($4%& ,($8&%&“

;+26, 7+1-+ ,.+/1? +,-/+9=:+-+ +./1?151:81 :6 !1:6G:6/8>6=1 „&121/:8-1 F93628B8“, 1 :68,-8:6 ./1+356?626J6--6, :+ :1 8 1?8:,-21:6-6 ./12+?6>1,76 ./67-876 ./1< XVII 2.,7+C-+ -4/.8 7/8-878 ?+/8 +- ,-/6:6 :6 ,42/1=1::8B8-1.W6/67-1/:8 <6 -+<8 :6>8: :6 ./121G?6:1 ,6 ,2+3+?6-6 .+

+-:+@1:81 :6 -17,-6-8<-+>:87, 767-+ 8 ,-/1=1G4- 74= /6<-7/6,C26:1, ?+/8 9,424/@1:,-26:1 :6 ./121G?6:8C 62-+/, 28=1-+ :6 8<CJ1,-2+-+ 8 7/6,828C ,-85 (2G. 76<6:+-+ +- !6-

114466

51/3 .+-*+/1). ;+<8 .+?F+? :1 1 :+2: 28?CF=1, >1 -6742 1 :6-./8=1/ .+?F+?4- :6 "=8+ ./1< XVI 2., >88-+ ./12+?8 ,6 38-58 28,+7+ B1:1:8 +- ,42/1=1::8B8-1 =9, ,28?1-15,-2+ <6 7+-1-+ :6=8/6=1 2 95.,.,7 :6 !+:-1::

„E/1? 2,8>78 :6@8 0/1:,78 .8,6-158, +-?626= —,-/926 =8 ,1, +,:+26-15:+ — .4/21:,-2+ :6 L67 "=8+,8 :1 ,6=+ <6/6?8 8,7/1:+,--6 8 >8,-+-6-6 :6 1<876, , 7+-8-+ -+K ./124<F+G?6 2,8>78 +,-6:658.“

!+:-1: ?+/8 <6C2C26, >1 „-+26 1 :6@6-6 :6,-+5:6 7:8*6“.&6 ,4J8C "=8+ ,1 .+<+2626 BC5+ .+7+51:81 ./12+?6>8 +-

XVII 2.: &87+56 A6/1 :6./8=1/ <6C2C26:

„;+26 ./+8<21?1:81 1 .4/2+-+, 7+1-+ :8 .+76<6, >11?8: ?1: :6@8C- 1<87 J1 ,49=11 ?6 ./8?+381 ?+,--6-4>:+ ,856 8 7/6,+-6, <6 ?6 ,1 8<?8*:1 ?+ ,424/@1:-,-2+-+ :6 */4B78C 8 56-8:,78C.“

'+57+-+ ?+ -. :. amplification — .+?,8526:1-+ (8<.+5<26-:1-+ :6 ,8:+:8=8) 858 <61-+-+ +- .+1<8C-6 97/6,C26:1 (2G../12+?8-1 :6 D51< ?N+ %8G:1/), ,/1?,-26, ,=C-6:8 <6 ,4,--62:6 >6,- :6 „7/6,828C ,-85“, -1 ,1 .+C2C26- +J1 ./1<XIV–XV 2. (- ?/9*6 ,-/6:6, :+28-1 ./12+?8 ,1 /47+2+?C- +-F9=6:8,-8>:8C ./8:B8. :6 .+?/6G6:81-+, :+ ./8 -CF -+K 1?+21?1: ?+ 7/6K:+,-.% ,-6-8C-6 ,8 „&121/:8-1 F93628B8 858 <6>8-6:1-+ :6

62-+/6“ )Q, R8K1/= 8<-4726 .+,-+C::+-+ ./+C251:81 2 ?+-3621:8-1 +- ./12+?6>8-1 -17,-+21 74= ./12+?8-1, :6 1?:6-+.876, 2421?1:6 +J1 ./1< XVI 2., +,:+26:6 :6 /1>8-1 :6U8B1/+: 8 '28:-858C:. P/1?,-62CK78 ./1?*+2+/6, :6.8,6:+- P1/+ ?’"356:79/ (9#,$%.B :6 !8:978K A1587,), -C8<-4726, >1 2 :1*+ ,1 .+2-6/C- ./1?8@:8 /6<=8,58 <6 ./12+-?6, ?15+ :6 )651=6:, M+51 858 I6/5 A+:-1:: ,-/1=1G ?6 ,1./1?6?1 ,856-6 :6 /6<,4G?1:81-+ 8 7/6,+-6-6 :6 8<76<6, 6 :1„Q?1K,7+ ,9121/81“, 2-+/6>1:+ 2 ?9=8-1; ./1?626:1 :6 62-+-/+28C -17,- .+ -+57+26 ./8C-1: :6>8: :6 1<876-B15, 7+57+-+1 385 8 :6 1<876-8<-+>:87, 7+1-+ 1 +,:+26:81 ?6 „=9 ,1 ./8-?6?6- ./151,-8-1 8 8<CJ1,-2+-+ :6 :6@8C 1<87, ,51? 76-+,=1 =9 +-:158 :1*+28-1“. $:-1/1,:+ 1 ?6 ,1 +-3151G8, >1

114477

P1/+ ?’"356:79/ ./+-82+.+,-62C ?21 .+:C-8C <6 2C/:+,-:2C/:+,- 74= -17,-+21-1 (2 ,59>6C — ,21J1:8) 8 2C/:+,- 74=62-+/6 (:6 7+C-+ ,1 .+<+2626) 8 74= :1*+28-1 :6=1/1:8C,-. 1. <6>8-6:1-+ :6 62-+/8-1-6 :6 -17,-6 ,1 8<=1,-26 24/F962-+/6.E.+/1? #+G1 TQ31/ =+G1= ?6 +3+,+38= :C7+57+ „.1/8+-

?6“ 2 ./12+?6 ./1< XVII 2.:— .1/8+? :6 C,:+ 8</6<1: 2 7/6C :6 XVI 8 :6>65+-+ :6

XVII 2. 9.6?47, .+? 24<?1K,-281-+ :6 8?18-1 :6 P51C?6-6 8.+?B1:C26:1-+ :6 ./+<6-6, 7+K-+ ?626 .+2+? :6 I6.51:,1?8: +- +,:+26-158-1 :6 A/1:,76-6 676?1=8C, ?6 :6.8@1 2+3/4J1:81-+ 74= >8-6-15C :6 ./12+?6 ,8 +- 8,.6:,78 :63+1 UJ-&$1 +, F)6$0$=7:

„M6 ./121G?6@ 1 :1356*+/+?1: <6:6C- 8 ./12+?4-<6 -1<8, 7+8-+ ,1 <6:8=626- , :1*+, ./1?.+56*6 =657+,=15+,- 8 ./8:8<1: 9=. %1587+?9@:8-1 8<3C*26- ?6 *+9./6G:C26-.“

—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’"356:79/, :6K-C/78C ./1?,-628-15 :6,2+3+?:8C ./12+?, ?+/8 ,1 /6G?6 .+:C-81-+ „.1/+-+2,76,17-6“.

— ".+*1K: 1640–1650. !:+*+3/+K:8 8<?6?1:8 ./12+?8,.+-,.1B865:+ 2 +356,--6 :6 7/6,:+/1>81-+ 8 8,-+/8C-6: MQ-/81 ./+?45G626 ./12+?8-1 ,8 :6 U8B1/+: (C$0$'+#-.,1640, K7=. 50+,.% H$,.).1$ 8 De Officiis, 1641, MJ-#J)$1-

114488

-#. *7-7'., 1643), L8<8 ./121G?6 P56-+: (F5+)+/.< 1$I+#0$, 8 H0.,+1, 1643), D+?91: ./121G?6 D1K74: (1640),E7Q?1/8 — M(0:7-,%71. 07=. :6 !6:B8:8 (1643), M1=6/./121G?6 E659,-8K (1644) 8 ?/.(J1 ./1< 30--1 *+?8:8 ?8,79/,4- <6 ./12+?6 8 ./12+?6-

>8-1 ,1 ./+=1:C: ":-+6: R+?+, 1?8: +- .4/28-1 >51:+21 :6"76?1=8C-6, +,-62C =:+*+ -17,-+21, ./1?,-628-15:8 <6 =:1-:81-+ .+ -+26 2/1=1: K$"-(:'71.7 "$ 50+."%7'71.<,$ 1$/+-5+'.1 '4+ L$)70* (1629), K$"-(:'71.7 "$ 507%+'$ 1$'.$)+/$ %(0AJ 50.=.1.,7 "$ J5$'(#$ 1$ #0$-1+07=.7,+(1630), C+-)$1.7 '+ /+-5+'.1 '’F*)$1#J0 (1652). % .4/2+--+ ,4>8:1:81 -+K /163858-8/6 ./12+?6 .+ +-:+@1:81 :6+/8*8:65:+-+ -2+/>1,-2+ 8 +3+/26 -24/?1:8C-6, :6./621:8:C7+57+ *+?8:8 ./1?8 -+26 +- I6.51:, 2 ?9F6 :6 MQ D151:

„!:+*+ F+/6 ,=C-6-, >1 ./12+?4- 1 :1?+,-+K:+ ?1-5+ <6 ,=158C >+217 8 >1 1?8: 9= =+G1 ?6 ,1 <6F26:1 ?6+3C,:C26 ?/9*8-1 9=+21 ,6=+ 67+ ./8<:626 :1,.+,+3-:+,--6 ,8 ,6= ?6 -2+/8. "< +36>1 :1 =+*6 ?6 ,1 ,4*56-,C , -+26 =:1:81. &6./+-82, ,-/926 =8 ,1, >1 <6 ?6 :6.-/628@ ?+34/ ./12+? :6 ./17/6,1: 62-+/, -/C326 ?6./8-1G626@ :1 .+-=657+ :6>1-1:+,-, /6<,4?582+,- 87/6,:+/1>81, +-7+57+-+ 67+ ,6=8C- -8 ,4>8:C26@. (…)E6=+ :121G8-1 =+*6- ?6 ,=C-6- -+<8 -/9? <6 51,1:. T6-J+-+, -4K 76-+ 2,178 1<87 ./8-1G626 ,2+8-1 -4:7+,-88 2,178 9= 1 , /6<58>1: F6/67-1/ (…), ,6 :1+3F+?8=8=:+*+ 76>1,-26 8 ?45*8 /6<=8@51:8C, <6 ?6 :1 8<*51G-?6 ,=1@1: 1?8: 62-+/, 7+*6-+ 1 2 ?/1F8, 7+8-+ +387:+-21:+ :1 :+,8.“

!+G1=, =1G?9 ?/9*+-+, ?6 +-3151G8=, >1 =1-60+/6-6 ,/6<58>:8-1 ?/1F8 1 8,-8:,78 -+.+, :6 1.+F6-6, 2 8=1-+ :67+K-+ ,6 .+<2+51:8 2,8>78 ,2+3+?8! $ 67+ ./1< XVI 2. -+<8-+.+, ,1 +-:6,C ?+ -17,-+21-1 :6 ./+,-+:6/+?:8 1<8B8 (8-6-586:,78 8 8,.6:,78), ./1< XVII 2. +3F26J6 2,8>78 1<8B8, ?+-/8 8 ?/12:8-1.H-+ ?/9* 8:-1/1,1: .6,6G, 7+K-+ ?+3/1 .+76<26 :6,-4.8-

56-6 ./+=C:6 8 .+-,85:6-6 .+<8B8C :6 0/1:,78C 1<87 ,./C-=+ 56-8:,78C (-24/?1 ,=1 ?651> +- ,7/+=:+,--6 8 ,=8/1:81--+ :6 ,/1?:+217+2:8C 8 /1:1,6:,+28C ./12+?6>):

114499

„"7+ :C7+*6 8<+3J+ 1 8=65+ :C76726 <:6>8-15:6/6<5876 2 :6>8:6 :6 .8,6:1, -C 31< ,4=:1:81 1 =1G?9:6@8C :6>8: :6 .8,6:1 8 -+<8 :6 56-8:B8-1, >81-+ ,-6-/6:81 1 ?651> :1 76-+ :6@1-+, J+ ,1 +-:6,C ?+ 8<3C*-26:1-+ :6 .+2-+/1:8C-6 :6 ?9=8, ?+ ,/62:1:8C-6, ?+,.6<26:1-+ :6 .+,51?+26-15:+,--6 8 9.+-/136-6 :6=1-60+/8.“

$=1::+ 2 8=1-+ :6 -+26 „,42,1= 0/1:,7+“ 8<8,726:1,-854- :6 ./121G?6:8-1 62-+/8 ,-626 +317- :6 +B1:78 8 7+-/17B88.P/1*51?4- :6 =:+*+3/+K:8-1 +3/4J1:8C 74= >8-6-15C 8

./1?*+2+/8 .+<2+5C26 ?6 ,1 8<21?6- :C7+8 .+,-+C::8 6/*9-=1:-8, , 7+8-+ ./12+?6>8-1 +./62?626- F6/67-1/:8-1 <6 1.+-F6-6 ?10+/=6B88 (?+.4526:8C, ,47/6J1:8C, 8<=1:1:8C,.+0/1:>26:1 :6 -17,-+21-1, 7+1-+ =+G1 ?6 ,1 ,/62:8 ,.+345*6/C26:1-+, F6/67-1/:+ <6 %4</6G?6:1-+, ?+/8 ./8>8-:8-1 8 +,+31:+,-8-1 ?6 ,6 /6<58>:8 — :/628-1 +- ?/12:+,---6 ,1 6?6.-8/6- 74= :+/=8-1 :6 356*+./858>81 ./1< XVII 2.;8<76<4- ,8,-1=:+ ,1 .+0/1:>26, <6 ?6 <63/628 >8-6-15C-, >1-17,-4- 1 ./12+?).

1. P$/0.:71+-, "$ #$=7-,%$,$ 1$ -,.)$: <-1+,$, 50.-<,1+-, . %("'7B-,%$@$ -.)$

„&81 *8 :6./628F=1 /6<38/61=8. Y1 ?+3628= +J1,>1 .+:C7+*6 ,=1 ./8?658 .+-*+5C=6 ,856 :6 :1*+26-6=8,45, +-:1=6K78 S :1J+ 858 ./1?626K78 C , ?/9* +3-/6-. E=17>858 ,=1 :C7+8 ./17651:+ ,=158 08*9/8; :6-5+G8 ,1 ?+/8 ?6 =6F:1= :C7+8 +- -CF, 7+8-+ :6@6-6,-/6:6 :1 -4/.8: <6J+-+ 8-6586:B8-1 ,8 .+<2+5C26-,2+3+?6 2 =1-60+/8-1, 7+8-+ :6 :6@8C 1<87 <29>6- :1-C,:+ 8 :6?9-+; -676 >1 :6 :C7+8 =1,-6 +3517>8F=1-17,-6, 6 :6 ?/9*8 +-:1F=1 +- ?4/<+,--6 =9.“ (-1B MQ-3+,7, ./1?*+2+/ 74= C0+5+%7'. % 5$5-#.< '%+07;, -(-=.171. +, 5075+'+*1.< +,7; 270+& L+,.1. '4+E$01..

„%/1=1 1 ?6 ?6= +3C,:1:81 <6 :C7+8 +3,-+C-15,-26,,24/<6:8 , =+C ./12+?. ;+K ,4, ,8*9/:+,- 1 .5+? :6

115500

.+-+,+31:+ 28G?6:1 8 ?45G8 .+21>1 :6 .+>-1:6-6 ,2+-3+?6, ./+C2C26J6 ,1 2 .6/60/6<8-1, +-7+57+-+ :6 ./8-:9?6-6 :6 397265:8-1 ./12+?8. "7+ =1 .8-6-1 <6 ./8->8:6-6 <6 -+<8 .+?F+?, J1 28 76G6 ,6=+, >1 ,-854- :662-+/6 8 ./8/+?6-6 :6 :6@8C 1<87 =1 :676/6F6 ?6?1K,-26= .+ -+<8 :6>8:. T6J+-+, =676/ 8 0/1:,78C- ?6=+G1 21>1 ?6 ,1 .+F2658, >1 1 ,.+,+31: :6 215878 :1-J6 8 >1 1 2 :1*+26 256,- ?6 *8 8</6<8, 2,1 .67 :1 =9 124<=+G:+ ?6 ./1?6?1 BC56-6 7/6,+-6 :6 */4B78C 8 56--8:,78C 1<87, +,21: 67+ :1 8<.6?:1 2 =:+*+,5+281: <61<876 =+G1= ?6 76G1= -+26, 7+1-+ 76<26=1 <6 :6B8C-6 —.45:6-6 ,2+3+?6 1 G8<:1:6-6 ,/1?6 :6 0/1:,78C 1<87.(…) H-+ <6J+ :1/C?7+ ,4= ,8 .+<2+5C265 ?6 ./1.58--6= ,+3,-21:8-1 ,8 =8,58 , -1<8 :6 :6@8C 62-+/, ?6?++3C,:C26= :C7+8 :1J6, 7+8-+ -+K :1 1 +3C,:85, 7+5-7+-+ ,4= :6=1/85 <6 :1+3F+?8=+, <6 ?6 ?+,-62C :6,56-?6 :6 >8-6-15C. '4= /6<58>:8-1 ./151,-8, , 7+8-+351,-8 BC56-6 -6<8 /1>, =+*6 ?6 76G6, 31< ?6 ,1 F265C,>1 8 ,6=8C- 6< ,4= ./836285 :C7+8, 7+8-+ ,4= 8<2-5C745 +- ,QG1-6, <6/6?8 /6<,4G?1:8C-6, .+,51?+26--15:+,--6 :6 =8,58-1, /6<38/6:1-+ :6 :1J6-6 858 7/6-,+-6-6 :6 8<76<6: ,-/926 =8 ,1, >1 -676 -/C326 ?6 ,1.+,-4.26 , 215878-1 ./+8<21?1:8C, 67+ ,1 <61=1@ ,./121G?6:1-+ 8=. $ 67+ :1/621:,-2+-+ =1G?9 1<8B8-1:8 ./1>8 ?6 24<./+8<21?1= 7/6,:+/1>81-+ , 7/6,:+/1->81, -/C326 ?6 <6=1:8= ,563+,--6 :6 :6@8-1 ?9=8 ,4,,856-6 :6 ,F26J6:8C-6. (…) H-+ .+/6?8 7+8 ./8>8:8,8 .+<2+58F ,2+3+?6 ./8 ./12+?6 :6 -+26 ./+8<21?1-:81; 858, <6 ?6 34?6 .+--+>1: — .+ 76742 :6>8: ,4=+,-6:65 21/1: :6 :6@8C .6:1*8/8,-. T6J+-+ :6/8>6=2C/:+,- -+<8 28? ,=15+,-, >81-+ .+--+>:+ :68=1:+26-:81 38 -/C3265+ ?6 1 ?9@6 :6 ./12+?6; 8 7+C-+ :C7+8,-/+*8 ,4?:8B8, 7+8-+ 8,76- ./12+?6>4- ?6 :1 ./+=1-:C 8 ,/8>76, 6 /63+51.:+-+ =9 .1/+ ?6 -/1.1/8 ./82,178 /1?, 7+K-+ 8<.8,26, 38F6 :6/1758 2+5:+,-.“ L95P851 ?N+ 56 !1:6/?81/, P/1?*+2+/ 74= ./12+?6 =9 :6C$17/.0.# "$ M0$<1 +- P58:8K !56?8 (1638).

;+<8 B8-6-, :62C/:+ =657+ ?454*, ,4?4/G6 2,8>78 6/*9-=1:-8, 8<.+5<26:8 ./1< 1.+F6-6: :6,56?6 <6 >8-6-15C, /6<58-

115511

>8C =1G?9 1<8B8-1, ./8C-:+,-, /6<9=, +,+31:+ ,F26J6:1 <621/:+,--6 74= +/8*8:656.

2. F'$5,.0$17 #(& 6071-#.,7 „10$%.“: -(%(0Q71-,%+,."<@7-,%+, ,+=1+-,

„;6B8- 8=6 :62876 ?6 ,=1,26 2 1?8: 8 ,4J8 .1/8+?,6 .+:C7+*6 ?+/8 8 2 1?8: 8 ,4J8 8</6< /6<58>:8 =8,-58, 7+8-+ :1 ,6 2<68=+,24/<6:8 8 +- 7+8-+ -/C326 :1-J+ ?6 ,1 +-:1=1, -676 767-+ ,1 +-:1=6 =6-1/865, 7+*6--+ ,1 ./8?626 *56?7+,- :6 :C7+8 8<?158C, <6 ?6 ,1 8</6-<8 +,-6:65+-+, 31< ?6 ,1 :674/:8 8<CJ1,-2+-+ :6 :6-@8C 1<87 8 ./6285:+,--6 :6 /6<,4G?1:8C-6.“ P1/+?’"356:79/, ./1?*+2+/ 74= ./12+?6 =9 :6 C0+."%7'7-1.< :6 ;6B8- (1640).

% ./1?*+2+/6 74= ./12+?6 =9 :6 O+B1.,7 1$ F)7#-$1'(0+- "/86: (1646) P1/+ ?’"356:79/ ,4J+ 7/8-87926 ,-856 :662-+/6:

„Y1 ,1 <6?+2+5C ?6 76G6, >1 2 -6<8 $,-+/8C 8=6-+57+26 =:+*+ ,+3,-21:8 8=1:6, >1 ,1 ./8:9?8F ?6./1F24/5C 1?:6 >6,- +- -CF 2 .+51-6-6 858 2 3151G78--1. (…) ;1<8, 7+8-+ ,6 21J8 2 +356,--6 :6 7/6,:+/1>8-1-+, ?+3/1 J1 /6<31/6- ./8>8:6-6, .+/6?8 7+C-+ ,4=?1K,-265 .+ -+<8 :6>8: 8 ,4= ,47/6-85 :C7+8 ./17651-:+ =9?:8 .6,6G8, 6 +,21: -+26 9 -+<8 62-+/ ,1 :635Q-?626- >1,-8 8 :1:9G:8 .+2-+/1:8C, 7+8-+ :8-+ 1<874-=8, :8-+ ,-854- =8 =+*6- ?6 8<-4/.C-.“

% ,2+1-+ C+-)$1.7 ?+ '+:/6/, 2 :6>65+-+ :6 ./12+?6 =9:6 C0+."%7'71.< :6 )9786:, (1654) -+K ?+/8 -24/?8:

„&65+G8 ,1 2,8>7+ -+26 ?6 ,1 ./+=1:8, <6 ?6 ,1 .+59->8 :1J+ ./8C-:+. $:6>1 -+26 :1 38 385+ )9786: 8 -+26,7+1-+ ,1 F6/1,26 :6 :1*+28C 1<87, :1 38 ,1 F6/1,65+ :6:6@8C. %./+>1=, .+?+3:+ :6 1?:+ 7/6,82+ 58B1, 2 7+1-+28:6*8 8=6 :1J+, 7+1-+ 38 385+ .+-?+3/1 ?6 58.,26, -6-76 8 ./8 :6K-?+3/8-1 62-+/8 8=6 =1,-6, 7+8-+ -/C326 ?6,1 ./1=6F:6- 858 8<C,:C-, +,+31:+ 7+*6-+ :1J6-6 ,1

115522

./62C-, <6 ?6 ,1 ?+,-628 9?+2+5,-281. ;+*626 8 :6K-=65-78C- :1?+,-6-47 1 :1-4/.8=. $ 67+ :8 58.,26, ?+/8 8 2:6K-=6576 ,-1.1:, 9=1:81, -+*626, 2=1,-+ ?6 /6<258>6=1,?+,79>626=1. ;676 >1 :1 28:6*8 ,1 ./8?4/G6= 74= ?9=8--1 8 =8,58-1 :6 -+<8 62-+/ 8 ./1,51?26K78 :1*+26-6 B15,:6*56,C= :1J6-6 .+ :6@ +3/6< 8 :6>8:.“

R8K+= '+5-1 ?+/8 :6.8,26 1?:+ K$"-(:'71.7 -07@J 507-%+'$ 2 ,-8F+21 (1637), 7+1-+ 1 7+57+-+ .51?+6/8C 2 .+5<6 :6+/8*8:65:+-+ -2+/>1,-2+ (76-+ ./+?45G1:81 :6 8?18-1 :6MQ D151), -+57+26 8 =657+ ?/4<76 7/8-876 :6 +/8*8:65:8-1-17,-+21:

M+%$ 7 ,7:#+ 0+*-,%+ — *7"-5.0 '$ 5+'0$:$%$Q,'+,</$ '$ 507%7:'$Q, @+& -$& ,. -(=.1<%$Q.I,.A(,, +, &71 0.&J%$1, &$#$0 . 17J&7),5+-&.) &. 7 +, #1./.,7, #+.,+ -(& 507%7).3$ -)7'%$& %-<#$ 'J&$ 1$ $%,+0 =J:'7-,0$171. -&.-()$ '$ '.0< — '+0. . '$ /+ 1<&$,&(/)<%. =J:'. &.-). '$ %$< % <-1$ 6+0&$,1$ 50$"1$ 07= '$ -)J:$ -5+07' -)+%7-1. 1+0&.,'$ -7 ,+0&+"< =7-,+ — 17 -$&+ +, 50.@<%#$ —'$ %1.#1$ % ,JB, #+7,+ -$& $%,+0(, 17 -A%$@$ —7 175+-.)1+ *07&7, *7"#0$B &7 .",+@$%$,+-,$%< &7 *7" -.)., J&$ &. 50.,(5<%$.1

P+? .1/+-+ :6 )60+:-1: +-7/826=1 ,4J6-6 +.+<8B8C =1G-?9 +/8*8:65:8C F6/67-1/, ./8.8,26: :6 .+?/6G6:8C-6 8 <6-/+326:1-+, :65+G1:+ +- ./12+?6 — +.+<8B8C, 8</6<1:6 +3/6<-:+ , 8?1C-6 <6 „,6=+,-+C-15:+-+ F+?1:1“ (C+-)$1.7 '+ Y7):

F" .&$& 1$%.# '0J/ — &$#$0 . 1$50$%)<%$1,5+ 5(,< -$& '$ A+'< *7" -,0$A -7 +-&7)<%$&.! %.1$/. @7 -)7'%$& '+*0$,$ -. 50.%.=#$ —#+/$,+ 5+'0$:$%$&, 17 -(& $" 0+* %(% %-.=#+:.'7<,$ @7 %"7&$, #$#,+ . 50$%.)$,$,1$ &$B-,+0.,7 '07%1. 1$-+=%$). 0(#$,$.2

115533

1 P/12+? #. !5. E-6:>126. — D15. ./12.2 P/12+? #. !5. E-6:>126. — D15. ./12.

GG##**22LL,,// $$ 00%%..66** ))** 00%%--==%%..//33%% 66**44,,((**))## ))** --<<22$$**((**::„„&&%%--""## &&** 55## 00,,>>##““ ,,..,, „„&&%%--""## &&** 55## 00""##$$##11&&**““??

!!""**$$,,..** ))** 00""##$$%%&&**

(J1 ./1< 1635 *. 1?8: *56, ,1 8<?8*6 ,/1J9 ,2+3+?6-6 :6./12+?6. „D6@1 ?N+ !1<8/867 8=6 ,=15+,--6 ?6 +,.+/8 1?8:=8- (L67 "=8+, *+51=8C 0/1:,78 ./12+?6>), 8 -+ 2 8=1-+ :6+./1?151:+ ,F26J6:1 <6 76>1,-2+-+ 2 +356,--6 :6 ./12+?6“,.8@1 !8@15 D656/ 2 ./1?*+2+/6 ,8 74= :1+-?62:6@:+-+8<?6:81 :6 /1>-6 „T6 ./12+?6“, :6.8,6:6 +- !1<8/867 8 ./+-8<:1,1:6 +- %+G56 ./1? A/1:,76-6 676?1=8C ./1< 1635. E.+/6<8-15:6 -+>:+,-, ,-/97-9/8/6:+,- 8 .+,51?+26-15:+,--6<8 /1> 8<3/+C26 */1@78-1, ?+.9,:6-8 +- "=8+ 2 :1*+28C./12+? :6 P59-6/F (!1<8/867 -24/?8, >1 1 ./13/+85 .+21>1+- ?21 F85C?8!), 8 <6,59G626 ?6 S +-?158= =657+ .+21>1 2:8-=6:81. '6-+ .+?>1/-626 2 :6>65+-+ 31<,.+/:6-6 /+5C :6 ./1-2+?6>8-1 8 :6 ./12+?6, 356*+?6/1:81 :6 7+8-+ ./+8<21?1:8-C-6 +- 6:-8>:+,--6 ,-8*6- ?+ @8/+76-6 69?8-+/8C, 62-+/4-8<76<26 8 .+F2658 :6 "=8+ <6 >8,-+-6-6 :6 :1*+28C 1<87…,51? 7+1-+ 8<3/+C26 2,8>78 :1*+28 ./+.9,78 8 */1@78, 8<+-.6>626J8 ,=8,456, 8 8<56*6 ,+3,-21:+-+ ,8 28G?6:1 <6 21/-:+,--6 74= +/8*8:656:

„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“

T63151G8-15:+-+ :6 -6<8 /1> 1, >1 ,4?4/G6 8,-8:,76 756-,80876B8C (.4/26-6 242 A/6:B8C) :6 ?+.9,:6-8-1 */1@78 8:6315C<26 :C7+8 ./8:B8.8 :6 ./12+?6>1,76 1-876, 7+8-+<29>6- :6.45:+ ,42/1=1::+:

115544

„;+K -/C326 ?6 ,1 ./8?4/G6 ,-/+*+ 74= -1<8 -/8.9:7-6: ?6 :1 ./8362C :8J+ 74= -+26, 7+1-+ 1 76<65 62--+/4-, ?6 :1 ,47/6J626 8 ?6 :1 ./+=1:C :8J+, 7+1-+38 ?+215+ ?+ 8<+.6>626:1 :6 ,=8,456. ;1<8, 7+8-+ :1,.6<26- :C7+1 +- -1<8 ./1?.8,6:8C, <6,59G626- .+/8-B6:81, =676/ 8 :1 2 1?:6726 ,-1.1:. T6J+-+ -+<8, 7+K--+ 1 ?+.9,:65 ./+.9,7, 1 ./+C285 .+-,7+/+ :12:8=6-:81 858 :1=6/582+,-, +-7+57+-+ <45 9=8,45. ;+<8,7+K-+ 1 ./+=1:85 :1J+ 858 *+ 1 ,5+G85 :6 =C,-+-+ :6?/9*+, 1 ./+C285 :121G1,-2+ 8 :1?+,-6-4>:+ .+<:626-:1 :6 -/1-8/6:6-6 +- 62-+/6 =6-1/8C 858 :6 1<876, :67+K-+ -+K .8@1. " -+<8, 7+K-+ 1 ?+36285 :1J+ :19=1-,-:+, 1 ./+C285 :6F65,-2+ 8 ?4/<+,-.“

$ 2 <675Q>1:81:

„E-/926 =8 ,1, >1 ,49=CF C,:+ ?6 .+76G6, >1 2422,8>78 24<=+G:8 ,59>68 "=8+ 1 ?+.9,:65 */1@78 .++-:+@1:81 :6 2,C7+ 1?:+ +- ./62856-6, 7+8-+ 21/:8C-./12+?6> -/C326 ,-/87-:+ ?6 ,.6<26.“

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„P/1?8,5+281-+“ :6C:,1:8,-6 $,67-)98 )N+=1-/, 8<21,-1: .+? 8=1-+ )N+=1-/(!6K,-+/6) +- E6,8, 74= ./12+?6 =9 :6 C+7&$ 1$ -%7,.C0+-570 -07@J 17*)$/+'$01.;.,7 (1647):

115555

„$ -676, +.8-6F ,1, ?+7+57+-+ =8 31 24<=+G:+, ?62:87:6 2 ?9F6 :6 -+<8 21587 ,21-1B; ?6 ./1?6= :1*+28--1 >92,-26 , .45:6 -+>:+,- 8 2C/:+,-; ?6 +-3151G6 ?+-/8 :1*+28-1 8</6<8, 6 .+:C7+*6 8 ,+3,-21:8-1 =9 ?9=8,67+ ,6 =8 ,1 ,-+/858 26G:8; 8 ?6 ./1?6= .+ :C76742:6>8: 8<CJ1,-2+-+ , 8<CJ1,-2+, 08*9/6-6 , 08*9/6,7+*6-+ ?21-1 ,/1?,-26 :1 ,1 ,/1J6- 2 ?26-6 1<876. P+-+<8 :6>8: ,1 .+=4>8F ?6 8<31*:6 8 ?21-1 7/6K:+,-8,2 7+8-+ 51,:+ 8<.6?6- -1<8, 7+8-+ ./121G?6-: 1?:6-6 1,2+3+?6, ?+,-8*6J6 ?+ ./17651:6 2+5:+,- 8 7+C-+ +.-/858>626 ./12+?6>6 :6 F9?+G:87, 7+K-+, 2=1,-+ ?68<+3/6<8 58B1-+ :6 1?8: >+217, *+ ./1?,-62C .+ ,42-,1= /6<58>1: :6>8:, ,.+/1? ,+3,-21:+-+ ,8 24+3/6G1-:81 8 06:-6<8C; ?/9*6-6 1 .+?>8:1:81, */6:8>1J+ ,/+3,-2+, ./8 7+1-+ ./12+?4- -+57+26 ./858>6 :6 =+?1-56, 7+K-+ 1 -/C3265+ ?6 ./1?6?1, 7+57+-+ =4/-21B4-./858>6 :6 G828C >+217.“

!+G1= ?6 +-3151G8= =1-60+/6-6 , G82+.8,-6 8 76/-8:6--6, -+57+26 /6<./+,-/6:1:6 :62/1=1-+, 7+57+-+ 8 -6<8 , ?/1-F8-1. (,21: -+26 )N+=1-/ ?N+ E6,8 1 62-+/ :6 ./12+? :6 &+-28C <621-, 8<?6?1: 2 !+:, ./1< 1667, 767-+ 8 :6 :1<624/@1:./12+? :6 D8358C-6 .+ OJ)/$,$,$ (1672).;+26 ?9658,-8>:+ ,F26J6:1 <6 ./12+?6, /6<.4:6- =1G?9

./17651:6-6 ?+,5+2:+,-, */6:8>1J6 ,4, <6/+326:1, 8 ./176-51:6-6 ,2+3+?6 2 8=1-+ :6 151*6:-:8C ,-85, ,1 ,.+?15C +-?/9* C:,1:8,-, #+31/ "/:+ ?’":?8K8, 2 :1*+2+-+ 9*0(@71.7#(& =.,$,7)< 74= ./12+? :6 !"5+%7'. :6 ,21-8 "2*9,-8:.E/1? =:+*+3/+K:8-1 ./12+?6>1,78 ./62856, 8<?6?1:8

./1< 2-+/6-6 .+5+28:6 :6 XVII 2., .+-,.1B865:+ 2:8=6:81<6,59G626- -/8 +- -CF:

" F1,+$1 G4+&7,0, C:,1:8,-, 3/6- :6 $,67-)98 )N+-=1-/, 7+K-+ 1 ./1215 V+6: T56-+9,- 8 ,4-/9?:8>85 :6 C.--&$ '+ 7'.1 50+%.1;.$) :6 P6,765; +7+5+ 1650 *. -+K .8@1?1,1- „P/62856 :6 0/1:,78C ./12+?“, 8<?6?1:8 1?26 ./1<1736-6. ;97 J1 ,.+=1:6 ,6=+ -1<8, 7+8-+ ,1 +-:6,C- ?+ ./1-2+?6, 6 :1 ?+ .8,6:1-+ 8<+3J+.

1. (- ?:1@:6 *51?:6 -+>76 .4/2+-+ ./6285+ 8=6./+-82+/1>82 F6/67-1/, <6J+-+ 8<8,726 +- ./12+?6>6

115566

?6 34?1 „7/6K:+ 21/1: 8 3972651:“, 76-+ ?626 ,51?:8C7+=1:-6/ :6 -6<8 2C/:+,-: „;+26 <:6>8 ?6 8</6<8= :6:6@8C 1<87 2,8>7+, 7+1-+ 1 :6 56-8:,78, 8 ?6 *+ ./1?6-?1= -676 767-+ :6./8=1/ U8B1/+: 38 *+2+/85 :6 :6-@8C 1<87.“ % ?:1@:+ 2/1=1 21/:+,--6, 8</6<1:6 76-+397265:+,-, +<:6>626 ?6 :1 ,1 ./87/826 >9G?+,--6 :6>9G?+-+ ./8 ./12+?6, ?6 :1 ,1 ./121G?6 -676, 76-+ >158 62-+/4- 1 .8,65 :6./62+ :6 1<876-B15 (7+1-+ 1 .45-:6 85Q<8C ,.+/1? ":/8 !1@+:87, 767-+ J1 28?8= .+-:6-6-47).

2. „M6 ./1?6?1@ 8<CJ1,-2+-+ , 8<CJ1,-2+, 08*9/6--6 , 08*9/6, ?6 8=8-8/6@ ,-856 :6 62-+/6, ?6 ,1 ?+3-58G8@ ?+ :1*+ 7+57+-+ 1 24<=+G:+ .+21>1 (…), -676>1 ?6 =+G1= ?6 -24/?8=, >1 0/1:,78C- 1 -+57+26 7/6-,82, 7+57+-+ 8 56-8:,78C-, 8 921/1:+ ?6 B8-8/6=10/1:,78C 2=1,-+ 56-8:,78C.“

3. M6 ,1 ./628 C,:+ /6<*/6:8>1:81 =1G?9 ./+<6 8.+1<8C, ?6 ,1 8<3C*26- /8=8-1 2 ,4>8:1:8C-6 2 ./+<6.

4. „M6 ,1 ./8?4/G6=1 74= 1?:+ ,/1?:+ .+5+G1:81,=1G?9 ./17651:+-+ =:+*+,5+281, 7+1-+ 38 ?+215+ ?+-/+=62+,- :6 ,-856, 8 ./17651:6-6 567+:8>:+,-, 7+C-+38 *+ :6./62856 :1C,1:.“ $ -97 -4/,1:1-+ :6 ,/1?:+.+5+G1:81 242 2,C76 ,8-96B8C ./+-82+/1>8 :6 8<8,7-26:1-+ <6 .+-*+5C=6 397265:+,-, -4K 76-+ :1 ,1 2<8=6-./1?28? 1<874- 8 :6>8:4- :6 8</6<C26:1 :6 62-+/6.

6. E4<:6-151: 8<3+/ :6 ./12+?6>6: „% :6@8C ./1-2+? :1 -/C326 ?6 ,56*6=1 :8J+, >8C-+ 9.+-/136 ?6 :1=+G1= ?6 +./62?61= 8 +3C,:8=; -+26 1 .+--/9?:+, +--7+57+-+ +387:+21:+ ,1 ,=C-6.“

8. $<8,726:1 <6 F6/=+:8C: „#1>-6 -/C326 ?6 <29>8F6/=+:8>:+ 8 ?6 ?+,-62C :6,56?6 :6 ,59F6, 6 :1 :6+>8-1.“

10. $ -+26 ./6285+ ./+-82+/1>8 :6 8<8,726:1-+ <6397265:+,-, <65+G1:+ 2 .4/2+-+ ./6285+, +-:+2+ 28=1-+ :6 C,:+-6-6: „'+*6-+ 1?8: .1/8+? 1 ./17651:+?454* 858 +34/76: :6 56-8:,78 858 */4B78, ./8 ./1-2+?6 -+K -/C326 ?6 ,1 :674,6 :6 :C7+57+ =6578 >6,-8;.+ -+<8 :6>8: 2=1,-+ 2C5+,- 8 =9?:+,- :81 J1 =9 ?6-?1= ,856, 6 +- ?/9*6 ,-/6:6, J1 :6./628= /6<38/61=+-+26, 7+1-+ 38 385+ 8<.45:1:+ , 2/1?:6 :1C,:+-6.“

115577

" P/1< 1660-6 U$-5$0 '4+ M$1' 8<?626 /47+2+?,-2+, +<6-*5621:+ P$ 507%+'$ .). 50$%.)$ #$# '$ -7 1$J=.& '$ 507%7:-'$&7 +, )$,.1-#. 1$ 6071-#. 7".#. #6<?151:+ :6 -/8 7:8-*8, ,4>8:1:81-+ 8<56*6 2 ./1?*+2+/6 ,8 ?121- ./62856, 2?4F-:+21:8 +- 8?18-1 :6 %+G56 8 )N+=1-/ ?N+ E6,8, =:+*+ ,F+?-:8 , ./1?,-621:8-1 ?1,1- *+?8:8 .+-/6:+ +- ":-+6: )N+=1-/:+/=8. "2-+/4- 8=6 C,:6 +3/6<+26-15:6, ?8?67-8>:6 B15 8,1 :6?C26 ?6 .+=+*:1 :6 34?1J8-1 ./12+?6>8 ?6 8<31*:6-?21-1 7/6K:+,-8, „2 7+8-+ 51,:+ .+.6?6- -1<8, 7+8-+ ./121G-?6-. H?:6-6 1 ,2+3+?6, 7+C-+, 8</6G?6J6 ,1 242 2+5:+,-, +--75+:C26 ./12+?6>6 +- .+,-621:6-6 B15 ?6 ./1?6?1 2C/:+2,8>78 =8,58 :6 62-+/6. M/9*6-6 1 .+?>8:1:81, */6:8>1J+,4, <6/+326:1-+, ./8 7+1-+ ./12+?6>4-, -4K 76-+ :87+*6 :1,1 8<28,C26 :6? ,6=8C ,131 ,8, ,1 ./8?4/G6 ./17651:+ 74=8</6<8-1 8 ?9=8-1, 7+8-+ ./121G?6. (--97 ,-626 C,:+, >1./17651:+ ,85:6-6 <628,8=+,- 9:8J+G626 BC5+-+ 8<CJ1,--2+ 8 7/6,+-6 :6 ?9=8-1 8 >1 ./17651:6-6 ,2+3+?6 8<+.6>626B158C ,=8,45. &+ 1 2/1=1 ?6 ?6?1= :C7+8 +,+31:8 ./62856<6 ./12+?6. T6J+-+ 31< ,4=:1:81 8 2 -+26 8<79,-2+, 767-+ 82 +,-6:658-1, ,4J1,-2926- ,8*9/:8 8 ./+21/1:8 ./62856 <6.+,-8*6:1 :6 =6K,-+/,-2+“.

1. P4/2+-+ ./6285+ .+2-6/C 8<8,726:1-+ :6 H-81:M+51: -/C326 „?+3/1 ?6 ,1 /6<38/6- ?26-6 1<876“ 8„?+3/1 ?6 ,1 2:87:1 2 =8,45-6 :6 62-+/6“. ;+ 8<-47262+?1J6-6 /+5C :6 ,=8,456 :6? 0+/=6-6, 6 21/:+,--6 1+./1?151:6 .+ ,51?:8C :6>8:: „M6 :1 ,1 .+?>8:C26=1./17651:+ :6 ?9=8-1, <6J+-+ 1 ?+,-6-4>:+ ?6 ,1 ./1-?6?1 ,=8,454- , *+5C=6 -+>:+,- 8 :6.45:+ 2C/:+, 31<?6 ,1 ./+.9,76 :8-+ 1?:+ +- ,/1?,-26-6 8 08*9/8-1,7+8-+ ,6 :6 56-8:,78.“

3. ;/1-+-+ ./6285+ 1 8:-1/1,:+, <6J+-+ ?4/G8,=1-76 <6 58>:8C ,-85 :6 62-+/6 (J1 28?8=, >1 ./+-8-2+/1>8 ?+:C74?1 :6 ,1?=+-+ 8 +,=+-+): „M6 ,1 ,4F/6-:8 ?9F4- 8 *1:8C- :6 ./121G?6:8C 62-+/, 76-+ ,1 2<8-=6 ./1?28? ?658 ,-854- 1 +387:+21: 858 -4/G1,-21:;?658 1 ,-85 :6 -4/G1,-21:6 /1> 858 .+21,-2+26-151:.“$ -97, 767-+ 8 ./8 )N+=1-/, +-7/826=1 =8,45-6, >1./12+?4- :1 -/C326 ?6 „=8/8@1“ :6 ./12+?: „P+?+3:+:6 7+.81-+, 7+1-+ :1 -/C326 ?6 ./858>6 :6 7+.81, 6 ?6

115588

8<*51G?6 76-+ ,6=8C +/8*8:65, -676 8 ./12+?4-, <6 ?6 1?+34/, :1 -/C326 ?6 ./858>6 :6 ./12+?, 6 :6 1,-1,-21-:+ 8 >8,-+ ./+8<21?1:81 :6 :6@8C 9=.“

4. X1-24/-+-+ ./6285+ ,1 .+?>8:C26 :6 ,F26J6:1--+ :6 1.+F6-6: „8<76<26:1 :6 ,=8,456 8 ?9=8-1 :6 62--+/6 , +3J+./81-8 8</6<8“.

5. „P1-+-+ ./6285+ 1 ?6 ,1 ,-/1=8@ ?6 ./1?6?1@8<CJ1,-2+-+ , 8<CJ1,-2+ 8 08*9/6-6 , 08*9/6.“ ;+.+2-6/C ?+,5+2:+ 2-+/+-+ ./6285+ :6 )N+=1-/.

6–8: I1,-+-+, ,1?=+-+ 8 +,=+-+ ./6285+ ,4J+ ,6F6/67-1/:8 <6 ?9F6 :6 1.+F6-6 8 ./+-82+/1>6- :6 -/1--+-+ ./6285+, 7+1-+ ./1.+/4>26 ,4+3/6<C26:1 ,4,,.1B808>:8C ,-85 :6 62-+/6: „M6 :1 ,1 8<.+5<26- ?45-*8 8</6<8, +,21: 67+ -+26 :1 ,1 :656*6, <6 ?6 ,1 ./1?6-?1 .+-/6<38/61=+ ,=8,454- 8 ?6 ,1 :6./628 .+ 151*6:--1: ./12+?4-. (…) &6K-?+3/8-1 ./12+?6>8 ./8<:626-:1+3F+?8=+,--6 ?6 ,1 :674,6- 858 /6<?15C- .1/8+?8--1. (…) (,=+-+ ./6285+ 1 ?6 ,1 +31?8:C26- ./17651:+7/6-78-1 .1/8+?8, 7+*6-+ ,1 ./121G?6 62-+/ , ./1B8-<1: 8 :674,6: ,-85.“

9. M121-+-+ ./6285+ ./1.+/4>26 8<CJ1,-2+ :6 ./1-2+?6 8 ,-6/6-15:+ -4/,1:1 :6 ,-85+28 08*9/8, 7+8-+:1 ,1 /6<7/826- 21?:6*6, -. 1. 8<8,726 -4/.1582+ -4579-26:1 :6 -17,-6: „M6 ,1 -4/,8 :1 ,6=+ >8,-+-6-6 :6 ?9-=8-1 8 0/6<8-1, 767-+ =:+<8:6 ./62C-, 6 ?6 ,1 ./+C28,-/1=1G 74= 97/6,C26:1 :6 ./12+?6 , 8<CJ:8 8</6<8 808*9/8, 7+8-+ >1,-+ :1 ,6 C2:8, 6 ,1 +-7/826- ,51? ,-6-/6-15:+ -4/,1:1. ;+26 ,6 31< ,4=:1:81 ./62856-6 <60+/=8/6:1 :6 ?+3/8C ./12+?6>.“

" C.70-3$1.7) Y7, >51: :6 A/1:,76-6 676?1=8C, 28,+7+1/9?8/6:6 58>:+,-, 62-+/ :6 N-7 "$ 50+."A+'$ 1$ 0+&$1.,78 :6 ,-9?8C 24/F9 ,1=8-,78-1 1<8B8, ./1215 (/8*1:, 7+1-+*+ :621G?6 :6 :C7+8 24./+,8 <6 ./12+?6>1,76-6 ./67-876 821/,8C-6, 7+C-+ ./12+?6>4- ?626 :6 +/8*8:656 (./1.+/4>26./12+?6>4- „?6 :1 ,1 +-75+:C26 :8 :6 :+74-“):

„M658 -+K J1 ,1 F6/1,6 :6 ,42/1=1::+-+ +3J1,-2+,7+1-+ 8<*51G?6 8=6 279, ,6=+ 74= ,2+3+?:8-1 8 ./1-/6<76<6:8 ./12+?8? ;4K 76-+ :C=6 /1@1:81 :6 -+<8

115599

24./+, 8 9>1:8-1 :1 ,6 *+ +3,4G?658 ,1/8+<:+, /1@8F-+K ?6 ,-6:1 ./1?=1- :6 ,.1B865:+ /47+2+?,-2+, 2 7+-1-+ ,4= ,1 +.8-65 ?6 24<./6 ?/4<76-6 2+5:+,- :6 ./1-2+?6>8-1 8 :6K-21>1 ?6 276/6= 2 /6<9=:8 */6:8B8 -1-<8, 7+8-+ ,1 <61=6- ?6 ./121G?6- ,21J1:8-1 -17,-+21."7+ -1<8 */6:8B8 3CF6 ,.6<26:8 +- .656>8-1, 7+8-+?/4<7+ ,8 .+<2+5C26- 2,C76728 ,2+3+?8 ./8 -457926-:1-+, >8,-8C- 8 .4/2++3/6<1: ,=8,45 :6 -1<8 7:8*8 38385 <6.6<1: :1.+74-:6-.“

'/8-876-6, +-./621:6 74= ,43/6-C-6 =9 .+ .1/+, 1 C,:6 831<6.156B8+::6! P/1< 1661 *. -+K 8<?626 /47+2+?,-2+ .+./12+?, :6.8,6:+ :6 56-8:,78, .+? 0+/=6-6 :6 ?865+* =1G-?9 :6>1-1:8 ./12+?6>8: De interpretatione. $,-+/8C-6 +7+5+-+26 /47+2+?,-2+ ,4J+ :1 1 31<8:-1/1,:6 <6 :6,: -+ 1 .+,21--1:+ :6 ":?/1 R/1:?+/G, >8K-+ :6,7+/+ .+>8:65 3/6- 1 ,4-21-265 [1 ./8 ./12+?6 :6 (/8*1:; -1<8 ,421-8 ,28?1-15-,-26- <6 8,-8:,76-6 <6*/8G1:+,- :6 L67 R/1:?+/G <6 ./12+-?6>1,76-6 1-876 .+ +-:+@1:81 :6 ./121G?6:8C 62-+/:

„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— ?6 ./121G?6@-+>:+. "7+ =8 2C/26@, 76G8 7672+ 1 -2+1-+ =:1:81 <6:6K-?+3/8C :6>8: ?6 ,1 ./121G?6 8 *+ 8<5+G8 2 7/6-7+,4>8:1:81. ;+26 J1 34?1 ./8C-:+ 8 .+51<:+ >1-82+.“

#6<?151:+ :6 ?21 >6,-8, +<6*5621:8 „De optimo genere inter-pretandi“ 8 „De claris interpretatibus“, /47+2+?,-2+-+ ,1 +3C2C-26 2 <6J8-6 :6 <6.6<26:1-+ :6 ,+3,-21:8C ,-85 :6 62-+/6:

116600

„P/121?1-1 "/8,-+-15 2 B8B1/+:+2,78 .1/8+?8 8J1 *+ +76/876-9/8-1; 67+ ./628-1 76-+ .-8B6-6, 7+C-+:1 ,6=+ +,-62C ,2+8-1 CKB6 2 >9G?+-+ *:1<?+, 6 8 ,4-36/C :6 <1=C-6 <67+::+-+ =4-85+, 281 :1 ./121G?6-1,281 8<+.6>626-1!“

E-/+*+ 7/8-87926 ./12+?6>8-1, 7+8-+ ,8 .+<2+5C26- ?67/8-87926- 62-+/6 8 ?6 7+/8*8/6- 1<876 =9:

„P/12+?6>, 7+K-+ 1 ./17651:+ ,6=+:6?1C: 8 ,:8<F+-?8-151: 74= ,131 ,8, 1 ,75+:1: ?6 ,8 ./8,2+8 /+5C-6 :6,4?8C; ?/4<26 ?6 .+?>8:8 :6 ,+3,-21:6-6 ,8 2+5C 62-+-/6, 7+*+-+ -24/?8, >1 ./121G?6: +-F24/5C =1,-6-6, 7+-8-+ :1 =9 F6/1,26-, 8 *8 <6=1:C ,4, ,+3,-21:8 8<=8,-58B8. (…) ;6742 >+217 1 =4/5C>, 6 :1 ./12+?6> — -+K74/.8, 6 :1 ./121G?6.“

77**22..8844##)),,##

„P/12+?6>8-1 J1 0+/=8/6- ,5+2+-+, ,4.4-,-26J+ 58-1-/6-9/6-6. ;1 J1 S ./1?+,-62C- 1?8: ./1/63+-1:, ./1=+?158-/6:, 8<26C: +-:+2+ =6-1/865 +- ?/12:+,--6. ;1 J1 34?6- ,4-<8?6-158-1 :6 756,8B8<=6 8 J1 9>6,-26- 242 087,8/6:1-+ :658-1/6-9/:8C 1<87.“ ('/8,-86: D658Q)&68,-8:6 ./8:+,4- :6 ./12+?6 74= 58-1/6-9/6-6 :6 %176

:6 )98 WIV 8 74= +.+<:626:1-+ :6 ?/9*8-1 795-9/8 1 31<B1-:1:; ./12+?4- ./1< -6<8 1.+F6 8</6<C26 -C,:6-6 2/4<76 =1G-?9 1<87 8 795-9/6. !+G1= ?6 76G1=, >1 WVII 2. 1:

1. H.+F6 :6 /1*56=1:-8/6:1 :6 0/1:,78C 1<87 (!651/3,%+G56, A/1:,76 676?1=8C), 7+K-+ ./8?+3826 :6B8+:651: 8=1G?9:6/+?1: ./1,-8G;

2. H.+F6 :6 ./12+?8, +,+31:+ +- */4B76-6 8 56-8:,76-66:-8>:+,-, :+ ,4J+ 8 +- 8-6586:,78 ("/8+,-+, P1-/6/76,!67862158, !6:B8:8, ;6,+, D+76>+ 8 ?/.), 8,.6:,78 ()+.1?1 %1*6, "51=6:, E1/26:-1,), 6:*58K,78 (D1K74:, MG+: )+7,;+=6, !+/) 62-+/8;

3. H.+F6 :6 ?136- 24/F9 ./12+?6, ./+-82+.+,-62CJ./824/G1:8B8-1 :6 ,2+3+?:8C ./12+?, <6J8-:8B8 :6 151*6:--:8C 8<76<, ?+3/8C 279,, /6<9=6, :/62,-21:+,--6 (?+=8:8-

116611

/6J ./12+?6>1,78 =1-+? :6 „&121/:8-1 F93628B8“ ./1< -6-<8 1.+F6), 8 <6,-4.:8B8-1 :6 .+-358<78C ?+ 62-+/6 ./12+?(7/4*6 +7+5+ P+/-#+6C5). ;+26 ,4<?626 356*+./8C-:6 ,/1?6<6 .+C26-6 :6 .4/28-1 /47+2+?,-26 8 .4/28-1 7/8-8B8 :6./12+?6: )N+=1,-/, )N+ ;6:?, [1, D6@1 ?N+ !1<8/867; ./8-+/8-1- 8=6 0/1:,78C- ,-85, >8C-+ >8,-+-6 -/C326 ?6 34?1,4F/6:1:6 8 7+K-+ -/C326 ?6 ,51?26 +3J+./81-8-1 :+/=8;

4. P/1+356?626 .+:C-81-+ „2C/:+,-“: 0+/=65:+ 6?6.-8/6-:1 2 8=1-+ :6 ./8:B8.8-1 :6 U8B1/+: 8 :6 V1/+:8= D56G1:8+-:+,:+ ,.6<26:1-+ :6 ,=8,456, +-74?1-+ 8 ./8,2+C26:1 :6-17,-6 8 6?6.-8/6:1-+ =9 74= ,42/1=1::8-1 ,F26J6:8C; ,F26-J6:1, >1 ?/12:8-1 62-+/8 -/C326 ?6 34?6- 275Q>1:8 2 58-1/6--9/6-6 :6 %176 :6 )98 WIV, <6 ?6 34?6- /6<3/6:8 8 +B1:1:8;

5. M86517-876 =1G?9 .+?/6G626:1 :6 ?/12:8-1 8 ,-/1=1G74= ,6=+,-+C-15:+,-, 7+C-+ 2+?8 ?+ ,4<?626:1 858 +3:+2C-26:1 :6 58-1/6-9/:8-1 G6:/+21 (-/6*1?8C, .+21,-, /+=6:).

**DD""!!EE++**FF**

— Jean Delisle et Judith Woodsworth, Les traducteurs dans l’his-toire, Presses de l’université d’Ottawa/éd. De L’UNESCO,1995.

— CD-rom Didak „l’Histoire de la traduction“, Jean Delisle etGilbert Lafond, université d’Ottawa (notamment le traité deGaspard de Tende et l’article de l’abbé Léon Tolmer sur Pierre-Daniel Huet).

— Michel Ballard, Lieven d’Hulst, La traduction en France àl’âge classique, Presses universitaires du Septentrion, 1996.

— Bruno Garnier, „Anne Dacier, un esprit moderne au pays desanciens“, in Jean Delisle : Portraits de Traductrices, Presses del’université d’Ottawa et Artois Presses université, 2002,pp13/54.

— Bruno Garnier, Pour une poétique de la traduction : l’Hécubed’Euripide en France de la traduction humaniste à la tragédieclassique, Paris, L’Harmattan, 1999.

— Christian Balliu, Les traducteurs transparents, la traduction enFrance à l’âge classique (C0+"0$=1.,7 507%+'$=., 507%+'(,%(% D0$1;.< 507" #)$-.;."&$), Bruxelles, éditions duHazard, 2002.

116622

— Jean-Louis Cordonnier, Traduction et Culture, Hatier/Didier,1995.

— Georges Mounin, Les Belles infidèles, Presses universitaires deLille, 1994 (réédition de 1955).

— Roger Zuber, Les „Belles infidèles“ et la formation du goûtclassique (E7%701.,7 AJ*$%.;. . 6+0&.0$17,+ 1$ %#J-$507" #)$-.;."&$), Albin Michel, 1995 (réédition de 1968).

— Claude Hagège, Le français, histoire d’un combat (D071-#.<,7".#, .-,+0.< 1$ 7'1$ *+0*$), éd. Michel Hagège, 1996.

116633

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,78C 2 ./62+,4?81-+ 8 1G1?:1281-+ (2G. .+,-6:+251:81-+ :6%851/-'+-/1 .+ 2/1=1-+ :6 A/6:,+6 I), ./1< XVIII 2. /1?8-B6 1?87-8, 8<?6?1:8 ,51? 6:17,8/6:1-+ :6 :+28 ./+28:B88,*+ 8<?8*6- 2 1?8:,-21: +3J+:6/+?1: 1<87 :6 7/65,-2+-+, +-A56:?/8C ?+ '+/,876, ./1< H5<6,, )+-6/8:*8C 8 #9,8K+:.'67-+ 28G?6=1, 2 -+26 +-:+@1:81 0/1:,76-6 =+:6/F8C ./+-21G?6 .+,51?+26-15:6 1<87+26 .+58-876.H<87+26-6 8 795-9/:6 K1/6/F8>1,76 <628,8=+,- =1G?9

0/1:,78C 8 56-8:,78C ,1 +3/4J6 ./1< XVII 217 8 „>8-6-15-,76-6 69?8-+/8C :6 P6/8G ,1 ./12/4J6 2 =1G?9:6/+?1:,4?:87 :6 7:8*8-1, 8<=1,-26K78 +- -6<8 /+5C =1G?9:6/+?:6--6 +3J:+,- :6 9>1:8-1, .8@1J8 8 8<?626J8 :6 56-8:,78“.1

116644

1 Marc Fumaroli, „Les abeilles et les araignées“ (C=7).,7 . 5$<;.,7),./1?*+2+/ 74= La querelle des Anciens et des Modernes, Paris, Gallimard,folio classique, 2001, ,. 16.

%,1,-/6::8C- :6./1?47 — -1F:8>1,78, :69>1:, ./+=8@-51:, 085+,+0,78, F9?+G1,-21:, ./+B40-C26J6-6 58-1/6-9-/6, ./+?45G8-1576 :6 T56-:8C 217 :6 )98 WIV, :1./174,:6--+ +3+*6-C26- -+<8 1<87 8 .+28@626- 62-+/8-1-6 =9 :1 ,6=+2 ,-/6:6-6, :+ 8 2 BC56 H2/+.6, <6 7+1-+ ,28?1-15,-26 8 -1-=6-6, ./1?5+G1:6 +- D1/58:,76-6 676?1=8C ./1< 1783--6:„'+1 ./124/:6 0/1:,78C 1<87 2 9:821/,651:? E 7672+ -+K 1<6,59G85 -6<8 ./82851*8C? !+G1= 58 ?6 +>6726=1, >1 J1 C<6.6<8?“, .+ .+2+? :6 7+C-+ #826/+5 :6.8,26 ./+,5+29-+-+,8 K$"-(:'71.7 "$ J1.%70-$)1+-,,$ 1$ 6071-#.< 7".# —?+,-6 28,+7+=1/1: 8</6< :6 926G1:81, ./+.8- +- .6-+, 8>92,-2+ <6 ./124<F+?,-2+-+ :1 ,6=+ :6 0/1:,78C 1<87, 6 8 :60/6:B9<8-1 8 :6 A/6:B8C:

„DCF 21>1 9,-6:+285, >1 ,5+2+-+ 8 =8,45-6, ?9F4-:6 1<8B8-1 8 F6/67-1/4- :6 :6/+?8-1 ,1 ,51?26- , 1?-:6726 7/6>76. (…) P+?>1/-626= -+26, <6 ?6 ?+76G6 276726 ,-1.1: 251>1:81-+, 7+1-+ 2 H2/+.6 ./+C2C26-74= 0/6:B9<8-1, 1 :1?158=+ +- -+26 74= -1F:8C 1<87,8 926G1:81-+, , 7+1-+ -+<8 1<87 ,1 .+5<26, .+>826 :6926G1:81-+ 74= :6B8C-6.“

P/1< XVII 8 XVIII 2., 0/1:,78C- .+,-1.1::+ 8<=1,-26 56--8:,78C 76-+ 1<87 :6 ?8.5+=6B8C-6, ?+/8 8 7+*6-+ A/6:B8C:1 9>6,-26 2 -1<8 +-:+@1:8C, :6 .4/2+ =C,-+ .+/6?8 :1K:6--6 2+1::6 =+J, 6 :6 2-+/+ — <6J+-+ :6 0/1:,78C 1<87 ,1./8.8,26- 151*6:-1: 8<76< 8 ./1?8 2,8>7+ C,:+-6. % ?+756??+ '+:21:-6 (1794) 636- R/1*+6/ <6C2C26:

„$<21,-:8 ,6 +.8-8-1 :6 /8=,76-6 .+58-876 ?6 ./8-?6?1 9:821/,65:+,- :6 :1K:8C 1<87: -C 1 <63/6:C2656?6 ,1 9.+-/13C26- ?/9*8 1<8B8, 7+*6-+ ,1 +-./62C-./821-,-28C 74= >9G?1,-/6::8-1 .+,56:8B8 8 ,1 ./1-*+26/C , -CF; 24./178 .+5+G1:8-1 9,858C -C :1.45:+ 1.+,-8*:656 -+26, 7+1-+ 31< ./8:9?6 ,1 ./8<:626 :60/1:,78C 1<87. $<21,-:+ 1, >1 ./1< 1774 *. 0/1:,78C-1 385 8<.+5<26: <6 8<*+-2C:1 :6 ?+*+2+/6 =1G?9 -9/-B8-1 8 /9,8-1. (…) % :1*+2+-+ C,:+ 8 =1-+?8>:+ ?28-G1:81 =8,45-6 ,1 /6<*/4J6 517+; -+26 =9 ./8?626 /6-<9= 8 >1,-:+,-, 7+8-+ ?+/8 =+@1:8B8-1 ,=C-6- <6 .+-

116655

.+?F+?CJ8, <6 ?6 ,1 ./1?.6<C- +- F8-/+,-8-1 :6 ?8.5+-=6B8C-6.“

E-8*6 ,1 ?+/8 .+-?651>: 9,.+/1?:+ , :6/6,-26J8C 8:-1-/1, 74= ?/9*8-1 1<8B8 8 795-9/8, ./1?8=:+ 6:*58K,76-6 8:1=,76-6, ?+./8:1,58 <6 /6<B21-6 :6 ./12+?6 ./1< XVIII 2.,,1 /6<2826 1-:+B1:-/8>:+-+ ,F26J6:1 <6 0/1:,78C 76-+1?8:,-21:8C 1<87, 7+K-+ ,51?26 1,-1,-21:8C /1? :6 9:821/-,65:6-6 =8,45 8 /6<9=, 8 :6=8/6 ,28?1-15,-2+ <6 -+26 +-:+-2+ 2 /1>-6 :6 #826/+5:

„;+26, 7+1-+ +-58>626 :6@8C 1<87 +- ?/12:8-1 8,42/1=1::8 1<8B8, 1 ,5+2+/1?4- 8 ,-/97-9/6-6 :6 8</1->1:81-+. ;+<8 ,5+2+/1? -/C326 28:6*8 ?6 34?1 ./62 8<6?45G8-15:+ C,1:. A/1:,78C- .+,-62C :6 .4/2+ =C,--+ 5+')+/$ :6 /1>-6, ,51? -+26 /)$/+)$ (,76<91=+-+),7+K-+ 8</6<C26 ?1K,-281-+, 8 :67/6C '+5()171.7,+ —+317-6 :6 -+26 ?1K,-281: -+26 1 1,-1,-21:6-6 5+*876 :62,8>78 F+/6; -+26 +-*+26/C :6 +3J+./81-+-+ ,F26J6-:1. (…) P+ 9:8765:6 ./82851*8C 0/1:,78C- 1<87 1?8:-,-21: 1 +,-6:65 21/1: :6 ./628C ,5+2+/1?, 2,1 1?:+, >1B158C- 1 8<-476: +- /6<9=, 8 7+57+-+ 8 ?6 ,1 ./87/826-+<8 /1? >/1< :6K-/6<:++3/6<:8 +3/6-8 8 2,C76728,-85+28 ,/1?,-26, -+K 28:6*8 -/C326 ?6 1 :658B1; :6-./6<:+ ,-/6,-8-1 :8 /6<-4/,26- 8 :8 76/6- ?6 ,51?26-=1 /1?6 :6 >92,-26-6: 0/1:,78C- ,8:-67,8, 1 :1.+756--8=. $=1::+ +- :1*+ ./+8<-8>6 -6<8 24<F8-8-15:6 C,-:+-6 — 21>1: -1=15 :6 :6@8C 1<87. &1 1 0/1:,7+ -+-26, 7+1-+ 1 :1C,:+.“

$ ./+?45G626 /6<,4G?1:8C-6 ,8 <6 7-,7-,%71.<, 50.0+-'71 F6/67-1/ :6 -6<8 .+-/13:+,- +- C,:+-6, ,.+/1? :1*+./8,4J6 :6 0/6:B9<8-1:

„&+ <6J+, 8<=1G?9 ,42/1=1::8-1 1<8B8, ,6=+ :6-@8C- ,1 1 +76<65 -676 ,-/+*+ .+?>8:1: :6 ./628C ,5+-2+/1?? M658 :68,-8:6 :1 1 <6J+-+ 0/1:,76-6 :6B8C,.+/6?8 ,2+C F6/67-1/, 8<.8-26 28,@6 .+-/13:+,- +-C,:+-6? (…) &+ 0/1:,78C- 1<87, ./8-1G626J 242 28,-@6 ,-1.1: C,:+-6, 1 -/C3265+ ?6 -4/,8 BC56-6 ,8 8<CJ-

116666

:+,- 8 ,856 2 ./628C ,5+2+/1?; /1?4- 8 C,:+-6-6 1-/C3265+ ?6 ./1+356?626- ./1?8=:+ 2 ./+<6-6 8 ./+-<6-6 =9 1 ./8?656 -6<8 256,-. ;+26 ?28G1:81 1 2 ./8-/+?6-6: :68,-8:6 :8J+ :1 =+G1 ?6 ,1 ,/62:8 , 0/1:-,76-6 ./+<6. (…) P/+<6-6 .+?>1/-626 *+56-6 =8,45; -C:1 .+<2+5C26 ./+C26 :6 ,563+,-.“

A/1:,78C- — 9:821/,651: 1<87, 1<87 :6 =1G?9:6/+?:6-6?8.5+=6B8C, 1<87 :6 C,:6-6 =8,45 8 /6<9=6, :+ ,4J+ -676 81<87 :6 P/12+?6. H-+ 1?8: .6,6G, ,24/<6: .+-,.1B865:+ ,:6>8:6 :6 ./121G?6:1 ./1< -6<8 1.+F6 8 >8K-+ ./+/+>1,78./1-1:B88 J1 34?6- +./+21/*6:8 +J1 ./1< XIX 2., 8 +,+31-:+ ./1< XX 217:

„'6728-+ 8 ?6 ,6 ./+<6-6 8 ,-8F+21-1 :6 0/1:,78,7+*6-+ ,1 ./121G?6 :6 -+<8 1<87, -+K 8,-8:,78 +3C,:C-26 62-+/6. (…) &1 ,51?26 58 =:+*+3/+K:8-1 1<8B8 ?6,1 ./8Q-C-, >/1< ./12+?6, 2 1?8:-1?8:,-21:? %1/+C-:+-67626 J1 34?1 ,4?36-6 :6 ,42/1=1::8-1 1<8B8, 6 :6-@8C- 8= ./1?56*6 ./8,-6: 2 7+/63+7/9@1:81-+. H2/+-.6 ./1?,-625C26 01?1/65:6 /1.935876 :6 8=.1/88 87/65,-26, ./8 -+26 :6K-,-/6@:6-6, 7+C-+ :C7+*6 1 ,4-J1,-292656. &1 =+G1= ?6 ./1?28?8= :1K:8C 7/6K, :+0/1:,78C- 1<87 2,1 .67 -/C326 ?6 C :6?G8211. M4/G6-28-1 J1 ,1 ./1+34/:6-, :+ ?21 7+-28 28:6*8 J1 9?4/-G6- :6@8C 1<87 2 39/C-6 — :1*+26-6 58-1/6-9/6 8 :1-*+26-6 C,:+-6, ?+76-+ >/1< :C7+C +- *+51=8-1 /12+5Q-B88, :6=1,-26J8 :1J6-6, ./8/+?6-6 :1 .+?:+28 ?+*+-2+/8-1 ,8 , :C7+K ?/9* >+21@78 /+?.“

E51?26 .+F265:+ ,5+2+ <6 ./+<6-6, ,=C-6:6 <6 .+-28,@6+- .+1<8C-6, 8=1::+ .+/6?8 C,:+-6-6 8 -+>:+,--6 :6 =8,58--1, 7+8-+ 8<56*6. '67-+ J1 28?8=, -+26 1 1?8: +- *+51=8-1?136-8 :6 2176, .+?1- +- ": M6,81 — ./12+?6>76, =1G?9?/9*8 62-+/8, 8 :6 (=8/: 2 ./+<6 58 ?6 ,1 ./121G?6 .+1<8C--6 858 2 ,-8F+21? E-/6::+ ./1+3/4J6:1 :6 :1J6-6 — ./1<0/1:,7+-+ E/1?:+217+281 ,1 ./121G?65+ ,6=+ 2 ,-8F+21,-4K 76-+ 0/1:,78C- 1 385 ,=C-6: <6 =:+*+ .+-:8<@ +- 56-8:-,78C, 6 ,-8F+21-1 — <6 1?8:,-21:+-+ 8</6<:+ ,/1?,-2+,?+,-6-4>:+ 24<28@1:+, <6 ?6 ,1 ./121G?6 +- -+<8 1<87. (-

116677

E/1?:+217+281-+ ?+ XVIII 2., ./1< #1:1,6:,6 8 %176 :6 )98WIV, 9-24/G?626:1-+ :6 0/1:,78C 1<87 1 8<=8:65+ ?+,-6?454* .4-, ,-8*6K78 ?+ >92,-2+-+ <6 31<,.+/:+-+ =9 ./124<-F+?,-2+ :6? +,-6:658-1 8 ,51?+26-15:+ <6 :1*+28C 9:821/,6-51: F6/67-1/! ;+<8 9:821/,651:, *+,.+?,-26J 1<87, :1 =+G1?6 8*/61 .+?>8:1:6 /+5C, 7+*6-+ ,1 ./121G?6 :6 :1*+.P+?+3:8 ,F26J6:8C, 2 7+8-+ ,1 ,=1,26- .,12?+58:*28,-

-8>:8 8 1-:+58:*28,-8>:8 ,4+3/6G1:8C 8 6/*9=1:-8 2 .+5-<6 :6 ./8/+?:8C F6/67-1/, ?:1, 39?C- 9,=8276 .+/6?8 58.-,6-6 :6 :69>:6 +,:+26 8 .+,51?+26-15:+,- :6 /6<,4G?1:8C--6 8 :6K-21>1 , :682:+-+ +- ,42/1=1::6 *51?:6 -+>76>92,-2+ <6 ./124<F+?,-2+; 8 2,1 .67 -+26 >92,-2+ 1 +76<65+258C:81 :6 BC56 1.+F6.

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„H?8: ./12+?6> =+G1 ?6 76G1 2 ./+<6 2,8>7+, 7+1--+ 1 76<65 (=8/; -+K :87+*6 :1 J1 =+G1 ?6 *+ 8</1>1 2,-8F+21, +,+31:+ :6 :6@8C 1<87, 2 7+K-+ <6?45G8-15-:+ -/C326 ?6 ./+=1:C, ?6 ,47/6J626, ?6 ?+362C. (…)

116688

E8*9/:+ 1, >1 8<79,:+ :6/1?1:6-6 8 8<?4/G6:6 ./+<6.+21>1 ,1 ?+358G626 ?+ .+1<8C-6, +-7+57+-+ 1?8: ./1-2+? 2 ,-8F+21. (…) '+*6-+ *+2+/C <6 ./12+? 2 ./+<6,,42,1= :C=6= ./1?28? /63+51.1: ./12+?, 6 J1?4/ 824<28@1: ./12+?, 7+K-+, ./8?4/G6K78 ,1 358<+ ?+8?18-1 :6 +/8*8:656, ,4J12/1=1::+ -4/,8 ./151,-8-1:6 ,2+C 1<87 8 ./1?626 +3/6<8-1, 31< ?6 3/+8 ?9=8-1.P4/28C- 28? ./12+? .+/6?8 ./17651:+ ,-6/6-15:6-6,8 2C/:+,- ,-626 -24/?1 :121/1:, <6J+-+, <6.6<26K7839726-6, 9:8J+G626 ,=8,456.“

P+-:6-6-47 <6C2C26:

„H-+, 67+ :1 ,1 54G6, /6<5876-6 =1G?9 ?+3/8-1 85+@8-1 ./12+?8; 1?:8-1, >/1< ./8:8<1:+ 8 /63+51.:+.+?/6G6:81, ./1?626- 39726-6 31< ,=8,456, 6 ?/9*8-1,>/1< ,2+3+?:+ 8 24<28@1:+ .+?/6G6:81, ,4F/6:C26-,=8,456, 31< ?6 ,1 +-75+:C26- +- 39726-6, 8 ,4<?626-,42,1= :+2+ :1J+ +- 8<21,-1: ,QG1-.“

H?8: .+-.+?/+31: 6:658< :6 :1K:8C ./12+? .+76<26 :68,--8:6, >1 2 ,-/1=1G6 ,8 74= -+>:+ 8 ,421,-:+ ./1?626:1 :6+/8*8:656 -C 2,1 .67 ,1 1 .+??656 :6 9251>1:81-+ :6 1.+F6--6, ./1=6F26K78 858 ./+=1:CK78 :C7+8 (=8/+28 1.8-1-8,,=1-:6-8 <6 „:8<@8“ („W1/6 , 2+5,78-1 +>8“ ,1 ./12/4J6 2„[:+:6 +-24/:6 , :1G:+ 8</6G1:81“) 858 8<58@:8.)6 !+--O?6/, >51: :6 "76?1=8C-6 +- 1710-6, 7+K-+ :1 1

<:615 */4B78 8 21/+C-:+ 1 8<.+5<265 =1G?8:1: ./12+? :656-8:,78, +-*+26/C ,4, ,+3,-21:6-6 ,8 21/,8C 2 12";&,$ 8 ,./1-1:B88 <6 ,42/1=1::+,- 8 *+5C=6 ,2+3+?6 2 8=1-+ :6 :6-,56?6-6 :6 .935876-6 (-+K ,47/6J626 :6.+5+28:6 !).$'$:+- ?26?1,1- 8 >1-8/8 .1,:8 +,-626- ?26:6?1,1-!):

„(- !).$'$ ./1?6?+F -+26, 7+1-+ ,=C-6=, >1 -/C3-26 ?6 34?1 <6.6<1:+, 8 ,8 .+<2+58F ?6 ./+=1:C +:+26,7+1-+ =8 ,1 1 ,-+/85+ :1./8C-:+. &6 =:+*+ =1,-6 ,4=385 ./12+?6>, 6 :6 =:+*+ ?/9*8 — 62-+/. (…)“

P/8:B8.8-1, 7+8-+ 1 ,51?265 ./8 ./12+?6, -676 767-+ ,6=*8 1 8<5+G85, ,6 ,51?:8-1: ?6 ,.6<8 /1?6, ?6 ./1?6?1 ,=8,4-

116699

56 8 ?6 :6=1/8 /62:+,-+K:8 8</6<8 (-. 1., 8</6<8-1, 7+8-+ 388<.+5<265 ,6=8C- (=8/, .8@1K78 :6 0/1:,78), 8 +- ,2+C,-/6:6 ,4J+ /6<*/6:8>626 ?26 28?6 ./12+?8 — 397265:8-1 8?/9*8-1, .+-8<CJ:8-1, „7+8-+ <61=6- ,/1?:+ .+5+G1:81=1G?9 ./+,-8C ./12+? 8 .6/60/6<6-6“. E.+/1? :1*+ -1<8 +-.4/28C 28? 8=6- ?8?67-8>:6 09:7B8C 8 -1F:8-1 62-+/8 ,1.+?>8:C26- /63+51.:+ :6 +/8*8:656, 2 9J4/3 :6 ?9F6 :6,+3,-21:8C ,8 1<87; 7+57+-+ ?+ -1<8 +- 2-+/8C 28?, -1 -/C3-26 :1 ,6=+ ?6 34?6- .+51<:8, 6 8 ?6 ?+,-62C- :6,56?6. (-31-5C<26 <6,59*8-1 :6 *+,.+G6 M6,81 2 -6<8 .+,+76, :+ 21?:6*68<-4726 :1,4*56,81-+ ,8 , :1C: :1 1 2C/:+, >1 0/1:,78C- 1.+-31?1:, 2,178 1<87 8=6 ,2+8-1 3+*6-,-26 (2 ?9F6 :6 1.+F6--6 )6 !+--O?6/ 24<F265C26 C,:+-6-6 8 8<CJ1,-2+-+ :60/1:,78C 1<87); ?+/8 ./+<6-6 ?6 .+<2+5C26 .+-*+5C=+ 8</6<-:+ /6<:++3/6<81 8 .+-*+5C=6 -+>:+,- +- .+1<8C-6, :8J+ :1+./62?626 ./121G?6:1-+ :6 ,-8F+21-1 2 ./+<6:

„&+ ./8 2,1 -+26 :C=6 +,:+26:8C ?6 ,1 -24/?8, >1,-8F+-2+/:6-6 0+/=6 :1 =+G1 ?6 ,51?26 , /62:+,-+K-:8 ,/1?,-26 (=8/+26-6 =8,45 8 >1 .+1-8-1 ./1,-626-?6 34?6- .+1-8, 7+*6-+ 3826- ./121G?6:8 2 ,-8F+21.“

;6<8 -+>76 +- ,.+/6 1 +,+31:+ 26G:6, <6J+-+ .+ -/6?8B8C242 A/6:B8C .+1<8C-6 ./+?45G626 ?6 ,1 ./121G?6 :6K->1,-+2 ,2+3+?1: ,-8F.$ :67/6C, ,42,1= 2 ?9F6 :6 2/1=1-+, )6 !+--O?6/ +3C,:C-

26, >1 2,8>78 2+5:+,-8, 7+8-+ ,8 1 .+<2+585 (,47/6J1:8C 8./+=1:8), ,6 3858 2 8=1-+ :6 -+>:+,--6, C,:+-6-6 8 :6,56?6-6:

„X1,-+ ,4= ,-8*65 ?651> 2 ?4/<+,--6 ,8, ,47/6-8FB158 .1,:8, ./+=1:8F .+?/1?36-6 :6 :1J6-6 8 ?+/8 ,1+,=158F ?6 ,4>8:C26=: 8 8=1::+ <6 -+26 .+21?1:81, :6./42 .+*51? -+57+26 ,=15+, -/C326 ?6 ?6= +3C,:1:8C.“

E.1B8658,-8-1 ,6 1?8:+?9@:8, >1 -6<8 6?6.-6B8C 18<.45:1:6 , :1-+>:+,-8, 6:6F/+:8<=8 8 ?/9*8 */1@78.$<?626:1-+ :6 -6<8 !).$'$ 21?:6*6 ./1?8<28726 /167B8-

C-6 :6 ": M6,81, .+? 0+/=6-6 :6 .6=051- +- +7+5+ @1,-,-+--8: ,-/6:8B8, +<6*5621: P$ 50.=.1.,7 "$ ."%0$@$%$17,+1$ %#J-$. ;C 24,-626 ,/1J9 ./17651:8-1 2+5:+,-8 :6 ./12+-

117700

?6>6, 31<+>81-+, , 7+1-+ ,8 1 .+<2+585 ?6 +B1:C26 8 7+/8*8-/6 (=8/; <6C2C26, >1 74= -+<8 ?/121: 62-+/ -/C326 ?6 ,1 ./+-C2C26 926G1:81, 8 8<8,726 ?6 ,1 ./628 /6<*/6:8>1:81 =1G?98<CJ:8-1 ./12+?8, 7+8-+ -C <6J8-626, 8 ./12+?8-1, 7+8-+ ,1+-?651>626- +- 62-+/+28-1 8?18.'+:0587-4- :1 ./875Q>26 ?+-97: )6 !+--O?6/ +-*+26/C

, K$"-(:'71.< "$ #0.,.#$,$ (1715). A1:15+: 1 :6-+26/1:?6 34?1 6/38-4/ :6 ,.+/6 ./1< 1716 *.

DD((22"",,$$**))## ))** **))==..,,CC5522**((** ,, ))##335522**((** ..,,((##""**((<<""**,,<<$$..##44##)),,## 00%% HH66((%%22**

H?:6 +- <6?6>8-1 :6 ./12+?6 ./1< XVIII 2. 1 ?6 /6<7/81 :+-28 F+/8<+:-8 ./1? 5Q3+<:6-15:6-6 8 G6?:6 <6 :+2+,-8 .93-5876: ,28?1-158 ,=1 :6 8,-8:,7+ 9251>1:81 .+ 6:*58K,76-6,:6 .4/2+ =C,-+, 6 2 .+-=6576 ,-1.1: — 8 .+ :1=,76-6 58-1/6--9/6. P+-,563 1 8:-1/1,4- 74= 8,.6:,76-6 8 8-6586:,76-6 58--1/6-9/6, ./1?,-621:8 ./1< ./1?F+?:8C 217 (./121G?6- ,1 +--:+2+ :6./8=1/ E1/26:-1,, )+.1 ?1 %1*6, P1-/6/76, D+76>+,!67862158, ;6,+, "/8+,-+, 6 #826/+5 ./8?/9G626 ./12+?6,8 :6 ?+:7-,%71$ #+&7'.< :6 M6:-1 , 92+?:6 /1>, <6 7+C-+J1 ,-6:1 .+-.+?/+3:+ ?9=6 .+-:6-6-47).M/9*6 :+2+,- 1 8,-8:,76-6 7+:79/1:B8C =1G?9 ./12+?6-

>8-1, 76-+ :C7+8 62-+/8 (P+9., E980-) ,1 ./121G?6- =:+-*+7/6-:+, 6 ./12+?6>4- +3C,:C26 2 ./1?*+2+/ =+-828-1, :6-76/658 *+ ?6 :6./628 :+2 ./12+? :6 ./+8<21?1:81-+, 8</6<C-26K78 .+ -+<8 :6>8: 7/8-8>:+-+ ,8 +-:+@1:81 74= -1<8 :6./1?@1,-21:8B8-1 =9.P/121G?6 ,1 K+*.1"+1 H0J"+ :6 M10+ (%6: H01:, 1720),

C(,7Q7-,%.<,$ 1$ U().%70 :6 E980- (636- M10+:-1: —1727), C$&7)$ 8 H)$0.-$ T$0)+J :6 E6=Q45 #8>6/?,4:(636- P/12+ — 1742 8 1751). !1G?9 1729 8 1778 *. 8<58<6-+,1= ./12+?6 :6 !"/J*71.<, 0$B :6 MG+: !85-4:, N-7 "$=+%7#$ :6 "517,6:?4/ P+9. ,4J+ 1 =:+*+7/6-:+ ./121G?6-:+ =1G?9 1730 8 1785, 76-+ 1?8: +- ./12+?8-1 1 :6 H-81: ?N+E8591-, ./1< 1741-26. E-/6::+ 1, >1 1?26 ./1< .+,51?:6-6>1-24/- :6 2176 ,1 ./121G?6- :6 0/1:,78 (6 :1 ,6=+ 6?6.-8-/6- 858 8=8-8/6-) .45:8-1 ,4>8:1:8C :6 I17,.8/ +- P81/5N+ ;9/:N+/ (?26?1,1- -+=6, 8<51<58 =1G?9 1776 8 1782).

117711

(- :1=,76-6 58-1/6-9/6 <6 .4/28 .4- 242 A/6:B8C ,1./121G?6- '5+.J+7, %856:?, )1,8:*, RN+-1, '+B139.P+ -+26 2/1=1 ,1 .+C2C26- 8 .4/28-1 ./12+?8 +- /9,78

(317%1.#(, :6 P1-4/ %15878, KJ-#$ .-,+0.< :6 )+=+:+,+2)… 8 +- 6/63,78. ":-+6: R656:, 7+K-+ 256?115 6/63,78, ,-6-/+12/1K,78, 56-8:,78 8 */4B78, ./121G?6 +- 6/63,78 /47+-.8,8 ./876<78-1 :6 T.)<'$ . 7'1$ 1+@. P+?>8:1: :6 279,6:6 2/1=1-+ (,-/1=1G 74= 8<CJ1,-2+ 8 356*+./858>81, 7+K-+?+,-6 +31<B21-C26 -17,-6), ./12+?4- =9 ,1 .+5<26 , *+5C= 9,-.1F 8 ?626 :6>65+ :6 +/81:-65,76-6 =+?6 2 8<79,-2+-+.

MM##%%"",,//((** ))** 00""##$$%%&&** 00""##66 !!""%%55$$##QQ##)),,##((%%

XVIII 217 :1 1 =:+*+ 3+*6- :6 -/67-6-8 2 +356,--6 :6 ./1-2+?6; F6/67-1/:8-1 <6 1.+F6-6 ,F26J6:8C -/C326 ?6 ,1 -4/-,C- .+-,7+/+ 2 ./1?*+2+/8-1 8 7+=1:-6/:8-1 3151G78 :6./12+?6>8-1 (7+8-+ .+ -+26 2/1=1 21>1 ,1 .+5<26- , ?+34/,-6-9-).% ,-6-8C-6 ,8 „P/+351=8 :6 ./12+?6 242 2176 :6 P/+,21-

J1:81-+: ./67-8>1,78 ./1.C-,-28C 8 -1+/1-8>:8 */6:8B8“":?/1 )N+751/ ,8 .+,-62C B15-6 ?6 ?+76G1, >1 ./1< XVIII 2.1 ,4J1,-292656 -1+/8C :6 ./12+?6 (-97 8<56*6= @8/+7+ :1-*+26-6 -1<6), 7+C-+ .+>826 :6 +,:+2:8-1 ./8:B8.8, <651*:6-58 2 /47+2+?,-26-6 .+ +3J6 */6=6-876, ./62+./81=:8B8 :6*/6=6-8>1,7+-+ ,4>8:1:81 :6 P+/-#+6C5 ()6:,5+ 8 "/:+).P4/28C- .+,-956- 1 ,51?:8C-: 1<874- 1 8</6<8-15 :6 =8,45--6. !8,45-6 +36>1 ,1 24<./81=6 76-+ 9:821/,65:6 ?6?1:+,-,767-+ 8 /6<9=4-, 6 /6<58>:8-1 ./8/+?:8 1<8B8 .+<2+5C26--6<8 9:821/,65:6 >+21@76 =8,45 ?6 34?1 6:658<8/6:6 (:1,=1 ?651> +- ,/1?:+217+2:6-6 =8,45 <6 9:821/,65:8C F6/67--1/ :6 ,=8,456). (- -+26 ,51?26, >1 <6?6>6-6 :6 +3J6-6 */6-=6-876 1 ?6 +./1?158 ,4J1,-21:8-1 J1.%70-$).., 1<87+28-1151=1:-8, :1+3F+?8=8 <6 8</6<C26:1 :6 =8,45-6 :6 2,8>781<8B8. E4J1,-2926 ,4J+ -676 5+*8>:+ .+?/1G?6:1 :6 >6,--8-1 2 8</1>1:81-+ (7+1-+ 2./+>1= ,42.6?6 , -+26 242 0/1:-,78C 1<87!): .+?5+*, ,76<91=+ (./1?876-), ?+.45:1:81 (+317-)(-6<8 -1<6 8=6 ,2+8-1 +-/8B6-158 +J1 ./1< XVIII 2.). E51?76-+ 09:7B8C-6 :6 1<876 1 ?6 8</6<C26 =8,45-6 8 ,51? 76-+2,C76 5+*8>:6 =8,45 1 9:821/,65:6 8 ,1 8</6<C26 .+? 0+/-

117722

=6-6 .+?5+*-,76<91=+-?+.45:1:81, -+ 2,178 ?+,-6-4>:+ /6<-28- 1<87 -/C326 ?6 =+G1 ?6 8</6<C26 +317-8-1 :6 :6@8-1=8,58: ./12+?6>4- /6<.+56*6 , +,:+26-6, <6 ?6 9,-6:+28 ,4-+-21-,-28C-6 =1G?9 ?9=8-1 :6 1<876-8<-+>:87 8 ?9=8-1 :61<876-B15. ;/9?:+,-8-1 ,1 7/8C- 242 2,8>7+, ,24/<6:+ , /1-*8,-4/6 8 #+1+,$;..,7 („?+.45:8-151: ,=8,45“, „1=+B8+-:65:6 ,-+K:+,-“). P/1< XVIII 217 ,1 .+C2C26- 7/8-8>:8 =:1-:8C <6 .+-,-6/8 858 ,42/1=1::8 ./12+?8, .+-<6?453+>1:8/6<,4G?1:8C <6 /6<5878-1 =1G?9 58-1/6-9/:8-1 G6:/+21[58-1/6-9/6 :6 8?18-1 858 8,-+/8>1,76, , ?8?67-8>:8 09:7-B88, 8 F9?+G1,-21:6 (087B8+:65:6) 58-1/6-9/6 — ./+<6 8.+1<8C], <6 ./12+?6 :6 8*/6-6 :6 ?9=8, =1-60+/8-1 8 ./., .+-,.1B865:+ 2 K(#+%+'-,%+ "$ ,0+5.,7 (1730) :6 MQ=6/,1:

„H?:6 ?9=6 :1 <6.6<26 ./8 ./12+?6 2,8>78 ./1:+,-:8 <:6>1:8C, 7+8-+ ./8-1G626 2 +/8*8:65:8C 1<87:2,178 1<87 8=6 +3/6<:8 8</6<8, 7+8-+ ,6 ,.1B808>:8<6 :1*+, <6J+-+ ./+8<-8>6- +- +38>68, 9,-6:+21:8 2?6?1:6 ,-/6:6 8 :1.+<:6-8 2 ?/9*6; 858 .+/6?8 :C767-26 ?/9*6, ,42,1= ./+8<2+5:6 ./8>8:6. (…) [P/12+-?6>4-] -/C326 ?6 8<.+5<26 :C7+K ?/9* +3/6<1: 8</6< +-,+3,-21:8C ,8 1<87, 7+K-+ ?6 +-*+26/C, 67+ 1 24<=+G-:+, :6 -+<8 :6 62-+/6.“

P+ -+26 2/1=1 ,1 .+C2C26 8 8<8,726:1-+ ?6 ,1 ./121G?6:6 1<876-B15 -676, 76-+ >1 58 62-+/4- 1 .8,65 :6./62+ :6 -+-<8 1<87:

„% -6742 ,59>6K -/C326 ?6 ,51?26=1 ,=8,456, 6 :139726-6 8 ?6 *+2+/8= -676, 767-+ ,6=8C- 62-+/ 38 *+-2+/85, 67+ 1<874-, :6 7+K-+ *+ ./121G?6=1, 1 385 :1*+-28C- 1,-1,-21: 1<87.“ (MQ=6/,1, 1730)

P/1< XX 2. -+26 ,F26J6:1 ,1 +-F24/5C 76-+ :6.45:+ 8<-=6=:+ (":/8 !1@+:87 .+-,.1B865:+ ?+76<26, >1 -+26 +31<-58>626:1 :6 ./12+?6>6 1 2/1?:+ <6 ./12+?6). $:-1/1,:+ 1 ?6+-3151G8=, >1 +J1 ./1< 1737 H-81: ?N+ E8591-, :6./8=1/ 2./1?*+2+/6 ,8 74= ./12+?6 :6 N-7 "$ #0.,.#$,$ . "$ =+%7-#$ :6 P+9., +<6*5621: „O2+?:8 /6<,4G?1:8C <6 9251>1:81-+.+ ./12+?8-1“, 8</6<C26 :1,4*56,81 , -+26 =:1:81, 8<56*6K-

117733

78 ,F26J6:1-+, >1 ,1 =8,58 .+ /6<58>1: :6>8:, 2 <628,8=+,-+- 1<876, :6 7+K-+ ,1 8</6<C26=1:

„%,8>78 ./+=1:8, 7+8-+ ,1 2:6,C- ./8 1?8: ,2+-3+?1: ./12+?, ,1 +,:+2626- .+-,.1B865:+ :6 =67,8-=6-6, >1 28:6*8 -/C326 ?6 :676/6=1 >9G?8-1 62-+/8?6 <6*+2+/C- :6 :6@8C 1<87 -676, 767-+ ,1 ./1?.+56-*6, >1 38F6 *+2+/858 ,6=8-1 -1 :6 :1*+. $=6 :1J+, 7+-1-+ ./1?F+G?6 8</6<8-1 — -+26 ,6 =8,58-1; 8 -6<8=67,8=6 =+G1 ?6 34?1 2C/:6 :6K-=:+*+, 67+ C +*/6:8->8= ?+ 8<3+/6 :6 8</6<8-1, 7+8-+ 38 8<3/65 1?8: 62--+/, <6 ?6 8</6<8 =8,58-1 ,8. (…) H?8: 8 ,4J8 62-+/,.8@1J :6 ,+3,-21:8C ,8 1<87 <6 ,4:6/+?:8B8-1 ,8,38 /6<,4G?6265 ?/9*+C>1, 67+ .8@1@1 :6 ?/9* 1<87,<6 ?/9* :6/+?.“

" K$"-(:'71.< "$ ."<@7-,%+,+ . *)$/+50.).=.7,+ 1$-,.)$ :6 636- L6:-D6-8,- !+/26: ?N+ D15*6/? (1706).!676/ 8 8<?6?1: 2 ,6=+-+ :6>65+ :6 2176 8 ./+?45G8-15

:6 :1*+28-1 8?18, -+<8 -17,- (+.8/6J ,1 1?8:,-21:+ :6 ./1-2+?8-1 :6 ?/12:8-1 62-+/8), 0+/=958/6 :C7+8 :+28 ,F26J6-:8C, 7+8-+ +*/6:8>626- ./17651:6-6 ,2+3+?6 :6 ./1?8@:8-1./12+?6>8. (./1?15CK78 ./12+?6 76-+ „C,1: 8 21/1: 8</6<:6 =8,58-1 :6 62-+/6“, -+K ,1 +.8-26 ?6 ?6?1 +./1?151:81 :6-1<8 ?21 .+:C-8C: C,:+-6-6, 7+C-+ „,1 ,4,-+8 :6 .4/2+ =C,-++- >8,-+-6-6 :6 ,-856, -+>:+,--6 :6 8<76<6 8 .+?3+/6 :6 .+?-F+?CJ8-1 8 8</6<8-15:8 ?9=8“ (-97 ,1 .+-24/G?626 +-:+2+./124<F+?,-2+-+ :6 0/1:,78C 1<87 ?+/8 ,./C=+ 56-8:,78C 8*/4B78C); :C=6 +./1?151:81 <6 21/:+,--6, :+ „,424/@1:8C-./12+?“ -/C326 ?6 ,1 ,-/1=8 74= ./+,5+29-6-6 <56-:6 ,/1?6=1G?9 ./8?4/G6:1-+ 74= ?9=8-1 8 8</6<C26:1-+ :6 =8,45--6 , „.+?3/6:8 8 8<CJ:8 ?9=8“. ;676 >1 +-:+2+ +-7/826=18<8,726:1-+ <6 8<CJ1,-2+ 8 <6 /6<38/61=+,-, :+ 7+/8*8/6:+.+ ,51?:8C :6>8::

„P+21>1-+ +- ./12+?6>8-1 ./8?626- ,+3,-21:8C ,8,-85 :6 62-+/6, 7+*+-+ ./121G?6-: 67+ ,-854- 8= 1*56?47, 356*, 8<8,76:, -+<8 :6 ./12+?6 8= 1 .5621:, ,F6/=+:8>:8 .1/8+?8 8 -+>1: /8-4=; ?+/8 8 -+<8 :6 62--+/6 ?6 1 ,38-, ,9/+2 8 ,-1*:6-. (…) "7+ :1 ,1 ,-6/6-

117744

1= ?6 .+?/6G626=1 :6 ,-856 :6 62-+/6, -1<8, 7+8-+ J1>1-6- ./12+?6, :C=6 ?6 =+*6- ?6 ./+:87:6- 2 =8,45-6=9, :8-+ ?6 *+ +B1:C- ./6285:+.“

(- ?/9*6 ,-/6:6, 636- MN+ D15*6/? ,=C-6, >1 ./121G?6:1--+ ?9=6 .+ ?9=6 1 <6 ./1.+/4>26:1, 7+*6-+ 1 24<=+G:+, 87/8-87926 ./17651:6-6 2+5:+,- :6 %+G56 2 ./12+?6 =9 :6'28:--'9/B8K. % <6=C:6 :6 -+26 ./1.+/4>26 ./17651:+ ?45-*8-1 8</1>1:8C ?6 ,1 ./1/63+-C-, ?6 ,1 ,.6<26 2/4<76-6 =1G-?9 .1/8+?8-1 8 /6<*51G?6 :C7+8 .+?/+3:+,-8, 7+8-+ =+*6-?6 ,4<?6?6- <6-/9?:1:8C 8 <6 7+8-+ ./1?56*6 ,+3,-21:+-+ ,8/1@1:81: „.+0/1:>26:1“ 8 +,42/1=1:C26:1 :6 *1+*/60,78-1:68=1:+26:8C, :6 -1/=8:8-1, 8</6<C26J8 ,6: 858 >8:; 24-21G?6:1 :6 :+28 -1F:8>1,78 -1/=8:8, 76-+ ./8 :1+3F+?8-=+,- ,1 <6.6<C- 56-8:,78-1 -1/=8:8, 74= 7+8-+ ?6 ,1 ?+36-28 0/1:,7+ +7+:>6:81 (<61=78); ?6 ,1 8<3C*26- 6/F68<=8-1;?6 ,1 ./8?6?1 :6 /1>-6 ./+,-6 7/6,+-6, 31< 97/6@1:8C. &6-7/6C -+K ,421-26 ./12+?6>6 ?6 +256?11 2 ?453+>8:6 1<876 :6./121G?6:8C 62-+/ 8 ./1?8 ?6 <6.+>:1 ?6 ./121G?6, ?6 .+?-5+G8 -17,-6 :6 */6=6-8>1,78 6:658<, ?6 ,.6<26 /1*8,-4/6,:8J+ ?6 :1 ,47/6J626, :8-+ .47 ?6 ?+362C. T624/@26 , 6.+-5+*8C :6 ./12+?6:

„X8-6-15C- :1 =+G1 :6.45:+ ?6 +B1:8 9,858C-6, 7+-8-+ .+56*6- -1<8, 7+8-+ ./121G?6- ./17/6,:8-1 ./+8<-21?1:8C :6 ?/12:8-1 62-+/8. ;+26 1 :1356*+?6/1: -/9?,8<8,726J ,=15+,-, 7+C-+ :1 ,1 ,.8/6 ./1? :1./174,:6--+ ,/1J6:8-1 -/9?:+,-8.“

" „P/8:B8.8 :6 ./12+?6“ :6 I6/5 D6-N+ (*5626 +- G7#-;.. 5+ ."<@1$ -)+%7-1+-, — 1753).'6-+ /163858-8/6 ./12+?6, 7+K-+ ,.+/1? :1*+ 8<8,726

-+57+26 ?6/36, 7+57+-+ 8 ,6=+-+ .8,6:1, D6-N+ 8<56*6 ,51?-:8-1 ./62856, .+258C:8 +- ,F26J6:1-+ <6 9:821/,65:+,--6:6 =8,45-6:

„P4/28C- ./8:B8. :6 ./12+?6 1 ?6 ,1 8<.+5<26- +3-/6-8-1 :6 /1>-6 :6 62-+/6, 7+*6-+ 8 ?26-6 1<876 .+<2+5C-26- -+26. (…) &176 8<251>1= +- -+<8 ./8:B8. :C7+57+./62856 :6 ./12+?6>1,7+-+ 8<79,-2+. (- -+26 ,51?26, >1:

117755

1. P/12+?6>4- :1 -/C326 .+ :876742 :6>8: ?6 :6/9-@626 /1?6 :6 :1J6-6, :8-+ J+ ,1 +-:6,C ?+ 067-8-1,:8-+ J+ ,1 +-:6,C ?+ /6<,4G?1:8C-6; ,51? 76-+ -+<8/1? 1 1?:6742 242 2,8>78 1<8B8 8 ,1 ?45G8 :6 >+21@-76-6 ./8/+?6, 6 :1 -+57+26 :6 ./8,4J :6 :6B8C-6 ?9F.

2. ;+K -/C326 ?6 ,.6<26 ,4J+ -676 8 /1?6 :6 =8,58--1 (…). %8:6*8 8=6 ./8>8:6, 7+57+-+ 8 ?6 1 :1<63151-G8=6, 7+C-+ 1 :676/656 62-+/6 ?6 2<1=1 -+>:+ -+26, 6:1 ?/9*+ /1@1:81.

3. ;/C326 ?6 ,.6<26 .1/8+?8-1, 7+57+-+ 8 ?6 ,6 ?45-*8, <6J+-+ 1?8: .1/8+? 1 ,6=+ 1?:6 =8,45, ,4,-621:6 +-?/9*8 =8,58, ,24/<6:8 .+=1G?9 ,8 , 24-/1@:+./8,4J8+-:+@1:8C: 8 -6<8 2/4<76 ./1?,-625C26 G82+-6 :6 -1<8=8,58 8 *562:8C ./1?=1- :6 -+<8, 7+K-+ *+2+/8.

;+26 1 :+2 ./8:B8., -4K 76-+ ./1+356?626J+-+ ,F26J6:11 ?6 ,1 :674,26- ./17651:+ ?45*8-1 .1/8+?8 858 ?6 ,1 9?45-G626- ./17651:+ 74,8-1 8</1>1:8C.

4. E8=1-/8>:8-1 8</1>1:8C ?6 ,1 8</6<C26- , -CF-:6-6 ,8=1-/8C 858 .+ /62:+,-+1: :6>8:.

5. D51,-CJ8-1 0/6<8, <6 ?6 <6.6<C- ,4J8C 35C,47,-/C326 ?6 8=6- ./8358<8-15:+ ,4J6-6 ?45G8:6 :6 ?9-=8-1 (…).

6. ;/C326 ?6 ,1 <6.6<26- ,4J8-1 08*9/8 :6 =8,45--6: <6J+-+ =8,58-1 ,6 1?:8 8 ,4J8 242 2,8>78 9=+21.(…) Y+ ,1 +-:6,C ?+ 8</6<:8-1 ,/1?,-26 76-+ =1-60+-/8, .+2-+/1:8C, +7+:>6:8C :6 8=1:6-6 858 *56*+58-1 —+387:+21:+ -1 =+*6- ?6 ,1 <6=1:C- , /62:+,-+K:8 :6-CF.

7. P+*+2+/78-1, 7+8-+ ,6 :6/+?:8 9=+-2+/1:8C 87+8-+ ,6 76-+ 1?:6 ?9=6 (9,-+K>828 ,5+2+,4>1-6:8C),-/C326 ?6 34?6- ./1?626:8 .+,/1?,-2+= ?/9*8 .+*+-2+/78.

8. $<.+5<26:1-+ :6 .6/60/6<6 1 .+*/1@:+. ;+26 :11 ./121G?6:1, 6 7+=1:-8/6:1.

% ,51?26J8-1 .6/6*/608 ,1 ./62C- 7+=./+=8,8 , 279,6:6 2/1=1-+ (.+?+3:+ =:1:81-+ :6 ": M6,81 <6 :C7+8 ?9=8,?+.9,-8=8 :6 56-8:,78, :+ „:8<@8“ :6 0/1:,78, 76-+ „*+21-

117766

?6/“, „7/626“) 8 ,1 ./1.+/4>26 2 -1<8 ,59>68 ?6 ,1 ./831*:1?+ „.+-?15876-:+ 8</6<:+ ,/1?,-2+“. (- ?/9*6 ,-/6:6, D6-N+.+?7/1.C ,F26J6:1-+, >1 „1 :6.45:+ 24<=+G:+ .+1-8-1 ?6 ,1./121G?6- 2 ,-8F+21“. E.+/1? :1*+ ./+<6-6 1 2 ,4,-+C:81 ?6./1?6?1 .+1<8C-6, ,-8*6 ?6 ./1?626 =8,58-1 „,4, ,4J6-6 -1-G1,-“ (U8B1/+: :1 1 ./1?.+56*65 76726 .+.95C/:+,- J1 ./8-?+381 :1*+28C- 8</6< ./1< 217+21-1!), :1 ./+=1:C =C,-+-+8= 8 „,24/<26 =8,58-1 .+ ,4J8C :6>8:, .+ 7+K-+ *+ 1 ,-+/8562-+/4-“. $ :67/6C, ./6285+-+ =+G1 ?6 34?1 ,6=+ -+>76, 74=7+C-+ ./12+?6>4- ?6 ,1 ,-/1=8, 2 ./+-821: ,59>6K ./12+?4-38 ,-6:65 ,9F+26- 8 ,7+26:.

" E-6-8C-6 „P/12+?“ 2 N1;.#)+57'.<,$ (1765).% :1C +-7/826=1 ?2+K:6 +.+<8B8C: 507%+'(, (.+?>8:1:

:6 8<8,726:8C-6 :6 1<876-B15) ,/1J9 %70-.<,$ (2 ,=8,45 :63972651: ./12+? , 9>13:6 B15) 8 #+&71,$0$ (:6=1,6 :6 ./1-2+?6>6 2 -17,-6) :

„E-/926 =8 ,1, >1 %70-.< 1 .+-397265:+ .+:C-81,.+-+324/<6:+ ,4, ,/1?,-26-6, ,2+K,-21:8 <6 +/8*8:65-:8C 1<87, 8 .+-.+?>8:1:+ 2 ,/1?,-26-6, 7+8-+ 8<.+5-<26 <6 B158-1 :6 6:658-8>:6-6 7+:,-/97B8C; ?+76-+507%+'(, ,1 <6:8=626 .+21>1 , ?453+>8:6-6 :6 =8,45--6, .+21>1 ,1 ,-6/61 ?6 C ./1?,-628 242 0+/=6, 7+C-+?6 S .+?F+G?6 2 :+28C 1<87, 8 1 .+-.+?>8:1: 2 8</6<-:8-1 ,8 ,/1?,-26 :6 +3/6-8-1 8 8?8+-8<=8-1 :6 -+<81<87. (…) P/12+?4- (…) -/C326 ?6 ./1?626 -6<8 =8,45-676, 767-+ 38F=1 C ./1?658 :6 2-+/8C 1<87, 67+ ,=1 C/+?858 :6 :1*+, 2=1,-+ ?6 C .+>1/.8= +- ?/9* 1<87.&8J+ :1 -/C326 ?6 S ,1 +-:1=6, :8J+ :1 -/C326 ?6 ,1./8362C 74= -6<8 =8,45, :8J+ :1 -/C326 ?6 ,1 ./+=1-:C 2 :1C, 2 ./+-821: ,59>6K -+26 :1 38 385+ :8-+ %70--.<, :8-+ 507%+', 6 #+&71,$0.

;6<8 -24/?1 7/6-76 ,-6-8C 1 /6<@8/1:6 2 3+5()171.<,$(1777), :6./621:8 +- L6:-A/6:,+6 !6/=+:-15 (,-6-8C„P/12+?. W9?+G1,-21:6 58-1/6-9/6“), 7+K-+ .+,-62C 9?6/1-:81-+ 24/F9 <6?6>8-1 8 <6,59*8-1 :6 ./12+?6>6, :1*+28-1 >8--6-15,78 69?8-+/88 8 2<68=++-:+@1:8C-6 =9 , ?/9*8-1 58--1/6-+/8.

117777

HH6600,,((**)),,##((%% ))** 00""**22((,,22**((**::33##11&&,,))##)) 00""##$$%%&&**44##5522,, 00%%&&EE%%&& 33##11&&<< 55$$%%--%%&&)),,// 00""##$$%%&&

00""##66 $$##22** ))** JJ<<,, FFIIVV ,, „„**""EE##%%..%%==,,44##5522,,// 00""##$$%%&&““00""##66 XXIIXX $$##22

P+:C-81-+ „2C/:+,-“ 1 ./1?=1- :6 @8/+7+ +3,4G?6:1242 2176 :6 P/+,21J1:81-+, =676/ 8 ?6 1 :6-+26/1:+ , /6<-58>:8, ?+/8 ./+-82+/1>828 <:6>1:8C (2 ,-6-8C-6 ,8 <6 .+?->8:1:+-+ +-:+@1:81 :6 ./12+?6>6 ./1< .4/26-6 .+5+28:6:6 XVIII 2. D1:+6 )1G1 +-315C<26, ,51?26K78 /6<28-81-+:6 +./1?151:8C-6 <6 .+:C-81-+ „2C/:+,-“ 2 /1>:8B8-1 +-+:+26 2/1=1, >1 1?26 ./8 AQ/-81/ 8 :1*+28C O-7&.071 07=-1.# +- 1690-6 21/:+,--6 J1 34?1 ,24/<6:6 , ./12+?6). P/1-+356?626J+-+ =:1:81 ,51?26 -+26 :6 ./1?8@:8C 217: ./176-51:6-6 2C/:+,- 2+?8 ?+ :12C/:+,-, 6 +,:+2:+-+ +./62?6:81<6 ?+.9,:6-8-1 2+5:+,-8 ,./C=+ +/8*8:656 +,-626 8<8,726-:1-+ <6 ,435Q?626:1 :6 ?+3/8C 279, (./8,4J :6 0/1:,76-6:6B8C .+/6?8 .+?/6<38/6J+-+ ,1 :1K:+ ./124<F+?,-2+ :6?+,-6:658-1 :1?+?C56:8 :6/+?8), ?9F6 :6 0/1:,78C 1<87 8G156:81-+ ?6 ,1 ?+,-628 9?+2+5,-281 :6 >8-6-15C. E.+/1?8</6<6, 8<.+5<26: =657+ .+-74,:+ +- I56K1/=6F1/ 2 R1/=6-:8C, 62-+/4- -/C326 ?6 ,1 ?+358G8 ?+ >8-6-15C. '+57+-+ ?+,-6-9-6 :6 ./12+?6>6 8 +B1:76-6 :6 :1*+28C -/9?, =676/ -+-<8 ,-6-9- ?6 1 <:6>8-15:+ .+-?+34/, 8 -97 =:1:8C-6 ,6 ./+--82+/1>828. $<21,-1: 1 :158B1./8C-:8C- .6,6G +- C70--.B-#. 5.-&$, 2 7+K-+ +G1,-+>1:+ ,.+/C- 1?8: *1+=1-4/ 81?8: ./12+?6>:

„'+*6-+ ,1 .+,42<1F6 =657+, >+2174- .51,:6 , /476>15+-+ ,8 8 76<6 :6 *1+=1-4/6:

— !:+*+ ,4= ?+2+51:, >1 ,1 ,354,76F=1, <6J+-+8=6= ?6 28 ,4+3JC 1?:6 26G:6 :+28:6: -+79-J+ ?6?+F:6 >8-6-158-1 W+/6B8K...

— '67! — 8<2876 *1+=1-4/4-. — ;6 -+26 1 ,-6:65+./1?8 ?21 F85C?8 *+?8:8.

— %81 :1 =1 /6<3/6F-1 — .+?F26:6 ?/9*8C-. —E-626 ?9=6 <6 ./12+?6 :6 -+<8 ?/121: 62-+/, 7+K-+ ,1-*6 <624/@8F; +- ?26?1,1- *+?8:8 :6,6= ,1 <6:8=626 ,./12+?8.

— ;676 58? — ,1.:6 ,1 *1+=1-4/4-. — T:6>8 +-

117788

?26?1,1- *+?8:8 281 :1 =8,58-1? R+2+/8-1 +- 8=1-+ :6?/9*8-1, 7+8-+ =8,5C- <6/6?8 26,?“1

% :C7+8 ./1?*+2+/8 ./+?45G626=1 ?6 +-7/826=1 -+.+,4-(:6,51?1: +- XVI 217) <6 ./12+?6 76-+ :1356*+?6/:6 /63+-6,:1?+,-+1: <6:6C-, 8,-8:,7+ <6/+326:1, 8 -+ , 8</6<8, ?+,-6,F+?:8 :6 8<.+5<26:8-1 +- !+:-1,7N+:

„&1 38F ,1 >1/285 2,1 .67 <6/6?8 /63+-6, >88-+ =+--828 ,4= 8<5+G85; +J1 .+-=657+ 38F ,7/85, >1 ,-626?9=6 <6 P/12+?: :1356*+?6/:6 ?1K:+,-, 7+C-+ :8767 :156,761 ,91-6-6 8 7+C-+ =+G1 ?6 2?4F:+28 ,6=+ 7/6K:+,563 8 .+24/F:+,-1: 9=.“ ("36- P81/ M10+:-1:, ./1-2+? :6 C(,7Q7-,%.<,$ 1$ U().%70, 1727).

„O21/C26= 28, >1 ,6=+ <6 ,131 ,8 ,4= /63+-85 :6?-6<8 7:8*6, 8 -+ <6J+-+ :C=6F :8J+ .+-8:-1/1,:+ <6./621:1; -4K 76-+ +-?62:6 =8 1 8<21,-:+ 7+57+ :1?+,--+1: 1 <6:6C-4- :6 =6K,-+/6 :6 7:8*8 8 :6K-21>1 -+<8:6 P/12+?6>6, 7+K-+ ,4, ,8*9/:+,- 1 :6K--/9?:8C- 8:6K-:1356*+?6/:8C- +- 2,8>78. '+57+-+ 8 ?+3/1 ?6 ,8,24/@85 /63+-6-6 8 ?+/8 ?6 ,8 :6./6285 >9?1,6: -+261 ,6=+ 1?:6 +34/:6-6 ?/1F6 8 .+F2658-1 28:6*8 +,-6-26- <6 .4/28C @826>.“ (R63/815 ?N+ D/1=+:, ./12+? :6!-,+0.<,$ 1$ %("A.,.,7)1.< 3+1 UJ-&$1 +, F)6$-0$=7, 1705).

„;/C326 ?6 ,8 ./121G?65, <6 ?6 9,1-8@ -1*+36-6 :6-6<8 -+57+26 -/9?:6 /63+-6. '672+ =4>1:81 1 ?6 +,-6-28@ 1?8:,-21:+ 2+5C-6 :6 >9G?+-+ 24+3/6G1:81 ?6?28G8 .1/+-+ -8; ?6 ,8 :65+G8@ ?6 :1 =8,58@ <6 :8-J+, ?6 :1 76<26@ :8J+ .+ ,2+1 J1:81 8 .+ :C76742 :6->8: ?6 ,1 +31<58>8@, <6 ?6 ,1 24<./+8<21?1@ .+? 0+/-=6-6 :6 ?/9*. '4= -+26 :1./174,:6-+ :19?+3,-2+ ,1./8362C /6<58>81-+ =1G?9 1<8B8-1: -+ 28:6*8 <6-/9?-:C26 8 >1,-+ +->6K26.“ (H-81: ?N+ E8591-, ./12+? :6N-7 "$ #0.,.#$,$ . "$ =+%7#$ :6 P+9., 1737).

117799

1 P/12+? M+/6 P+.+26. !+:-1,7N+, C70-.B-#. 5.-&$, 8<?. &6/+?:6795-9/6, E. 1974. — D15. ./12.

% ./+-82+21, :6 -+26, 2 ./1?*+2+/6 74= ./12+?6 ,8 :6 M6:--128C F' (1785) #826/+5 8<-4726 .+5<6-6 +- ./12+?6, 7+K-++3+*6-C26 ./12+?:8C 1<87 , 151=1:-8 +- 1<876-8<-+>:87:

„P+=8,58F ,8 ,4J+ -676, >1 -1 [./12+?8-1] 38-/C3265+ 1?:672+ ?6 ,59G6- <6 ./+,5626 :6 .+1-6, 7+-*+-+ ./121G?6=1, 8 <6 :6./1?476 :6 1<876, :6 7+K-+./121G?6=1; =676/ >1 :1 -676 -/C326 ?6 ,1 >1-1 1?8:.+1-, <6J+-+ ./12+?8-1 +,21-C26- :1?+,-6-4B8-1 8 <6-58>626- ./151,-8-1; :+ =+G1= ?6 8<76G1= 921/1:81-+,>1 -1 9,424/@1:,-26- 1<876. $ :68,-8:6 0/1:,78C-1<87 J1 .+,-8*:1 .45:+ ,424/@1:,-2+ ,6=+ 76-+ .+-,1-8 ,4,1?8-1 ,8, 9,-6:+28 +-:+@1:8C , -CF 8 +.+<:618,-8:,78-1 ,8 3+*6-,-26. (…) X9G?8C- 1<87, ./1?56-*6K78 :1 1?:+ 8<.8-6:81 :6 9=158C ./12+?6>, *+ 8<-./+326 242 2,8>78 .+,+78: ./12+?6>4- ,7+/+ :69>6262,8>7+, 7+1-+ =+G1 8 :1 =+G1 :1*+28C- 1<87; -+K 8<>1/-.26 24<=+G:+,-8-1 ,8, :+ 9=:+G626 ,858-1 ,8. (…))Q38-158-1 -/C326 ?6 ,6 ?+2+5:8, >1 08<8+:+=8C-6:6 M6:-1 8 6/+=6-4- :6 :1*+28C 217 ,1 9,1J6- :6 2,C-76 ,-/6:8B6 +- -+<8 ./12+?. )8-1/6-+/8-1 -/C326 ?6 ,6?+2+5:8, >1 :6@6-6 0/1:,76 .+1<8C =+G1 ?6 ,1 +3+*6--8 >/1< 3+*6-,-26-6 :6 -+,76:,78C .+1-: 8 1?:8-1, 8?/9*8-1 -/C326 ?6 ,6 ?+2+5:8, >1 31< ?6 ,=1 *+ +-?651->858 ./17+=1/:+ +- :1*+28C 217, :81 ?+,-6 ,=1 *+ ?+3-58G858 ?+ :6@8C.“

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

118800

„&1 ,8 =8,51-1, >1 ,4= ./1?65 -97 6:*58K,78C 1<87?9=6 .+ ?9=6: *+/7+ :6 ./621J8-1 397265:8 ./12+?8,7+8-+, ./121G?6K78 2,C76 ?9=6, +31<,8526- ,=8,456.$=1::+ <6 -CF:6-6 ./67-876 =+G1 ?6 ,1 76G1, >1 397-26-6 93826, 6 ?9F4- +G82+-2+/C26!“

(--97 8 „.+0/1:>26:1-+“ <6 .+,-8*6:1 :6 .+-,85:+ 24<-?1K,-281 24/F9 >8-6-15C: 767-+ <6C2C26 ":?/1 D856< 2 ,-6--8C <6 %+5-1/ — ./12+?6> :6 I17,.8/, -97 I17,.8/ „1 ./8-*+-21: .+ 0/1:,78 279, 8 , 085+,+0,78 .+?./6278“. (…)%+5-1/ 1 ,=C-65, >1 2 „,9/+2+ ,4,-+C:81“ I17,.8/ 1 :1,=8-561= <6 0/1:,78C 279,. &+ -4K 76-+ 0/1:,76-6 .935876 2,1.67 1 -/C3265+ ?6 ,1 <6.+<:61 , -+26 ,=9J626J+ -2+/>1,-2+,-+ -/C326 ?6 S ,1 ./1?,-628 -676, >1 ?6 34?1 ./81-+, 31< ?6@+78/6, ?6 34?1 517+ 6?6.-8/6:+, <6 ?6 ,1 8<31*:1 2,C7672+./1?8<2876-15,-2+ 8 2,C7672+ +-F24/5C:1. % ?/9*6 ,-6-8C <6./12+?8-1 :6 I17,.8/ :6 0/1:,78 A+/-9:6-+ $</615 8<56-*6 931?8-15:+, >1 242 2176 :6 %+5-1/ ./12+?6>4-, 7+K-+ 1 87/8-87 :6 ./121G?6:8C +- :1*+ -17,-, „J1 ,1 ,-6/61 ?69,424/@1:,-26 767-+ .+21,-2+26-15:6-6 ,-/97-9/6, -676 8+/*6:8<6B8C-6 :6 ,5+21,:6-6 =6-1/8C, 76-+ ,1 ,4+3/6<C26 ,./1?.+56*61=8C :6./1?47 :6 8<79,-2+-+ 8 , :6B8+:65:8C-1=.1/6=1:-. % ?1K,-28-15:+,- -+26 1 ./1F+? +- 36/+7+26-61,-1-876 74= 2?4F:+21:6 +- 756,8B8<=6 ,8,-1=6, +,:+26:6:6 ,4279.:+,- +- ,-/+*8 ./62856, 8=6J8 <6 B15 ,.6<26:1-+:6 /1?6, ./62?+.+?+3:+,--6, =C/76-6 8 279,6“. % ,42,1= /6<-58>1: 7+:-17,- 8 .+ ,42,1= ?/9*8 ./8>8:8 -+26 1 8 ./1+356-?626J+-+ ,F26J6:1 ,/1? 345*6/,78-1 24</+G?1:,78 .8,6-1-58 BC5 217 .+-74,:+.(-:+2+ %+5-1/, :+ -/8?1,1- *+?8:8 .+-74,:+, 8</6<C26

/6<58>:+ =:1:81, +31J626J+ =+G1 38 +3/6- 2 +3J+-+ ,F26-J6:1 <6 ./12+?6, 2 ./1?*+2+/6 74= ./12+?6 :6 Y).B S7"$0:6 I17,.8/ (1764):

„T6 ?6 /6</1@8= -+<8 ,.+/, -/C326@1 ?6 8<24/@8=-+>1: ./12+?. P/1?6?+F=1 2 ./+<6 2,8>7+, 7+1-+ 31@12 ./+<6 2 -/6*1?8C-6 :6 I17,.8/; ./1?6?+F=1 2 3158,-8F+21 2,8>7+, 7+1-+ 31@1 2 3158 ,-8F+21, 8 .+>-8:62,C74?1 ,-8F+21-1 — ,4, ,-8F+21. ;+26, 7+1-+ 1 38-5+ 242 06=8586/1: 8 :8,47 ,-85, 1 ./1?6?1:+ , 06=8-

118811

586/1: 8 :8,47 ,-85. E-6/658 ,=1 ,1 ?6 ,1 8<28,C26=1, 62-+/6, 7+*6-+ -+K ,1 8<28,C26; 6 7+*6-+ 1 :6?9- 8./8.+2?8*:6-, ?6 ,=1 :8 .+21>1, :8 .+-=657+ 76-+ :1-*+. !+G1= ?6 ./121?1= 1?:+ ,-8F+-2+/1:81 ,6=+ 76-+./1?6?1= ?453+78C =9 ,=8,45; :+ 67+ 8,76=1 -+ ?6 34-?1 ./6285:+ /6<3/6:+, ?6 ?6?1= 2C/:6 ./1?,-626 <61<876 =9, -/C326 ?6 ./121G?6=1 :1 ,6=+ =8,58-1 2 :1-*+, 6 8 2,8>78 ?+.45:8-15:8 151=1:-8. "7+ .+1-4- 18<.+5<265 =1-60+/6, :1 -/C326 ?6 C <6=1:C=1 , ?/9*6=1-60+/6; 67+ 1 8<.+5<265 ?9=6 +- :8,47 ,-85 2 :1*+-28C 1<87, -/C326 ?6 C ./1?6?1= , ?9=6 +- :8,47 ,-85 2:6@8C. ;+26 1 76/-8:6, +- 7+C-+ -/C326 -+>:+ ?6 ./1-7+.8/6=1 /6<.+5+G1:81-+, .+<8-1, B21-+21-1, :1?+,--6-4B8-1 8 ./151,-8-1, 2 ./+-821: ,59>6K ./+8<21?1-:81-+ J1 34?1 :6@1, 6 :1 :6 62-+/6. &6 0/1:,78 8=6-=1 .+?/6G6:8C, ,78B8, +-74,8 +- I17,.8/, :+ :8-+1?8: ./12+?. ;+26 21/+C-:+ 1 385+ ./+?87-926:+ +-G156:81-+ ?6 34?1 .+J6?1:6 :6@6-6 >92,-28-15:+,-.“

&68,-8:6 2 92+?6 %+5-1/ .+,+>26, >1 1 ./1215 -6<8 .81-,6, <6 ?6 ?6?1 24<=+G:+,- :6 0/1:,76-6 .935876 ?6 ,/62:8I17,.8/ 8 '+/:1K, :+ :6=1/1:81-+ =9 34/<+ :6?F24/5C -6-<8 B15 8 ./8?+3826 .+-+3F26-:+ <:6>1:81.L6:-D6-8,- ?N+ !8/63+ 8 :C7+8 ?/9*8 ./12+?6>8 ./62C-

/6<*/6:8>1:81 =1G?9 -17,-+21 , ?8?67-8>:6 B15, 74?1-+ ./1-2+?4- =+G1 ?6 34?1 3972651: (8 ,51?+26-15:+ :1 -+57+26151*6:-1: 8 ./8C-1:), 8 .+1-8>:+ 858 ?/9*+ ./+8<21?1:81,./1?:6<:6>1:+ ?6 ?+,-62C :6,56?6:

„;4K 76-+ :6,56?6-6 1 2 +,:+26-6 :6 .+,51?:8-1,./12+?4- -/C326 ?6 ./1?6?1 -6<8 :6,56?6, 7+C-+ -1 :+-,C- 2 +/8*8:65:8C 1<87, -+K -/C326 ?6 ,1 F6/1,26; 8:6->1 =+G1 ?6 34?1 3972651:, :+ :1 38F=1 76<658, >1 J134?1 21/1:.“

(- ?:1@:6 *51?:6 -+>76 =8,45-6, >1 397265:+,--6 :1 +<-:6>626 2C/:+,-, =+G1 ?6 :8 ,1 ,-+/8 .6/6?+7,65:6; -C +36>11 -24/?1 /6<./+,-/6:1:6 ./1< XVIII 2. %1/:+,--6 ,1 ,24/<26, ./8,2+C26:1-+ :6 62-+/+28-1 8?18 +- ./12+?6>6, ,4, „<56--:6-6 ,/1?6“ („*/6:8B8-1“) =1G?9 ,2+3+?6 8 397265:+,-.

118822

&+, 67+ ,1 2C/26 :6 ?9=8-1 :6 E1: E8=+: 2 :1*+2+-+ N-7"$ *J#%$)1.< . %("'7B-,%$@ 507%+' (7/6,:+/1>82+ <6*56-281!), ./1< 1771-26 1 8=65+ >8-6-158, 7+8-+ ,6 ,1 +.5672658?+/8 +- :1-+>:+,-8-1 8 +-75+:1:8C-6 2 :C7+8 ./12+?8:

„T6 ?6 ,1 ,-6:1 [,-854-] .+-./8C-1:, ,1 ,-8*:6 ?+-6=:1 ?6 ,1 ./121G?6, 6 ?6 ,1 ,4>8:C26- :+28 .1/8+?8; -6-76 >1 ./12+?6>8-1 ,1 ./124/:6F6 2 7+/17-+/8 8 ?+/8 262-+/8. ;/9?:+,--6 :6 ./12+?6 8 :6 ,4>8:C26:1-+ ?6-?+F6 -6742 ./+,-+/ :6 ,2+3+?6-6, >1 >8-6-158-1 +,:+-26-15:+ ,1 +.56726-, >1 >1,-+ :1 =+*6- ?6 +-7/8C- 2 7+-.8C-6 :876726 >1/-6 +- +/8*8:656 8 ?+/8 >1 28G?6- .+-:C7+*6 2 -CF ,42,1= ./+-82+.+5+G1: ,=8,45. '+=1:-6-/8-1 8 3151G78-1, :6=1,-+ ?6 +,21-5C- ./1?=1-6, ./6-2C- .+-.54-:+ 395+-+, <67/826J+ 8 31<?/9*+ +31<+3/6-<1:6-6 7/6,+-6: 2=1,-+ ?6 ,1 8<.+5<26- 9=1,-:+ 3151G-78-1, ./12+?6>8-1 ,8 .+<2+5C26- ?6 .+./62C- :6K-24<-28@1:8-1 +/8*8:658 :6 58-1/6-9/6-6, <6 ?6 *8 .+?>8-:C- :6 =8,58, :6.45:+ >9G?8 :6 62-+/6.“

" % :C7+57+ ./1?*+2+/6 +-7/826=1 8=./1,8+:8,-8>:8+B1:78 <6 0A;) ') G%$'1="3 $>"=, :656*6J :6 0/1:,78-1./12+?6>8 C,:+-6 8 8<CJ1,-2+, ?+76-+ 6:*58K,78C- ,1 ,=C-6-9 <6 */93, -9 <6 24<28@1:, :1=,78C- — <6 :1C,1:, 56-8:,78-C- — <6 3+*6-, 8 -. :.:

„;+26 1 :1?+,-6-474- :6 >9G?8-1 .8,6-158, +,+31-:+ :6 *1/=6:B8-1, 6:*58>6:8-1, 8,.6:B8-1, 7+8-+ +,-6-2C- :6 >8-6-15C */8G6-6 ?6 ./+=1:C 858 ?6 ,47/6J626./17651:+ /6<-+>8-15:8C 8= :6>8: :6 8</6<C26:1. ;+-<8 +38>6K :1 ?+.6?6 +36>1 :6 -+>:8C 9= :6 0/6:B9<8--1.“ (L6:-A/6:,+6 ?N+ '9/3285, ./12+? :6 L$#-.&.:6 D65-6,6/ R/6B86:, 1730).

„P/1=6F:6F 858 ,21?+F ?+ +3J+./81-8-1 2 H2/+.6+38>68 -+26, 7+1-+ 2 -1<8 :6 ":*58C 38 =+*5+ ?6 34?1@+78/6J+ <6 ?/9*8-1 :6B88. E-+/8 =8 ,1, >1 -1<8 +,--6-4B8 +- 1?:+2/1=1@:6-6 3/8-6:,76 */93+,-, <6 7+8--+ ,6=+ :62874- =+G1 ?6 <6-2+/8 +>8-1 :6 6:*58>6:8--1, 38F6 +.+<+/858 7:8*6, 2 7+C-+ 21G582+,--6 -/C326

118833

?6 24/28 /476 <6 /476 , D56*+/+?,-2+-+ 8 M+3/+?1--15-6.“ ("36- P/12+, ./12+? :6 E+%. $1/).B-#. 5.-&$:6 #8>6/?,4:, 1755)

P/12+?4- 76-+ ./8,6G?6:1 :6 =1,-:6 .+>26 8 6?6.-8/6:1:6 >9G?+-+ 74= :6B8+:65:+-+ (,=C-6:+ <6 .+-28,@1) 1 :68,--8:6 67- :6 „./8,2+C26:1“, 767-+ .8@1 .+1-4- '+56/?+:

„"7+ 8=6 :C7672+ ?+,-+K:,-2+ 2 ./121G?6:1-+, -+=+G1 ?6 34?1 1?8:,-21:+ 2 9,424/@1:,-26:1-+, 67+ -+1 24<=+G:+, :6 +/8*8:656, 2 97/6,C26:1-+ =9, 2 ./8,-2+C26:1-+ =9, <6 ?6 =9 ,1 ./8?6?1 :6B8+:651: ?9F 8 ?6,1 ./8,6?8, -676 ?6 ,1 76G1, -+26 >9G?+ /6,-1:81 :6=1,-:6 .+>26.“

(3/6-:+, :C7+8 ./12+?6>8 +-F24/5C- +7+28-1 :6 ./17651-:+ :+/=8/6:8C 0/1:,78 1<87 8 F265C- ,2+3+?6-6 :6 8</6<C-26:1, ./1?56*6:6 +- ?/9*8-1 1<8B8, 76-+ 6:*58K,78C:

„":*58K,78C- 1<87, ,4.1/:87 :6 ,-6/+*/4B78C 856-8:,78C, ,4J+ 1 3+*6- 8 ,851: 1<87 8 2/6* :6 2,C76./8:9?6. (…) T6 /6<5876 +- 0/1:,78C, +31<,851: 8+31?:C5 +- ./17651:6 8<-4:>1:+,-, 28:6*8 ,21:582,28:6*8 2 .51: :6 ./62856 8 +38>68, 7+K-+ .+>-8 :8-7+*6 :1 ,8 /6</1@626 8 :6K-=6576 ,2+3+?6 8 :1 ?+-.9,76 9=1,-:8 ?4/<+,-8. ;676 >1, 7+57+-+ .+21>1 6:-*58K,78C- +/8*8:65 1 ,424/@1: 242 21587+-+ 8 24<-28@1:+-+, 7+57+-+ .+21>1 1 8<.45:1: , G828 +3/6<88 ,=158 =1-60+/8, -+57+26 .+21>1 *938 :6 0/1:,78,74?1-+ =657+ .+-,85:8-1 08*9/8, 2+5:+,-8-1 :6 24+-3/6G1:81-+ ,1 ,=C-6- <6 :1?+,-6-4B8, ?+/8 <6 ,-/6:-:+,-8.“ ("315 D+6K1, ./12+? :6 H$,+1 :6 "?8,4:,1713)

" H?:8 +- 75Q>+28-1 .+:C-8C <6 1.+F6-6 ,6 0&7%"32,=A1, 7.)<&9%"."E"$2& 8 2 -CF:+ 8=1 ,=15+ ,1 ,47/6J626-858 ,=17>626- 8</6<8-1:

„&1 =+*6 2,1 .67 ?6 ,7/8C, >1 2 ./+8<21?1:81-+ :6*+,.+?8: E980- .+.6?:6F :6 ,5638 8 ?+/8 -24/?1 5+-

118844

@8 .6,6G8; :6 :1.+:C-:8 651*+/88, 31<279,:8 :6=1B8,:682:8 ?1-6K58, -/82865:8 /6<,4G?1:8C, :8<78 =8,58,?+,6?:8 .+2-+/1:8C, :1./858>:8 ?13156J8:8, 359?76-28 @1*8; , 1?:6 ?9=6, :6 :1J6, 7+8-+ 38F6 8<*51G?658:6 0/1:,78 :1356*+./858>:8, G6578, :1./8,-+K:8, 7+-8-+ 38F6 24<=9-858 ?+3/8C 279,, B6/CJ 242 A/6:B8C,7+8-+ 38F6 ?+/8 =1 .+,/6=858 8 ./8251758 :18<31G-:+ ,./621?5828 9./1B8, 67+ 3CF ?+,-6-4>:+ ,563 8:1./1?.6<582, -6 ?6 *8 8<5+G6 :6 .+*51?6 :6 .935876--6. (…) T6C2C26=, >1 ,=1-:6F <6 =+1 <6?45G1:81 ?6 *8./1=6F:6 8<BC5+. (…) &69>626=, >1 2 =+=1:-6 2 W+-56:?8C ,1 +-.1>6-26 1?8: ./12+?. "7+ -+K 1 3972651:,67+ 1 :6./621: +- :C7+K +387:+21: ./12+?6> 2 -6<8,-/6:6, =+*6 ?6 <6C2C, 31< ?6 ,4= *+ 28?C5, >1 1 5+@./12+?.“ ("36- P81/ M10+:-1:, ./12+? :6 C(,7Q7-,-%.<,$ 1$ U().%70, 1727)

„E4, ,4J8C =+-82 [./12+?6>4-] 1 <6.6<85, ?+7+57+--+ =9 1 385+ 24<=+G:+, 2,8>78 8?18 :6 +/8*8:656, ?+-/8 -67826, 7+8-+ ,6 .5+? :6 ,2+3+?+=8,581; :+ -4K 76--+ :6@8C- 1<87 1 B15+=4?/1: 8 :1 -4/.8 :876726 :1-./8,-+K:+,-, <6 ?6 ./1?6?1 .+,51?:8-1, -+K 28:6*8 18<.+5<265 8</6<8, ./81-8 2 8<8,76:+-+ +3J1,-2+; -6-76 >1 G1:8-1 =+*6- ?6 ./+>1-6- 37#$&70+1, 31< ?6 ,13+C-, >1 J1 ,1 ,354,76- , :C7+1 +- -1<8 */938 ,5+26,7+8-+ :6/9@626- 356*+./858>81-+ 8 +- 7+8-+ ,21:58-2+,--6 ,1 8<>1/2C26.“ ("36- ":-+6: E636-81, ./12+?:6 K$"#$". +- MG+26:8 D+76>+, 1779)

" %,1 +J1 8=6 ./12+?6>8, 7+8-+ :1 28:6*8 256?1C- 8<-F+?:8C 1<87 — -6742 1 ,59>6C- , #9,+, 7+K-+ ./121G?6 ;6-B8-, <6 ?6 „,1 :69>8 ?6 .8@1“, 767-+ ,6= ./8<:626, 858 , )6!+--O?6/, 7+K-+ ./121G?6 (=8/. $<8,726:1-+ <6 256?11:1:6 ?26-6 1<876, 0+/=958/6:+ +J1 +- ,21-8 V1/+:8= 8 .+2--+/1:+ +- M+51, ?651> :1 ,1 ,.6<26 :6.45:+ ./1< XVIII 217!

" &C7+8 ./1?8,5+28C ,4?4/G6- 8,-8:,78 6/*9=1:-8/6:87/8-878 :6 ./12+?6:D6/+: 0+: I56K:8B, >8K-+ =6-1/1: 1<87 1 :1=,78C-, ./1?-

56*6 ./1< 1749-6 ,+3,-21:6-6 ,8 21/,8C :6 N-7 "$ =+%7#$ :6"517,6:?4/ P+9., ./121G?6: :6 0/1:,78 +- 636- ?Q #1:15,

118855

>51: :6 A/1:,76-6 676?1=8C, 8 +- H-81: ?N+ E8591-. % ,2+C./1?*+2+/ -+K =+-828/6 :6>8:6 ,8 :6 ./121G?6:1, 2 /6</1< ,./12+?6 „.+ 0/1:,78“, 7+K-+ 7/8-87926 :1 31< 8/+:8C:

„(-?626= :6.45:+ <6,59G1:+-+ :6 636- ?Q #1:15.%1>1 ,4= <6*9385 :6?1G?6-6, >1 :C7+*6 J1 ,1 8</62:C ,:1*+. &8J+ :1 =+G1 ?6 ,1 ./83628 74= 8<79,:8C 8<76<,8<CJ1,-2+-+ 8 F6/=+:8C-6 :6 :1*+26-6 .+1<8C. &+ 2,1.67 -+26 :1 1 *+,.+?8: P+9.. ;+26 1 ,7/+=1: =6K,-+/,+351>1: .+ 0/1:,76 =+?6, 7+K-+ :68,-8:6 76<26 -24/?17/6,828 :1J6, :+ — 8 8=1::+ 2 -+26 1 /63+-6-6 — -1 ,6,6=+ 7/6,828 8 :8J+ .+21>1. &62,C74?1 +-7/826=10/1:,78C- 62-+/. (…) (-7/826=1 +36>1 -24/?1 =657+ +-*+,.+?8: P+9., /C?7+ .+ :1J8>7+ +- 085+,+06 8 :8J++- 6:*58K,78C .+1-. &1 +-7/826=1 :8-+ 1?:6 +- :1*+28--1 ,=158 >1/-8. &8-+ 1?:6 +- -1<8 8<75Q>8-15:8 =8,58,+- -1<8 :1+387:+21:8 8</6<8, 7+8-+ ./62C- 2.1>6-51:818 7+8-+ =+G1= ?6 ,/1J:1= ,6=+ 9 6:*58>6:8-1. (…) R+,-.+?8: 636-4- MQ #1:15, .+/6?8 7/82+ /6<3/6:+ ,-6/6-:81, ./1=6F26 2,8>78 -1<8 .6,6G8 76-+ +.6,:8 <6 ?4/G6-26-6. D+8 ,1 ?6 :1 8= :6=1/8= ./85+G1:81, 2/1?:+ <6/158*8C-6 858 =+:6/F8>1,76-6 256,- 242 A/6:B8C. (…)P+? ./1?5+*, >1 ,1 ,4+3/6<C26 , ?+3/8C 279, :6 ,2+C-6:6B8C, 7+1-+ ,.+/1? :1*+ 1 <6 ./1?.+>8-6:1 ./1? -+<8 :66:*58>6:8-1, .+? 356*+28?:6-6 B15 ?6 ,435Q?626 356-*+./858>81-+ .+-?+3/1, +-7+57+-+ *+ 1 ,-+/85 *+,.+?8:P+9., -+K ./1+3/4J6 B158C /1?, .+?/1?36-6 8 +/*6:8<6-B8C-6 :6 :1*+26-6 .+1=6. (…) R+,.+?8: MN+ E8591- 1 ?6-51> .+--+>1:, <6.6<85 1 2 ./12+?6 ,8 2 ./+<6 B158C .56=:6 24+3/6G1:81-+ :6 +/8*8:656. (…) &+ :6K-?+3/8C-,:6K-21/:8C- 8 :6K--+>:8C- ./12+?, 7+K-+ 8=6=1 :6 :C-76742 1<87 :6 N-7 "$ =+%7#$ :6 *-: P+9., 1 -+<8 :6 8<21-,-:8C *+,.+?8: D/+7, +- W6=39/*, 2 :1=,78 ,-8F+21;./8<:626=, >1 -+<8 ./12+? =8 31@1 +- *+5C=6 .+=+J 8>1 31< :1*+ :1 38F /6<3/65 =:+*+ =1,-6, 8 -+ ,/1? :6K-351,-CJ8-1, 2 +/8*8:656 :6 *+,.+?8: P+9., 93C*:658 :62,8>78 0/1:,78 ./12+?6>8.“

A/1:,78-1 ./12+?6>8 ,6 9./1726:8 <6 -+26, >1 ,1 .+?>8-:C26- :6 0/1:,78C 279, 2 8=1-+ :6 :C7672+ =:8=+ ./124<F+?-

118866

,-2+ :6 0/1:,76-6 :6B8C, >1 ,1 ./+24<*56,C26- <6 B1:<+/8 :6./121G?6:8C 62-+/ 8 -+57+26 *+ 8<*56G?6- — 8 ?+/8 B1:<9-/8/6-, — >1 -+K 8<+3J+ :1 =+G1 ?6 ,1 /6<.+<:61 2 ./12+?6.'67-+ J1 28?8=, -1+/8C-6 <6 ./12+?6 2 R1/=6:8C ./1< XVIII8 XIX 2. ,1 8<*/6G?6 8=1::+ 2 +.+<8B8C :6 0/1:,78C :6>8::6 ./121G?6:1.R+,.+G6 ?N+ D+:-6:, ./12156 I7"+1., .+1-8>1: ,3+/:87

+- ;+=.,4:, 8<76<26 ,F+?:+ ,-6:+28J1 8 ,=C-6, >1 :1 =+G1?6 ./81=1 .+<8B8C-6 :6 B1:<+/ :6 62-+/6 (1759) :

„%8:6*8 ,4= 2C/2656, >1 *562:6-6 <6,59*6 :6 1?8:./12+? 1 2 ,-/+*6-6 -+>:+,-; -676 >1 67+ 1?8: ./12+? =+-G1@1 ?6 34?1, -676 ?6 ,1 76G1, ./+</6>1: 8 ?6 ./+.9,76<6 .+*51?6 +/8*8:656 2 BC56-6 =9 ,4J:+,-, -+<8 ./12+?38 385 :6K-,424/@1:8C-. P+ ,856-6 :6 -+26 =:1:81 .+-G1/-26F .+>-8 :62,C74?1 8<CJ1,-2+-+ :6 :6@8C 1<87,>92,-28-15:+,--6 :6 :6@8C ,59F 8 ,+3,-21:+-+ ,8 >1,--+5Q381 2 8=1-+ :6 9?+2+5,-281-+ ?6 ./1?6= 397265:+,856-6 8 =+J-6 :6 =8,58-1 8 1.8-1-8-1 :6 =+C 62-+/.%42 21/:+,--6 ,-8*:6F ?+-6= ?6 ./+758:6= 858 ./1?8<-28726= :6@6-6 :6B8C 76-+ 1?8: ?+34/ 6:*58>6:8:. !+-G1 38 J1 34?6 9./17:6-6 <6 -+26, :+ =8 ,1 ,-/926, >1 :1./12+?6>4- 1 -+<8, 7+K-+ -/C326 ?6 +76,-/C ,-/6,-8-1 :662-+/6 ,8. (,21: -+26 .+21>1-+ +- -1<8 =1,-6 ,6 8<.45-:1:8 ,4, ,856 8 7/6,+-6. (…) !+1-+ :6=1/1:81 1 385+?6 ./1?,-62C :6 =+C-6 :6B8C ;+=.,4: -6742, 76742-+ 1.“

;+26 +36>1 :6.45:+ ./+-82+/1>8 :6 =:1:81-+ :6 ?/9*6./12+?6>76, *+,.+G6 M’[,8K+ (E+%.<, 3+1 H.A+,, 8=8-6-B8C +- :1=,78 :6 !. %856:?, 1770) :

„;24/?1 397265:8C- ./12+? >1,-+ 1 8 -24/?1 :121-/1:. (…) E ?/9*8 ?9=8, +.8-6F ,1 ?6 ,4<?6= 0/1:,7+./+8<21?1:81 +- :1=,7+-+ ,4>8:1:81.“

" (0+/=CJ6-6 ,1 2,1 .67 /167B8C ,/1J9 :6*6G?6:1-+ :6-17,-6 74= ./81=:8C :6/+? ./81=6 0+/=6, 7+C-+ 1 ./1?21,--:87 :6 :1=,76-6 -1+/8C (?6 ,1 ?+21?1 >8-6-15C- ?+ 62-+/6).;676 :6./8=1/ H-81: ?N+ E8591- 7+=1:-8/6 ?9=8-1 :6 ?/9*./12+?6>, MN+ ;9/1K:

118877

„&1 -/C326, 76<26 MN+ ;9/1K, :/628-1, +38>68-1,:628B8-1, B1/1=+:88-1, 8*/8-1, <67+:8-1, 7+8-+ 8<BC-5+ ,1 /6<58>626- +- :6@8-1, ?6 :8 .56@6-. ;/C326 ?6,1 ./8*+?8= 74= -CF, 2 ./+-821: ,59>6K J1 <6*938=2,8>7+, 7+1-+ 38F=1 ,.1>15858 +- +3J926:1-+ , 24<-28@1:6-6 6:-8>:+,-. &81 =+G1= ?6 /6<31/1= 8 ?6 +B1-:8= ?/12:8-1 62-+/8 ,6=+ 67+ ,1 ./1:1,1= :6 =C,-+-+,74?1-+ ,1 /6<2826 ?1K,-281-+. (…) P/12+?4- :1 -/C3-26 :87+*6 ?6 ./87/826 279,6 8 F6/67-1/6 :6 ./+8<21-?1:8C-6 :6 1?:6 :6B8C; -+K 1 :1,424/@1:, 67+ :1 ?62624<=+G:+,- >8-6-15C- ?6 *8 +.+<:61 8 +B1:8.“

E51? -+26 B8-8/6 E$J=71 %7-,1.# +- 6./85 1730 *., 7+K--+ +-826 .+-?651> 2 <6J8-6-6 :6 >9G?+-+ 8 ,-/6::+-+ 2 >9G-?8C -17,-, 5Q3+.8-,-2+-+, 7+1-+ -/C326 ?6 34?1 ./82851*8C:6 085+,+06 8 :6 >+2176 :6 ?9F6 :

„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“

E4J+-+ ,42/1=1::+ 8<8,726:1 ?6 ,1 <6>8-6 62-+/4- 8,.1B808>:8C- =9 ,-85 +-7/826=1 2 ./1?*+2+/6 :6 ":G-A/6:,+6 ?N+ E1:- ":G 74= ./12+?6 =9 :6 WJ%-,%.,7)1.<,=+%7# :6 W1:/8 !6771:<8 (1775); -+26, 7+1-+ 8<*51G?6 :+2+,1 =8,45-6 <6 ,4+3/6<C26:1 , 69?8-+/8C-6, :1 .+ +-:+@1:81:6 8<8,76:8C ,-85 8 C,:+-6-6, 6 .+ +-:+@1:81 <6>8-6:1-+ :68<F+?:8C -17,-:

118888

„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“

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118899

**DD""!!EE++**FF**

— CD-rom Didak „l’Histoire de la traduction“, Jean Delisle etGilbert Lafond, université d’Ottawa (nombreuses préfaces detraducteurs et articles intéressants : André Billaz, „Voltaire tra-ducteur de Shakespeare et de la Bible“; André Leclerc, „Leproblème de la traduction au siècle des Lumières: obstacles pra-tiques et limites théoriques“ ; Françoise Létoublon et CatherineVolpilhac-Auger, „Les impossible de la traduction au XVIIIesiècle: l’exemple de l’Iliade“; Benoît Léger, „Soumission etassujettissement: la fidélité chez les traducteurs et théoriciens dela traduction française dans la première moitié du XVIIIe siè-cle“; abbé Jean-Baptiste Morvan de Bellegarde, Réflexions surl’élégance et la politesse du style, 1706).

— Michel Ballard, Lieven d’Hulst, La traduction en France àl’âge classique, Presses universitaires du Septentrion, 1996.

— Bruno Garnier, „Anne Dacier, un esprit moderne au pays desanciens“, in Jean Delisle: Portraits de Traductrices, Presses del’université d’Ottawa et Artois Presses université, 2002,pp13/54.

— Bruno Garnier, Pour une poétique de la traduction: l’Hécubed’Euripide en France de la traduction humaniste à la tragédieclassique, Paris, L’Harmattan, 1999.

— La querelle des Anciens et des Modernes, Paris, Gallimard,folio classique, 2001.

— Rivarol, L’universalité de la langue française, Paris, Arléa,1998.

— „Traduction / Adaptation, Palimpsestes, Z3, Publications de laSorbonne Nouvelle, octobre 1990 (plus particulièrement:Fortunato Israël, „Shakespeare en français : être ou ne pas être“ ?)

— Claude Hagège, Le français, histoire d’un combat, éd. MichelHagège, 1996.

119900

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119911

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119922

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119933

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119944

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?+3/1 /+=6:-8>:6-6 =8,45 <6 ./12+?6: 1?:+ .8,=+ +- 1797*+?8:6 ?+ ". %. I51*15, 7+K-+ -+79-J+ 1 <6.+>:65 =6J63:8C,8 ./12+? :6 I17,.8/, 8 1?8: +-74, +- S%7,71 50$Q7;(Blütenstaub) (1798).% .8,=+-+ ,8 &+2658, 8<-4726 ,.1B808>:8C F6/67-1/ :6

:1=,78C ./12+?1: F+/8<+:- .+ -+26 2/1=1, /6<*51G?6: ./1<./8<=6-6 :6 /+=6:-8>:+-+ 24<./81=6:1:

„%4./178 >1 :81 ./121G?6=1 +-?62:6 8 >1 -6<8 :67-5+::+,- 74= ./12+?6 1 :6@6 :6B8+:65:6 >1/-6 — ?+,-1.1:, >1 .+>-8 :C=6 :1=,78 62-+/, 7+K-+ ?6 :1 1 ./1-21G?65, 256*6K78 2 -+26 -+57+26 -2+/>1,-2+, 7+57+-+ 82 1?:+ +/8*8:65:+ ./+8<21?1:81, — 2,1 .67 =8 ,1,-/926, >1 :C=6 .+-*+5C=+ :121G1,-2+ +- -+26, 7+1-+,1 ./+C2C26 .+ +-:+@1:81 :6 ./12+?6. (...) '6-+ 8<75Q->8= /8=5C:8-1, :81 ,=1 1?8:,-21:6-6 :6B8C, 7+C-+ -6-76 :19?4/G8=+ 1 8<G82C56 ./12+?6>1,78C .+/82 8 =9

119955

1 31<7/6K:+ <6?45G1:6 <6 ,2+C-6 795-9/6. (...) E6=+ <6:6, ./12+?8-1 ,6 ,1 ./124/:658 2 ./+,-+/8. &9G:8 ,6+,21: -+26 .+1-8>1,78 =+/65 8 G1/-26:1 :6 ,+3,-21-:8-1 :675+::+,-8, <6 ?6 ,1 <61=1@ , 8,-8:,78 ./12+?.X+217 ./121G?6 +- 8,-8:,76 5Q3+2 74= 7/6,82+-+ 874= 58-1/6-9/6-6 :6 /+?8:6-6 ,8. M6 ./121G?6@ 1 2,11?:+ ?6 ,1 <6:8=626@ , .+1<8C 8 ?6 ,4<?626@ ,+3,-21-:8 ./+8<21?1:8C — :+ 1 .+--/9?:+ 8 .+-/C?7+ ,/1J6-:+. % 7/6C :6 7/68J6-6 2,C76 .+1<8C 1 ./12+?.“

R+/?+,--6 +- 8<24/@1:8C +*/+=1: ./12+?6>1,78 -/9?,,4<:6:81-+ <6 3+*6-,-2+-+, 7+1-+ -+K :+,8, 8<*51G?6 ,6 +,--62858 ?453+7 +-.1>6-47 24/F9 .8,6-158-1 +- WVIII 8 WIW 2.2 R1/=6:8C.% S%7,71 50$Q7; 62-+/4- .+,+>26, .+?+3:+ :6 RN+-1,

-/8 28?6 ./12+? (7+8-+ +36>1 :C=6- :8J+ +3J+ , RN+-126-6-8.+5+*8C) 8 7/8-87926 -/6:,0+/=8/6J8C ./12+? „.+0/1:,78“:

1. !8-8>:8-1 ./12+?8, 7+8-+ „./8-1G626- >8,-8C, <624/-@1: F6/67-1/ :6 8:?828?965:+-+ ./+8<21?1:81 :6 8<79,-2+--+“. ;1 :1 :8 ?626- /165:+-+ ./+8<21?1:81 :6 8<79,-2+-+, 6:1*+2+-+ 8?165:+ 8<+3/6G1:81. E.+/1? =1: 2,1 +J1 :1 ,4-J1,-2926 <624/@1: =+?15 :6 -1<8 ./12+?8. (...) T6 -+26 1 :1-+3F+?8= 9=, 2 7+K-+ 2<68=:+ ,6 ,1 ./+:87:658 .+1-8>:8C- 8085+,+0,78C- ?9F 2 BC56-6 8= .45:+-6.

2. R/6=6-8>1,78-1 ./12+?8 858 ./12+? 2 +38>6K:8C,=8,45 :6 ?9=6-6.

3. ;/6:,0+/=8/6J8-1 ./12+?8: ,6=8 .+ ,131 ,8 -1 ,1 +-:6-,C- „74= :6K-28,@8C .+1-8>1: ?9F“, :+ „51,:+ 8<.6?6- 2„./1?/1@26:1“, 767-+ ./12+?4- :6 (=8/ +- DQ/*1/ 2 C=3+21,./12+?4- :6 (=8/ +- P+9. 8 0/1:,78-1 ./12+?8 76-+ BC5+.

" I%"0%"; H.)*$%5);$%: „J) %)>."E'"2$ 5$2&0"') 9%$,$K0)'$“ (1813)":-+6: D1/=6: .+?>1/-626, >1 /1>-6 :6 I56K1/=6F1/

./1? D1/58:,76-6 7/65,76 676?1=8C :6 :6978-1 ./1< 1813 *.1 „1?8:,-21:6-6 ,8,-1=6-8>:6 8 =1-+?+5+*8>:6 ,-9?8C“ <6./12+?6 2 R1/=6:8C ./1< -+<8 .1/8+?; -C .+56*6 ./12+?6 2F1/=1:12-8>:6-6 +356,-, 8<21G?6 ,9317-828<=6 :6 ./12+?6->6 2 B1:-4/6 :6 ./12+?:6-6 ./+351=6-876 8 ./+?45G626 ?6

119966

34?1 67-965:6 8 ?:1,. &6 D1/=6: ?45G8= ./1?,-62C:1-+ 8./12+?6 :6 0/1:,78 :6 -6<8 /1>, 7+C-+ 8=6 ,51?:+-+ 7+=.+-<8B8+::+ /6<28-81:

1. #6<*/6:8>626:1 :6 .+51-+: ./12+? 2 @8/+7 ,=8,45 (24--/1@:+1<87+2) 8 2 -1,1: ,=8,45 (=1G?91<87+2).

2. #6<5876 =1G?9 9,-1: 8 .8,=1: ./12+?6>, =1G?9 9,-1:8 .8,=1: ./12+?; -6<8 /6<5876 ,1 8</6<C26 ,4, ,-1.1:-6 :662-+/,7+ ./8,4,-281 2 +/8*8:656; 9,-:8C- ./12+? 1 ,6=+„.+,/1?:87“, .8,=1:8C- ./12+? ,1 /6<2826 2 .+-28,@6-6 +3-56,- :6 8<79,-2+-+ 8 8<8,726: „?/9*8 ,858 8 ?/9*8 9=1:8C“,767-+ 8 „.+-/6<58>:+ .+<:626:1 :6 .8,6-15C 8 :1*+28C1<87“. ;+26, 7+1-+ /6<58>626 „,4J8:,7+-+ ./121G?6:1“ +-+387:+21:+-+ 9,-:+ ./1?626:1, +- 1?:6 ,-/6:6, 1 1?8:,-2+-+=1G?9 =8,45 8 /1>, 8 +- ?/9*6 — ?29,-/6::6-6 2/4<76, 9,-6-:+21:6 =1G?9 ,9317-6 8 1<876: ,9317-4- ?1K,-26 >/1< 1<876,:+ 8 24<?1K,-26 24/F9 1<876. ;97 1<874- ,1 /6<*51G?6 :1 ,6-=+ 76-+ #+&J1.#$;.<, 6 8 76-+ ."0$". (-74?1-+ ,51?26:

„T6 ?6 =+*6- >8-6-158-1 =9 ?6 /6<31/6-, -1 -/C326 ?6,F26:6- ?9F6 :6 1<876, 7+K-+ 1 /+?1: 1<87 :6 .8,6-15C,?6 ,49=1C- ?6 .+>92,-26- 8:-98-82:+ :6>8:6 =9 :6=8,51:1 8 :6 9,1J6:1; <6 ?6 .+,-8*:1 -1<8 ?21 :1J6,-+K [./12+?6>4-] =+G1 ?6 8= ./1?5+G8 ,6=+ ,+3,-21-:8C ,8 1<87, 7+K-+ :87+*6 :1 ,1 .+7/826 :6.45:+ , ?/9-*8C, 8 ,6=+ ,131 ,8, ,4, ,2+1-+ 74?1 .+21>1, 74?1 .+-=657+ .+<:626:1 8 +?+3/1:81 :6 62-+/6, ,4, ,2+1-+ 74-?1 .+21>1, 74?1 .+-=657+ 24<F8J1:81 +- :1*+.“

;+26 1 8<75Q>8-15:+ -/9?:6 <6?6>6 8 I56K1/=6F1/ 21?-:6*6 .+,+>26 ?21 /1@1:8C, 74= 7+8-+ ./12+?4- ./83C*26 +-:1=6K-74?1: .6/60/6<6-6 8 .+?/6G6:81-+.'672+ ./1?,-625C26 8,-8:,78C- ./12+?6> 2 -+<8 ,59>6K?

H-+ +-*+2+/ :6 24./+,6:

„'6742 .4- ?6 8<31/1 -+*626 8,-8:,78C- ./12+?6>,7+K-+ 8,76 ?6 ,358G8 ?1K,-28-15:+ -1<8 ?26=6 ?9@8,-676 +-?651>1:8 1?8: +- ?/9* — .8,6-15C 8 :1*+28C>8-6-15, 8 ?6 951,:8 >8-6-15C, 31< ?6 *+ ./8:9G?626 ?6:6.9,:1 7/4*6 :6 =6K>8:8C ,8 1<87, ?6 /6<31/1 8 ?6 ,1:6,56?8 :6K--+>:+ 8 :6K-.45:+ :6 .8,6-15C? E.+/1?

119977

=1: 8=6 ,6=+ ?26 .4-C. $58 ./12+?6>4- ?6 +,-628 .8-,6-15C 24<=+G:+ :6K-:1+31<.+7+C26: 8 ?6 :6./628 -6-76, >1 >8-6-15C- ?6 8<24/28 .4-C ?+ :1*+, 858, +3/6--:+-+ — ?6 +,-628 >8-6-15C 24<=+G:+ :6K-:1+31<.+7+-C26: 8 ?6 :6./628 -676, >1 .8,6-15C- ?6 8<24/28 .4-C?+ >8-6-15C. M26-6 .4-C ,6 -+57+26 /6<58>:8, >1 =+G1?6 ,1 ,51?26 ,-/87-:+ ,6=+ 1?8:8C- +- -CF, -4K 76-+2,C7+ ,=1,26:1 :18<=1::+ 38 ?+215+ ?+ -24/?1 :19?+-251-2+/8-151: /1<95-6- 8 38 =+*5+ ?6 ,1 +>6726, >1,/1J6-6 =1G?9 .8,6-15C 8 >8-6-15C 8<+3J+ :C=6 ?6 ,1,4,-+8.“

P/12+?4- 76-+ ,/1J6 =1G?9 .8,6-15C 8 >8-6-15C 1 .4-,7+K-+ 8<58<6 +- 9-4.76:8-1 .4-178 :6 1?:6 -4/,1:6, :+ :1-C,:+ +./1?151:6 2C/:+,-, , >1,-+ .4-8 ./+-82+/1>82+,4?4/G6:81. I56K1/=6F1/ ./1?56*6 ,4<:6-15:6 65-1/:6-8-26 :6 ,-6/8-1 ?8F+-+=88 (=676/ 8 :1*+2+-+ ./1?5+G1:81 ?61 ?8F+-+=:+):

„$ -676, 2,8>7+, 7+1-+ +J1 ,1 76<26 <6 397265:8-1./12+?8 858 <6 ./12+?8-1 :6 ,=8,456, <6 -+>:8-1 858<6 ,2+3+?:8-1 ./12+?8, 858 <6 2,178 24<./81- 8</6<,?+/8 8 =1-+?8-1 ?6 ,6 /6<58>:8, -/C326 ?6 =+G1 ?6 ,1,21?1 ?+ ?26-6 ,.+=1:6-8 =1-+?6.“

!676/ 8 ?6 ./1.+/4>26 .4/28C :6>8: :6 ./121G?6:1, :1./+.9,76 ?6 +-3151G8, >1 ,6 :1+3F+?8=8 ,.1B808>:8 9,5+-28C <6 -+26 (+>128?:+ .+,-62C =8,51:+ A/6:B8C ,/1? ,-/6-:8-1, 7+8-+ :1 ./1?56*6- -67826 9,5+28C): :68,-8:6 ./12+-?8-1, 7+8-+ ?+21G?6- >8-6-15C ?+ 62-+/6, ./1?.+56*6-, >11<874--B15 1 *42762 8 +-2+/1: <6 :+2+-+ 8 >1 -1<8 ./12+?8:1 ,6 8<+58/6:8 C251:8C, 2 ./+-821: ,59>6K -CF:6-6 ,-+K-:+,- 38 3856 :674/:1:6. T6 ?6 ./81=1 >9G?+-+, :6/+?4--/C326 ?6 1 ./8?+385 :9G:6-6 <6 -+26 </C5+,-, ?6 :1 ,1,-/6F926, >1 J1 <6*938 ,+3,-21:6-6 ,8 8?1:-8>:+,- >/1< -+-<8 67-.(3/6-:+, I56K1/=6F1/, 767-+ 8 .+21>1-+ +- :1=,78-1 =9

,42/1=1::8B8, .+76<26, >1 =8,45-6 8 8</6<C26:1-+ ,6 -C,:+,24/<6:8 8 >1 1?8: 62-+/ :1 38 ,1 8</6<85 .+ ,4J8C :6>8::6 ./12+?:8C 1<87, 2 ,59>6K >1 *+ 256?11. E.+/1? :1*+ :6-

119988

>8:4- :6 ./121G?6:1 „2,1 1?:+, >1 ,6=8C- 62-+/ 1 .8,65 ?8-/17-:+ :6 1<876-B15“, 1 „31<,=8,51: 8 2/1?1:“.P+?+3:+ :6 A+: W9=3+5?, I56K1/=6F1/ ,1 8<76<26 <6

.+-*+5C= 3/+K ./12+?8 :6 1?:+ 8 ,4J+ ./+8<21?1:81, 76-+,/1?,-2+ <6 ./1+?+5C26:1 :6 ,9317-82:+,--6 :6 ./12+?6>6.O :1*+, 767-+ 8 9 RN+-1, +-7/826=1 =8,45-6, >1 ./12+?4- 1

,-6:65 :1+3F+?8=+,- <6 /6<28-81-+ :6 :1=,76-6 795-9/6 8 >1:1=,78C- 1<87 =+G1 ?6 ,1 ./124/:1 2 ,2+1*+ /+?6 9:821/,6-51: 1<87 :6 795-9/6-6 (-97 1 =C,-+-+ ?6 ,.+=1:1=, >1 WVIII217 ,1 ./+C2C26 76-+ 217 :6 ,-/1=1G6 74= 1<87+26 8 795-9/-:6 9:821/,65:+,-, ,51? 76-+, 767-+ .+?>1/-626 L6: D/N+K6/,„=+G1= ?6 +-3151G8=, >1 9:821/,65:+,--6 :6 /9,78C 1<87,.+?+3:+ :6 C,:+-6-6 :6 0/1:,78C, J1 ,1 +76G1 7/6K:+ 9,-+K->82 -+.+,, 8,-8:,76 ?+*=6“, 8 -+ 2 .1/8+?, 2 7+K-+ #9,8C ./1-G82C26 8,-8:,76 795-9/:+-8?1:-8>:+,-:6 7/8<6):

„&81, *1/=6:B8-1, ?+/8 8 ?6 ,1 2,59@6=1 2 -+<8 ,4-21- (?6 ,1 8<.+5<26 .6/60/6<8/6:1-+), :C=6 ?6 *+ .+,-51?26=1. &C76726 24-/1@:6 :1+3F+?8=+,-, 8</6<C26J6C,:+ 1?:6 8,-8:,76 <6?6>6, ,-+CJ6 ./1? :6@8C :6/+?,:8 1 -56,:656 74= =6,+2+ ./121G?6:1; :1 =+G1= ?6+-,-4.8=, -/C326 ?6 ./+?45G8= :6./1?. ;676 767-+ 1-/C3265+ ?6 ?+:1,1=, <6,6?8= 8 +-*51?6=1 =:+*+ >9G?8/6,-1:8C, <6 ?6 ,-6:1 :6@6-6 <1=C .+-3+*6-6 8 .+-.5+-?+/+?:6, 6 758=6-4- :8 —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“

119999

&1=,78-1 8 0/1:,78-1 ,F26J6:8C <6 ./12+?6 ./1< WVIII217 7+/1::+ ,1 /6<58>626-: +- 1?:6 ,-/6:6, *+/?+,--6, .+/+-?1:6 +- ,=C-6:6-6 <6 ./8,4J6 :6 0/1:,78C 1<87 C,:+-6 (,4-J12/1=1::+, 767-+ 21>1 ,-6:6 ?9=6, ?/9*8-1 1<8B8 ,6 38587/8-87926:8 858, 2 :6K-?+3/8C ,59>6K, -/1-8/6:8 ,4, ,:8<-F+G?1:81); +- ?/9*6 ,-/6:6, >92,-2+-+ <6 1?8: 2,1 +J1:1,424/@1: 1<87, 7+K-+ +36>1 -4/.8 .+5+G8-15:+-+ 24<-?1K,-281 :6 ?+,1*6 ,8 , >9G?+-+; :6 190+/8>:+-+ >92,-2+ <612/+.1K,76 9:821/,65:+,- 9 .4/28-1 ,1 ./+-82+.+,-62C,4<:6:81-+ <6 +-2+/1:6-6, .+,/1?:8>1,76 8 =1,86:,76 ./8-/+?6 :6 2-+/8-1...

" L".;$.5 G&' (A57&.0: 9%$,&0-2 =)2&9%&12%)'12,& 5$K0A EAK0&2& " 12%)''&2& ,2$=12) (1816 <):

% ./1?*+2+/6 ,8 74= ./12+?6 :6 H,F85+28C F/$&7&1+1A+: W9=3+5? 8<56*6 ,2+1-+ 28G?6:1 <6 */4B76-6 -/6*1?8C,<6 1<876 8 <6 ./12+?6. % :1*+28-1 /6<=8@51:8C ./12+?4- 81<874- ,6 -C,:+ ,24/<6:8. ;+K +./1?15C ./12+?6 76-+ „1?:6+- :6K-:1+3F+?8=8-1 <6?6>8 2 1?:6 58-1/6-9/6“ .+/6?8 ?21./8>8:8: .4/2+, <6/6?8 -+26, >1 ?626 ?+,-4. ?+ 8:6>1 :1.+<-:6-8 58-1/6-9/8 8 795-9/8, 8 2-+/+, <6J+-+ +3+*6-C26 217,./1,82:+ +-:+@1:81 1<876-B15. E.+/1? :1*+ +3+*6-C26-:1-+ :6 1<876 8 +3+*6-C26:1-+ :6 :6B8C-6 24/2C- /476 <6 /4-76. (.8/6K78 ,1 :6 -1<8 ,2+8 ,F26J6:8C, -+K .+,-62C ,51?-:+-+ 8<8,726:1 <6 2C/:+,- :6 ./12+?6:

„;6<8 2C/:+,- -/C326 ?6 1 :6,+>1:6 74= 8,-8:,78CF6/67-1/ :6 +/8*8:656, 6 :1, ./1:13/1*26K78 -+<8 F6-/67-1/, 74= :1*+28-1 2-+/+,-1.1::8 6,.17-8, -676 767--+ 24+3J1 2,178 ?+34/ ./12+? -/C326 ?6 ./+8<-8>6 +->8,-+,4/?1>:6-6 8 :12<8,76-15:6 5Q3+2 74= +/8*8:6-56. (...) %,4J:+,- 2 -+<8 24<*51? ,51?26 ?6 275Q>8= 8=8,45-6, >1 ./12+?4- :+,8 36*/8 +- >9G?+-+, :+ 51,:+=+G1 ?6 ,1 +./1?158 */6:8B6-6, +-24? 7+C-+ -+26 ,1./12/4J6 2 31<,.+/1: :1?+,-6-47. M+76-+ 2 :1*+ :1 ,19,1J6 ,-/6::+,-, 6 ,6=+ >9G?+,-, ./12+?4- 1 8<.45-:85 ,2+C-6 28,@6 B15; :+ 7+*6-+ ,-/6::+,--6 ,1 ./+C-28 8 ?+/8 <6,1:>8 >9G?+,--6, -+*626 ./12+?6>4- .+-76<26, >1 :1 1 :6 28,+-6-6 :6 +/8*8:656.“

220000

O,.1F4- :6 1?8: ./12+? ,51?+26-15:+ ,1 2.8,26 2 ./+,--/6:,-2+-+, +>1/-6:+ =1G?9 :1+3F+?8=6-6 >9G?+,- 2 -17,-68 :19=1,-:6-6 ,-/6::+,- (,.+/1? W9=3+5? /6<5876-6 ,1 +.-/1?15C +- „9,1J6:1-+ :6 :1./1?931?1:8C >8-6-15“); WN+5-?1/58: ./17/6>26 -676 +>1/-6:8-1 */6:8B8, 76-+ 2421G?6*/4B78 151=1:-8 2 ,2+8-1 ./12+?8 8 .+1=8 8 :1 ,1 7+51361?6 8<.+5<26 :1=,76-6 1-8=+5+*8C, <6 ?6 ./8?6?1 :6 ?9=8-16/F68>1: ,=8,45, ,-/6:1: <6 ,42/1=1::8B8-1.E.+/1? W9=3+5? +36>1 */6:8B6-6 :1 3826 ?6 34?1 ./1-

7/6>26:6 8 2 ?/9*6-6 .+,+76:

„'+*6-+ +-826=1 +J1 .+-?651> 2 +-354,726J8C,-/6F +- :1+38>6K:+-+ 8 8,76=1 ?6 8<31*:1= ,6=6-6>9G?+,-, 2,59@26K78 ,1 2 :1>88 517+=8,51:8 -24/?1-:8C, >1 ./12+?6>4- 38 ,51?265+ ?6 .8@1, -676 767-+ ,6-=8C- 62-+/ 38 .8,65 :6 1<876 :6 ./12+?6>6 (=8,45, 7+-C-+ :1 +->8-6 -+26, >1 8<24: :6976-6 8 067-8-1 :87+K.8,6-15 :1 38 :6.8,65 ,4J+-+ :1J+ 8 .+ ,4J8C :6>8::6 ?/9* 1<87), -+ -+*626 93826=1 2,178 ./12+? 8 2,C76.+5<6 <6 1<876 8 :6B8C-6. T6J+-+ 767 8:6>1 ?6 ,8 +3C,-:8=, >1 ,51? 76-+ 2,8>78 */4B78 8 /8=,78 62-+/8 ,6./121?1:8 :6 0/1:,78, 6 :C7+8 +- -CF ?+/8 .+ <63151-G8-151: :6>8: 2 ,-856, 7+K-+ ,.+=1:6F, >/1< -CF ?+/8:8J+G:6 >6,-8B6 +- ?9F6 :6 6:-8>:+,--6 :1 1 ./1=8-:656 2 :6B8C-6 8 >1 :6B8+:65:6-6 =8,45 (-4K 76-+ :1=+G1 ?6 ,-626 ?9=6 <6 +-?15:8 9>1:8) :8J+ :1 1 ./8-?+3856 +- -+26?“

'/8-876-6 1 +-./621:6 74= ./12+?6-6?6.-6B8C „.+0/1:,78“, 7+K-+ :1 ?626 8<C26 :6 >9G?+,--6. W9=3+5? /6<-2826 -6<8 8?1C, 28<8/6K78 +-:+2+ 0/1:,78C ./12+?, 31< -+<8.4- ?6 *+ .+,+>26 8</8>:+, 76-+ :635C*6 :6 8<8,726:1-+ <6./8?4/G6:1 74= +/8*8:65:8C -17,-:

„&1,.+,+3:+,--6 ?6 ,1 ?+,-8*:6- ./8,4J8-1 7/6-,+-8 :6 +/8*8:656 =:+*+ 51,:+ 2+?8 ?+ -+26 ?6 =9 ,1./8.8,26- >9G?8 :1=9 76>1,-26, 76-+ .+ -+<8 :6>8:,1 ./+=1:C BC5+,-:8C- 7+5+/8- 8 ,1 ./8?626 /6<58->1: -+:. (...). P/12+?4- :1 =+G1 8 :1 -/C326 ?6 34?17+=1:-6/. ;+K :1 -/C326 ?6 ,4?4/G6 :876728 :1C,:+-

220011

-8, ?45G6J8 ,1 :6 :1.+F26-:6 9.+-/136 :6 ?9=8-1858 :6 ,4=:8-15:8 ,4*56,926:8C; :+ -6=, 74?1-+ +/8-*8:654- ,6=+ <6*6-26, 2=1,-+ ?6 8</6<C26 C,:+, 74?1--+ ,8 .+<2+5C26 -/9?:+/6<38/61=8 =1-60+/8 8 ./1,-76>6 =1G?8::8 8?18, ./12+?6>4- 38 ,*/1@85, 67+2:1,1 C,:+-6 +- ,131 ,8, , 7+1-+ 38 8<+.6>85 F6/67--1/6 :6 -17,-6.“

(- *51?:6 -+>76 :6 ,42/1=1::6-6 =8,45 -97 ,-626 ?9=6<6 8,-8:,76 ./12+?6>1,76 1-876 ,./C=+ +/8*8:65:8C -17,-:?6 ,1 ./121G?6 31< 76726-+ 8 ?6 1 :6=1,6, B15CJ6 ?6 2:1,1.+21>1 C,:+-6 858 ?6 8<C,:8 <6*6-:6-+-+. &67/6C, <6 ?6 +.-/62?61 ,+3,-21:8C ,8 ./12+? („./8?4/G6F ,1 24<=+G:+ :6K--+>:+ 74= -+<8 -17,-“), -+K ,1 +3C2C26 2 <6J8-6 :6 ./12+?6,„8<24/@1: , 8,-+/8>1,76 -+>:+,- 8 ?+3/+,421,-:+,-, ,4+3-/6<:+ 1/9?8B8C-6, :6 7+C-+ ,1 +,:+2626, 8 :6K-21>1 , :1+--75+::6 .+,51?+26-15:+,-, ,.6<26J6 ?9F6 :6 -17,-6.“ %42A/6:B8C -+26 :6.4-,-281 1 .+,51?26:+ +J1 ./1< ,4J8C 217,2176 :6 „6/F1+5+*8>1,78-1 ./12+?8“. W9=3+5? 8<-4726 8<:6>1:81-+ :6 /8-4=6, 8 :6 +3J+-+ <29>1:1 :6 -17,-6, 7+8-+,.+/1? :1*+ ,6 +,+31:+ 26G:8 2 */4B76-6 -/6*1?8C, , C,:+-+,4<:6:81, >1 -1<8 151=1:-8 .45:+B1::+ ?+./8:6,C- <6 8<-*/6G?6:1 :6 ,=8,456.$:-1/1,:+ 1 ?6 ,1 .+?>1/-61 8 :1+3F+?8=+,--6 +- .+-*+-

5C= 3/+K ./12+?8 :6 1?:+ 8 ,4J+ ./+8<21?1:81, 7+8-+ 38F68<*/6?858 .+-?+3/6 ./1?,-626 <6 +/8*8:656:

„;6<8 >6,- +- :6B8C-6, 7+C-+ :1 =+G1 ?6 >1-1 2 +/8-*8:65 ?/12:8-1 62-+/8, *8 +.+<:626 .+-?+3/1 >/1< .+-21>1 ./12+?8, +-7+57+-+ >/1< 1?8:. ;+26 ,6 :C7+57++3/6<6, 2 7+8-+ ,1 ./+C2C26 1?8: 8 ,4J8 ?9F; <6J+-+2,178 ./1,4<?626 -+26, 7+1-+ 1 ,F26:65 8 ,49=C5 ?6./1?,-628; 8,-8:6-6 +36>1 ,1 ,4?4/G6 1?8:,-21:+ 2+/8*8:656.“

" /M&2$: 2%"2$ ,"0) 9%$,&0 (1819 <.)P/1< 1813 *., .+ 2/1=1-+, 7+*6-+ I56K1/=6F1/ ./+8<:6,C

/1>-6 ,8 <6 /6<58>:8-1 :6>8:8 :6 ./121G?6:1, RN+-1 8<76<26?+,-6 ,F+?:+ =:1:81 <6 ./12+?6:

„$=6 ?21 =67,8=8 <6 ./12+?6: 1?:6-6 8<8,726 62-

220022

-+/4- +- 1?:6 >9G?6 :6B8C ?6 34?1 ?+21?1: ?+ :6,, -6-76 >1 ?6 *+ ./81=1= 76-+ ,2+K; ?/9*6-6, :6./+-82, :6-56*6 :81 ?6 +-8?1= 74= :1*+, <6 ?6 ,1 .+,-628= 2 :1*+-2+-+ .+5+G1:81, 1<87, +,+31:+,-8.“ (Zu brüderlichemAndenken Wielands, 1813)

% 1?8: =:+*+ 8<21,-1: -17,- +- P$5$'1+-.",+=71 '.%$1RN+-1 +./1?15C -/8 28?6 ./12+?, 7+8-+ ,.+/1? :1*+ ,6 F/+-:+5+*8>:8 1-6.8 2 8,-+/8C-6 :6 ./12+?6:

„E4J1,-2926- -/8 28?6 ./12+?. P4/28C- :8 <6.+<:6-26 , >9G?+-+ ,.+/1? :6@8-1 ./1?,-628; <6 -6<8 B15 :C-=6 :8J+ .+-?+3/+ +- +387:+21:8C ./12+? 2 ./+<6 (...).E51?26 2-+/8 .1/8+?, 7+*6-+, =676/ 8 ?6 ,1 ,-6/61=

?6 ,1 ./8,.+,+38= 74= ./+C28-1 :6 >9G?+-+ ,4J1,--2926:1, 2 ?1K,-28-15:+,- -4/,8= ?6 ./8,2+8= 1?8:-,-21:+ >9G?8C ?9F, ./1:6,CK78 *+ +36>1 2 :6@8C,+3,-21: ?9F. "< 38F :6/1745 -+<8 .1/8+? 5$0+'.--,.=71, 2 :6K->8,-8C ,=8,45 :6 -6<8 ?9=6 (...). A/6:B9-<8-1 .+5<26- -+<8 ,.+,+3 ./8 ./12+?6 :6 .+1-8>:8-2+/38 (...). ;676 767-+ :6*6G?6 74= ,2+C *+2+/ >9G?8--1 ?9=8, 0/6:B9<8:4- ./628 ,4J+-+ 8 , >92,-26-6,=8,58-1 8 ?+/8 ./1?=1-8-1; -+K 8,76 :6 2,C76 B1:6 <62,178 >9G?1,-/6:1: .5+? — /62:+,-+1: .5+?, 8</6,-:65 :6 :1*+26-6 ,+3,-21:6 .+>26 (...).E-8*:6F=1 8 ?+ -/1-8C .1/8+?, 7+K-+ 38F=1 =+*58

?6 :6/1>1= :6K-28,@ 8 .+,51?1:, 7+*6-+ 38F=1 8,7658./12+?4- ?6 34?1 8?1:-8>1: :6 +/8*8:656, -676 >1 ?68=6 ,-+K:+,- :1 2=1,-+ :1*+, 6 :6 :1*+2+ =C,-+. ;+<8:6>8: :6 ./121G?6:1 .4/2+:6>65:+ ,/1J6 ,85:6 ,4.-/+-826, -4K 76-+ ./12+?6>4-, 7+K-+ ,1 ./8?4/G6 358<-7+ ?+ +/8*8:656, .+21>1 858 .+-=657+ ,1 +-76<26 +- ,6-=+38-:+,--6 :6 ,2+C-6 :6B8C 8 2 /1<95-6- ,1 .+59>626-/1-8 -1/=8:, 74= 7+K-+ 279,4- :6 +3J1,-2+-+ -/C326?6 ,1 6?6.-8/6 (...). Y1 +3C,:8= :67/6-7+ <6J+ :6/1-7+F=1 -/1-8C .1/8+? .+,51?1:. P/12+?, 7+K-+ B158 ?6,1 +-4G?1,-28 , +/8*8:656, 2 7/6K:6 ,=1-76 ,1 ?+358-G626 ?+ ?+,5+2:8C .+?,/+>:87 8 951,:C26 =67,8=65:+/6<38/6:1-+ :6 +/8*8:656; -676 2 8<21,-:6 ,-1.1: :81,1 2/4J6=1 :12+5:+ 74= .4/28>:8C -17,- 8 .+ -+<8

220033

:6>8: ./875Q>26 B87454- :6 ./1F+?6 +- >9G?+-+ 74=358<7+-+, +- .+<:6-+-+ 74= :1.+<:6-+-+.“1

RN+-1 ./628 /6<5876 =1G?9 ./12+?-./8,2+C26:1 (=1-60+-/6-6 <6 ./8,6?1:+-+ :6 =1,-:6 .+>26 >9G?1,-/6::+ /6,-1:811 ?+,-6 /6<./+,-/6:1:6 ./1< WVIII 217, ,/1J6 ,1 8 2 ./1?*+-2+/8 :6 0/1:,78 ./12+?6>8 +J1 ./1< WVII 217) 8 6?6.-8/6-:1 74= ./81=:6-6 :6B8C-6, 7+K-+ +./1?15C 76-+ 0/1:,78, 8./12+?-+-4G?1,-2C26:1 , +/8*8:656, 7+K-+ 1 :6K-28,@6-60+/=6, -4K 76-+ <6-26/C B87456 >9G?+-358<7+, .+<:6-+-:1-.+<:6-+.%,1 .67 -+<8 -17,- :1 ,51?26 ?6 ,1 -457926 76-+ ./8<82

74= 397265:+,-, -4K 76-+ 2 Dichtung und Wahrheit +-:+2+ ,12/4J6 74= +.+<8B8C-6 =1G?9 ,4?4/G6:81-+ :6 -17,-6 (:1*+-26-6 ?9@6) 8 0+/=6-6 (-C5+-+):

„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“

;+26 -+K :6/8>6 „>8,-+-+ <624/@1:+ ,4?4/G6:81“, 7+1-+1 ./e2+?8=+, ?+76-+ ,=C-6 0+/=6-6 <6 :1./12+?8=6.E.+/1? /+?+:6>65:876 :6 8?1C-6 <6 ,21-+2:6-6 58-1/6-9-

/6 (Weltliteratur) ./12+?4- 1 :6-+26/1: , :+28 26G:8 =8,88:./1?8 2,8>7+ ?6 24</+?8 :6B8+:65:8-1 58-1/6-9/8, 7+*6-+-1 ,6 8<>1/.6:8, -4K 76-+ ?+3/8C- ./12+? 2?4F26 :+2 G82+-:6 ./+8<21?1:8C-6:

„$<>1/.6:8-1 :6B8+:65:8 58-1/6-9/8 ,1 24</6G-?6- >/1< >9G?+-+. (...) %,C76 58-1/6-9/6 <6.+>26 ?6 ,1+-1*>626 ,6=6 +- ,131 ,8, 67+ :1 34?1 +3:+21:6 +- >9G-?+ ./8,4,-281.“

220044

1 P/12+? +- 0/1:,78. — D15. ./12.

E51? -+26 -C -/C326 ?6 356*+./8C-,-26 .+C26-6 :6 ,21--+2:6-6 58-1/6-9/6, 6 :1=,78C- 1<87 1 ./8<26: ?6 8<8*/61.4/2+,-1.1::6 /+5C 2 „9:821/,65:8C ?9F+21: +3=1:“ :6795-9/8-1:

„'+K-+ /6<38/6 8 8<9>626 :1=,78 1<87, ,1 :6=8/6:6 .6<6/6, 74?1-+ 2,8>78 :6/+?8 ./1?56*6- ,2+8-1 ,-+-78, -+K 8<.45:C26 /+5C-6 :6 ./12+?6>, ?+7+57+-+ ,6-=8C- -+K ,1 +3+*6-C26. T6-+26 ,51?26 2,178 ./12+?6>?6 ,1 24<./81=1 76-+ .+,/1?:87, ,-/1=CJ ,1 ?6 /6<28-26 -+<8 9:821/,651: ?9F+21: +3=1:, 76-+ /63+-8 <6:6./1?476 :6 -6<8 2,1+3J6 -4/*+28C. '672+-+ 8 ?6 ,1*+2+/8 <6 258C:81-+ :6 ./12+?6>1,76-6 ?1K:+,-, -C 2,1.67 +,-626 1?:6 +- +,:+2:8-1 8 :6K-?+,-+K:8 <6 926-G1:81 <6?6>8 :6 .6<6/6 :6 9:821/,65:8C ,21-+21: +3-=1:. % '+/6:6 1 76<6:+, >1 "556F 1 ?65 :6 2,178 :6/+?1?8: ./+/+7 :6 :1*+28C ,+3,-21: 1<87. H-+ <6J+ 2,1-78 ./12+?6> 1 ./+/+7 <6 ,2+C :6/+?.“

77**22..8844##)),,##

E51?26 ?6 +-3151G8= 8?1C-6 <6 =1,86:,78C F6/67-1/ :6./12+?6, 7+C-+ +-7/826=1 9 RN+-1 >/1< +3/6<6 :6 ./12+?6>676-+ ./+/+7, 7+C-+ .+-74,:+, ./1< WW 217, 8<56*6 8 %65-1/D1:C=8:, 8 ./1?8 2,8>7+ =8,45-6, >1 =6J63:6-6 ./12+?6->1,76 ?1K:+,- 2 R1/=6:8C =+G1 ?6 ./124/:1 :1=,78C 1<87 2./1,1>:+ =C,-+ :6 /6<58>:8-1 58-1/6-9/8: ?+76-+ 0/1:,78-C- 1<87 +,-626 9:821/,65:8C- 1<87 :6 7+=9:876B8C-6 2 H2/+-.6, -+ :1=,78C- =+G1 ?6 8<8*/61 /+5C-6 :6 9:821/,651: 1<87:6 795-9/6-6.&1=,78-1 /+=6:-8B8 ./1?626- :6 0/1:,78-1 ,8 „7+51*8“

8?1C-6 <6 +3:+251:81-+ :6 :6B8+:65:8-1 58-1/6-9/8 >/1<>9G?8-1 58-1/6-9/8 (7+1-+ 1 1?:6 +- =8,88-1 :6 ./12+?6),7+C-+ +-7/826=1 ,4J+ 9 !6?6= ?N+ E-65 8 %87-+/ [*+.M/9*6 :+26 8?1C, 7+C-+ ,4J+ ,1 .+C2C26 .+-74,:+ 242

A/6:B8C, 1, >1 ,1 ./121G?6 +- 5Q3+2 74= -17,-6, +- 24<F8-J1:81 74= 62-+/6. EF26J6:1, 7+1-+ 1 ?+,-6 ?651> +- ,6=+:6-?1C:+-+ 7/8-8>:+ +-:+@1:81 :6 0/1:,78-1 ./12+?6>8 +-WVII 217!

220055

**DD""!!EE++**FF**

— Antoine Berman, L’épreuve de l’étranger, Culture et traductiondans l’Allemagne romantique, Gallimard, 1984.

— Friedrich Schleiermacher, „Des différentes méthodes detraduire“, Les tours de Babel, Trans-Europ-repress, 1985.

— Wilhelm von Humboldt, Sur le caractère national des langueset autres écrits sur le langage (P$ 1$;.+1$)1.< A$0$#,70 1$7".;.,7 . '0J/. -(=.171.< "$ 7".#$), présentés, traduits etcommentés par Denis Thouard (,4,-628-15,-2+, ./12+? 8 7+-=1:-6/ :6 M1:8 ;96/), Paris, Seuil, 2000.

— Goethe, Le divan oriental-occidental (P$5$'1+-.",+=71 '.-%$1), 1819 (CD-rom Didak „l’Histoire de la traduction“, JeanDelisle et Gilbert Lafond, université d’Ottawa).

— Portraits de traducteurs, sous la direction de Jean Delisle, LesPresses de l’université d’Ottawa, Artois presses université,1999.

220066

EE??>>%%** ))**""(('',,""??''** // ++,,FF**!!++,,))++,,))**""(('',,""??'',,.. „„GG)),,%%**““ <<''((II?? „„<<"",,''**““::

CC$$))AA,,''<<99!!""!! ##$$DD'',,>>%%,,++(( ** <<&&!!''!!##((""((!!99!!))!! ))**""(('',,""??''++**BB &&''((##!!%%

D45*6/,7+-+ %4</6G?6:1 (1762–1878) 1 .1/8+? +- +,+31-:+ <:6>1:81 :1 ,6=+ <6 8,-+/8C-6 :6 ./12+?6, :+ 8 <6

345*6/,76-6 58-1/6-9/:6 8,-+/8C. P1/8+? :6 795-9/:+ 8 :6-B8+:65:+ +,4<:626:1, :6 C,:+ 8</6<1:6 2+5C <6 ,358G626:1, H2/+.6, 2?4F:+21: +- F6/67-1/:6-6 <6 P/+,21J1:81-+ 2C-/6 2 ./+,21-6-6 8 /6<9=6 — :+,8-158 :6 :6./1?476 8 ./+*-/1,6. ;+<8 ./+B1, ?+21G?6 ?+ :1<628,8=+,- — .4/2+ B4/-7+2:6, ./1< 1870-6 (./1?8 ,4<?626:1-+ :6 345*6/,76-6 17<6/-F8C D45*6/,76-6 B4/726 1 .+?>8:1:6 :6 U6/8*/6?,78C .6--/86/F, 6 795-9/:8C- 8 ?9F+2:8C- G82+- ,1 :6=8/6- .+? ,85-:+ */4B7+ 258C:81), 6 .+-74,:+, ./1< 1878-6, ,51? #9,7+--9/,76-6 +,2+3+?8-15:6 2+K:6 — 8 ?+ :6B8+:65:+ +,2+3+G-?1:81 +- .1-217+2:+-+ +,=6:,7+ 256?8>1,-2+, 8<+58/65+,-/6:6-6 +- *+51=8-1 12/+.1K,78 795-9/:8 -1>1:8C.H?:6 +- 795-9/:8-1 +,+31:+,-8 :6 -+<8 .1/8+?, :6,8-1: ,

8:-1517-965:8 ?8,79,88, 1 ?2+C76-6 /+5C — 7+=.1:,8/6J6 80+/=8/6J6 (7/8-8B8-1 *+2+/C- <6 „-2+/>1,76 563+/6-+/8C“),7+C-+ 8*/61 ./12+?:6-6 58-1/6-9/6, +,+31:+ ,51? 1840 *.: -C7+=.1:,8/6 58.,6-6 :6 +/8*8:65:8 ./+8<21?1:8C, 0+/=8/6>8-6-15,78C 279,, 2?4F26 5Q3+2 74= 7:8*6-6, ./828726 >8--6-15C 74= ?/9*8 58-1/6-9/:8 0+/=8 8 -1=8, ./+39G?6 5Q-3+.8-,-2+-+ =9 74= >9G?8 ,-/6:8 8 :67/6C — ?626 24<=+G-:+,- :6 62-+/8-1 ?6 ,1 „9./6G:C-“ 2 .8,6:1, ./1?8 ?6 ,4<?6-?6- .4/28-1 ,8 58-1/6-9/:8 ./+8<21?1:8C :6 345*6/,781<87. P/12+?4- .+<2+5C26 ,4J+ -676 ?6 ,1 7+=.1:,8/6 :6.4/2+ 2/1=1 58.,6-6 :6 9>13:8B8 2 ./+F+G?6J6-6 +3/6<+26--15:6 ,8,-1=6. % -+<8 7+:-17,- ./121G?6:8C- +/8*8:651:

220077

-17,- 1 9>13:+ .+=6*65+, .+?51G6J+ :6 ./+=1:8 8 ?+/8 :69,424/@1:,-26:1 — ,F26J6:1, /6<./+,-/6:1:+ 242 A/6:-B8C ./1< XII–XVI 2., 6 ./12+?6>1,78C- =1-+? 2 D45*6/8C .+-+26 2/1=1 1 ,F+?1: , ./1+356?626J8C 242 A/6:B8C ./1<XVI 8 XVII 2. (+,+31:+ J+ ,1 +-:6,C ?+ 6?6.-8/6:1-+ —.+345*6/C26:1 858 .+0/1:>26:1).H-+ <6J+ 1 26G:+ ?6 ,1 ./+,51?C- *+51=8-1 ,.+/+21 .+

24./+,8-1 :6 ./12+?6, 2+?1:8 +7+5+ 1870 *. +- 2-+/+-+ .+-7+51:81 24</+G?1:,78 .8,6-158, .+21>1-+ +- 7+8-+ .+59>8-58 +3/6<+26:81-+ ,8 2 1=8*/6B8C (2 #9,8C, :+ 8 242 %56@-7+), 8 ?6 /6<*51?6=1 /+5C-6 :6 ./12+?6 242 0+/=8/6:1-+ :624</6G?6J6-6 ,1 795-9/6, 767-+ 8 :6>8:8-1 :6 ./121G?6:1./1< -+<8 .1/8+?, 258<6J8 .+:C7+*6 2 ./+-82+/1>81 ,4, <6-J8-626:8-1 8?18.

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./1< #1:1,6:,6 8 P/+,21J1:81-+ 2 H2/+.6, 2 D45*6/8C ,18<24/@26- 2 /6=78-1 ,6=+ :6 ?26 2176 (XVIII–XIX 2.):

— :69>:+--1F:8>1,78 ./+*/1,, 7+K-+ :656*6 :69>:+, 6 :1/158*8+<:+ +3C,:1:81 :6 ./8/+?:8-1 C251:8C, +-4/,26:1 +-,F+56,-876-6 8 +3/4J6:1 74= =+?1/:+ 8 +-2+/1:+ „F9=6:8--6/:+“ +3/6<+26:81;

— <6/6G?6:1 :6 :+26 +3J1,-21:6 756,6 — 39/G+6<8C-6,2 /1<95-6- :6 /6<28-81-+ :6 <6:6C->8K,-2+-+ 8 -4/*+28C-6;-6<8 756,6 8=6 :+28 .+-/13:+,-8 (?6 >1-1, ?6 .8@1, ?6 ,=C--6, ?6 9>8 >9G?8 1<8B8), 767-+ 8 24<=+G:+,-8 ?6 *8 <6?+2+-58, 76-+ .4-926 8 ,1 +3/6<+26;

— ./+39G?6:1 :6 :6B8+:65:+-+ >92,-2+ ,/1? F/8,-8C:-,78-1 +3J:+,-8 2 (,=6:,76-6 8=.1/8C (2./+>1= ?6 ,1 *+2+-/8 <6 „D45*6/8C“ 1 6:6F/+:8<4=, =676/ 8 ?+,-6 9?+31:),.+?F/6:26:+ +- -2+/>1,-2+-+ :6 .4/2+-+ .+7+51:81 7:8G+2-:8B8: P68,8K W851:?6/,78, E+0/+:8K %/6>6:,78, '8/85P1K>8:+28>, V+678= '4/>+2,78 8 ?/., <6,851: 8:-1/1, 74=8,-+/8C-6, 1<876 8 0+575+/6;

220088

—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

2+?6>8, .+59>858 +3/6<+26:81-+ ,8 2 >9G38:6 8 9>6,-26J82 8:-1517-965:8-1 ?8,79,88 2 .1/8+?6 1860–1870.

" K$"%.,.7 1$ -%7,-#+,+ +*0$"+%$1.71$ *()/$0-#. 7".#Y1 ,1 ,./1= :67/6-7+ 24/F9 /6<28-81-+ :6 +3/6<+26:81-

-+ 2 D45*6/8C, <6 ?6 /6<31/1= .+-?+3/1 3858:*28<=6 (345*6/-,78 8 */4B78 1<87) :6 <6=+G:8-1 756,8 8 +3/6<+26:81-+ :624</+G?1:,78-1 .8,6-158, +- 1?:6 ,-/6:6, 8 +- ?/9*6 — 31<-./1B1?1:-:8C /6<B21- :6 ./12+?6 :6 9>13:8B8 .+ */6=6-876,1,-1,-21:8 :6978, F8=8C, .1?6*+*876 8 ?/., -. 1. :6 ?8?67-8>-:6 8 +3/6<+26-15:6 58-1/6-9/6. P/1< XVIII 2. <6.+>26 ?45-*8C- ./+B1, :6 ./1=8:626:1 +- 7858K:+-+ +3/6<+26:81 — ,/158*8+<:+ ,4?4/G6:81 +- ,/1?:+217+21: -8. 8 8<BC5+ 2 /4-B1-1 :6 *4/>11J+-+ ,1 8 >1,-+ =65+*/6=+-:+ ?9F+21:,-2+,74= ,21-,7+ +3/6<+26:81, 7+1-+ ,1 ./1=1,-26 2 */6?+21-1((?/8:, P5+2?82, ;4/:+2+, E5821:, !15:87, D8-+5C …) 8.4/2+:6>65:+ ,1 ./+21G?6 +- */4B78 ./1.+?626-158. P4/-2+-+ .+7+51:81 24</+G?1:B8, 2 7/6C :6 XVIII 2. 8 :6>65+-+:6 XIX 2., 9>8 2 -1<8 */4B78 9>858J6 8 +256?C26 ?26-6 1<8-76. H?26 ./1< XIX 2. <6.+>26 /6<28-81-+ :6 */4B7+-345*6/-,78 9>858J6 (20--1 *+?8:8), 6 ,51? -+26 8 :6 345*6/,78-1(,51? 30--1 *+?8:8), >8C-+ 9>13:6 ./+*/6=6 275Q>26 :69>:8--1 ./1?=1-8 8 >9G?+1<87+2+-+ +39>1:81, <6,-4.1:8 2 .+21->1-+ <6.6?:+12/+.1K,78 9>858J6. O>13:8C- ./+B1, .4/2+-:6>65:+ ,1 +,:+2626 :6 2<68=+9>8-15:6-6 =1-+?6 (D15-)6:-

220099

76,-1/,76-6 ,8,-1=6 :6 +39>1:81), 6 .+-74,:+ ,1 ./1=8:62674= 756,:+ +39>1:81 (1846), ?+ 7+1-+ :1 ,51? ?45*+ 8 =+=8->1-6-6 8=6- ?+,-4.. &6K-?+3/8-1 9>1:8B8 >1,-+ .+59>626-„,-8.1:?88“, +-.9,:6-8 +- 8,-8:,78 ,.+=+J1,-2+26-158, 8./+?45G626- +39>1:81-+ ,8 2 #9,8C 8 T6.6?:6 H2/+.6.

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„$ -676, :9G?6 8=6=1 ?6 8<*51?6=1 2:8=6-15:+2,8>78K +:C .4- :6 ?9F+2:8K G82+-, 7+K-+ 1 8<=8:6-+- ?/9*8-1 :6/+?8. '+*6 +.+<:61= -+26, -+*626 51,:+J1 :8 34?1 8 ,131 ,8 ?6 .+<:61=, 8 ,2+C ./1?51G6J8:+2 ?9F+21: G82+-. (...) &6@8 /47+2+?8-158 ,6 ,1*6?/9*+<1=B8. &+ -+26 ?6 :1 :8 .56@8. ;676 1 385+ 8 92,178 :6/+? 2 :6>65+-+. (...) '67-+ +- 1?:6 ,21J ,1./1?626 .56=474- :6 =:+*+ ?/9*8 ,21J8, -676 8 -6C ?9-F+2:6 8,7/6 ,1 /6<:+,8 +- 1?8: :6/+? :6 ?/9*.“

;+<8 ,-/1=1G 74= <6,8526:1 :6 795-9/:8-1 2/4<78 , +,--6:656-6 >6,- :6 H2/+.6 (./1?8=:+ #9,8C, A/6:B8C 8 R1/=6-:8C), F6/67-1/1: <6 345*6/,7+-+ :6B8+:65:+ %4</6G?6:1, 1,F+?1: , +,4<:6-6-6 :1+3F+?8=+,- +- 795-9/:+ +-26/C:1 <6.+-?+3/+ 2<68=:+ +.+<:626:1, <6C21:6 2 R1/=6:8C ./1< XIX 2.P+?+3:+ :6 :635Q?626:+-+ .+ 2/1=1 :6 :1=,78C /+=6:--8<4=, 8 -97 ./12+?4- 1 1,-1,-21:+ ./8<26: ?6 8*/61 B1:--/65:6 /+5C :1 ,6=+ 76-+ .+,/1?:87 =1G?9 795-9/8-1, 6 8 76--+ -2+/>1,76 563+/6-+/8C, 0+/=8/6J6 .8,6-158 8 >8-6-158,<6 7+1-+ ,28?1-15,-26 /6<28-81-+ :6 +/8*8:65:6-6 8 ./12+?-:6-6 ./+<6 ./1< XVIII 2.: ./1< .4/28-1 ?1,1-851-8C ./12+?-:8-1 3151-/8,-8>:8 ./+8<21?1:8C „,4G8-15,-26-“ , :6B8+-:65:8-1 ,-6/8 0+/=8 (0+575+/, ?6=6,78:8, /158*8+<:6 58--1/6-9/6 8 ?/.); .+,-1.1::+ ./12+?:6-6 ./+<6 <61=6 B1:--

221100

/65:+ =C,-+ 2 58-1/6-9/:8C G82+- 8 8<-56,726 :6 2-+/8.56: :6B8+:65:6-6 58-1/6-9/6. E51? 1845–1850 *. ,1 .+C2C-26 +/8*8:65:+ .+1-8>1,7+ -2+/>1,-2+, ?/6=6-9/*8C-6 3151-G8 <:6>8-15:+ /6<28-81, ,-4.26K78 :6 ./12+?:8 ./+8<21?1-:8C. P4/28-1 +/8*8:65:8 3151-/8,-8>:8 ,4>8:1:8C :6 345-*6/,78 1<87 ,1 .+C2C26- ./1< 60--1 *+?8:8 8 .+,-1.1::+ +*-/6:8>626- +31=6 :6 ./12+?8-1. E51? *+?8:8 :6 9,851:+6?6.-8/6:1 (858 „.+345*6/C26:1“), =1G?9 1850 8 1860 *.,./12+?4- <61=6 =C,-+-+, 7+1-+ 8=6 8 ?:1,.E4-/9?:874- :6 C70.+'.=1+ -5.-$1.7 :6 D45*6/,7+-+

7:8G+2:+ ?/9G1,-2+ — ./1?@1,-21:87 :6 "76?1=8C-6 :6:6978-1, &1@+ D+:>12 ./628 +-/8B6-15:6 /62:+,=1-76 :6,4,-+C:81-+ :6 345*6/,7+-+ 7:8G+2:+ ?15+, :6 7+1-+ 1 ,42-/1=1::87: ,4, ,4G651:81 +-315C<26 @8/1J6-6 ,1 6:6/F8C, 2/6</1< , +3/6<+26-15:8-1 B158 :6 8:-1517-965:8C 158-. P+-21>1-+ +- 8<?626:8-1 ./+8<21?1:8C ,.+/1? :1*+ ,6 2-+/6 /4-76 8 :6.45:+ :1:9G:8:

„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— 6 ?/9*+-+ 1 8<=1- <6 8<*6/C:1.“

)Q31: '6/6215+2 ./628 ,4J6-6 -4G:6 7+:,-6-6B8C <631?:+,--6 :6 58-1/6-9/6-6 8 8<76<26 ,4G651:81, >1 +/8*8-:65:8-1 ./+8<21?1:8C .+>-8 58.,26- (.+?+3:+ :6 MQ D151 8I6.51: 242 A/6:B8C, 2 7/6C :6 XVI — :6>65+-+ :6 XVII 2.,./8<+2626J8 74= ./1+?+5C26:1 :6 1-6.6 :6 ./12+?6 8 ./1-=8:626:1 74= -2+/>1,-2+) :

221111

„% ,1*6@:+ 2/1=1 345*6/,76-6 7:8G12:+,- +J1 :1,4J1,-2926 — *+2+/8 *. P8.8: — 858 -C 1?26= <6F-26J6 ?6 G8211.“ $ :68,-8:6 :81, 345*6/8-1, ,=1 +,-6-:658 :6K-.+?8/ +- ,8>78-1 :6/+?8 2 H2/+.6, 76-+ 8<7-5Q>8= 8< -+26 >8,5+ 6/:69-8-1, B8:B6/8-1, B8*6:8-18 ,6=+1?8-1. &81 +J1 :C=6=1 ,2+C 7:8G12:+,-; :81+J1 :C=6=1 .1- 7:8*8, 7+8-+ ?6 =+*6- ?6 8<?4/G6-7/8-876; :81 :C=6=1 :8-+ -/8 7:8*8 +/8*8:65:8, -. 1.7+8-+ =+*6- ?6 ,1 :6/176- 345*6/,78 ./+8<21?1:8C858 345*6/,76 7:8G12:+,-; :6K-.+,51 :81 +J1 :1 <:6-1= J+ 1 7:8G12:+,- 8 76726 -/C326 ?6 34?1 :6@6-67:8G12:+,-.“

M6 +-3151G8=, =1G?9 ?/9*+-+, >1 ./1< %4</6G?6:1-+,./1?8 ,4<?626:1-+ :6 58-1/6-9/6 2 +3J8-1 <6 BC56 H2/+.6G6:/+21, 345*6/,78-1 58-1/6-+/8 8<.+5<26- -1/=8:8-1„7:8G:8:6“ 8 „7:8G+2:+,-“, 76-+ , „=+?1/:8C“ -1/=8:„58-1/6-9/6“ +<:6>626- <6.6?:+12/+.1K,76-6 8 /9,76-658-1/6-9/6.

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221122

" E7Q+ ?+1=7%, 7'.1 +, „-,$0.,7“&1@+ D+:>12, ,51?265 2 !+,7+2,78C 9:821/,8-1- 8 ./1-

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% .8,=+ ?+ %6,85 M/9=12 (62-+/ :6 .4/26-6 345*6/,76.+21,-, ./1< 60--1 *+?8:8 :6 2176) -+K /6<2826 8?1C-6, >1„F93628C- >9G?1:1B 1 <6 ./1?.+>8-6:1 ./1? :19</C5+-+ :6-@1:,7+“, 7+1-+ ?6 8<*/6?8 279,6 8 7/8-1/88-1 :6 >8-6-158-18 ?6 ,439?8 8:-1/1,6 8= 74= >1-1:1-+, ?6 0+/=8/6 >/1< ./8-=1/6 =56?8-1 .8,6-158 2 1?8: 26G1: .1/8+?, 2 7+K-+ ,1+0+/=C 8 9,-6:+2C26 58-1/6-9/:8C- 1<87 (8 -97 :6=8/6=1,F+?,-2+, =676/ 8 2 /6<58>1: 7+:-17,-, , ?8,79,88-1 242A/6:B8C ./1< XVI 8 XVII 2., , 6.+5+*8C-6 :6 .+?/6G626:1--+ :6 ?/12:8-1 =6K,-+/8 <6 ./8?+3826:1 :6 7/6,82 ,-85). (->9G?8-1 58-1/6-9/8 -/C326 ?6 ,1 .+>1/.8 8 9,2+8 :6K-?+3-/+-+.% ./1?*+2+/6 :6 P1-4/ E/13/+2 74= ./12+?6 =9 :6 „!1-

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„&81 <:61= =:+*+ ?+3/1, >1 12/+.1K,78-1 :6/+?-:+,-8 ,6 3858 8 ,6 +J1 ./8-1G6-158 :6 F+/6, 7+8-+, :6-?6/1:8 858, <6 .+-?+3/1 ?6 76G6, /+?1:8 , -656:- 8 *1-

221133

:8K, +3+*6-C2658 8 ,.+=6*658 :6 :6/+?6 ,8 8 :6 :6/+?-:6-6 ,8 7:8G12:+,- >/1< ,4>8:1:8C-6 385+ .+9>8-15-:8, 385+ -/6*1?8>1,78 858 ?/9*8, :+ ./1?8 -+26 :81-/C326 ?6 <:61=, >1 -8C :6/+?:+,-8 8 -1F:8-1 ,.8,6-1-58, <6 ?6 .+,-8*:6- ,-1.1:-6, 2 7+C-+ *8 ?:1, 28G?6=1,,6 3858 ./8:9?1:8 ?6 ./12+G?6- 858 ?6 ,51?26- .+-,-6-/8-1 ,.8,6-158, ,4J1,-29QJ8 ./1?8 -CF, 385+ +- ,4-J6-6 :6/+?:+,-, 385+ +- >9G?6. T6 -+26 :81, 345*6/8--1, 7+8-+ .+>26=1 ?6 24</6G?626=1 7:8G12:+,--6 ,8,-/C326 ?6 ,51?26=1 ./8=1/6 :6 ?/9*8-1 :6/+?:+,-8 8:6 -1F:8-1 ,.8,6-158, <6 ?6 =+G1= ?6 :6./1?:1= (...).!+G1 ./8 2,8>7+ -+26 ?6 ,1 :6=1/8 :C7+K, 7+K-+ ?6 76-G1: „'6726 .+5<6 8=6=1 :81 ?6 ./121G?6=1 >9G?8-1,.8,6-158 8 -1F:8-1 +,-6/158 ,.8,6:8C?“ ;+<8, 7+K-+?/4<:1 ?6 .+>92,-26 -67+26 1?:+ :1J+, -/C326 ?6 <:61,>1 :81 :1 J1 ?6 8=6=1 :87+*6 ?+3/8 .8,6-158 8 ?+3/8,.8,6:8C, 67+ :1 .+<:626=1 ?/9*8-1 .+-,-6/8 ,.8,6:8C7+/1::+, <6J+-+ 74J6 31< +,:+26 :1 ,1 */6?8.“

" „L)$'.,7“M+76-+ :C7+8, :6./8=1/ 1?8: #6K7+ L8:<80+2 (7+K-+

2./+>1= .8@1 .+21>1 :6 /9,78, +-7+57+-+ :6 345*6/,78), ,1+3/4J6- ./1?8=:+ 74= ,562C:,-2+-+, .+21>1-+ +- ./1?,-6-28-158-1 :6 „=56?8-1“ ./1?.+>8-6- ?6 <6.+<:6C- 345*6/,78C>8-6-15 , ./+8<21?1:8C :6 12/+.1K,78-1 58-1/6-9/8.E-106: D+3>12 +- U6/8*/6? ./1?,-62C 1?:6 ./6*=6-8>:6

8 9-858-6/:6 *51?:6 -+>76, 2 <6J8-6 :6 ,6:-8=1:-65:8-1 8.+.95C/:8 /+=6:8, :6 =+?6 .+ +:+26 2/1=1, 2 .+51=876-6 ,8, D+:>12:

„P/8<:626= :68,-8:6, >1 2 *+5C=+-+ =:+G1,-2+ :6-1<8 8<?6:8C :6=1/26- ,1 8 -6728<, 7+8-+ <6,59G626-:6<26:81-+ >1/:+7:8G:+ *C2+5,7+ F+/8J1, 767-+ *8<+21 =56?8K 345*6/,78K 7:8G+2:87 *-: D+:>12. &+:8K :1 ,.+?15C=1 :1*+26-6 8?1C, >1 7:8*8 +- /+?6 :6$<*931:6 E-6:76 8 :6 #+38:,+:6 ,6 31<.+51<:8 <6?:1@:+-+ :8 >8-6QJ1 +3J1,-2+. &6./+-82, ?6G1 :8K=+G1= ?6 *+ 921/8=, >1 .+?+3:8 7:8*8, =676/ 8 ?6 :1,6 +- ./1.+/4>26:8-1 +- :1*+ 7/6,8>1,78 -2+/1:8C 8<.4/26 /476 .8,6-158, ./8:1,58 ,6 8 ./8:+,C- .+5<6 8

221144

.+-*+5C=6, ,=11= ?6 ./85+G8=, +- :1*+28-1 „#6<3+K-:8B8“ I851/61.“

EF26J6:1, 7+1-+ /6<2826 8 2 92+?6 74= ,2+C ./12+? :62.%+,$ 1$ ?71':$&.1 D0$1#).1, ./+8<21?1:81, :6.8,6:+:6 0/1:,78 ./1< 1848 *. +- A/6:,+6-(*Q,- !8:81: ,.+/1?:1*+ 7:8*6-6 <6,59G626 ?6 34?1 .93587926:6 2 D45*6/8C <6-/6?8 <63151G8-15:8C ,+B8651: 24<F+? :6 A/6:758: 8 :1*+-28-1 =:+*+3/+K:8 76>1,-26 8 ?+3/+?1-158.#9,78-1 24<.8-6:8B8 NO7$' ?)%),$.&, 8 (%"12& P&-

2$, ,=C-6-, >1 :1 1 <6?45G8-15:+ >9G?6-6 58-1/6-9/6 ?6 ,1/6<./+,-/6:C26 ,/1? 345*6/8-1, 6 .+,51?:8C- ?+/8 -24/?8:

„P+5<6-6 8 .+9>1:81-+“ :6 /+=6:8-1 ,6 :1J6 +-:+-,8-15:8 8 9,5+2:8 <6 /6<58>:8-1 :6/+?8. T6 0/6:B9<-,78C- :6/+? =+*6- ?6 34?6- „.+51<:8 8 .+9>8-15:8“/+=6:8-1 ?6G1 8 :6 P+5-?1-'+76, 6 <6 :6, :1 J1 ?6 8=6,=8,45 ?6G1 8 R1-128C- „A69,-“. #+=6:8-1, .+21,-8-1,/6<76<8-1 8 24+3J1 >8,-+ 58-1/6-9/:8-1 ./+8<21?1-:8C -/C326 ?6 ,1 ./8/62:C26- 858 .+-./62+ ?6 76G6, ?6+-*+26/C- :6 ,-/1=51:8C-6 8 :6 F6/67-1/4- :6 +:<8 :6-/+?, :6 1<874-, :6 7+*+-+ ,1 .8@6- 858 ,1 ./12+G?6-.&6 +,:+26:81 :6 -+26 <6 :6, ,6 .+-/13:8 ,1*6-<6,1*6-67826 58-1/6-9/:8 ./+8<21?1:8C, 7+8-+ +-*+26/C- :6:6@8-1 .+-/13:+,-8 8 ,-/1=51:8C 8 7+8-+ 8=6- ,42/1-=1:1: 8 +3J+>+21>1,78 8:-1/1,. % -+26 +-:+@1:81:6= =+G1 ?6 .+,59G8 58-1/6-9/6-6 :6 +:8C :6/+?8,7+8-+ ,6 3858 858 ,6 ,1*6 2 -67+26 .+5+G1:81, 2 7672+--+ ,=1 8 :81.“

&6 756,8B8-1 -+K ./+-82+.+,-62C =+?1/:+-+ 8 +3J+>+-21@7+-+, :6 12/+.1K,78-1 .8,6-158 — :6/+?8-1, 7+8-+ ,6 2,4J+-+ .+5+G1:81 76-+ 345*6/8-1.)Q31: '6/6215+2 .+?>1/-626 .+-,7+/+ :1+3F+?8=+,--6

?6 ,1 .+76<26 >+2174-, ?6 ,1 ./+,21J626 :6/+?4- 2 8=1-+ :6./+*/1,6 8 2 -+<8 .9:7- ,1 ?+358G626 <:6>8-15:+ ?+ .+<8-8-28,-8>:8C 8 /6B8+:658,-8>1: ?9F :6 P/+,21J1:81-+:

221155

1U8-8/6: +- &87+56K "/1-+2, H0.,.=7-#. -,0$,7/.. %/#(& %("0+:-'71-#$,$ ).,70$,J0$, H<87 8 58-1/6-9/6, 1998, Z 5–6, ,. 55–63.

„&6= 1 .+-/13:6 ?:1, :6976, :6976 .+5+G8-15:6,:6976 G826, :6976 >+21>1,76 (...). D1< ,C7672+ ,+=:1-:81, -+C .4- 74= B82858<6B8C-6 1 .4- 8 <6 :6@1-+ /6<-28-81, <6 /6<28-81-+ :6 345*6/,78C- :6/+?, 8 <6-+26:6@8-1 2+?6>8 8 .8,6-158 -/C326 ?6 9.+-/13C- ,8>78--1 ,8 ,/1?,-26, <6 ?6 /6<./+,-/6:C- <:6:81 .+ ,8>78C-345*6/,78 ,2C- 8 ?6 =9 +-2+/C- +>8-11.“

;+K ,1 <6,-4.26 8 <6 /1658,-8>:8C .+?F+? (.+>1/.6: +-/9,76-6 58-1/6-9/6), 7+K-+ J1 ,-6:1 ./1+356?626J =1-+? 2./+F+G?6J6-6 345*6/,76 58-1/6-9/6.

" H+. #1./. -7 507%7:'$, 507" XIX %. (507'.9-%+*+:'71.7,+)?(.8,4-, 8<*+-21: +- !6:N+ E-+C:+2, :8 .+<2+5C26 ?6

:6./628= :C7+57+ 7+:,-6-6B88:1. P/121G?6:8 795-9/8: ./121G?6 ,1 :6 .4/2+ =C,-+ 0/1:-

,76 58-1/6-9/6, ,51? -+26 /9,76 8 :1=,76, */4B76 (6:-8>:6,28<6:-8K,76, ,42/1=1::6); ,51? -CF ,1 :6/1G?6- 6=1/876:-,76-6 8 6:*58K,76-6 58-1/6-9/6 8 :67/6C ,/43,76-6, /9=4:-,76-6, >1@76-6, .+5,76-6, 9:*6/,76-6, 8-6586:,76-6, 8<-+>:858-1/6-9/8, 8-6586:,76 8 8,.6:,76 (1?:+-1?8:,-21:+ ./+8<-21?1:81 :6 E1/26:-1,!).

2. ;1=6-876: @8/+7+ ./1+356?626 +3/6<+26-15:6-6 58-1-/6-9/6 2 @8/+78C ,=8,45 :6 ?9=6-6 — 9>13:8B8 .+ 6/8-=1--876, */6=6-876, 8,-+/8C, *1+*/608C, 1,-1,-21:8 :6978, F8-=8C, .+58-8>1,76 87+:+=8C, 24<.8-6:81 :6 ?1B6-6, .+58-8->1,78 ,5+26, F8*81:6, <?/621 8 ?/. % -1<8 +356,-8 ./1+356-?626- 0/1:,78-1 62-+/8 (DQ0+:, R6=31-6, R8<+, !+:-1,7N+,&+?81, ;1:, ;81/, ;+7285 8 ?/.), 767-+ 8 :1=,78, /9,78 8 6=1-/876:,78. E51?26 ?6 ,1 +-3151G8 <:6>8-15:8C- ?C5 :6 7:8*8--1 .+ 345*6/,76 8,-+/8C +- /9,78 62-+/8.

3. P+ +-:+@1:81 :6 F9?+G1,-21:6-6 58-1/6-9/6 (/+=6:8,?/6=8 8 .+1<8C) .+?>1/-6F=1 *+5C=6-6 .+.95C/:+,-, , 7+C-+,1 .+5<26- ,6:-8=1:-65:8-1 >1-826, +,+31:+ ./1< 50--1 *+-?8:8 :6 2176. &+ %4</6G?6:1-+ 1 8 .1/8+?, 2 7+K-+ ,1 ./1-21G?6- <:6>8=8 62-+/8 — ,42/1=1::8B8 858 +- 358<7+-+=8:65+. &176 ,.+=1:1= D1/:6/?1: ?N+ E1: P81/, D+,Q1,

221166

1 )Q31: '6/6215+2, ;.,. -(=.

D+65+, I6-+3/86:, MQ=6-36J6, A1:15+:, %87-+/ [*+, )63-/QK1/, )6=6/-8:, )6/+@097+, )60+:-1:, )N+,6G, !6/=+:--15, ',6281 ?N+ !1,-/, !+581/, P6,765, #9,+, L+/G E6:?,V+G1: EQ, %+5-1/; "/:?, R151/-, RN+-1, W6K:1, '+B139, )1-,8:*, I851/, I=8?, ;87, ;/69BF1:, X+71, %856:?; D95*6/8:,I12>1:7+, M+3/+5Q3+2, R+*+5, '6/6=<8:, '/85+2, )1/=+:--+2, P9@78:, ;9/*1:12, %15-=6:, %+2>+7; D6K/+:, M10+,M871:,, !85-4:, I17,.8/; '9.4/, !6K: #8? 8 ?/.&1=657+ +- ./121?1:8-1 ./+8<21?1:8C ,6 ,24/<6:8 , 8,-

-+/8C-6 8 =8:65+-+ 2158>81 :6 D45*6/8C (:6./. %15-=6:).4. ":-8>:6-6 58-1/6-9/6, <6 7+C-+ ,1 <6,-4.26 D+:>12, 1

+-:+,8-15:+ ,563+ ./1?,-621:6 , H<+., $<+7/6-, (=8/, W1-/+?+-, P59-6/F, E+0+745, ;1+0/6,-, ',1:+0+:-, E659,-8K.

5. #158*8+<:6-6 58-1/6-9/6 (2 -. >. ./12+?8 :6 ,42/1=1-:1: 345*6/,78 :6 &+28C <621-: ;1+?+,8K D8,-/8B78, 1823,P1-4/ E6.9:+2, 1828, &1+08- #85,78, 1840, 8 :6 BC56-6 D8-358C +- 7+517-82, 275Q>26J ,6=8C P1-7+ E5621K7+2, 1871)1 2,1 .+-,563+ ./1?,-621:6 ,51? .4/28-1 ?1,1-851-8C :6XIX 2.

RR**44,,)),, ))** 00""##$$##11&&**))## 00""##66 ;;''66""**11&&**))##((%%::33##11&&<< **&&**00((**LL,,//,, 00%%--''..==**""//$$**))##,, 00%%&&""**11**)),,##,, ,,66,,5522$$**)),,//((** 66** ((%%44))%%55(( ,, 00"",,&&''""11**))##

22''33 00""##$$##11&&**)),,// ((##2255((

M2+K:6-6 B15 — ?8?67-8>:6 8 9-858-6/:6 — :6 .+21>1-+24</+G?1:,78 .8,6-158 8 ./12+?6>8, ./175+:1:81-+ 8= ./1?8?18-1 :6 P/+,21J1:81-+, G156:81-+ 8= ?6 0+/=8/6- 279,6:6 <6/6G?6J6-6 ,1 >8-6-15,76 69?8-+/8C 8 ?6 ,4<?6?6- 9 :1CG156:81 <6 >1-1:1, .+59>1:+-+ +- -CF +3/6<+26:81 2 U6/8-*/6? 858 2 >9G38:6 (./1?8=:+ 2 #9,8C 8 %56@7+) 2+?C- ?+./12+?6>1,78 =1-+?, 7+K-+ ,1 F6/67-1/8<8/6 ,4, ,51?:8-1>1/-8:

" I%+*+'71 507%+' (#+B,+ 5+1<#+/$ -,./$ '+ $'$5,$;.<. 5+*()/$0<%$17, +-+*71+ 507" 50-,7 /+'.1.);676 :6./8=1/ P1-7+ E5621K7+2, 6?6.-8/65 =:+*+ /9,78 8

:1=,78 ,-8F+-2+/1:8C, „./121G?6“ ./1< 1852 *. P9@78:+26-6151*8C E7 5+B, #0$-$%.;$, 50. &17, 76-+ +/8*8:654- ,4?4/G6

221177

40 ,-8F6, 6 345*6/,78C- =9 26/86:- — 16! (- -1<8 16 ,-8F6+36>1 ,6=+ 7 8=6- :1J+ +3J+ ,4, ,=8,456 :6 +/8*8:656. %./12+?6 :6 -+26 ./+8<21?1:81 =+G1= ?6 +-3151G8= 8 ?/9*6,,42,1= :1 8<+58/6:6, ./67-876: /6<C,:C26:1 2 ,7+38 :6 ,=8,4-56 :6 :C7+8 ?9=8. E4J6-6 ./67-876 +-7/826=1 8 9 W/8,-678P625+28>, 7+K-+ +3C,:C26 =:+*+ -1/=8:8 2 ,7+38 2 ./12+?6 ,8:6 !"/J*71+ '7,7 :6 '/8,-+0 0+: I=8? (1844).P+ +-:+@1:81 :6 6?6.-8/6:1-+, B15CJ+ ?6 ./8?6?1 345-

*6/,78 F6/67-1/ :6 ./121G?6:+-+ ./+8<21?1:81, =+G1= ?6/6<*/6:8>8= :C7+57+ ,-1.1:8:

— .+345*6/C26:1 :6 ,+3,-21:8 8 *1+*/60,78 8=1:6: :6-./8=1/ C0.'+Q).<, K7B1 +- '/8,-+0 0+: I=8?, 7+K-+ 2./12+?6 :6 E-106: D+3>12 ,-626 C0.'+Q).<, 3J1$%, 62,8>78 ?1K,-26J8 58B6 ,6 , 345*6/,78 8=1:6;

— .+345*6/C26:1 :6 795-9/:8-1 /101/1:-8 8 ,438-8C (2./+8<21?1:8C-6 :6 D+76>+, P9@78:, I=8?, '6/6=<8:, X+718 ?/.).&6K-.+/6<8-15:8C- ./8=1/ 21/+C-:+ 1 -+<8 , E7%<1#$,

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… 8 ./1?56*6 .+-,85:+ .+345*6/C26:1 (2 ,59>6C 2 8=1-+:6 345*6/,78C =+/65, 7+K-+ ,1 /6<58>626 +- 0/1:,78C):

„M6 :6251>1= :6 0/6:B9<+K76 858 :6 :1=B+K76 8/9,78:C 1?8: 345*6/,78 ,97=6: :1 J1 76G1, >1 ,=1 C.+345*6/858, <6J+-+ 8,76 ,1 +J1 .+21>1 :1J8>7+ —8,76 ,1 ?6 ./8287:1 8 2 345*6/,78C 38-.“

221188

%,4J:+,- 2 E7%<1#$, *+)<0-#$ '(@70< ,6 .+345*6/1:8:1 ,6=+ 2,8>78 ,+3,-21:8 8 *1+*/60,78 8=1:6, ?1K,-28-15-:+,--6 8 795-9/:8-1 /101/1:-8, 6 8 ,6=+-+ ?1K,-281, 7+1-+1 ./1:1,1:+ 2 1.+F6-6 :6 %-+/+-+ 345*6/,7+ B6/,-2+, 24<.C-26 ,1 =8:65+-+ :6 D45*6/8C 8 .6-/8+-8>:6-6 58:8C 1 <:6>8--15:+ .+?>1/-6:6: +>1/-626 ,1 ./+-82+.+,-62C:1 =1G?9 „8,--8:,78-1“ 345*6/8 +- E/1?:+217+281-+, 8<24/@858 *1/+8>-:8 .+,-4.78, 8 -1F:8-1 *4/>11J8 ,1 .+-+=B8, <63/62858 8,--+/8>1,7+-+ ,8 =8:65+. P+?+3:+ :6 =:+*+ ?/9*8 ./12+?8 86?6.-6B88, 8 -6<8 ,59G8 <6 +,:+26 :6 ?/6=6-8<8/6:6 21/,8C,:6.8,6:6 +- =56?8C '+:,-6:-8: %158>7+2.$:-1/1,:+ 1 ?6 ,1 +-3151G8, >1 21?:4G 6?6.-8/6:+ :6 1<8-

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

„M1K,-28-15:+ 58 636- !96:N+ 1 .+,-8*:65 B15-6,8 — :8K +,-62C=1 ?6 ,4?C- >8-6-158-1. P/1?56*6:6--6 7:8*6 1 ./12+? +- 4--+ 0/1:,7+ 8<?6:81, :81 ,8.+<2+58F=1 :C7+8 8<=1:1:8C :6 =1,-6, ?1-+ 0/1:,7+--+ 8<5+G1:81 :8 ,1 ,-/926@1 :1 -+57+< -+>:+, 8 :81./+.9,:6F=1 2,8>78 24./+,8, 7+8-+ ./1?,-625C26F68:-1/1, >8,-+ =1,-1:, 7672+-+ :6./8=1/ +.8,6:81-+:6 21-/+21-1, 7+8-+ ?9F6- 242 A/6:B8C. %+?1:8 +-/9,78C ./12+?, :81 8<=1:8F=1 858 8<75Q>8F=1 :C-7+8 .8-6:8C, 7+8-+ :+,C- :6 ,131 ,8 F6/67-1/ :6 =J-'7-1+, 76-+ *8 :6=1/8F=1 ,424/@1:+ :19=1,-:8 27:8*6, :6 7+C-+ 1 ?6?1:+ :6<26:81-+ #)>= +- 2/6-6-6:6 <:6:81-+.“

M+76-+ 6/*9=1:-8-1 :6 636- !96:N+ ,6 3858 C,1: 8<76< 851,:+?+,-4.:+,-, -1<8 :6 D+3>12 ,1 .+<+2626- :6 5+*876-6 8./1?626:1-+ :6 8,-8:,78 <:6:8C.

221199

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222211

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222233

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222244

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222255

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222266

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26:1 :6 67-6 :6 ./121G?6:1, -C 2,1 +J1 :1 1 087,8/6:6 8 ,18<.+5<26- :C7+57+ -1/=8:6, , -1:?1:B8C 74= .+->1,-+ 8<.+5-<26:1 :6 ,1*6@:8C *56*+5, 507%7:'$&: 5+*()/$0<%$&, 507-50$%<&, ."5)7,$, >81-+ <:6>1:81 1 .+-358<7+ ?+ 6?6.-8/6-:1-+.

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:1 :6 6?6.-8/6:1-+ 8 .+345*6/C26:1-+ 76-+ 7+:,-/97-821:1-6., 76-+ +*/+=:6 -2+/>1,76 563+/6-+/8C, 0+/=8/6J6 8 >8--6-158-1, 8 .8,6-158-1-./12+?6>8-7/8-8B8, 76742-+ 1 ,59>6-C- 242 A/6:B8C ./1< XVI 8 XVII 2. 858 , :1=,78C ./1?756-,8B8<4=: -C 2+?8 ?+ +3+*6-C26:1 :6 1<876, -1=8-1 8 G6:/+-21-1, :+ ,4J+ -676 1 8 .+2+? <6 ?8,79,88, 7/8-876 8 /6<-=8,45.

222277

Y1 28?8=, >1 2 7/6C :6 XIX 8 :6>65+-+ :6 XX 217, ,51?-26J+-+ .+7+51:81 .8,6-158, ./+-82+.+,-62CK78 ,1 :6 9-8-58-6/8<=6 :6 ./1?@1,-21:8B8-1, J1 :65+G8 ,-/+*8 F9?+G1-,-21:8 8 ./12+?6>1,78 7/8-1/88.

**DD""!!EE++**FF**

— &87+56K "/1-+2. O("50.7&$17,+ 1$ =J:'$,$ #J),J0$.G.,70$,J01$ &.-(), 7/91, ,. 21.

— &87+56K "/1-+2. C07%+'1$,$ *7)7,0.-,.#$ +, 5(0%$,$5+)+%.1$ 1$ XIX %. E., I%. H).&71, 9A0.'-#., 1990.

— &87+56K "/1-+2. ?()/$0-#+,+ O("0$:'$17 . N%0+5$. E.,H0$).;$ L$*, 1995.

— M+>+ )17+2. ?()/$0-#$ %("0+:'71-#$ ).,70$,J0$, 50+*-)7&., :$10+%7, ,%+0;.. I., E$J#$ . ."#J-,%+, 1988, -.1.

— R1+/*8 U6:12. !-,+0.=7-#.<, 0+&$1 % *()/$0-#$,$ ).,7-0$,J0$. E., ?()/$0-#. 5.-$,7), 1976.

— W/8,-+ !6:+56712. KJ-#$,$ 507%+'1$ *7)7,0.-,.#$ 507"*()/$0-#+,+ O("0$:'$17, I., H0$).;$ L$*, 1996.

— &6?1G?6 ":?/1126. E7&-#$,$ ).,70$,J0$ % ?()/$0.< 507"O("0$:'$17,+. I., H0$).;$ L$*, 2001.

— %56?8=8/ ;/1:?6085+2. E7.")7=.&.<, +*0$" % +/)7'$)+-,+. I., H0$).;$ L$*, 1996.

— C07%+'1$ 07;75;.< 1$ 7%0+57B-#.,7 ).,70$,J0. % ?()/$-0.<, E., L$0.1 30.1+% ($1/).B-#$ ).,70$,J0$, 2000; 0J--#$ ).,70$,J0$, 2001).

— &87+56K R1:>12. ?()/$0-#+,+ O("0$:'$17, E., !%$1 O$"+%,1995.

— $26: #6?12. N1;.#)+57'.< 1$ *()/$0-#$,$ %("0+:'71-#$).,70$,J0$, %1587+ ;4/:+2+, F*$/$0,1996.

— &1@+ D+:>12, I(=.171.<, E., ?()/$0-#. 5.-$,7), 1983.— W/8,-+ D+-12. I(=.171.<, -. 1, E., ?()/$0-#. 5.-$,7), 1986.— )Q31: '6/6215+2. I(*0$1. -(=.171.<, I., ?()/$0-#. 5.-$-

,7), 1989.— P1-7+ E5621K7+2. I(=.171.<, -. 1, E., ?()/$0-#. 5.-$,7), -.

4, 1979, -. 5, 1980.— %6,85 M/9=12. I(=.171.<, -. 2, E., ?()/$0-#. 5.-$,7),

1968.— !6:N+ E-+C:+2. ?()/$0-#$ %("0+:'71-#$ #1.:1.1$, E.,

E$J#$ . ."#J-,%+, 1957.— P/1?*+2+/8 :6 ./12+?6>8, 8<9>626:8 :6 =C,-+ 2 &6/+?:6-638358+-176, E+08C.

222288

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222299

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223300

-8 8 ./1,6-6 8<+385,-26 , .6=051-8, ,6-8/8>:8 01K51-+:8,1.8*/6=8 8 ?/9*8 0+/=8 :6 7/8-8>:6 8?1K:6 58-1/6-9/6.% :6>65+-+ :6 90--1 *+?8:8 58-1/6-9/:8C- 7/4*, 7+K-+ ,1

+0+/=C +7+5+ ,4<?6?1:+-+ ./1< 1892 *. +- ?-/ '/4,-12 ,.8-,6:81 L.-() (>81-+ 8=1 :+,8), 275Q>26 >1-8/8 C/78 58>:+,--8, 2,C76 +- 7+8-+ 1 -656:-5826 2 ,2+C-6 +356,-, 8 7+8-+ 8*-/6C- .4/2+,-1.1::6 /+5C 2 -4/,1:1-+ :6 1?:6 =+?1/:6 58-1-/6-9/6, 2 7/67 ,4, ,42/1=1::8-1 12/+.1K,78 -1>1:8C (.+-,.1B865:+ -1<8 :6 0/1:,78-1 8 /9,78-1 ,8=2+58,-8). '/4*4-+31?8:C26 ?9F+2:8C 2+?6> :6 */9.6-6 — 7/8-876 '/4,-12,.+1-6, 7/8-87 8 ./12+?6> P1:>+ E5621K7+2, .+1-8-1 8 ?/6=6--9/<8 P1-7+ ;+?+/+2 8 P1K+ \2+/+2. &6K-+3J+ =+G1 ?6 ,176G1, >1 -1 ./8<+2626- 74= ./1+?+5C26:1 :6 F6/67-1/:8C <6./1?8@:+-+ .+7+51:81 /1658<4= 2 345*6/,76-6 58-1/6-9/6 824<F265C26- 795-6 74= "<6, ./62+-+ :6 8:?828?9658,-8>1: 88:?828?9658<8/6: ,-85, 7+K-+ J1 ./+76/6 .4-C :6 ,8=2+58<-=6 ./1< ,51?26J8-1 *+?8:8. ;1<8 ,F26J6:8C 2+?C- ?+ ,.+/6=1G?9 „,-6/8“ 8 „=56?8“, 8<39F:65 2 :6>65+-+ :6 WW 217.;1F:8 .+,51?+26-158 ,6 =56?8 .8,6-158 76-+ '8/85 W/8,--+2, "517+ '+:,-6:-8:+2, 7+8-+ ,6 8 ./12+?6>8. P+21>1-+ +-=56?8-1 -656:-8 .+ +:+26 2/1=1 ,6 .+59>858 +3/6<+26:81-+,8 2 >9G38:6, *562:+ 242 A/6:B8C, R1/=6:8C 8 #9,8C, +-74-?1-+ ,1 <62/4J6- 8<.45:1:8 , :+28 8?18. M136-8-1, >8K-+./+2+?:87 ,-626 ./1,6-6, ,1 8<=1,-26- — -+26, 7+1-+ ./+-8-2+.+,-62C .8,6-158-1 21>1 :1 ,6 .+58-8>1,78-1 8?18, 6 58-1-/6-9/:8-1 8 7-,7,.=7-#. 28G?6:8C (:1<628,8=+ +- -+26, .8-,6-158-1 J1 8<?8*6- ,2+C *56,, /6<+358>626K78 .+,1*6-15-,-26-6 :6? ?1=+7/6B8C-6 ?+ 7/6C :6 %-+/6-6 ,21-+2:6 2+K:6).)8-1/6-9/:8-1 8 :69>:8-1 ,.8,6:8C 8<+385,-26- ./1< -+-

<8 .1/8+? (=1G?9 1878 8 1887 *. -1 :1 ,6 .+21>1 +- ?21--/8;,51? 1888 *. -1F:8C- 3/+K 1 21>1 =1G?9 .1-:6?1,1- 8 ?26?1-,1-): G(=, ?()/$0-#. 507/)7', ?()/$0-#$ -*.0#$, G7,+5.-.,H0.,.#$, L.-(), K$"J&, ?.*).+,7#$, G.,70$,J01. "$5.--#., G+"$, !"%+0, 8=71.=7-#$ *7-7'$, 8=71.=7-#. '0J/$0, 8,-0+ 8 ?/. ;+26 1 8 .1/8+?, 2 7+K-+ =:+*+ ,1 ./121G?6, 76-+ 2-+26 +-:+@1:81 <6,59G26 ,.1B865:+ ?6 ,1 ,.+=1:1 ,.8,6:81?.*).+,7#$ „I%7,. H).&71,“: -+ ,1 /47+2+?8 +- 5831/65-?1=+7/6-6 P1-7+ '6/6215+2 8 +- 1888 *. ?+ ,.8/6:1-+ =9 +-.+58B8C-6 :6 E-6=3+5+2 ./1< 1891 *. .93587926 *+5C= 3/+K76>1,-21:8 ./12+?8, :6./621:8 +- +/8*8:656, .+-,.1B865:+

223311

+- P1:>+ E5621K7+2, H76-1/8:6 '6/6215+26, "517+ '+:-,-6:-8:+2, 8 1 ./1?21,-:87, J+ ,1 +-:6,C ?+ 76>1,-2+-+ :6./12+?8-1, :6 L.-(). P+?3+/4- :6 ./+8<21?1:8C-6 >1,-+ 1./+?87-926: +- ,-/1=1G <6 .+58-8>1,7+ +*/6=+-C26:1 :6 >8--6-15C, <6+38765CK78 B1:<9/6-6, 1-+ <6J+ 2 ,.8,6:81-+ ,1/1?926- .9358B8,-8>:8 ,-6-88, +/8*8:65:8 ./+8<21?1:8C 2./+<6 8 .+1<8C, ?/6=8, ./12+?8 8 /6<=8,58, 76-+ ,1 ?626 ./1-?8=,-2+ :6 ,42/1=1::8 .8,6-158, 8<76<26J8 ,1 .+ 67-965:8-1=8, 2 ?9F6 :6 F9=6:8<=6 8 ?1=+7/6B8C-6: /6<=8,58 :6%87-+/ [*+ <6 ,2+3+?6-6 :6 .1>6-6, .6=051-8 :6 '9/81, .+-1<8C +- &17/6,+2, 767-+ 8 756,8>1,78 62-+/8 76-+ !+.6,6:,A5+31/, !+581/, RN+-1, W6K:1, I851/, D6K/+:, I158, )1/-=+:-+2, ;9/*1:12, P9@78: 8 ?/.E 8<75Q>1:81 :6 \2+/+2, >51:+21-1 :6 7/4*6 L.-() ,6

0+/=8/6:8 >/1< 8<.8-6:81-+ :6 >9G?+-+, ./1?8=:+ 2 R1/=6-:8C. P1:>+ E5621K7+2 ./1382626 2 )6K.B8* +- 1893 *. ?+1899 *., 74?1-+ 9>8 085+,+08C. ;6= -+K +-7/826 8 >1-1 2+/8*8:65 RN+-1, W6K:1, I851/ 8 ?/9*8-1 :1=,78 /+=6:-8B8,767-+ 8 &8B@1 8 =:+*+ ?/9*8, 6 -+26 =9 .+<2+5C26 ?6 8<*/6-?8 ,+3,-21:+-+ ,8 .+1-8>1,7+ 7/1?+, 767-+ 8 ,+3,-21:6./+*/6=6 <6 12/+.18<6B8C :6 345*6/,76-6 58-1/6-9/6. E51?<62/4J6:1-+ ,8 2 D45*6/8C, , BC5+-+ ,8 -2+/>1,-2+ — 87/8-8>1,7+, 8 .+1-8>:+, E5621K7+2 ,1 ,-/1=8 ?6 ./82:1,1 2345*6/,76-6 58-1/6-9/6 :+28 ,F26J6:8C 8 +3J+>+21@78 ?9-F+2:8 B1::+,-8, <6 ?6 ,1 ?+358G8 -C ?+ 12/+.1K,78-1 58-1-/6-9/8. )17B8C-6 .+ 345*6/,76 58-1/6-9/6, 7+C-+ -+K 8<:6-,C, :6K-?+3/1 +-/6<C26 :1*+26-6 1,-1-8>1,76 8 =8,8+:1/,76./+*/6=6: 2 G156:81-+ ,8 ?6 ,4>1-61 >9G?+-+ 8 :6B8+:65:+--+ 2 8=1-+ :6 9:821/,65:+-+ 8 ?6 :6?,7+>8 7+517-82:8-1 .+-.958,-78 -1:?1:B88, <6-2+/1:8 2 :6B8+:65:8-1 */6:8B8, -+K,1 :6?8*6 ,/1J9 7+:Q:7-9/:8C F6/67-1/ :6 -2+/>1,-2+-+ :6,2+8-1 ./1?@1,-21:8B8 858 ,42/1=1::8B8, +34/:6-8 74==8:65+-+ 858 +3,131:8 +- <6+38765CJ6-6 *8 ?/13:62+,-, 8<-76<26 ,4G651:81-+ ,8 <6 ,4,-+C:81-+ :6 345*6/,76-6 58-1/6--9/6 (,.+/1? :1*+ 2 D45*6/8C 8=6 ,6=+ „7:8G:8:6“, :+ 2,1+J1 :C=6 8,-8:,76 58-1/6-9/6 — 21>1 28?CF=1 -+26 /6<*/6-:8>1:81 ./1< %4</6G?6:1-+), <6 .+,/1?,-21:8C 795-9/1:G82+-, 58@1: +- 2,C76742 ?9F+21: ,-/1=1G.;+<8 ,354,47 =1G?9 .+7+51:8C-6, +58B1-2+/1: +- P1:>+

E5621K7+2, +- ,-/6:6 :6 „=56?8-1“, 8 +- $26: %6<+2, +-

223322

,-/6:6 :6 „,-6/8-1“, 1 8<21,-1: 2 8,-+/8C-6 :6 345*6/,76-658-1/6-9/6 8 1 ./1?,-621: 2 8<21,-:6-6 ,-9?8C :6 ?+7-+/'/4,-12, +<6*5621:6 „!56?8 8 ,-6/8, 7/8-8>1,78 +>1/B824/F9 ?:1@:6-6 345*6/,76 58-1/6-9/6“). E5621K7+2, 7+K-+:1 .+?38/6 ?9=8-1 ,8, 7+*6-+ ,-626 ?9=6 <6 24</+G?1:,7+-+:6,51?,-2+ („;8C ?9@12:+ 359?7628 F+/6 :6 31<2/1=81-+ :6-/17+F 1?:+ 2/1=1 06,957+2B8, -CF 8 -C= .+?+3:8-1 8<=1G?9:6,“), +./1?15C ,.+/6 -676:

„!56?8-1“ 2C/26-, >1 J1 ./1+?+51C- +->6,-8 858:6.45:+ :1?+,-6-4B8-1 2 1,-1-8>1,7+-+ 7/1?+ 8 F9?+-G1,-21:+-+ -2+/>1,-2+ :6 „36J8-1“. "7+ ?+-+*626@-:6-6 58-1/6-9/6 1 3856 „.9358B8,-8>:6“ 8 „-1:?1:B8-+<:6“, :1+,21-1:6 +- „E21-8C ?9F“, „=56?8-1“ ,1 ,-/1-=C- 74= 1?:+ 8<79,-2+, 7+1-+ ?6 ./+:8726 2 -6K:8-1 :638-81-+ 8 :6 >+21@76-6 ?9@6.“

#6-926K78 <6 1?:6 58-1/6-9/6 <6 ,6=6-6 58-1/6-9/6, <6,2+3+?6-6 :6 -2+/1B6, 2 „W8=:8 <6 ,=4/--6 :6 ,2/4F>+2176“9-24/G?626 2C/6-6 ,8 2 >+2176, -4/,1K78 „>+2176 ?+/8 2 <2C-/6“, 76-+ >1,-+ .4-8 2421G?6 &8B@128C ,2/4F>+217, 8<?8-*6K78 *+ 2 8?165 <6/6?8 :1./1,-6::6-6 =9 2+5C ?6 :6?=8:6-26 ,131 ,8. &1 =+G1= ?6 +-=8:1= 067-6, >1 2 G156:81-+ ?6,8:F/+:8<8/6- /6<28-81-+ :6 345*6/,76-6 58-1/6-9/6 , -+26:6 12/+.1K,78-1 58-1/6-9/8, >51:+21-1 :6 L.-() >1/.C- +-:6K-:+28-1 8<2+/8 :6 8<79,-2+-+ 8 085+,+08C-6 2 H2/+.6.;+26 ,6 :+28-1 8?18, ./+.+2C?26:8 +- P1:>+ E5621K7+2 8

?+7-+/ '/4,-12, .+?/+3:+ 8<5+G1:8 2 58-1/6-9/:+-+ ,.8,6-:81 L.-() 8 ./+:8<26J8 .+1-8>1,78-1 8 ?/6=6-8>:8-1 ./+-8<21?1:8C :6 >51:+21-1 :6 7/4*6. ;+26 1,-1-8>1,7+ 8 ?9F+2-:+ +3:+251:81, :1/6</82:+ ,24/<6:+ , „8<.8-6:81-+ :6 >9G-?+-+“, ,1 ,4>1-626 1,-1,-21:+ , 1?:6 +3:+21:6 ./12+?6>1,76./+*/6=6.

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223333

,--6 ,./C=+ 8-6586:,78C, 0/1:,78C 8 6:*58K,78C #1:1,6:,,8<+38581 :6 ./12+?8, .+?/6G6:8C 8 6?6.-6B88, .+?*+-2CJ8,4<?626:1-+ :6 +/8*8:65:8 ./+8<21?1:8C.% +3J8 58:88 ./1+356?626J8C- :6>8: :6 ./121G?6:1

./1< -+<8 3+*6- :6 ./12+?8 .1/8+? <6.6<26 ./8:B8.8-1, +>1/--6:8 ./1< %4</6G?6:1-+, 76-+ 31< ,4=:1:81 .+-=657+ ,1.+345*6/C26 (.+>-8 28:6*8 +36>1 ,+3,-21:8-1 8=1:6), 6 ?8-?67-8>1,76-6 B15 21>1 :1 1 1?8:,-21:6-6 =+-826B8C :6 ./12+-?6>8-1, ?28G1:8 21>1 8 +- 1,-1-8>1,78 8<8,726:8C; ./+?45-G626 +36>1 ?6 ,1 ./121G?6 =:+*+ ./1< 1<87-.+,/1?:87 (.+:C-7+*6 8 ./1< ?26!) — -6742 1 :6./8=1/ ,59>6C- , ;/80+: ;/8-0+:+2, 7+K-+ ./121G?6 H+0.+)$1, H0$) G.0, T$&)7,, L$#-*7, 8 K+&7+ . 2J).7,$ :6 I17,.8/ =1G?9 1888 8 1907 *. +--1F:8 /9,78 ./12+?8, 76-+ .+F265:+ ,1 ,-/1=8 ?6 *8 ./1?6?12 ,-8F+21. &+ 767 38 =+*45 ./12+?4- +- =1G?8:1: 1<87 ?6 ,1./8?4/G6 74= -+<8 :6 +/8*8:656? $58 .47 !"/J*71.<, 0$B+- !85-4:, ./121?1: ./1< 1888 *. +- M8=8-4/ %+K:87+2, ,4-J+ +- /9,78 ./12+?, :+ :6./621: +- 0/1:,78C ./12+? :6 636-MN+585 (>8C-+ ./67-876, F6/67-1/:6 <6 WVIII 217 242 A/6:-B8C, /6<*51?6F=1). M1,1- *+?8:8 .+-74,:+ ;1+?+,8 E7+.,78J1 :6./628 ,2+C ./12+? :6 !"/J*71.<, 0$B +-:+2+ ./1< /9,-78 8 ./1< 0/1:,78. P/1< B158C WIW 8 .4/26-6 .+5+28:6 :6WW 217 -676 .+.95C/:8C- K+*.1"+1 H0J"+ :6 M10+ 1 ./121-?1: .+,51?+26-15:+ +- */4B78, +- /9,78 8 +- :1=,78. $=6+J1 =:+*+ ?/9*8 .+?+3:8 ./8=1/8.(- ?/9*6 ,-/6:6, 1<874-, +- 7+K-+ ,1 ./121G?6 (:6K->1,-+

/9,78), 8<*51G?6 :1 28:6*8 ,1 /6<38/6 8 256?11 ?+3/1 +- ./1-2+?6>6; 7+57+-+ ?+ 1<876-B15, -+K >1,-+ .4-8 1 8<.4,-/1: ,-9/B8<=8, /9,8<=8, ?86517-:8 8 +,-6/158 ?9=8, 3972658<=8,,=1,26 /1>128-1 /1*8,-/8 8 .+/6?8 -+26 =:+*+ +- ./12+?8-134/<+ +,-6/C26-.P/+?45G626 ?6 ,1 +/C<26, +76,-/C, ?+.4526, -457926 ./1-

21G?6:8C- -17,-, 76-+ 8=1-+ :6 62-+/6 (.+-/C?7+ 8 -+26 :6./12+?6>6) :1 28:6*8 ,1 .+,+>26. P/12+?4- :6 O+B1$ . &.0+- ;+5,-+K, :6./621: +- !8F685 $26:+2 !6?G6/+2 ./1<1889 *., =+G1 ?6 ,1 /6<*51?6 76-+ 9,.1F, -4K 76-+ 1 ./18<?6-?1: >1-8/8 .4-8 2 ./+?45G1:81 :6 .1-?1,1- *+?8:8. $ 2,1.67 7+57+ 2+5:+,-8 8 :1-+>:+,-8 +- *51?:6 -+>76 :6 :6@8CWWI 217! &62,C74?1, 74?1-+ 2 +/8*8:656 8=6 ./C76 /1> :60/1:,78 8 :6 :1=,78, -C 1 ./121?1:6 :6 345*6/,78, 6 -+26,

223344

/6<38/6 ,1, 8<+.6>626 :1K:8-1 ,-858,-8>:8 09:7B88; =:+*+.6,6G8 ,6 ,47/6-1:8 2 ./12+?6, 7+K-+ +,21: -+26 1 8<.45:1:, 517,8765:8 */1@78, *+2+/1J8 <6 :1?+3/+ 256?11:1 :6 /9,-78 1<87 (?6 :1 *+2+/8= <6 2,1 +J1 :1,4J1,-2926J8-1 ?29-1<8>:8 /1>:8B8!). Y+ ,1 +-:6,C ?+ ./12+?6 :6 G$&70&J0--#$,$ 17%7-,$ +- O+5-4/ E7+-, :6./621: ./1< 1899 *., -+ -+K1 6:+:8=1:.P+ .+2+? :6 -6<8 ./67-876 ?-/ '/4,-12 <6C2C26: „E 345-

*6/,78-1 ./12+?6>8 -/C326 ?6 ,1 /6<./62C@ :1 <6 ./8:B8.8--1, 6 <6 6<3976-6 :6 ./121G?6:1-+.“'672+ :69>626=1 +- ./1?*+2+/8-1, ?+,-6 .+-=:+*+3/+K-

:8, +-7+57+-+ ./1< %4</6G?6:1-+, ?6 :1 76G1= .+>-8 ,8,--1=:8 (767-+ 8 ?+,-6 >1,-8-1 +3C,:8-15:8 3151G78 .+? 58-:8C 858 2 7/6C :6 -17,-6 — :1/C?7+ -1 ,6 :6? ,-+ <6 ,/62:8--15:+ 7/6-78 -17,-+21 76-+ -/6*1?88-1 :6 I17,.8/)?

" C07'-,$%<17 1$ ,7#-,$ . 1$ 50+."%7'71.7,+P/1< %4</6G?6:1-+, 767-+ 28?CF=1, ./1?*+2+/8-1 8=6-

<6 B15 ?6 +./62?6C- 8<3+/6 :6 ?6?1: 62-+/, :6 ?6?1: -17,- +-?8?67-8>1,76 *51?:6 -+>76 (2 8=1-+ :6 ?+3/+?1-15:+,--6,=+/656, .+?/6G6:81-+ :6 :C7+8 +3/6<B8, +3/6<+26:1-+ 85824<.8-6:81-+). P+-*+5C=6-6 >6,- +- ./1?*+2+/8-1 2 7/6C :6WIW 8 :6>65+-+ :6 WW 217 ./1?,-625C26- .+?/+3:8 8 <6?45-3+>1:8 -/9?+21 +- >1-8/8?1,1--.1-?1,1- ,-/6:8B8 <6 62-+/68 ./1?56*6:8C -17,-, :6.+=:CJ8 <6 „6/F1+5+*8>1,78C0/1:,78 ./12+?“ +- ,4J+-+ 2/1=1. ;6742 :6./8=1/ 1 ,59>6-C- , ./12+?8-1 :6 I17,.8/, O+5-4/ E7+-, !85-4: 8 ?/. '+5-7+-+ ?+ ;1+?+,8 E7+.,78, -+K ./856*6 74= ./12+?6 ,8 +-0/1:,78 :6 !"/J*71.<, 0$B ?26 ./1?*+2+/6: .4/28C- ./1?-,-625C26 38+*/608C :6 !85-4:, 6 2-+/8C- 1 ./12+? :6 :6.8-,6:6-6 +- I6-+3/86: 7/8-876. (,21: -+26 ,4,-62C 8 /1>:87:6 ,+3,-21:8, *1+*/60,78, =8-+5+*8>1,78, 8,-+/8>1,78 8 ?/.8=1:6.

" ;+.+, :6 captatio benevolentiaeE/62:8-15:+ =657+ ,6 ./1?*+2+/8-1, 2 7+8-+ ,1 6/*9=1:-8-

/6- ./12+?6>1,78-1 858 ,1 8<56*6- ,/1J:6-8-1 -/9?:+,-8. P+-21>1-+ +- -CF .+2-6/C- ,/1?:+217+2:8C -+.+, :6 captatiobenevolentiae, F6/67-1/1: 8 <6 %4</6G?6:1-+; :+2+-+ -97 1, >1>1,-+ .4-8 -1F1: 6?/1,6- 1 :1 ,6=+ >8-6-15C-, :+ 8 7/8-876-6:

223355

„E1*6 =8 +,-626 ?6 76G6 :C7+57+ ?9=8 <6 -/9?6 ,8.%4<=+G:+ 1 *. *. >8-6-158-1 8 7/8-8B8-1 ?6 :6=1/C-:1*56?7+,- 2 ,-8F+-2+/:8C =8 ./12+? — 6< , -CF:6.45:+ ,4= ,4*56,1:. P/8>8:6-6 1 -6<8, >1 9251>1:+- I17,.8/6, +J1 2 9>1:8>1,78C ,8 G82+-, :1 ?+3/1<6.+<:6- , /+?:8C ,8 1<87, 6< .+>:6F ?6 *+ ./12+G?6=.(…) &1 ,4= /63+-85 .+,51?+26-15:+, :+ .+ +-?15:8,B1:8, /6<=1,1:+. T6-+26 8 *56?+,--6 :6 ,-8F+21-1 :12/1? ,6 1?:672+ <29>:8, ./8 2,1 >1 :1=657+ ,1 .+=4->8F ?6 *8 +*56?C. &+ ,4*56,1-1 ,1, =+K >8-6-15Q, >1-/9?:+ 1 +- ,4*/6?1: <8? ?6 26?8 >15+217 5+@628-176=4B8 8 :6 =C,-+-+ 8= ?6 23826 ?/9*8 .+-?+3/8! '+5-7+ ,4= ,.+59>85 2 -/9?6 ,8, +,-626 ?6 .+356*+?6/C :6-1<8 *. *. 7/8-8B8, 7+8-+ +34/:6- 2:8=6:81 :6 :1*+ 8.+,+>6- :C7+8 :1?+,-6-4B8, 67+ -+K (-/9?4- =8) <6,-59G26 -CF:+-+ 2:8=6:81.“ (;/80+: ;/80+:+2, ./12+?:6 H+0.+)$1, I17,.8/, 1888 — :1 .+,+>26 +- 767421<87, :+ +387:+21:+ 1 ./121G?65 +- 0/1:,78 858 +-:1=,78)

;/80+: ;/80+:+2 1 ,4J+ -676 62-+/ 8 :6 1?8: ./12+? :6K+&7+ . 2J).7,$ (6 8 :6 ?/9*8 .81,8 :6 I17,.8/). % ./1?-*+2+/6 74= 8<?6?1:8C ./1< 1907 *. ./12+? (:1 ,1 <:61 +-76742 1<87) 8=6 :C7+57+ 8:-1/1,:8 .9:7-6: ./12+?6>1,76,7/+=:+,-, 8<56*6:1 :6 =+-828-1 <6 ./12+?6 2 ,-8F+21, +-74-?1-+ 8 =65+26G:+,--6, ,.+/1? ./12+?6>6, :6 1<876, +- 7+K-+1 ./121?1:6 -2+/36-6, ,.+?15C:1 :6 G156:81-+ 8 ?/9*8 ?6 ,1<61=6- , ./12+?6 :6 ,4J+-+ +/8*8:65:+ ./+8<21?1:81.

„(-,-/6:85 58 ,4= */1@78-1 +- =8:658-1 9/+B8, 8<-.+5<9265 58 ,4= 976<6:8C-6 :6 +,-/6-6 8 ?/9G15Q3:6--6 7/8-876, 95+285 58 ,4= . (…) '+*6-+ -8C -2+/1:8C ,18<?626F6 2 ./+<6, 6< *8 8<?626F 2 ,-8F+21. !:+<8:6 =197+/C26F6 <6 -+26, :+ 6< ./+?45G8F /63+-6-6 ,8, <6J+--+ :1 =+G6F ?6 >1-6 ,-8F6 2 ./+<6, 31< ?6 >92,-2926=<6*936 +- +:6C 1,-1-876, +:6C =+J, +:+26 9.+1:81 8<29>:+,-, 7+8-+ <6.6<26 2 ,131 ,8 ,-8F+-2+/:6-6 /1>, 82 9,858C-6 ,8 8,76F ?6 ,.+?15C -6C /6<5876 , >8-6-15C.'+*6-+ ,-8F6 -68 2 ,131 ,8 -8C B1::8 76>1,-26, -+K-/C326 ?6 ./8258>6 74= ,131 ,8 >1-1B6, 6 9 :6, .+,51?-

223366

:8C 76-+ >1 58 ./8,-4.C ,4 ,-/6F 74= :1*+. ;+26 1 <6-J+-+, =+G1 38, :6@6-6 ./12+?:6 ,-8F+-2+/:6 58-1/6--9/6 :1 =+G1 ?6 ,1 .+F2658 +J1 , *56?47 8 +3/63+-1:,-8F, 6 =+G1 38 8 <6 -+26, >1 <6 ,F26J6:1-+ =9 ,18<8,726 .+-,424/@1: 8 8</63+-1: 279,. (…) $=1::+-+26 8=6F ./1? +>8 8 8,76= ?6 ?6= :6 :6@8-1 >1-B8 -8C215878 -2+/1:8C 2 +:6C 0+/=6, 2 7+C-+ *8 1 :6.8,65,6= I17,.8/ 8 2 76726-+ +-?62:6 ,4J1,-2926- 2 58-1-/6-9/6-6 :6 ?/9*8-1 ./+,21-1:8 :6/+?8. T6-9K :1 =1,=9J626 8 +3,-+C-15,-2+-+, >1 :1 *8 ./121G?6F :6./6-2+ +- +/8*8:656. '+*6-+ >15+217 8=6 .+? /476 BC56 ?9-<8:6 ,-8F+-2+/:8 8 ./+<68>:8 ./12+?8 , /6<C,:1:8C,:1 1 -+57+26 =4>:6 /63+-6 ?6 ,1 9,2+8 -17,-4-, 7+57+--+ ?6 ,1 8</6<8 2 <29>:8 8 C,:8 0/6<8, 2 *56?47 ,-8F, +-76742-+ +,+31:+ ,1 :9G?61 ./1?56*6:6-6 -/6*1?8C. (…)'4= -+26 6< ,1 ,-/1=8F. $ 7+*6-+ =+8-1 ./+,-1:8 8:1./+,-1:8 */1@78 34?6- +-3151G1:8 — 67+ -/9?4- =8<6,59G8 2:8=6:81-+ :6 7/8-876-6 — 31< ?6 ./1-1:?8-/6= <6 9,.1F, J1 =8 34?1 -24/?1 ./8C-:+ ?6 28?C, >1 ,1C2C- ?6/+28-8 =4G1, ,1*6@:8 8 34?1J8 8<9>26>8 :6I17,.8/, , :+28 ./12+?8, 7+8-+ 38F6 <6-4=:858 -+C 242,C7+ +-:+@1:81. T6 =1:1 J1 34?1 1?:6 :6,56?6, ?6 *+./+>1-6 :6 /+?:8C ,8 1<87 2 1?:6 :+26, =856, <29>:6 8<624/@1:6 ./12+?:6 0+/=6!“

H-+ 7672+ ,.+?15C 6:+:8=:8C- ./12+?6> :6 G$&70&J0--#$,$ 17%7-,$ +- O+5-4/ E7+-, 8<?6?1: ./1< 1899 *., 7+K-+:1 1 .+,+>85 +- 76742 1<87 1 ./121G?65:

„E1*6 .+?:6,C=1 :6 >8-6-158-1 345*6/,78C ./12+?:6 „)6=1/=9/,76-6 *+?1:8B6“ 8 *8 =+58= <6 ,-+/1:8--1 8 ./+.9,:6-8 */1@78 ?6 *8 8<28:C-. #63+-858 ,=1?+3/+,421,-:+, :+ >+21@7+ ?15+ :658 1 — -+ :1 1 31<-.+*/1@:+. (…) !+58= 8<28:1:81-+ :6 >8-6-158-1 <6=:+G1,-2+-+ .1>6-:8 .+*/1@78; 7:8*6-6 ,1 .1>6-8 2?/9* */6? 8 2/1=1-+ :1 .+<2+58 ?6 *51?6=1 .+21>1 6-1?:6 7+/17-9/6. E4J+ 8 76/-8:8-1 :1 ,1 +-58>626- ,.+-/13:6-6 C,:+,- 8 >8,-+-6, :1 >1 +/8*8:65:8-1 :13CF6 ?+3/8, :+ -67826 *8 8</63+-8F6 ,+08K,78-1 0+--+B8:7+*/608.“

223377

D/6-4- :6 P1:>+ E5621K7+2, $26:, :6.8,26 ?454* ./1?-*+2+/ 74= ./12+?6 ,8 :6 Y).B S7"$0 +- I17,.8/, 2 7+K-+7+=1:-8/6 -656:-6 :6 62-+/6, 31?:8C 345*6/,78 -16-/651:/1.1/-+6/, 7+K-+ -+K +3C,:C26 , .1>6536/,-2+ 8 ./1?,-62C./12+?6 ,8.

„&6,-+CJ6-6 -/6*1?8C 1 ./121?1:6 +J1 ./1< 1875 *.,7+*6-+ 3CF 9>8-15 242 %/6B6. P/1?8 ?6 ,1 -9/8 .+? .1->6- ./12+?6, -+K -/8 .4-8 1 ./1/63+-26:. (36>1 921-/1: ,4=, >1 8 10 .4-8 ?6 ,1 ./1/63+-8, ,1 J1 8=6 767-2+ ?6 ,1 .+./628, 7672+ ?6 ,1 8<=1:8, 7672+ ?6 ,1?+.45:8, 8 >1 :6= J1 34?1 :124<=+G:+ ?6 ./1?,-628=2 ./12+?6 ,8 +:6<8 G82+,- :6 +/8*8:656, ?6 2?4F:1= 2:1*+ +:6<8 ,856 :6 C<87 8 8</6G1:81, 7+8-+ ,6 ,2+K-,-21:8 :6 *1:8C :6 I17,.8/. (,21: 21J+-+ .+<:626:1:6 C<876, +- 7+K-+ ,1 ./12+G?6, :1 .+-=657+ 1 :9G?:+8 ?453+7+ 256?1:81 :6 C<876, :6 7+K-+ ,1 ./12+G?6. $./8 -1<8 9,5+28C ?6G1 ,178K C<87 ,8 8=6 +,+31:8-1,2+K,-26, +,+31:8-1 :6>8:8 <6 8</6G1:81, 7+8-+ ,6:1./8,.+,+38=8 :6 7+K-+ 8 ?6 1 ?/9* C<87. (,+31:+ 1=4>:+ 8 =:+*+ =4>:+ ./12+G?6:1-+ :6 I17,.8/ 8 :8K,./62+ ?6 ,8 76G1=, :1 38F=1 ,1 :6158 ?6 8<?6?1= ./1-2+?6 :6 ,2C-, 67+ ,1 :1:6?C26=1 :6 *+5C=+-+ ,:8<F+G-?1:81 :6 7/8-876-6. &8K ,=1 ,1 -/9?858 ./1?8 2,8>7+?6 34?1= -+>:8 2 ./12+?6 ,8 8 21/:8 :6 -17,-6 — <6--+26 >8-6-15C- =+G1 ?6 ,/1J:1 =:+*+ 0/6<8 8 8</6G1-:8C -4=:8>:8 8 :1.+:C-:8, 8 :6 =:+*+ =1,-6 =+G1 ?6:6=1/8 =8,45-6 :1 2C/:+ ./1?6?1:6. (…) (38>6=1 ?62C/26=1, >1 -/9?6 :8 J1 ,1 +B1:8 8 .+,/1J:1 ?+3/1 +->8-6QJ6-6 :8 .935876. "7+ 2 -+26 :6?1G?6-6 :8 ,1+,4J1,-28, :8K =+G1= ?6 ,1 :6,4/>8= ?6 ./1?./81-=1= ./12+?6 8 :6 ?/9*8 .81,8 +- ,4J8K .+1-.“ (P/1-2+?, :6./621: +- 6:*58K,78, 8<?6?1: ./1< 1882 *.)

!657+ .+-.+?/+31: +- +,-6:658-1, -+<8 ./1?*+2+/ 8</6-<C26 8<8,726:8C-6 <6 256?11:1 :6 ?26-6 /63+-:8 1<876, <6-+>:+,- 8 2C/:+,- ,./C=+ +/8*8:65:8C -17,- (=+G1 ?6 ,1 8<-26?8 <675Q>1:81-+, >1 -97 21/:+,--6 1 +./1?151:6 8=1::+76-+ -+>:+,-). E-/6F4- +- :1?+34/ ./81= :6 ./12+?6 8<*51G-?6 8?26 .+-,7+/+ +- 7/8-876-6, +-7+57+-+ +- >8-6-158-1 (7+-

223388

*6-+ /6<*51?6=1 7/8-878-1, 8<51<58 2 ,.8,6:81 L.-(), J1/6<31/1= <6J+!).

" !".-#%$17 "$ "$5$"%$17 1$ .1,7)7#,J$)1$,$-+*-,%71+-,% 7/6C :6 =8:658C 217 D+G85 #6K:+2 ./121G?6 BC56 .+-

/1?8B6 -/6*1?88 +- I17,.8/. ;1<8 ./12+?8 ,1 +-58>626- ,1/9?8B8C-6 :6 62-+/6 8= (8<?6:81-+ 1 ./8?/9G1:+ +- 8,-+-/87+-7/8-8>1,7+ ./+9>26:1 +- >1-8/8?1,1--.1-?1,1- ,-/6-:8B8 8 ,-+-8:6 3151G78), 6 2 ?26 +- -CF ,1 .+C2C26 8 8<8,7-26:1 <6 <6J8-6 :6 62-+/,7+-+ ./62+ — 62-+/4- ,1 +.56726,>1 ?4/G62:6-6 -/9.6 I()"$ . -&<A 1 .+,-62C56 =:+*+7/6-:+-2+/38 :6 I17,.8/, 7+8-+ 1 ./1215, 31< ?6 1 8,7656 :1*+2+--+ ,4*56,81 8 31< ?6 =9 <6.56-8 7672+-+ 8 ?6 1 62-+/,7+ ./6-2+, 7+1-+ =9 ,1 ?45G8 .+ <67+: 8 8<-4726 =8<1/:8-1 9,5+-28C, ./8 7+8-+ G821C- ./12+?6>8-1.E.8,6:81 ?()/$0-#$ -*.0#$, 8<?626:+ +- 1894 *. ?+

1915 *., .4/2+ +- E-106: D+3>12, .+,51 +- &87+56 D+3>12,./1?56*6 ?+,-6 3+*6- 8<3+/ :6 ./12+?8: D6K/+:, I158,R/85.6/B1/, !8B7128>, )6=6/-8:, A/6:,+6 '+.1, ":6-+5A/6:,, X1F+2, R+*+5, ;9/*1:12, )1/=+:-+2, (=8/ 8 ?/. ;+-26, 7+1-+ ./628 2.1>6-51:81, 1, >1 2 .+21>1-+ +- ,59>68-1:C=6 .45:6 8:0+/=6B8C <6 8=1-+ :6 ./12+?6>6, :8-+ <61<876, +- 7+K-+ 1 /63+-85. $=1-+ :6 62-+/6 28:6*8 1 .+,+->1:+, 767-+ 8 <6*56281-+ :6 -2+/36-6; .+? ./121?1:8C -17,-,6 8<.8,6:8 , ?/131: .54-1: @/80- 8=1-+ 858 8:8B8658-1,21/+C-:+ :6 ./12+?6>6 (7+*6-+ -+K 08*9/8/6), 31< ?6 ,1 .+-,+>26 „./121?1:+ +-“, :8-+ +- 76742 1<87. P+:C7+*6, .+?8=1-+ :6 62-+/6 2 ,7+38 1 8<.8,6:+ „./12+? +- 0/1:,78 /6:*58K,78 / /9,78“, :+ -+*626 .47 :1 28:6*8 1 9-+>:1:+ 7+K1 :6./6285 ./12+?6.

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223399

„&6K--/9?:6-6 8 :6K-,21J1:6-6 ?54G:+,- :6 1?:+345*6/,7+ 58-1/6-9/:+ ,.8,6:81 1: ?6 /6<281 1,-1-8>-:8K 279, :6 :6@6-6 .935876. (…) P4/2+, -/C326 2 ,.8-,6:8C-6 ?6 8=6 +317-82:8 8 .+?/+3:8 7/8-878, 7+8-+?6 /47+2+?C- 279,6 :6 >1-1B6, 76-+ =9 .+76<26- 8 ?+-76<26- #+7 8 "$@+ 1 F9362+. (…) %-+/+, -/C326- 5178,:1 ,4?4/G6-15:8 /6<76<8, -1 J1 ./89>6- >1-1B6 ?6 >1--1 8 ?6 ,1 8:-1/1,926 +- 58-1/6-9/6-6. (...) M626:1-+ 2/4B1-1 :6 .935876-6 +3/6<B+28 ./12+?8 :6 756,8B8-11 -/1-+-+ 9,5+281 <6 /6<28-81-+ :6 1,-1-8>:8K 279, :61?:6 .935876 -4K ./8=8-82:6, -4K .4/2+38-:6, 76726--+ 1 :6@6-6.“

P/1.+/4>26- ,1 ,51?+26-15:+ ./12+?8 ./1?8=:+ :6 /9,-76, :1=,76, 0/1:,76 8 6:*58K,76 58-1/6-9/6 — ,.+/+21-1=1G?9 24</+G?1:,78-1 7:8G+2:8B8 :6=8/6- ,2+1-+ ./+?45-G1:81.&68,-8:6, 67+ /6<*51?6=1 ,4?4/G6:81-+ :6 3/+121-1 :6

,.. L.-(), :1 =+G1= ?6 :1 +-3151G8= 3+*6-+-+ /6<:++3/6-<81 :6 -17,-+21-1, .93587926:8 2 /93/876-6 „P/12+?8“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

.93587926:8-1 2 ,.8,6:81-+ ./12+?8: ./1< 1897 *. 2 :C7+57+

.+,51?+26-15:8 3/+C 8<58<6 ./12+?4- 2 ,-8F+21 :6 F' +-M6:-1, :6./621: +- '+:,-6:-8: %158>7+2. &1 ,1 .+,+>261<874-, +- 7+K-+ 1 ./121G?65, :+ 67+ ,4?8= .+ ,1/8+<:8-1 8=:+*+3/+K:8 3151G78 .+? 58:8C 8 .4-926:8C-6 =9 ?+ $-6-58C, 8=6=1 +,:+26:8C ?6 ./1?.+5+G8=, >1 1 :6./6285 ./12+-?6 +- +/8*8:656. % :6>65+-+ :6 ,1?=6 .1,1: 1 +,-6285 :1./1-21?1: ,-8F4- „Papé Satan, papé Satan, aleppe !“, 76-+ 2 3151G-

224400

76 .+? 58:8C 1 .+,+>85, >1 ,-8F4- 1 :1/6<38/61= 8 :1./12+-?8=. E51? -+26 1 8<5+G85 /6<58>:8-1 F8.+-1<8, 8<76<6:8 ?+-+<8 =+=1:- (,-+ *+?8:8 .+-74,:+ ,4J8C- .+?F+? ,1 8<.+5-<26 2 ./12+?8-1 :6 0/1:,78 :6 62-+/8-1-:6-6 ./12+?6>76L6758: #8,1, 7+C-+ ,4J+ ./1?56*6 :C7+57+ F8.+-1<8, 2 ./1-2+?8-1 :6 '/8,-86: D17 8 ":?/1 P1<6/). H?8: ./1*51? :6,51?26J8-1 ./12+?8 2 D45*6/8C .+76<26 ,51?:+-+: ./12+?4-:6 '+:,-6:-8: %158>7+2 1 ./18<?6?1: :C7+57+ .4-8, 7+1-+*+2+/8 <6 :1*+28C 9,.1F; &87+56K )85812 24<./81=6 .+?F+-?6 :6 %158>7+2 (1946 *.); )Q31: )Q31:+2 ./121G?6 ./1<1972 *. B158C F' , 8<75Q>1:81 :6 7 8 8 .1,1:, 7+8-+, :1C,:+<6J+, ,1 1 <6?+2+585 ?6 ./1/6<76G1 :67/6-7+; 8 :67/6C, ./1<1974 *., 8<?6-15,-2+ „&6/+?:6 795-9/6“, 8<21,-:+ ,4, ,1/8-+<:8-1 8 76>1,-21:8 ./12+?8, 2 1?8: :1 +,+31:+ +-2+/1: 74=>9G?+-+ .1/8+?, 8<?626 ./12+?6 :6 '/9= P1:12. % :1*+ +-7-/826=1 1?8: :6.45:+ 8<=8,51: ,-8F, ,7654.1: -676, >1 ?6 :1@+78/6 2 +,-6:658C 7+:-17,-: „(, E6-6:6, :1 1 58 -9K 8<=6-=6?“, 31< :876726 +3C,:8-15:6 3151G76. P/12+?6>4- +-WIW 2. 1 ./+C285 =:+*+ .+-*+5C=6 ?+3/+,421,-:+,- 2 ,2+C--6 /63+-6!% /93/876-6 „'/8-876 8 38358+*/608C“ :6K-?+3/1 58>8

76728 ,6 8<8,726:8C-6 :6 ,4-/9?:8B8-1 :6 ,.8,6:81-+, 67+,4?8= .+ >1,-8-1 8 +,-/8 7/8-878 :6 .93587926:8-1 ./12+-?8. &1 1 -/9?:+ ?6 ,8 ./1?,-628= 24<?1K,-281-+ :6 -6<8 7/8--876 24/F9 ./12+?6>8-1 8 ?6 ,8 +3C,:8= =C,-+-+, 7+1-+ -1 S+-?15C- 2 ./1?*+2+/8-1!

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„P/12+?4- 1 :6./621: +- /9,78 ?+ :124<=+G:+,-.+,/1?,-21:+. E6=8C- ./12+?6> ./8<:626 -+26 8 ,.6-,C26 .+ -6742 :6>8: /1B1:<1:-6 +- :1356*+?6/:8C -/9??6 .+,+>26 */1@78-1. P/12+?6>4-, 28G?6 ,1, .+<:626/9,78C 1<87 ?+-+57+26, ?+7+57+-+ .+,51?:8C- 1 ./1-+34/:6- 2 345*6/,78 1<87, 8 ./121G?6 76-+ -8.8>:8C+:C ./12+?6>, 7+K-+ ./1215 0/1:,7+-+ 8</6G1:81„bien être général“ , „?+3/1 1 ?6 34?1@ *1:1/65“. %./+->1= 9 :6, .+21>1-+ ./12+?6>8 -676 ./121G?6- +- /9,-78.“ (M. M. .+ .+2+? .935876B8C-6 :6 H$# ,0<*%$ '$

224411

-7 :.%77? +- MG+: )13+7, ./12+? +- /9,78; 8=1-+ :6./12+?6>6 :1 1 .+,+>1:+ — 1897 *.)

„R-: D6765+2 ,1 8<F8-/85 :6K-.+?8/1 ?6 :8 ./121?12 ./+<6 8<21,-:6-6 R/83+1?+26 7+=1?8C „R+/1 +- 9=6“.;6742 1?8: 58-1/6-9/1: .+?28* =+G1 ?6 34?1 ,51?-,-281 858 :6 *+5C=+ 58-1/6-9/:+ 31<279,81, 858 :6+J1 .+-*+5C=6 ./12+?+=6:8C. &8K B1:8= :1*+2+-+.+F265:+ G156:81 ?6 ?6?1 :6 345*6/,76-6 58-1/6-9/62,8>7+ +:+26, 7+1-+ :6=8/6 ?+3/+ 8 .+51<:+, :+ :1 =+-G1= ?6 /6<31/1= 767 2 ,2+1-+ 9251>1:81 :1 28G?6, >1,4, ,2+C-6 31</6<3+/:+,- 2/1?8 8 :6 58-1/6-9/6-6, 8:6 F9362+-+ -2+/1:81. $58 *-: D6765+2 1 :1,.+,+31:21>1 ?6 28?8 /9,76 7:8*6, 31< ?6 ,1?:1 ?6 C ./121?1 !?“(). E. — 1897 *.)

„P/12+?4- :6 F1$ H$071.1$ 1 9?+251-2+/8-151:,>1-1 ,1 ?+,-6 517+ 8 :C=6 -67826 2+5:8 8 :12+5:8 .+-*/1@:+,-8, , 76728-+ +387:+21:+ ,1 +-58>626- 345-*6/,78-1 ./12+?:8 7:8*8.“ (". D. <6 ./12+?6 :6 F1$H$071.1$, :6./621: +- +/8*8:656 +- R. W. D+:12 —1897 *.)

" 9-(:'$17 1$ 17507#.< 507%+'„$ ?+-+*626, ?+7+*6-+ :6@8-1 ./12+?6>8 :1 ./1,-6-

:6- ?6 ./121G?6- +- ./12+?8, ?+-+*626 :6@6-6 ./12+?-:6 58-1/6-9/6 J1 34?1 58@1:6 +- 2,C7+ <:6>1:81. &+:1 38 58 =+*56 ,6=6-6 .935876, , .+=+J-6 :6 7/8-876--6, ?6 +-9>8 ./12+?6>8-1 +- -8C :/628? $ :1 1 58 2/1-=1 ?6 ,1 +3C28 31<.+J6?:6 2+K:6 :6 -8C ./12+?8 +-./12+?8 — .+:1 2 .+1<8C-6, 67+ :1 2 :69>:6-6 58-1/6--9/6? H?8: ,4<:6-151: 79.926> :6 ./12+?:8 58-1/6--9/:8 7:8*8 38 -/C3265+ .+ ./8:B8., <6 ?6 :1 :6,4/->626 -67+26 31</6<3+/:+ ./121G?6:1, ?6 :1 79.9267:8*6, ./121?1:6 +- 2-+/6 /476. (...) D1< -+26 :6@6-67:8G:8:6 /8,7926 ?6 ,1 ./124/:1 2 38-.6<6/,76 ,=1-,?1-+ :6K-12-8:+-+ :6=8/6 :6K-=:+*+ 79.926>8, 6 <6?+3/+-+ :87+K 8 :1 .8-6.“ (D. D. .+ .+2+? ./12+?6 :6!-)$1'-#.<, 0.*$0 +- P81/ )+-8, ./12+? — +- 767421<87? — +- E-. "-6:6,+2 — 1901 *.)

224422

" K$"/0$1.=$%$17 1$ '.'$#,.=7-#$,$ +,AJ'+:7-,%71$,$ ).,70$,J0$'+=1:-8/6K78 ./12+?6 :6 2.).@7 % 5J-,.1<,$ +- !6K:

#8?, 2 ./12+? :6 M. P. (+- 76742 1<87?), E. ./628 /6<5876=1G?9 58-1/6-9/6 8 ?8?67-8>1,76 58-1/6-9/6, 74?1-+ ,.+/1?:1*+ */1@78-1 .+-=657+ ,1 <6315C<26-:

„P/12+?4- :6 M. P 8=6 *+51=8 :1?+,-6-4B8, -+K,424/@1:+ 8*:+/8/6 F9?+G1,-21::8-1 76>1,-26 :6!6K:/8?+28C ,-85 8 =6:81/ :6 /+=6:8-1; +36>1 -4K76-+ 7:8*6-6 1 ./18=9J1,-21:+ ?8?67-8>1,76, -8C :1-?+,-6-4B8 +,-626- :1<6315C<6:8.“ (1897 *.)

" 3$ -7 507%7:'$ ,$#$, #$,+ =7 ). $%,+0(, 7 5.-$)1$ *()/$0-#. (,+5+- +, TVIII %7# %(% D0$1;.<!)

„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“ ($. P. P56>7+2 .+ .+2+? 8=.).@1$'.-;.5).1$, 1894 *.)

" !".-#%$17 "$ 7)7/$1,71 -,.)„I8/+7+-+ /6<./+,-/6:1:81 :6 1?8: -6742 /+=6:

=1G?9 :6@6-6 .935876 -/C326 ?6 ,1 .+,/1J:1 , :6K-*+5C=6 ,8=.6-8C: -+ 38 +76<65+ 356*+-2+/:+ 258C:8124/F9 ,+B865:+-+ /6<28-81 :6 :6@6-6 =56?1G. '67-+<:61 >8-6-15C-, ./12+?4- :6 R. R1:6?8126 1 2-+/8 ./1-2+? :6 H)7,1.;.,7. ;+K 1 8<24/@1: ?+,-6 ?+3/1 8 ,1>1-1 ./8C-:+. &8K 38F=1 ./1-1:?8/658 ,6=+ <6 .+-*+-5C=6 8<CJ:+,- :6 ,5+*6 .“ (M+7-+/ '/4,-12, 1894 *. —:1 ,1 <:61 +- 76742 1<87 1 ./121?1:6 -2+/36-6)

224433

" C07%+'(, '$ ./0$7 6+0&.0$@$ 0+)<, *7" '$ 507=.1$ +0./.1$)1+,+ ,%+0=7-,%+ (-A+'-,%+ - +5$-71.<,$,."#$"$1. +, 3> ?7)7 .). H$0$%7)+%)

„"7+ ,4?8= .+ +-.1>6-6:6-6 21>1 7:8*6, *562:8C-/63+-:87 1 ,6= /1?67-+/4- —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“(M+7-+/ '/4,-12 .+ .+2+? ,3+/:876 ./121?1:8 /6<76-<8, ?/6=8, ,-8F+-2+/1:8C 8 ,1:-1:B88, ,4,-621: +-$26: ":?/1K>8:, 1898 *.).

" !".-#%$17 "$ %<01+-, . #+07#,1+-,, -,0+/$#0.,.#$ 1$ ).5-$,$ 1$ ,+=1+-,P45:6, =1-+?8>:6, +:6*51?1:6 7/8-876 +- .1- ,-/6:8B8,

8/+:8>:+ +<6*5621:6 „H?8: +3/6<B+2 ./12+?6>“, ./628 %.!. (1902 *.) 74= ./12+?6 :6 H+/$,+ 1.7, &(0,%.,7, -7 50+-*J'.& +- $3,1:, :6./621: (+- 76742 1<87 8 +- 7+*+?) +- .5+2-?82,7+-+ 8<?6-15,-2+; 2,8>7+ 2 :1*+ ,1 .+/8B626: :121G1,--2+-+ 8 ?4/<+,--6 :6 ,42/1=1::8-1 ./12+?6>8, :1.+<:626:1--+ :6 .4/2+,-1.1::6-6 /+5C :6 ./12+?8-1 <6 /6<28-81-+ :61?:6 =56?6 58-1/6-9/6.

224444

„&1 1?8: .4- ?+,1*6 1 3856 +-315C<6:6 01:+=1:65-:6-6 :1*/6=+-:+,- 8 ./1,-4.:6-6 ?4/<+,- :6 345*6/-,78-1 ./12+?6>8, ./+C2C26:6 :1 ,6=+ ,./C=+ +387:+-21:8, -676 ?6 ,1 76G1, ?15:8>:8 ,4<?6:8C :6 >9G?6-658-1/6-9/6, :+ 8 ,./C=+ -2+/1:8C +- .4/2+,-1.1::626G:+,-, *5438:6-6 :6 7+8-+ -1 :1 ,6 ,.+,+3:8 :8-+?6 .+?+</C-, 76=+ 58 ?6 /6<31/6- 8 ?6 ./1?6?6- :6,2+C /+?1: 1<87. (…) "7+ 2,51?,-281 :62+?:C26:1-+:6 :6@6-6 58-1/6-9/6 +- 31<3/+K 5+@8 ./12+?8 :6.+,/1?,-21:+,-8 1 ,-6:65+ :124<=+G:+ ,4J1,-2926-:1-+ :6 .+-,21,-:8 +/8*8:65:8 345*6/,78 7:8*8, +,6-76-C26:1-+ :6 >9G?8-1 58-1/6-9/:8 *1:88, 76-+ :6>1-:1-1 +- I17,.8/+28-1 ?/6=8 8 ,24/@8-1 , /6<76<8-1:6 !+.6,6: 8 :6 X1F+2, ./628 :124<=+G:+ ,4J1,-29-26:1-+ :6 ?+3/8 ./12+?8 +- 28?:8 62-+/8. " -1, 767-+1 8<21,-:+, 8=6- <6 /6<28-81-+ :6 1?:6 =56?6 58-1/6--9/6 */6=6?:+ <:6>1:81. (…) ':8*6-6, 7+C-+ 1 :6./1-?1 :8 8 7+C-+ :8 76/6 ?6 :6./628= -1<8 *+/>828 31-51G78, ,41?8:C26 2 ,131 ,8 2,8>78 76>1,-26 :6 756,8->1,76 ./12+?6>1,76 31<?6/:+,-. % :1C 28K J1 :6=1/8--1 8 8<=6=6, 8 :121G1,-2+, 8 :1F6K,-2+, 8 :1,.+,+3-:+,- <6 /6<38/6:1, 8 :6K-151=1:-6/:8 58-1/6-9/:8-4:7+,-8 8 65Q<88. &8K J1 ?+76G1= .+ /1? 2,8>7+-+26. (...)

1. $<=6=6: ./12+?6>4- 1 .+,+>85, >1 ./121G?6 +-/9,78C -17,- 8 62-+/8-1-:+ :1=,7+ 8<?6:81, .+? /1-?67B8C-6 :6 :C7+K ,8 [589, H586,. ;67+26 8<?6:81 :1,4J1,-2926. &68,-8:6 8=6 ?21 8<?6:8C :6 :1=,78 1<87:6 -+<8 -17,-, :+ 345*6/,78C- ./12+? :C=6 :8J+ +3J+, -CF.

2. &121G1,-2+: [B8-8/6- ,1 =:+*+3/+K:8 */1@78].3. &1F6K,-2+: [:1./6285:6 .9:7-96B8C, :1,.6<26:1

:6 .451: 8 :1.451: >51: 8 ?/.]“

" I07@J +*7").=$%$17 1$ =J:'+,+ (=07" $'$5,$;.<,$)% 1?8: 3/+K +- 1903 *. .8,6-1576-6 ":6 '6/8=6 .8@1

7/8-876 <6 ./12+?6 :6 O.Q17%$ /0$'.1$ :6 X1F+2, :6./6-21: +- /9,78 +- ". '. '8/>12 — ,51? 76-+ :6 ,2+K /1? 8 -C/8,926 =/6>:6 76/-8:6 :6 ./12+?6, 8<76<26 /C?76-6 <6 -+-26 2/1=1 2 D45*6/8C 8 358<76 ?+ ,42/1=1::6-6 :1=,76

224455

=8,45 8?1C, >1 1 G657+ ?6 ,1 8<+.6>626 >9G?+-+ 2 1?:6-2+/36, +,+31:+ J+ ,1 +-:6,C ?+ .+,5+28B8-1; 1?8: ,.+/,7+K-+ 1 2,1 +J1 67-9651:; 8<76<26 ,4J+ -676 ,-6:+28J1-+,>1 151*6:-:+,--6 8 :1./8:9?1:+,--6 :1 ,6 ?+,-6-4>:8 <6?+3/8C ./12+?:

„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

224466

?+3/8, ,6=+ <6J+-+ ,1 >1-6- *56?7+, 67+ ,1 ,/62:1F6, +/8*8:658-1, 38F6 .6?:658 .+-?+59 +- -+<8, 6 -67+-26 1?:+ ,/62:C26:1 1 :1 ,6=+ G156-15:+, :+ 8 .+5+-G8-15:+. &1 -/C326 ?6 ,1 +,-62C @8/+76-6 .935876?6 ./8.8,26 :6 ,6=8-1 62-+/8 31<,=8,58B8-1, ,4>8-:1:8 +- /6<:8 ./12+?6>8...“

E6=+ P1:>+ E5621K7+2 1 :6./6285 +7+5+ .1-?1,1- ./12+-?6 +- /9,78, :1=,78 8 0/1:,78! ;+K +36>1 :1 1 ,6=+ ./67-87:6 ./12+?6, 6 +,-62C 8 ,42/1=1::8 /6<,4G?1:8C <6 ./12+?6.E.+/1? E8=1+: W6?G87+,12 „(,+31:+ =C,-+ 2 /6<28-81-+:6 345*6/,76-6 7/8-876 24/F9 ./12+?6 <61=6 P. P. E5621K-7+2. ;+K .+?1=6 58:8C-6 :6 &. D+:>12, /6<2826:6 ./1?8 :1-*+ +- %6<+2 8 '. %158>7+2, ,4>1-626 2 1?:+ +/8*8:65:8C -2+-/1B, ./12+?6>6 8 7/8-876 — .+.95C/8<6-+/ :6 >9G?6-6 58--1/6-9/6. P+ -+<8 .4- J1 *+ .+,51?26- 8 ./12+?6>8 76-+ &.)85812, R1+ !8512, M. P+?24/<6>+2, ). E-+C:+2, W. #6?12-,78 8 ?/.“

% ,-6-8C-6 ,8 „$,-+/8C-6 :6 1?:6 =6576 .1,1:“ -+K./1?56*6 1?8: ,42,1= :+2 7/8-8>1,78 .+?F+?. $<F+?:6 -+>-76 1 ,4.+,-62C:1-+ 8 6:658<4- :6 /6<58>:8 ./12+?8 (:6345*6/,78, 0/1:,78, 6:*58K,78, /9,78) :6 .+1=6-6 :6 W6K-:1 Ein Fichtenbaum. '6-+ 8<24/@26 6:658< :6 -17,-6, ./87+K-+ ,1 8<21G?6- :6 ./1?1: .56: 58:*28,-8>:8-1 8 795--9/:8-1 F6/67-1/8,-878 :6 ./+8<21?1:81-+ 8 -/9?:+,-8-1,7+8-+ -+ .+,-62C :6 ./12+?6>6, -+K ,-6/6-15:+ ,4.+,-62C/6<58>:8-1 ./12+?8, 76-+ +- ,7/+=:+,- :1 *+2+/8 <6 ,2+C,+3,-21:. (--97 ,51?26- :C7+57+ ,42/1=1::8 8<8,726:8C<6 21/:+,--6 74= -17,-6: ?6 ,1 <6.6<8 :1 ,6=+ ,4?4/G6:81--+, 6 8 24-/1@:6-6 =9<876 :6 62-+/6, 7+C-+ <29>8 2 -17,-6,7+1-+ ,42.6?6 8<BC5+ , :1*+2+-+ 58-1/6-9/:+ 8<8,726:1 <6,5826:1 :6 0+/=6-6 8 ,4?4/G6:81-+; ./12+?4- ?6 24<?1K-,-26 24/F9 >8-6-15C, .+ ,4J8C :6>8: 767-+ 8 +/8*8:654-;?6 ,1 ./121G?6 +- +/8*8:65:8C 1<87 ($26: %6<+2 1 ./1215./+8<21?1:81-+ +- /9,78); ?6 ,1 ,.6<26 ,8=2+5876-6 :6+/8*8:65:8C -17,-:

„'+K-+ <:61 -8C .1,:8 ,6=+ .+ ./12+?8, :1 =+G1 ?68=6 8 :6K-351?:+ ./1?,-6251:81 <6 ,2+1+3/6<:6-6

224477

./151,- :6 +/8*8:656. &6K-?+3/8-1 ./12+?8 (76728-+,6 :6./. /9,78-1 ./12+?8 :6 !. ). !8F6K5+26) =+*6-./1?6?1 =8,45-6 8 ?+3/1 8 F9362+, :+ >9?:6-6 =15+?8C:6 ,-8F6 8 3+*6-8-1 :Q6:,8 :6 .+1-8>1,78C :1=,78 (8,.1B865:+ F6K:12,78) 1<87 — -+26 1 63,+5Q-:+ 31<-,851: ?6 ./1?6?1 :6 ,2+C 8?8+= 8 :6K-7+:*1:8651:./12+?6>. " 24<?1K,-281-+ +- -8C .1,:8 ,1 ?45G8 -+5-7+26 :6 -CF:+-+ ,4?4/G6:81, 7+57+-+ 8 :6 24:@:6-68= 0+/=6. E4?4/G6:81-+ :6 1?:6 .1,1: 1 :1/6<?15:++- :1*+2+-+ +35175+, 767-+ >+21@7+-+ -C5+ +- :1*+26--6 7+G6. '672+ 38 ./1?,-625C265+ -+ 31< :1C? P6/>1-6=1,+, 7+7658, G858 8 /6<:8 ?/+38:1-6, =+G1 38 8:-1-/1,:8 <6 ?/9*8-1 .+*51?8, :+ :1 8 <6 1,-1-8>1,78C.“

77**22..8844##)),,##

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**DD""!!EE++**FF**

— E21-5+<6/ $*+2, M%+0*. +, *()/$0-#$,$ #)$-.#$, E+08C,P/+,21-6, 1995, ,.124 8 ,5.

— C07%+'1$ 07;75;.< 1$ 7%0+57B-#.,7 ).,70$,J0. % ?()/$-0.<, 676?1=8>:+ 8<?6-15,-2+ !. M/8:+2, E+08C ($1/).B-#$).,70$,J0$, 2000; 0J-#$ ).,70$,J0$, 2001).

224488

— Antoine Berman, L’épreuve de l’étranger, culture et traductiondans l’Allemagne romantique, Paris, Gallimard, Tel, 1984.

— Marie Vrinat-Nikolov, „Ekaterina Karavelova, un traductricediscrète“, in Jean Delisle, Portraits de traductrices, Presses del’université d’Ottawa, 2002.

— V+/?6:+2 W/8,-+ (1985), D8358+-176 „E21-8 '58=1:-“, C7-0.+'.#$ . ).,70$,J0$, -. 1, Sofia.

— D45*6/,76 676?1=8C :6 :6978-1.— P1:>+ E5621K7+2, I(*0$1. -(=.171.< 2 8 -+=6, E+08C, 8<?.D45*6/,78 .8,6-15, 1959.

— U21-6:76 "-6:6,+26, H0(/(, „L.-()“, E+08C, 8<?. '58-=1:- (F/8?,78, 1991.

— E8=1+: W6?G87+,12, „$,-+/8>1,78 7+/1:8, -/6?8B88 8 ,.1-B80876 :6 7/8-876-6 :6 ./12+?6 9 :6,“, H)$-.=7-#+, ,. 7.-(%07&711+, E., E2. '58=1:- (F/8?,78, 1994, ,. 21.

— L.-().— D+C: P1:12.— $26: D+*?6:+2, ?()/$0-#$ ).,70$,J01$ 570.+'.#$, E+-08C, )8-1/6-9/1: 0+/9=, 1995.

224499

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225500

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225511

'+:,-8-9B8C-6 +- 1793--6 ./+24<*56,C26 +3J+?+,-4.:+-,--6 :6 +3/6<+26:81-+ 76-+ /167B8C :6 E-6/8C /1G8=, ./87+K-+ +3/6<+26:81-+ 8 /158*8+<:+-+ 24<.8-6:81 ,6 3858-C,:+ ,24/<6:8 .+? 7+:-/+56 :6 U4/726-6. &+ =56?6-6 /1-.935876 :1 /6<.+56*6 , ?+,-6-4>:+ ,/1?,-26, <6 ?6 +,8*9/8:1+3F+?8=8C 3/+K 7+=.1-1:-:8 ./1.+?626-158 <6 ,21-,7+-++3/6<+26:81, 7+8-+ ?6 <61=6- =C,-+-+ :6 =+:6F8:8-1 8 =+-:6,8-1, 8<.45:C2658 -/6?8B8+::+ -1<8 09:7B88. '+:,95-,-2+-+ 8 $=.1/8C-6 ,/1J6- *+51=8 <6-/9?:1:8C 8 &6.+51+:,1 ./8:9G?626 ?6 24<,-6:+28 :6 /63+-6 =+:6,8-1 2 F/8,-8-C:,78-1 9>858J6. XIX 217 1 ,28?1-15 :6 7+:0587-6 =1G?9./824/G1:8B8-1 :6 ,2+3+?:+-+ 9>858J1 8 <6J8-:8B8-1 :6?4/G62:+-+ +3/6<+26:81; :6>65:+-+ +3/6<+26:81 1 7+57+-++3J1,-21:6 .+-/13:+,-, -+57+26 8 .+58-8>1,76 :1+3F+?8-=+,-. % 7/6C :6 XVIII 217 800 000 9>1:8B8 .+,1J626- 200 000:6>65:8 9>858J6; ./1< 1850 3/+C- 8= ?+,-8*6 ?+ 3,2 =858+-:6, +39>626J8 ,1 2 60 000 9>858J6. &+ ;/1-6-6 /1.935876 1-6<8, 7+C-+ ,4<?626 „*+5C=+-+ :6B8+:65:+ 9>858J1“: 356*+-?6/1:81 :6 <67+:8-1, 8<21,-:8 , 8=1-+ „A1/8“, ./81-8 ./1<1881–1882, 7+8-+ 2421G?6- <6?45G8-15:+ 31<.56-:+ 8,21-,7+ +3/6<+26:81, ./+,21-6-6 ,-626 =6,+26 8 +3F26J62,8>78 ,+B865:8 ,5+121, .+:1 J+ ,1 +-:6,C ?+ :6>65:+-+ +3-/6<+26:81. '+57+-+ ?+ ,/1?:+-+ +3/6<+26:81, 8 -97 B80/8--1 ,6 7/6,:+/1>828: +- 70 000 ./1< 1840-6, 3/+C- :6 9>1:8-B8-1 ?+,-8*6 140 000 ./1< 1865-6, ,51? 76-+ 8 =+=8>1-6-6.+59>626- ?+,-4. ?+ 9>858J6-6.M/9* 067-+/ <6 ?1=+7/6-8<8/6:1 :6 >1-1:1-+: /6<28-81-+

:6 >8-6-15,78-1 „7638:1-8“, ./6/+?8-158 :6 38358+-178-1(7+8-+ :6.+=:C-, =676/ 8 ./8 ?/9*8 9,5+28C, <6 345*6/,78-1>8-658J6 ./1< XIX 2.), , >8-65:C 8 <61=:6 ,59G36 <6 21,-:8-B8 8 7:8*8 ,/1J9 ,7/+=:6 -67,6. (- ?/9*6 ,-/6:6, ,4<?6?1:8--1 ./1< 1836 *. ?26 12-8:8 1G1?:12:876 — G$ C07- :6 H=85?N+ L8/6/?1: 8 G4+ I.7#() :6 "/=6: MQ-67, 92158>626-3/+C :6 >8-6-158-1 8 /6<@8/C26- ?+,-4.6 ?+ 58-1/6-9/6-6 :6=6,+26-6 .935876, 2421G?6K78 ./67-876-6 :6 .+?58,-:876,<6 7+1-+ *+2+/8 1?:6 ,-6-8C 2 G$ C07- +- ,1.-1=2/8 1844:

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225522

J1,-21:+-+ ./+,21J1:81, +3F26:65+ 8 ,/1?:8-1 756-,8, ,/1? 7+8-+ .+?F/6:26 5Q3+<:6-15:+,--6 :6 9=6 858-1/6-9/:8C 9,1-.“

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225533

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% 1?:6 3151G76 <6 %87-+/ [*+ (1834) P9@78:, 7+K-+,=C-6 0/1:,78C 1<87 <6 „-4K ./1?.6<582 2 :628B8-1 ,8, -4K

225544

./8,-/6,-:+ +324/<6: , -/6?8B88-1 ,8, -4K :1*+,-+./81=1:,?+/8 <6 1<8B8-1 +- ,4J+-+ ,1=1K,-2+“, ?+/8 <6C2C26:

„%,8>78 <:6C-, >1 0/6:B9<8-1 ,6 :6K-:1.+1-8>:8C-:6/+?. &6K-?+3/8-1 8= .8,6-158, :6K-,562:8-1 ./1?-,-628-158 :6 -+<8 ?9F+21: 8 .+<8-821: :6/+? — !+:--1:, %+5-1/, !+:-1,7N+, )66/. 8 ?+/8 ,6=8C- #9,+, ,6?+76<658 7+57+ >9G?+ 8 :1/6<38/61=+ 1 <6 -CF :1+-/6-<8=+-+ >92,-2+.“

(J1 ./1< +-=8:658C 217, /9,78C- .+1- %6,858K ;/1?C7+2-,78 8<-4726 ./124<F+?,-2+-+ :6 /9,78C 1<87 8 /9,76-6 .+1-<8C :6? 0/1:,78-1:

„T6J+ ?6 -4/.8= ?+3/+2+5:+ 31?:+-6-6 8 -/9?:+,--8-1 :6 0/1:,78C 1<87, 7+*6-+ /6<.+56*6=1 , 31<7/6K-:+-+ /6<:++3/6<81, 3+*6-,-2+-+ 8 ./+,-+/6 :6 ,562-:8C /9,78 1<87?“1

P/12+?4-, 76-+ ,/1?,-2+ <6 /6<7/826:1 :6 :+28 F+/8<+:--8, :1 ,6=+ >1 ./8?+3826 .+-*+5C= 62-+/8-1-, :+ ,8 ./+./6-2C .4- 8 ,F26J6:1-+, ,/+?:+ :6 :1=,78-1 8?18, >1 8=1::+-+K J1 ?+./8:1,1 2 :6K-*+5C=6 ,-1.1:, >/1< 8<.8-6:81-+ :6>9G?+-+, <6 +.5+?+-2+/C26:1-+ :6 1?:6 <6-2+/1:6, ?+/8,751/+<8/656 58-1/6-9/6.;676 :6./8=1/ %87-+/ [*+, 7+K-+ :1 1 /63+-85 76-+ ./1-

2+?6>, /6<2826 =8,45-6, 358<76 ?+ W9=3+5-+26-6, >1 -/C326?6 ,1 8<24/@8 8<21,-:+ :6,8581 :6? 1<876, :6 7+K-+ ,1 ./1-21G?6, <6 ?6 34?1 -+K +3+*6-1:, ,-8*6 2,1 .67 -+26 ?6 :1 2+?8?+ :6/9@626:1 :6 B15+,--6 (767-+ ,.+=1:6F=1, W9=3+5? ./+-76/26 */6:8B6 =1G?9 >9G?+-+ 8 ,-/6::+-+ 2 -17,-6):

„;1 [./12+?6>8-1] :6,56*26- 8?8+=8-1 1?8: 24/F9?/9* 8 .+:C7+*6 -CF:+-+ 9,8581 ?6 8<21?6- 8 /6<-1*5C-,=8,456 :6 ?9=8-1 ?+ >9G?8 <:6>1:8C 92158>626 *42-762+,--6 :6 1<876. E-8*6 ?6 :1 ?+21?1 ?+ /6<74,26:1,-+<8 ./12+? 24/F9 8?8+=6 *+ /6<2826 8 /6<@8/C26.“

225555

1 %,8>78 B8-6-8 ,6 2 ./12+? +- 0/1:,78 1<87. — D15. ./12.

% ,-6-8C-6 ,8 „T6 ?9F6 :6 ./12+?8-1“ (1816) !6?6= ?N+E-65 ,-626 *+2+/8-15 :6 /+=6:-8>:+-+ ,F26J6:1 <6 „9:8-21/,65:+-+“, 7+1-+ >/1< ./12+?6 -/C326 ?6 2?4F:1 :+2 G82+-:6 2,C76 58-1/6-9/6 8 :8 ./1?,-62C 1?:6 .6:+/6=6 :6 :6>8-:8-1 :6 ./121G?6:1 2 +-?15:8-1 ,-/6:8:

„&6K-26G:6-6 9,59*6, 7+C-+ =+G1 ?6 ,1 :6./628 :658-1/6-9/6-6, 1 ?6 ,1 ./1:1,6- +- 1?8: 1<87 :6 ?/9*@1?N+2/8-1 :6 >+21@78C 9=. $=6 -+57+26 =657+ .4/-2+756,:8 ./+8<21?1:8C; *1:8C-, 2 7+K-+ 8 ?6 1 G6:/, 1-+57+26 /C?7+ C251:81, >1 67+ 2,C76 ,42/1=1::6 :6B8C,1 <6?+2+5C26@1 ,6=+ ,4, ,+3,-21:8-1 ,8 ,47/+28J6,-C 38 +,-6:656 28:6*8 31?:6. (…) E4*56,:6 ,4=, >1:6K-?+3/8C- :6>8: ?6 8<31*:1= ./12+?8-1 1 ?6 <:61=2,8>78 1<8B8, :6 7+8-+ ,6 ,4<?6?1:8 ./+8<21?1:8C-6:6 215878-1 .+1-8: */4B78, 8-6586:,78, 0/1:,78, 8,-.6:,78, 6:*58K,78, .+/-9*65,78, :1=,78; .+?+3:6 /6-3+-6 +36>1 8<8,726 =:+*+ 2/1=1 8 .+=+J, 6 8 :87+*6:1 38F=1 =+*58 ?6 ,1 .+F2658=, >1 -1<8 -4K -/9?:8 <6./8?+3826:1 <:6:8C ,6 9:821/,65:8. " 8=1::+ 74=9:821/,65:+-+ -/C326 ?6 ,1 ,-/1=8=, 67+ 8,76=1 ?6:6./628= ?+3/+ :6 F+/6-6. D8F 76<656 :1J+ .+21>1:?+/8 8 ?6 /6<38/6F=1 ?+3/1 >9G?8-1 1<8B8, +- 1?8:?+34/ ./12+? :6 ,+3,-21:8C :8 1<87 2,1 .67 38F=1279,858 1?:6 .+-358<76, .+-,47/+21:6 :6,56?6. ;1<8./1:1,1:8 :6 :6@6 .+>26 ./151,-8 2:6,C- 2 :6B8+:65-:8C ,-85 :+28 :6>8:8 :6 8</6<C26:1, +/8*8:65:8 8</6-<8. P/12+?8-1 :6 >9G?8-1 .+1-8 =+*6-, .+-9,.1@:+ +-2,C7+ ?/9*+ ,/1?,-2+, ?6 ./1?.6<C- 58-1/6-9/6-6 :61?:6 ,-/6:6 +- -1<8 36:65:8 8</6<8, 7+8-+ ,6 :6K-,8-*9/:8-1 ./8<:6B8 :6 :1K:8C 9.6?47.“

X8-6-158-1 ,6 G6?:8 <6 >9G?8 -2+/38 8 ./12+?4-./+B40-C26: ./121G?6- ,1, /6<38/6 ,1, */4B76 8 56-8:,7658-1/6-9/6, :+ 8 12/+.1K,78-1 „756,8B8“ (I17,.8/, 2 ./1-2+? :6 &+<81, R8<+, %8:8, "517,6:?4/ MQ=6, )+-8, !1-1/-58:7 8 +,+31:+ A/6:,+6-%87-+/ [*+; !85-4: 2 ./12+? :6I6-+3/86:, M6:-1 2 ./12+? :6 )8-/1, E1/26:-1,; ;6,+, "/8-+,-+ 8 ?/.), :+ ./1?8 2,8>7+ ,42/1=1::8 62-+/8: D6K/+:,'+5/8?G, O4/?<94/-, O+5-4/ E7+-, ,1,-/8-1 D/+:-1, ;+=6,

225566

!9/, M871:,, !67+58, ;674/8, H?*6/ P+, 2 ./12+? :6 D+?-51/, MG+/?G H58+-, '8.58:*, ;+=6, W6/?8, !6/7 ;21:, A1-:8=+/ '9.4/, W6/81- D8>1/-E-+9, )+:*015+9, O8-=6:, I8-51/, RN+-1 — ./121?1: .+-,.1B865:+ +- &1/265, '5++.J+7,'+B139, DQ/*1/, W6K:1, )1,8:*, O56:?, D/6-C R/8=,M’":9:B8+, E8528+ P1587+, !6:B+:8, P9@78:, R+*+5, ;9/-*1:12, ;+5,-+K, M+,-+12,78, R+/78, )1/=+:-+2, $3,1:,E-/8:?31/*, DN+/:,+:, I6:?+/ P1-N+08, $=/1 !6?6> 8?/9*8.

++<<22$$**..))%%55(( ,, „„**""EE##%%..%%==,,44##5522,,““ 00""##$$%%&&,,

" I07@J 507%+'$=7-#.< &7,+' 1$ 507'.Q1.,7 %7#+%7E51? 1820–1830 *+?8:6 ./12+?6>8-1 2,1 .+->1,-+ +-/8-

>6- 0/1:,78-1 ./12+?8 +- ./1?8@:8-1 217+21, 7+8-+ ,=C-6-<6 ./17651:+ ,2+3+?:8 8 ,51?+26-15:+ :121/:8, .+-358<+ ?+6?6.-6B8C-6, +-7+57+-+ ?+ 8,-8:,78C ./12+?.!6?6= ?N+ E-65 ./+?45G626 /6<,4G?1:8C-6 ,8 (2G. .+-

*+/1) <6 :+26-+/,76-6 /+5C :6 ./12+?6 >/1< 6.+5+*8C :6 >9G-?+-+ 8 :+2+-+… 8 +3+,:+26:6 7/8-876 :6 756,8B8<=6; 756-,8B8<=4- 1 2 +,:+26-6 :6 1?:6 ./12+?6>1,76 ./67-876, 7+C-+<658>626 ?/9*+,--6 8 -676 58@626 58-1/6-9/6-6 +- 24<=+G-:+,- <6 +3:+251:81, +,-62CK78 C ?6 ,1 ?28G8 ,6=+ 2 :1K:+-+,+3,-21:+ ./+,-/6:,-2+ 858 2 -+26 :6 1?:6 +3,131:6 +- :1C,+31<58>1:6 >9G?+,-:

„&+ <6 ?6 ,1 8<251>1 +- -6<8 /63+-6 8,-8:,76 .+5-<6, :1 -/C326, .+?+3:+ :6 0/6:B9<8-1, ?6 ,1 ./8?626,+3,-21: B2C- :6 2,8>7+, 7+1-+ ,1 ./121G?6; ?+/8 ?6./12/4J6F=1 2 <56-+ 2,8>7+, ?+ 7+1-+ ,1 ?+7+,26=1,-+ :1 38 :8 :6F/6:85+; :1 38 :8 ?65+ :+26 F/6:6 <6=8,45-6, 38F=1 28G?658 ,6=+ 2,1 ,4J+-+ 58B1, , =65-7+ .+-/6<58>:8 97/6@1:8C. ;+<8 9./17, +,:+26-15:+<6,59G1: +- 0/6:B9<8-1, 1 .+/+?1: +- :6K-/6<58>:8-1./1>78, 7+8-+ -1 ,6 .+,-62858, 2 -1F:8C 1<87 ./1? 8<-79,-2+-+ ?6 ,1 .8@1 2 ,-8F+21. E-/+*8-1 8<8,726:8C:6 /8=926:1-+, 1?:++3/6<81-+ :6 ,-8F6, -/9?:8-1 8:-21/,88 <6-26/C- .+1-6 2 :C76742 7/4*, 7+K-+ <6?45G8--15:+ 2+?8 67+ :1 ?+ 1?:8 8 ,4J8 =8,58, -+ .+:1 ?+,F+?:8 .+59,-8@8C 8 ?+ :C76726 =+:+-+::+,- 2 .+1-

225577

-8>:+-+ ,5+2+, +- 7+C-+ *1:8C- 9,.C26 ?6 ,1 8<.54<:1,7+*6-+ ,1 8<?8*6 =:+*+ :628,+7+, :+ 7+C-+ ./+?45G6-26 ?6 *+ ?4/G8 2 .51: 2 ./1F+?8-1, 8<5+G1:81-+ 82,8>7+, 7+1-+ .+?*+-2C 8 +31?8:C26 ,85:+ 24<?1K,-26-J8-1 151=1:-8.“

E51? ,59G36-6 ,8 2 8=.1/,76-6 2+K,76 P+5-)98 '9/81,1 +-?626 :6 ./12+? :6 ?/12:+*/4B78 62-+/8 76-+ ',1:+-0+:-, $<+7/6-, P59-6/F, )+:*, W1/+?+-. P/1< 1810 *. ./18<-?626 ./12+?6 :6 "=8+ :6 C$-,+0$).,7 1$ G+1/, .). 3$6-1.- . T)+<, ,51? 76-+ *+ /1?67-8/6 8 7+/8*8/6, 8 2 ./1?*+2+-/6 7/8-87926 :6>8:6 :6 ./121G?6:1 :6 ,2+C ./1?@1,-21:87(.+=:8= ,1/8+<:8C 6:658< :6 -+<8 ./12+? +- D6@1 ?N+ !1-<8/867, =1-+?8>:+ 8<3/+85 2,8>78 :1*+28 */1@78 2 /1>-6 ,8./1< 1635 *.):

„P/12+?4-, :6./621: +- "=8+ :6 .6,-+/658-1 :6)+:*, =676/ 8 -24/?1 ./825176-151:, 767-+ 1 8<21,--:+, 1 :1.451: 8 :1-+>1:; :1 <6J+-+ 9=8@51:+ ,1 1 +--75+:85 +- -17,-6 :6 62-+/6, 6 ./1?8 2,8>7+ <6J+-+ :11 /6<.+56*65 , B158C */4B78 -17,-, +- 7+K-+ .+ +:+262/1=1 1 8=65+ ,6=+ -24/?1 +,676-1:8 ./1.8,8. (…)&6 2-+/+ =C,-+, -+<8 ./12+? 1 1?:6 +- .4/28-1 /63+--8 :6 "=8+ 8 2 :1C -+K :1 1 ./+C285 9=1:81-+, ./8?+-38-+ .+-74,:+, 8 -+26 1 28?:+ :6 =:+*+ =1,-6, 74?1-+:1 1 ./1?65 ,=8,456 :6 62-+/6, 2./+>1= :62,C74?1?+,-6-4>:+ C,1: 8 51,1:, -4K 76-+ :1 *+ 1 /6<3/65. "8=6 8 .6,6G8, 7+8-+ 1 /6<3/65, :+ :1 1 .+G1565 ?6./121?1. (…) ;676 >1, ?6 ,8 76G1= ./62+, =:+*+ :1?+,-8*6, <6 ?6 <6C28=, >1 "=8+ 1 ./1?65 :6 0/1:,78/+=6:6 :6 )+:*.“

'9/81 ,/62:C26 , -6<8 21/,8C ,+3,-21:8C ,8 ./12+?, 7+K--+ 1 „'+-)+%71 507%+', ad verbum, ./1?626J 0/6<6-6, 7+:-,-/97B8C-6, .69<8-1, -676 767-+ ,6 :6 */4B78“.% ?/9* ./1?*+2+/ (74= ./12+?6 =9 :6 W1/+?+-, 1822)

-+K 7/8-87926 ,8,-1=:+-+ 8<.+5<26:1 :6 „7/6,828C 1<87“ 8.+??4/G6 , 6/*9=1:-8, 7+8-+ :6.+=:C- -1<8 :6 )9-1/, -1-<6-6, >1 :C7+8 .8,6-158 -/C326 ?6 ,1 ./121G?6- :6 1<876 :6:6/+?6:

225588

„(- 2,8>7+ -+26 ,-626 C,:+, >1 :6=1/1:81-+ ?6 ,1./121G?6 W1/+?+- :6 :6@8C 676?1=8>1: 1<87 — 1<87?2+/B+2, B1/1=+:8651:, ,7+26:, ./12<1- 8 =1G?9 2./+->1= 31?1:, +,676-1: +- ./62856-6 <6 356*+./8,-+K:+,-,1 ,-/6::6 ,6=+<6359?6; -/C326 ?6 ,1 .+5<26 1,-1,-21:8<76< — +-7/+21:, :6/+?1: 8 3+*6-, 76-+ -+<8 :6 )6-0+:-1:. (…) ;6<8 ,-/6,- 74= 8<28,C26:1, -+<8 G6/*+:,-+<8 ?2+/B+2 -+:, .+726/C26J8 -16-4/6 8 58-1/6-9/6--6 .+ 2/1=1-+ :6 )98 XIV, 6 8 ,51? -+26, 38F6 92/1?8-58 8 :6K-./17/6,:8-1 9=+21. (…) T6/6?8 -+<8 -4K 8<-*56?1: 1<87, 24<./81- +- 2,8>78, 7+8-+ ,6 ,1 <6F26J6-58 9 :6, ?6 ./121G?6- ?/12:8-1 62-+/8, 2,4J:+,- :8-+1?8: +- -1<8 62-+/8 :1 1 ./121?1: 8 .+>-8 :C=6=1 ./1-2+?, 7+K-+ ?6 1 <6.6<85 :C76728 >1/-8 :6 +/8*8:656.(…) X+217, +-74,:6- +- 28,@8-1 756,8, >+217 +- :6/+-?6 858 .47 ,15C:8:, 67+ <:61 */4B78 8 0/1:,78, 38 *+:6./6285 9,.1@:+, 67+ -+26 31@1 +,4J1,-28=+; <6-+-26 ,1 /1@8F ?6 ,1 <6F26:6 , -+26 ?15+, 76-+ 8<.+5<26=,767-+ J1 ,-6:1 28?:+, :1 ?2+/B+28C 1<87, 6 -+<8 :6 F+-/6-6, , 7+8-+ /63+-C .+ :82C-6 ,8, 1<87, 7+K-+ .+>-8 8<-BC5+ +-7/826=1 9 )60+:-1:; 1<87, .+-9>1: +- -+<8 :6"76?1=8C-6 8, 767-+ 76<6F, =:+*+ .+-*/4B78.“

H-+ -67826 ,6 ./12+?6>1,78-1 =9 :6=1/1:8C: ?6 ,1 24/:174= 1<876 :6 W1/+?+- >/1< ./+,-+:6/+?:6-6 /1>, 31<7/6K:+.+-3+*6-6 8 17,./1,82:6 +- 7+?808B8/6:8C 1<87 :6 XVII 217.(- ,2+C ,-/6:6 I6-+3/86:, 7+K-+ ./121G?6 !"/J*71.<,

0$B :6 !85-4: ./1< 1828, ,51? MQ./1 ?N+ E1: !+/ (1729),!6?6= ?Q D+76G (1748), )98 #6,8: (1755) 8 L67 M1585(1805), ./8<+2626 74= /12+5QB8C 2 :6>8:6 :6 ./121G?6:1 8,1 :6?C26 ?6 ,-6:1 :18: 8:8B86-+/:

„!+*6 58 ?6 ,1 :6?C26=, >1 +.8-4- =8, 67+ :1 ,1+76G1 7/6K:+ :19,.1@1:, 38 =+*45 :C7+K ?1: ?6 ?+21-?1 ?+ /12+5QB8C 2 :6>8:6 :6 ./121G?6:1? P+ 2/1=1-+:6 M’"356:79/ ./12+?8-1 ,1 :6/8>6F6 „:121/:8 F936-28B8“; +--+*626 ?+ ?:1, ,=1 28?158 =:+*+ :121/:8B8,7+8-+ :1 28:6*8 ,6 3858 F93628B8: +--97 =+G1= ?6<675Q>8=, >1 21/:+,--6, ?+/8 8 58@1:6 +- 7/6,+-6,8=6 ,2+C-6 ,-+K:+,-.“

225599

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kairos, ./1,1>:6-6 -+>76 :6 ./12+?6 , ?+7,6--6 :6 ,42/1=81-+):

„$<?626K78 -+<8 1+% ./12+? :6 I17,.8/, ,=C-6=1,>1 -/C326 ?6 +3C,:8= 2 7672+ ,1 ,4,-+C- +-5878-1 =9+- ./1?8@:8-1.P4/2+, -+<8 ./12+? 1 :+2 .+ +-:+@1:81 :6 0+/=6-

-6. '67-+ -24/?8 1?8: 7+=.1-1:-1: 7/8-87 2 C0+6.).. /0.&$-., -+K 1 :6./621: :1 .+ ./12+?6 :6 )N+-9/:N+/,6 .+ -17,-6 :6 I17,.8/. &1 3826 ?6 <63/62C=1, >1./12+?4- :6 )N+-9/:N+/, 8<.+5<26: <6 +,:+26 :6 2,8>-78 .93587926:8 ?+ =+=1:-6 21/,88, ?6-8/6 +- XVIII217: -+26 +<:6>626, >1 .4/28C- 8:-1/./1-6-+/ :6 I17-,.8/ 1 -/C3265+ ?6 :6./628 — 8 1 :6./6285 — ?+,-6+-,-4.78. P/+C285 1 ?+,-6-4>:+ 31<,-/6@81, ./1?,-6-2CK78 :6 -1,:+*/4?6-6 58-1/6-9/:6 7/8-876 +- +:+262/1=1 -16-4/, 7+K-+ :1 ./628 /6<*/6:8>1:81 =1G?97+=8>:+ 8 -/6*8>:+ 8 :6/9@626 <67+:6 <6 -/81?8:-,-2+-+, 31< ?6 ./8362C 74= -1<8 ,8 ?/4<78 ./+C28 8,-85+28 ./1?8<2876-15,-26. ;676 >1 :1 -/C326 ?6 ,19>9?26=1, 67+ ./12+?4- :6 )N+-9/:N+/ 1 8<.45:1: ,.6/60/6<8, 67+ +358>6 =8,45-6 :6 62-+/6 2 -+57+26=:+*+,5+2:8 8</6<8 8 67+ 1 +,-6:65 -+57+26 ?651> +-+/8*8:656. ;/C326 C,:+ ?6 <6C28=, >1 <6 ?6 ,-6:1 24<-=+G1: 3972651: ./12+? :6 I17,.8/, 1 -/C3265+ .4/2+?6 .+31?8 58-1/6-9/:+-+ -1>1:81 +- 1830-6, -4/G1,--2+-+ :6 ,2+3+?6-6 2 .+58-8>1,76-6 +356,- ?6 ,-6:1-4/G1,-2+ :6 ,2+3+?6-6 8 2 58-1/6-9/6-6, -/C3265+ 1:+28C- 1<87, /12+5QB8+::8C- 1<87, 1<874- :6 .+?F+?C-J6-6 ?9=6 8 :6 +3/6<6 ?6 34?1 +7+:>6-15:+ ,4<?6?1:.

226600

E51? 76-+ 21>1 1 24<=+G1: 397265:8C- ./12+? :6I17,.8/, :81 ,1 +.8-6F=1 ?6 *+ :6./628=. M658 ,=19,.158? ;+26 J1 76G1 >8-6-15C-.“

%./+>1= =8,45-6 <6 ,4+-21-,-26J8-1 ,8 1.+F8 8 1<8B876-+ 9,5+281 <6 .+C26-6 :6 8,-8:,78-1 ./12+?8 ,1 8<56*6 8+- 158:8,-6 H=85 H*1/ 2 :1*+26 ,-6-8C <6 ./12+?8-1 :60/1:,78 :6 (=8/ (1846):

„%C/:+ 1 <:6>8, >1 -656:-4- :1 1 ?+,-6-4>1: <6 1?8:9,.1@1: ./12+?. P/+8<21?1:8C-6 +- -+<8 G6:/ ,6,24/<6:8 , 2/1=1-+, 7+1-+ 8= 1 .+?F+G?65+, 8 21?:4G+-=8:65+, -+ /C?7+ ,1 2/4J6. % ?6?1: =+=1:- :6 ,2+-1-+ /6<28-81 ?26 1<876 (8=6= ./1?28? 1<8B8-1 :6 ?26B82858<+26:8 :6/+?6) 8=6- ,F+?:8 >1/-8 8 -6<8 1<87+-26 ./85876 1 .4/2+-+ 9,5+281 <6 9,.1F :6 2,178, 7+K--+ ,1 +.8-6 ?6 ./121?1 +/8*8:651: 62-+/; ?+/8 *1:8C-:1 1 2 ,4,-+C:81 ?6 <6=1:8 -+26 9,5+281.“

E.+/1? :1*+ — 8 , -+26 -+K :68,-8:6 1 ,42/1=1::87 :6„6/F1+5+*8>1,78-1“ ./12+?8 — .1/8+?4- 242 A/6:B8C, 7+K--+ :6K-?+3/1 ,4+-21-,-26 :6 -+<8 :6 (=8/, 1 XIII 858 XIV217; -676 >1 .+1- +- -6<8 1.+F6 :6K-?+3/1 38 ./1215 ./+8<-21?1:8C-6 :6 (=8/. ;+26 ,F26J6:1 J1 34?1 ./85+G1:+ :6./67-876 +- ?26=6 .8,6-158 — )8-/1 8 )N+7+:- ?N+ )85.

" P$=.,$17 1$ 507%7:'$1.< $%,+0, '+0. $#+ ,0<*%$'$ -7 +#$:7 1$-.).7 1$' =.,$,7)<$=1::+ 2 8=1-+ :6 >8-6-158-1, 2 ,-/1=1G6 ,8 ?6 :1 *8

@+78/6-, 6 ?6 8= ,1 F6/1,6- , /63+-6-6 ,8, ./12+?6>8-1 +-./1?8@:8-1 217+21 ,6 <658>62658 >9G?+,--6 8 ,6 ,1 +.8-26-58 ?6 ./121G?6- -676, 767-+ 62-+/4- 38 .8,65 :6 -1F:8C 1<87.P/1< XIX 217 0/1:,78-1 /+=6:-8B8 ,1 +3/4J6- 74= 8?18-1:6 :1=,78-1 ,8 ,4=8@51:8B8: >9G?+-+ :1 -/C326 ?6 ,1 <658->626, 6 ?6 ,1 <6.6<26, ?+/8 -+26 ?6 @+78/6, ?6 +-354,726, ?6:6,8526 .935876-6. ;C 2 7/6K:6 ,=1-76 J1 ,287:1 8 J1 <6-.+>:1 ?6 F6/1,26 -+<8 28? ./12+?8.;6<8 8?1C 1 /6<28-6 :6K-21>1 +- %87-+/ [*+ 2 ./1?*+2+-

/6 74= „:+28C ./12+? :6 I17,.8/“, :6./621: +- ,8:6 =9, 27+K-+ ./+-82+.+,-62C :6 „39/G+6<:8C 279,“ „9:821/,65:8C

226611

?9F“ 8 24<./81=6 39:-6 :6 1<876-B15 ,/1J9 +76<26:+-+ =9:6,8581, ,/1J9 -+26 :6,85,-21:+ 7/42+,=1@1:81 76-+ :1+3-F+?8= 1-6. 2 /1B1.B8C-6 (?6 +-3151G8= 8<.+5<26:8-1 ,85:8?9=8 <6 8</6<C26:1 :6 -+<8 ,354,47 8 -+26 +-F24/5C:1: „+--2/6J626“, „?82+“, „26/26/,78“, „=/6<8“, „C?“, +3/6<6 , 7/4-2+,=1@1:81-+), ./1?@1,-26J +3+*6-C26:1-+; .+?+3:+ :6!6?6= ?N+ E-65, %87-+/ [*+ 28G?6 2 ./12+?6 :6 >9G?8-1.+1-8 ,/1?,-2+ <6 +3+*6-C26:1 :6 :6B8+:65:8C 1<87:

„H?8: ./12+? 28:6*8 .4/2+ ,1 *51?6 +- :6/+?6, :67+*+-+ 1 ?6?1: 76-+ +76<6:+ =9 :6,8581. D9/G+6<:8C-279, ,1 ,4./+-825C26 :6 9:821/,65:8C ?9F.M6 ./121?1@ >9G? .8,6-15 +<:6>626 ?6 92158>8@ :6-

B8+:65:+-+ .+1-8>1,7+ -2+/>1,-2+; -+26 92158>626:1:1 ?+.6?6 :6 -1<8, 7+8-+ ,1 .+5<26- +- :1*+. ;676 1 .+-:1 2 :6>65+-+. P4/26-6 /167B8C 1 :6 39:-. H<874-, 27+K-+ .+ -+<8 :6>8: ,1 ./15826 ?/9*8 8?8+=, ./6282,8>7+ 24<=+G:+, <6 ?6 *+ +-F24/58. P+-74,:+ -+26 J1*+ :6./628 .+-,851:, :+ ?+-+*626 ,1 24<=9J626. &1.+<-:6-8C- 279, *+ +-2/6J626. &1+38>6K:8 8</6<8, :1+>67-26:8 +3/6-8, ?82+ :6F5926:1 :6 :1.+<:6-8 08*9/8 —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“

&6,8581-+ +36>1 1 2<68=:+: ./121G?6:8C- -17,- ([*+ *+-2+/8 .+-,7+/+ <6 ./121G?6: 62-+/) ,1 ,4./+-825C26 :6 ./1-2+?6, .+?+3:+ :6 P/+-1K, ./81=6J F85C?8 9G6,C26J8 0+/-=8, 8 <6 ?6 34?1 +256?C:, -/C326 .4/2+ ?6 ,1 95+28:

„%42 A/6:B8C -+26 1 385+ 2C/:+ <6 (=8/ 8 +J1 .+-2C/:+ <6 I17,.8/. (…) I17,.8/ 1 ,/1? .+1-8-1, 7+8-

226622

-+ :6K-=:+*+ ,1 +-3/6:C26- +- ./12+?6>6. &6,8581-+,+76<26:+ :6 =8-8>:8C P/+-1K, ,8=2+58<8/6 9,8581-+:6 ./12+?6>8-1. ;/9?:6 /63+-6 1 ?6 95+28@ *1:8C.I17,.8/ ,1 ,4./+-825C26 — -/C326 ?6 *+ ./8-8,:1@;I17,.8/ 3C*6 — -/C326 ?6 *+ *+:8@. DC*6 >/1< =8,45--6, 3C*6 >/1< 8<76<6.“

E.+=:C=1 ,8, >1 ./1< XVI 217 H-81: M+51 .+,-62C 76-+<6?45G8-15:+ 9,5+281 256?11:1-+ :1 ,6=+ :6 1<876 :6 ./1-21G?6:8C 62-+/, 6 8 :6 -/1-8/6:6-6 =6-1/8C; [*+ ?+/6<2826-6<8 =8,45: <6 ?6 95+28@ ./121G?6:8C 62-+/, 1 :1+3F+?8=+?6 ./8-1G626@ ,4J8C 9=,-21: 36*6G, 7+1-+ ./1?.+56*6 ?6,8 ./+>15 2,8>7+, 7+1-+ -+K 1 ./+>15, ?6 ,8 9,2+85 2,8>7+,9,2+1:+ +- :1*+. ;676 ./12+?6>4- ,1 ./12/4J6 2 ,2+1*+ /+-?6 ?2+K:87 :6 62-+/6, 7+*+-+ ./121G?6:

„I17,.8/ ,1 ,4./+-825C26 >/1< ,-856; I17,.8/ ,1,4./+-825C26 >/1< 1<876. ;+26 58 1 2,8>7+? &1. ;+K ,1,4./+-825C26 >/1< =1-608<8>:8C ,=8,45; ,4./+-82-5C26 ,1 >/1< 8,-+/8>1,78C ,=8,45; ,4./+-825C26 ,1>/1< 51*1:?6/:+-+. ;+K :1 <:61 =:+*+ :1J6 — -+26 18<21,-:+; .+-=657+ 8<21,-:+ 1, >1 <:61 =:+*+ :1J6.(…) T6 ?6 ,1 2:87:1 2 I17,.8/+28C 24./+, 8, ?+7+5-7+-+ 1 24<=+G:+, -+K ?6 34?1 /6</1@1:, 1 :1+3F+?8=6BC56 38358+-176. (…) $,-8:,78C- ./12+?6> -/C326 ?6./+>1-1 2,8>7+, 7+1-+ I17,.8/ 1 ./+>15. $=6 /63+-68 <6 8<,51?+26-15C :6 8<2+/8-1, 8 <6 +-7/826-15C :6:6F+?78. X1-826-6 :6 I17,.8/ ,6 3858 /6<:++3/6<:88 ?453+78. ;+<8 >+217 :6 2?4F:+21:81-+ 1 385 8 >+217:6 <:6:81-+. "7+ 8,76-1 ?6 *+ +.+<:61-1, :69>1-1 -+26,7+1-+ -+K 1 8<9>6265. &1 1 ?+,-6-4>:+ ?6 ,-1 ./+>158D150+/1, -/C326 ?6 ./+>1-1-1 8 P59-6/F; :1 1 ?+,--6-4>1: !+:-1:, -/C326 ?6 ./+>1-1-1 8 E67,+ R/6=6--87; :1 1 ?+,-6-4>1: H/6<4=, -/C326 ?6 ./+>1-1-1 8P562-; :1 28 ,-8*6 D+76>+, -/C326 ?6 ./+>1-1-1 8 ,21--8 "2*9,-8:. ;/C326 ?6 8<>1-1-1 2,8>78 76:,+:8 82,8>78 06358+, [+: ?N+ D+/?+, W93626-6 L16:, */60?N+ P+6-81, !8/6758-1 :6 D+*+/+?8B6, ./1?6:81-+ <6)8,6:, /+=6:6 :6 %851-, /+=6:,6 <6 E-6/+-+ .65-+.;/C326 ?6 ./+>1-1-1 #+31/- %6,, ;+=6, D/8-6:,78.

226633

;/C326 ?6 ./+>1-1-1 D+1B8K, )1:1F6=, E.1:,4/, !6/-5+9, R650/8? !+:=9-,78, L8531/ ?N+ !+:-/+K, W+-58:@1?, "=8+, MG8/65?8 X8:-8+, P81/ D+6-+, "/-4/D/97, P8/6:?15+, )98?G8 ?6 P+/-+. (…) M6 ,1 /6<31-/1 I17,.8/ — -+26 1 <6?6>6-6. UC56-6 -6<8 :6>1-1-:+,- B158 1?:+-1?8:,-21:+ :1J+ — ?6 ,1 ?+7+,:1= ?+1?8: .+1-. ;6742 1 76=1:8,-8C- .4- 74= -+<8 /6K. (…)'+*6-+ ./+>1-1= 31<3/+K:8-1 7:8*8, 7+8-+ I17,.8/ 1./+>15, 7+*6-+ .81= +- ,4J8-1 8<2+/8, 7+*6-+ .+.81=2,8>7+, , 7+1-+ -+K 1 385 ./+:87:6-, 7+*6-+ ,1 ./124/-:1= 2 -+>:+ 7+.81 :6 =8:65+-+, -676 767-+ -+K *+ 128G?65, 7+*6-+ :69>8= 2,8>7+, 7+1-+ -+K 1 <:615, 7+*6--+ ?+/8 <6.+>:1= ?6 =1>-61= <6 -+26, <6 7+1-+ -+K 1=1>-65, 7+*6-+ ,=158= 2,8>78 -1<8 067-8, BC56-6 -6<88,-+/8C, 2,8>78 -1<8 /6<76<8, BC56-6 -6<8 085+,+08C,7+*6-+ 8<76>8= -6<8 ,-4536 +- -+=+21, J1 34?1= 24<-:6*/6?1:8 , -+26 C-+ 3+G1,-21:8 ,1:78, 7/4G6J+ :6?*5628-1 :8.“

;+<8 ./1?*+2+/ 1 8 8,-8:,78 F8=: 242 24<F2656 :6 ./12+-?6, ,.+,+31: ?6 24<7/1,8 1?8: .+1-, ./8 9,5+281 >1 *+ <6>8-6:

„M6 ./121G?6=1 I17,.8/, ?6 *+ ./121G?6=1 :68,--8:6, , ?+21/81, , +-?626:1, , >1,-:6-6 8 *+/?6 ./+,-+--6 :6 24+?9@1251:81-+, 31< <6+3876578, 31< ./+.9,78,31< :1J+ ?6 ,=17>8= 858 ,7/81=, 31< ?6 *+ <639526=1-6=, 74?1-+ 1 /6<*+51:, 31< ?6 =9 .+,-62C=1 =6,76, 7+-*6-+ 1 8,7/1:, 31< ?6 =9 +-:1=6=1 7+G6-6, <6 ?6 ./8-7/81= .+? :1C 54G8-1 ,8, ?6 *+ ./121G?6=1 31< .6/60-/6<6 — -+26 +*/6:8>1:81 <6 9=6, ?6 *+ ./121G?6=1, 31<?6 9*+?:8>8= ./1? .9/8<=6 242 A/6:B8C 8 .9/8-6:-,-2+-+ 2 ":*58C, ?6 76G1= 8,-8:6-6, BC56-6 8,-8:6 8,6=+ 8,-8:6-6, ?6 ./121G?6=1 -676, 767-+ ,1 ,28?1-15-,-26, ?6 :1 =9 8<=1:C=1, ?6 *+ 2421?1= 2 P6/8G 76-+/621:, 31< ?6 2<8=6=1 ./1?.6<:8 =1/78, +38?:8 <6 -+-<8 *1:8K, ?6 ./1?5+G8= :6 ,/1?:+,-6-8,-8>1,78C 9=,8=6J ./1-1:B8C-6 ?6 ,1 :6/8>6 279,, ?6 ./81=1 -+<8215876: — 1-+ *+! $,76-1 58 *+? M6 :1 ./628= 9*+2+/-78, ?6 :1 ,1 ,/6=926=1 +- 215878C >+217, ?6 *+ ./8<:6-1=, ?6 *+ 608@8/6=1, ?6 *+ +3C28=, ?6 *+ +3:6/+?26=1,

226644

?6 ,-6:1= :1*+26 .54- 8 7/42, ?6 ./81=1= :1*+28C +--.1>6-47, ?6 ,1 8<511= 2 :1*+28C 7654., ?6 =8,58= , :1-*+28-1 =8,58, ?6 *+2+/8= , :1*+28-1 ?9=8, ?6 +-*56,8=I17,.8/ +- 6:*58K,78 :6 0/1:,78 — 7672+ 2158>62+:6>8:6:81!“

$ :67/6C, ./12+?4- 1 ,6=8C- G82+-, ?+/8 24<7/1,1:81-+:

„'+=1:-6/4- .+56*6 I17,.8/ :6 =6,6-6 <6 69-+.,8C,./12+?4- *+ 8<./62C +-:+2+ :6 7/676: ,51? 76-+ ,=1 =9:6./62858 ?8,17B8C, :81 +-:+2+ *+ 28G?6=1 G82.“

;+26, 7+1-+ ./+<8/6 .+? 58/8>1,7+-+ 2?4F:+21:81 :6[*+, 7+K-+, 767-+ 21>1 76<6F=1, :87+*6 :1 1 ./121G?65, 1?453+7+-+ 926G1:81, 38F=1 76<658 ?+/8 >8,-6-6 5Q3+2 74=./121G?6:8C 62-+/; -6<8 =8,45 21>1 1 067-: ./1< XX 217!+/8,-H?*6/ '+6:?/+ <6C2C26: „P/121G?6:1-+ 1 67- :6 5Q-3+2:+ ,4-/9?:8>1,-2+.“

" O701+-,,$, -A%$@$1$ #$,+ ,+=1+-,, #$,+%("-,$1+%<%$17 1$ +0./.1$)$"7+ 21/:+,--6 74= +/8*8:656, >1,-+ .+2-6/CJ+ ,1 .+:C-

-81 2 /6<,4G?1:8C-6 :6 ./12+?6>8-1 +- XVIII 217, 1 3856 :1-C,:+ 0+/=958/6:6 858, :6K-=657+-+, 1 8=656 ./+=1:582++./1?151:81, 217 .+-74,:+ -C ./8?+3826 =:+*+ C,1: ,=8,45:21/:8C- ./12+? 1 -+>:8C- 8 3972651: ./12+?. &6K-?+3/+,28?1-15,-2+ <6 -+26 ,F26J6:1 +-7/826=1 76-+ >1 58 2 +3-@8/:6-6 ,-6-8C <6 ./12+?6, 7+C-+ P81/ )6/9, 275Q>26 2 :1-*+28C U+)<& %-7&.071 07=1.# 1$ XIX %7# (1866–1876). )6-/9, 8<56*6 .4/2+ ,5+G:+,--6 :6 67-6 :6 ./121G?6:1, /6<58>-:8-1 ,F26J6:8C <6 :6>8:8-1 :6 ./121G?6:1 8 24<./+8<21G-?6 ?9658,-8>:6-6 ,F1=6 „31<,-/6,-:6 -+>:+,-“ / :1,.6<26:1:6 ?+,5+2:+,--6. ;+K ,=C-6, >1 .+ +:+26 2/1=1 ./1+356?626./12+?6>1,76-6 ./67-876 +- .4/28C 28?, 7+C-+ 2 7/6K:6,=1-76 1 3856 24<./81-6 8 7+C-+ ,.+/1? :1*+ 1 :6K-?+3/6-6(=1G?9 ?/9*+-+, -+K ,4J+ 7/8-87926 6?6.-8/6:1-+, 76-+.+?>1/-626 .6/6?+7,65:8C =9 F6/67-1/):

„&+ :6K->1,-+ -/C326 ?6 ,1 ./8=8/8= 858 , 0+-+-*/608C-6 8 :1K:6-6 31<,-/6,-:6 -+>:+,-, 858 , -4/,1:1-

226655

-+ :6 7+5+/8-6, :6 +3J+-+ >92,-2+, 2 9J4/3 :6 397265-:+,--6. (--97 8?26- 8 ?21-1 ,8,-1=8. P/824/G1:8B8-1 —21>1 ?+,-6 =65+3/+K:8 — :6 2-+/6-6 -24/?C- (…), >1397265:8C- 507%+' 1 ,6=+ +.67+-+ :6 1?8: *+351:; >1 :139726-6 -/C326 ?6 ,1 ./1?6?1, 6 ,-854-, B21-4-, *1:8C-;>1 39726-6 93826, 6 ?9F4- +G82+-2+/C26; >1 ./121G?6-:1-+ 1 -2+/>1,-2+. (…) $=1::+ 2 -+26 1 *562:8C- :1?+,--6-47 :6 -6<8 ,8,-1=6: 76-+ ./8?626=1 :6 ?/12:8-1 858>9G?8-1 62-+/8 :1J+ +- :6@8-1 >92,-26, :6@8-1 =8,-58, ?+/8 +- :6@8C 1<87, <6 ?6 ,1 F6/1,6=1 .+21>1 :6 >8--6-15C, :81 *8 ./628= :19<:6261=8. &6?C26=1 ,1, >1 .+-+<8 :6>8: -1 J1 ,-6:6- .+-?+,-4.:8: 2,1 1?:+ ?6 76-G1=, >1 7+57+-+ .+21>1 *8 +31<+3/6<C26=1, -+57+26 .+-8<21,-:8 J1 *8 :6./628=. % 7/6K:+-+ ,8 8</6G1:81 .+-?+31: /1<95-6- 2+?8 ?+ 63,9/?, ,-626 ,=1F+-2+/1:. (…)M:1, 8,76=1 +- ./12+?6>6 ?6 :8 ./1?6?1 ./1?8 2,8>7+-+>:+ ./121?1:+-+ ./+8<21?1:81, ?6 24<./+8<21?1, ?+-7+57+-+ 1 24<=+G:+, :1*+28-1 8?18, :1*+28-1 >92,-26,?+/8 8 -1<8 >92,-26 ?6 ,6 +-2/6-8-15:8, 6 8?18-1 — :1-51.8. ;6<8 :+26 ,8,-1=6 1 8<.+5<26:6 +- I6-+3/86: 2:1*+28C 507%+' :6 !"/J*71.<, 0$B :6 !85-4: 8 +-)6=:1 2 ./12+?6 =9 :6 ?+:7-,%71$ #+&7'.< :6 M6:-1.P4/2+:6>65:+ ./1?=1- :6 7/8-878 8 .+?8*/6278, -6<8,8,-1=6 .1>158 2,1 .+21>1 .+??/4G:8B8 8 21>1 1 .+>-81?8:,-21:6-6, 7+C-+ ,1 ./81=6.“

(3+,:+2626K78 ./12+?6>1,78-1 ,8 /1@1:8C 2 ./12+?6 :6D$J-, :6 RN+-1 — 7+K-+ 2./+>1= <6C2C26, 8 -+26 1 :6K-*+-5C=6-6 .+F2656, 7+C-+ 1?8: 62-+/ =+G1 ?6 +-./628 74= ./1-2+?6>6 ,8, >1 „2 -+<8 0/1:,78 ./12+? 2,8>7+ ./8?+3826 :+-2+,-, ,21G1,- 8 ?9F“, — L1/6/ ?N+ &1/265 .51?8/6 <6 21/-:+,--6 74= +/8*8:656, 7+C-+ ./12+?6>4- =9 ?45G8 .+ +-:+-@1:81 :6 -+>:+,--6, ?+/8 8 :1C,:8-1 =1,-6 2 +/8*8:656 ?6+,-6:6- :1C,:8 8 2 ./12+?6; 31<7/6K:+ ,7/+=1: 8 2<8,76-1-51: 74= ,+3,-21:6-6 ,8 /63+-6, -+K ,=C-6, >1 ./12+?4- 1:124<=+G1:; -+26 ,4J+ 1 >1,-+ ,/1J6:+ ,F26J6:1 ./1< XIX217, 7+1-+ 38-926 8 ,1 <6,8526 8 ./1< ,51?26J8C:

„H-+ 1?8: -/1-8 ./12+? :6 D$J-,; -+26, 7+1-+ 1 ,8-*9/:+, 1, >1 :8-+ 1?8: +- -/8-1 :C=6 ?6 ?6?1 .+2+? ?6 76-

226666

G1=: D$J-, 1 ./121?1:! &1 <6J+-+ 8,76= ?6 9./17:6 2:1J+ /63+-6-6 :6 =+8-1 ./1?@1,-21:8B8, <6 ?6 ./87/8C.+-?+3/1 ,+3,-21:8-1 ,8 ,563+,-8, 6 <6J+-+ ,=C-6=:124<=+G1: 1?8: 9?+251-2+/8-151: ./12+? :6 -+26 9?8-28-15:+ ./+8<21?1:81. (…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“ (1828)

I6-+3/86: +-826 ?+/8 .+-?651> 2 6.+5+*8C-6 :6 397265-:+,--6:

„'+57+-+ ?+ ,8,-1=6-6, 8<.+5<26:6 ./8 -+<8 ./12+?,6< ,4= ,1 ./8?4/G65 74= -6<8, 7+C-+ 3CF 24<./815 <60/6*=1:-8-1 +- !85-4:, B8-8/6:8 2 U71.<, 1$ A0.--,.<1-,%+,+. D97265:8C- ./12+? =8 ,1 ,-/926 28:6*8:6K-?+3/8C-: 1?8: ./12+?-.+?,-/+>:87 38 385 :6K-?+3-/+-+, 67+ =+G1F=1 ?6 =9 +-:1=1= ./8=8-82:+,--6.“(D151G78 74= ./12+?6 :6 !"/J*71.<, 0$B, 1828)

$<21,-1: 8 76-+ ./12+?6> :6 P+, D+?51/ ,1 +3C2C26 2 <6-J8-6 :6 „/+3926:1-+“ :6 +/8*8:656, -+57+26 >1,-+ +,4G?6-:+ ./1?8 :1*+:

„A/6*=1:-4- :6 H?*6/ P+, 7+K-+ J1 ./+>1-1-1, ,1+-58>626 .+:C7+*6 , 7/6K:+ -4:78 /6<,4G?1:8C, ?/9*.4- , :1C,:8, 6 +- 2/1=1 :6 2/1=1 — , +,+31:+ ?/4<-78. ;+26 -/C326 ?6 ,1 ./81=1 8 ?6 ,1 ,=15C- :1J6-6 -6-7826, 76728-+ ,6. &81 -/C326 ./1?8 2,8>7+ ?6 ,1 ,-/1-=8= ?6 ,51?26=1 397265:8C -17,-. &C7+8 :1J6 38F6,-6:658 +J1 .+-:1/6<38/61=8, 67+ 3CF /1@85 ?6 .6-/60/6<8/6= 62-+/6, 2=1,-+ ?6 ,1 ./8?4/G6= /63+51.-:+ 74= 39726-6. P/1?.+>1-+F ?6 .8@6 :6 -/9?1:, .+:C-

226677

7+*6 ?+/8 ,-/6:1: 0/1:,78 1<87, <6 ?6 ./1?6= C,:+ 2BC56-6 S ,4J:+,- 085+,+0,76-6 =8,45 :6 H?*6/ P+.“(P/1?*+2+/ 74= ./12+?6 :6 L$/17,.=1+ +,#0+%71.7:6 H?*6/ "56: P+, 1848)

&+ U$0%$1(, :6 P+ -+K ./121G?6 2 ./+<6, .+2-6/CK78?+3/1 .+<:6-8C 0/1:,78 -+.+,, 351,-CJ+ 8<,51?26: +- H08=H-78:?, ,.+/1? 7+K-+ .+1<8C-6 1 :1./12+?8=6 (+,+31:+ 2,-8F+21), .+/6?8 *+51=8-1 /6<58>8C =1G?9 =1-/8>1,78-1 8./+<+?8>:8-1 ,8,-1=8 :6 0/1:,78C 8 :6 ?/9*8-1 1<8B8:

„$<.+5<26: <6 .+1<8C-6, 7654.4- :6 ./+<6-6 1:1,4=:1:+ 9G6,:+ :1,424/@1:, :+ +J1 .+-5+@+ 1 /8-=926:+-+ .+?/6G6:81. X8-6-15C- J1 /6<31/1, >1 :1=+*6 ?6 =9 ?6= -+>:6 ./1?,-626 <6 ?453+7+-+ <5+7+3-:+ <29>1:1, <6 =+J:6-6 =+:+-+::+,- :6 -1<8 ,-8F+21,>88-+ @8/+78 -/+K:8 /8=8 <29>6- 76-+ =156:F+51:76=36:1: <24:.“

$ <6 ?6 <6.45:8 -6<8 ./6<:+-6, ./1?56*6 :6 >8-6-15C ?6?+.45:8 242 24+3/6G1:81-+ ,8 -+26, 7+1-+ -+K :1 =+G1 ?6=9 ./1?+,-628:

„P/8.+=:1-1 ,8 .1,1:-6 :6 :6K-G65:8-1 )6=6/-8-:+28 ,-/+08, :6K-2158>1,-21:8-1 8 ,5+G:8 /8-=8 :6%87-+/ [*+; ?+3621-1 ,.+=1:6 <6 :6K-?15876-:8-1 82,1+3F26-:8 -1/B1-8 :6 ;1+085 R+-81 — :6./8=1/ +-L0$#, -6<8 3/+1:8B6 +- ,-/6F+28-8 #+1=7,.1 <6,=4/--6 8 :8J+-+, 2 7+C-+ -/+K:6-6 /8=6 -676 .54-:+./85C*6 :6 +3,1326J6-6 =156:F+58C — 8 =+G1 38 J1.+59>8-1 ./8358<8-15:6 ./1?,-626 <6 -656:-6 :6 P+76-+ ,-8F+-2+/1B, <6J+-+ 1 8<58@:+, ,=C-6=, ?6 *+2+-/8= <6 24+3/6G1:81-+ =9.“

" F0A7+)+/.=7-#.,7 507%+'.M+21?1: ?+ 7/6K:+,-, ,-/1=1G4- ?6 ,1 ./1?,-628 2 BC56-

-6 =9 ,4J:+,- 1?8: >9G? -17,- 2+?8 ?+ :C7+8 +/8*8:65:8

226688

1 Concetto (8-. — .+:C-81) — +,+31: 28? =1-60+/6, ,24/<26J6 +387-:+21:+ +-?651>1:8 .+:C-8C 8 +3/6<8, =1G?9 7+8-+ :6 ./42 .+*51? :C=6:8J+ +3J+. — D15. ./12.

./12+?8, 7+8-+ ,1 +.8-26- ?6 ./1:1,6- >8-6-15C 2 1.+F6-6 :6

./121?1:8-1 ./+8<21?1:8C, 7+8-+ !6/8 M1579/ :6/8>6 „6/-F1+5+*8>1,78 ./12+?8“ (6 !9:1: — „./12+?8-8,-+/8>1,7824<,-6:+278“): -+26 ,6 ./12+?8-1 :6 !).$'$ +- )N+7+:- ?N+)85 (1866) 8 :6 M6:-128C F' +- )8-/1 (1879).P4/28C- <6.+>26 , 9*0(@71.7 #(& =.,$,7)<, .+?.8,6:+

+- 8<?6-15C, 7+K-+ 8</6<C26 :6=1/1:8C-6 ,8, 76-+ 17,.58B8--:+ ./+-82+.+,-62C -+<8 ./12+? :6 ./1?8@:8-1, +B1:1:8 76--+ :1-+>:8 8 :121/:8 :6 +/8*8:656 8 :1+-/6<C26J8 8,-8:-,78C F6/67-1/ :6 (=8/:

„(-=8:6 2/1=1-+ :6 :121/:8-1 ./12+?8. T6315C<26,1 C2:+ <62/4J6:1 74= -+>:+,--6 :6 ,=8,456 8 397-265:+,--6. ;+26, 7+1-+ ?+./1?8 :C7+57+ *+?8:8 31@1,6=+ /8,7+26: +.8-, ?:1, 1 +,4<:6-6 :1+3F+?8=+,- <62,8>78 8<28,1:8 ?9F+21. #6<2826K78 ,1, 279,4- :6 .93-5876-6 1 ,-6:65 .+->8,-.P/12+?4- :6 !).$'$, 7+K-+ 8<?626=1 ?:1,, J1 ?6?1,

,-/926 :8 ,1, .+-C,:6 8 .+-./62?826 ./1?,-626 <6 (=8-/+2+-+ ./+8<21?1:81, +-7+57+-+ -6<8, 7+C-+ ?626-8<CJ:8-1 21/,88 :6 -+57+26 .8,6-158, :1,4=:1:+ <6-3151G8-15:8 8 +3/6<+26:8, :+ 7+8-+ :1 ,6 ,=1-:658 <6:1+3F+?8=+ ?6 24<./+8<21?6- 2 :1K:8C ,9/+2 8 *1/+8->1: F6/67-1/ .+1<8C-6 :6 ?/12:8-1 /6.,+?8, 8<21,-:8.+? ,438/6-15:+-+ 8=1 (=8/.R+,.+?8: )N+7+:- ?N+ )85 ,1 1 +.8-65 ?6 :6./628

-+26, 7+1-+ 926G61=8-1 =9 ./1?@1,-21:8B8 ,6 ./+-.9,:658 ?6 ,-+/C-.“

#1<95-6-4- 1 :1J+ 76-+ 8,-+/8>1,76 24<,-6:+276, ./12+?,:6./621: :6 0/1:,78 1<87 +- XIII 217, <6J+-+ ,1 ,=C-6, >1E/1?:+217+281-+ 8 /8B6/,78C- 8?165, F6/67-1/4- 8 :/628-1:6 -6<8 1.+F6 ,6 :6K-358<78 ?+ (=8/+28C ,2C-. #1<95-6-4- 1,=17+ 76<6:+, ,-/6:1: 8 ./+8<21?1:81-+ 21/+C-:+ 1 385+?+,-4.:+ ,6=+ <6 @1.6 ./+,21-1:8 >8-6-158.)8-/1 ,1 <61=6 ,4, ,4J6-6 <6?6>6, ./121G?6K78 F' :6

0/1:,78 1<87 +- XIV 217 , *+/?+,--6 :6 .8+:1/ 8 ,4<:6:81--+ <6 =8,8C-6 ,8 :6 9>1:, :+ 8 , :6?1G?6-6 ?6 ,4G828 8:-1-/1,6 74= -+<8 ,.+/1? :1*+ :1,./621?582+ +-=/C5 1<87; ./6-21K78 -+26, -+K 2,1 .67 ,4<:626 /8,7+21-1 ?6 ,1 .8@1 :6

226699

1<87, 7+K-+ :1 38 =+*45 ?6 34?1 +256?C: :6.45:+, ,51? 76-+:1 ,1 8<.+5<26 +- :C7+57+ 2176… 8 >1 -/C326 ?6 ,1 ./121G-?6 :6 ,42/1=1:1: 0/1:,78, <6 ?6 ,1 ?+,-8*:1 ?+ 8,-8:,76-6.935876 (,6= ./8<:626, >1 „.+?+3:+ :6>8:6:81 1 ,6=+ -/9-?+1=7+ <636251:81 <6 1/9?8-“):

„T6J+ 1 :1+3F+?8=+ ?6 ,1 ./121G?6 ,-6/6 8-6586-:,76 .+1=6 :6 -6742 0/1:,78 1<87, 7+K-+ ,6= ,1 :9G-?61 +- ./12+?? ;+<8 24./+, 21?:6*6 J1 ,8 <6?6?6- -1-<8, 7+8-+, .+?-87:6-8 +- 8=1-+ :6 M6:-1 8 =+G1 38 +-5Q3+.8-,-2+, J1 /6<*4/:6- =+C-6 7:8*6. (.8-, ./1-?8<28726J :6 ./42 .+*51? -+57+26 /6?8765:6 /167B8C,,1 :9G?61, ./8<:626=, +- +3C,:1:8C. (…) !+1-+ :6>8-:6:81 :C=6 ./1B1?1:-, +,21: 67+ 74= :1*+ :1 ,1 +-:1-,6- 8 +.8-8-1 :6 P. ). '9/81 8 :1*+28C G+1/, :6 %+-?1/39/ 8 :1*+26-6 H)+,.)'$. (…) (- =:+*+ *+?8:8 ,8=8,5C, >1 242 A/6:B8C, :1,./621?582+ 8 ,51?+26-15:+2 :6@6 2/1?6, ,=1 <6*93858 2,C76726 2/4<76 , 1<876 858-1/6-9/6-6 :6 :6@8-1 ./1?B8. (…) D56*+?6/1:81 :6:6976-6 8 :6 8<,51?+26-15,76-6 ?1K:+,- :6,-4.8 <:6->8-15:6 ./+=C:6. DCF6 8<?6?1:8 =:+*+ -17,-+21; ,4<-?6?+F6 ,1 76-1?/8 (:1?+,-6-4>:+ .+ =+1 28G?6:1). "7+,-/6::+,--6 :6 =+C +.8- :1 +-354,:1 7/8-8B8-1 8 67+-1 :1 ,=1-:6-, >1 +-74,, :6.8,6: :6 ,-6/ ?86517- +-E121/:6 A/6:B8C +- 0/6:B9<8: +- XIX 217, 1 :1?+,-+-1: <6 2:8=6:81-+ 8=, -1 38F6 ./+C2858 8<21,-:+ 5Q-3+.8-,-2+ 74= -+26 767 ,4= ,1 ,./6285 , 1?:6 ?+,-6-4:76 <6?6>6: in tenui labor. P+?+31: ./12+? 1 ,756? <6*/1@78. E424/@1:,-2+-+ 38 385+ -+K ?6 :1 ,4?4/G6:8-+ ?9=6, :8-+ 8</6<, 7+8-+ :1 38F6 ,1 :6=8/658 858:1 38F6 =+*58 ?6 34?6- +-7/8-8 2 -17,- +- 7/6C :6 XIII217 8 +- :6>65+-+ :6 XIV 2., 7+8-+ ,6 8 1.+F6-6 :6M6:-1. &+ *+51=8C- 8<79,8-15, -. 1. ,42/1=1::8C-0/1:,78 1<87, 28:6*8 ./8,4,-26 8 242 2,178 =+=1:-./1?56*6 ,2+C -4K 1,-1,-21: 8<76<, >1 ,1 ./+=4726 :1-9,1-:+ -6=, 74?1-+ :1 38 -/C3265+ ?6 *+ 8=6.“

%,-/6:8 +- -1<8 6/F1+5+*8>1,78 ./12+?8 :1 .+-=657+ 8:--1/1,1: 1 ./12+?4- :6 H/:1,- #1:6: :6 C7-71 1$ 57-1.,7:,-/6::+ 1, >1 ,6=+ 1?:6 *+?8:6 ?158 ./12+?8-1 =9 :6 X+% 8

227700

:6 C7-71 1$ 57-1.,7, :+ ,1 <6315C<26 /6<28-81 2 ./12+?6->1,76-6 =9 ./67-876 (7+1-+ 2./+>1= ,1 +./62?626 ,4, ,5+G-:+,--6 :6 2-+/8C -17,-). &68,-8:6 2 ./1?*+2+/6 74= .4/28C./12+?, .+ .+2+? :6 21>:6-6 ?851=6 :6 ./12+?6>6, /6<74,26:=1G?9 -+26 „?6 34?1 3972651:“ 8 „8<8,726:1-+ ?6 <29>8 ?+3-/1 :6 0/1:,78“, -+K 8<38/6 .+-,7+/+ 2-+/+-+ 8 :1*+2+-+ +.-/1?151:81 <6 21/:+,--6 :6.45:+ ,4+-21-,-26 :6 ,F26J6:8C--6 +- ./1?8@:8C 217:

„%,178 ./12+? 1 :1,424/@1: .+ ,4J1,-2+, -4K 76--+ 1 /1<95-6- :6 7+=./+=8, =1G?9 ?21 ./+-82+.+5+G-:8 8<8,726:8C: +- 1?:6 ,-/6:6, <6?45G1:81-+ ?6 ,8=67,8=65:+ 3972651:, 6 +- ?/9*6 — ?6 <29>8@ :60/1:,78. %-+/+-+ +- -1<8 ?21 8<8,726:8C :1 ?+.9,76,/1?:8 .+5+G1:8C. P/12+?6>4- 1 8<.45:85 <6?45G1-:81-+ ,8 1?26 7+*6-+ 1 8<215 =8,45-6 :6 ,2+C +/8*8:65>/1< ,424/@1:+ ./6285:+ 0/1:,7+ 8</1>1:81. (…) D8=8 385+ =:+*+ .+-51,:+ ?6 ,4= *J#%$)71; :+ 38F 58385 :68,-8:6 %7071, 67+, ./121G?6K78 1?:+ ./17/6,:+./+8<21?1:81, 38F ?65 .+2+? ?6 =8 <6?6?6- 24./+,6,-676 >1,-+ ,/1J6: ./8 ./+>8-6 :6 1?:+2/1=1@:8-1./12+?8 :6 ,-6/+12/1K,78-1 7:8*8: 767 =+G1 62-+/4-:6 -6<8 F93626 7:8*6 ?6 :C=6 <?/62 /6<,4?47?“

P/8 C7-71 1$ 57-1.,7 +36>1 /1@1:81-+ =9 1 … ./+,-+?6 :1 2<8=6 /1@1:81 8 ?6 ./1?5+G8 ?21 /6<58>:8 21/,88 :6./12+?6 ,8. ;+<8 .+?F+? -+K +3+,:+2626 , -/9?:+,--6,./8,4J6 :6 C7-71 1$ 57-1.,7:

„(,+31:6-6 ./8/+?6 :6 -/9?:+,-8-1 2 C7-71 1$57-1.,7 =1 :676/6 ./8 -+<8 +.8- ?6 ,51?26= =657+ .+-/6<58>1: .56: +- -+<8, 7+K-+ 3CF 24<./815 <6 X+%.(…) E4J+-+ ,4+3/6G1:81 =1 :676/6 ?6 24<./81=6 <6+0+/=C:1-+ :6 ./12+?6 .+?F+?, 7+K-+ .4/2+:6>65:+=+G1 38 J1 9>9?8, :+ >8C-+ .+5<6, :6?C26= ,1, J1 34-?1 ./8<:6-6. % -+<8 -+= ./12+?4- 1 +-.1>6-6: ?26 .4--8, .4/28C .4- 31< :87672+ +3C,:8-15:+ ?+.45:1:81 8242 0+/=6, 7+C-+ :1 .+<2+5C26 ?6 ,1 ./1?.+5+G8 <6-=8,454- :6 .+1=6-6, 76-+ 1?8:,-21:8-1 ,47/6J1:8C 2:1*+ ,6 -1<8, 7+8-+ 2:8=6-15:8C- >8-6-15 21?:6*6 J1

227711

<63151G8; 2-+/8C- ./12+? 275Q>26 ,47/6J1:8C-6 8+3C,:1:8C-6, ?+ 7+8-+ ,-8*:6F, 8<,51?26K78 <6=8,456:6 .+1=6-6. "7+ 3CF ,1 <6?+2+585 ,6=+ , .4/26-6 0+/-=6, :C=6@1 ?6 8<.45:C +,:+2:+-+ <6?45G1:81 :6 1?8:./12+?6>, 6 8=1::+ — ?6 ?6= :6 >8-6-15C -17,-, 7+K-+,1 +3C,:C26 +- ,6=+ ,131 ,8. "7+ 3CF ./1?5+G85 ,6=+2-+/6-6 0+/=6, JCF ,./621?582+ ?6 34?6 9./17:6-, >1:656*6= ,2+8-1 ,F26J6:8C 2 ./12+?6 ,8. (…) "24<./81-+-+ +- =1: /1@1:81 :6.45:+ <6>8-6 ,2+3+?6--6 :6 >8-6-15C.“

!676/ >1 =+G1 ?6 ,1 ,.+/8 .+ ./8:B8.6 ?6 :1 ,1 ./6288<3+/ 8 ?6 ,1 ./1?,-62C- ?26 26/86:-6, -+<8 .+?F+? .+:1 *+-2+/8 <6 ,421,-:+ 8 ,1/8+<:+ +-:+@1:81 :6 #1:6:, 7+1-+ =9./628 >1,-. &1*+28-1 ./12+?8 2./+>1= ,6 ./8?/9G1:8 :1 ,6-=+ +- ./1?*+2+/, 6 8 +- .+?/+3:8 6:658<8, 7+8-+ +3C,:C26-:6=1/1:8C-6 :6 ./12+?6>6.

77**22..8844##)),,##

E „2/4J6:1-+ :6 =6F65+-+“ (,.+/1? P+5 (/*51:) ./1<XIX 217 7/4*4- :6 0/1:,78C ./12+? ,1 <6-26/C: ,51? 76-+,+- E/1?:+217+281-+ ?+ XVIII 217, -+K 1 385 .+-,7+/+ .+?->8:1: :6 ,-/1=1G6 <6 ./1?626:1 :6 ,=8,456, 2 ?9F6 :6 /6<-38/6:1-+ :6 U8B1/+: 8 :6 279,6 :6 >8-6-15C, ./12+?4- ,-6-26 .+-3972651:, 21/:+,--6 ,1 24<./81=6 76-+ -+>:+,- 8397265:+,-. '+1-+ :1 2+?8 <6?45G8-15:+ ?+ „.+-21/:8“./12+?8 (76-+ 8<.+5<26=1 ./1?.6<582+ 8 , /1<1/28 -+<8-1/=8:, >81-+ <:6>1:81 =:+*+7/6-:+ ,1 1 ./+=1:C5+ ./1<*+?8:8-1), :+ .+:1 ?+ 8:-1/1,:8 8 =+-828/6:8 +- ,4<?6-1-58-1 8= ./12+?8. $ -676, ./1< ,2+C-6 8,-+/8C 0/1:,78C-./12+? ./1=8:626 ./1< 8<.8-6:81-+ :6 ?21-1 7/6K:+,-8,=8,51: 28:6*8 76-+ +.+<8B8C :6 ?21 ./+-82+.+5+G:+,-8:,2+3+?6 858 <6/+326:1, ,4?4/G6:81 858 0+/=6, ?9F 85839726 8 ./.'672+ 34?1J1 =9 +-/1G?6 XX 217?

227722

**DD""!!EE++**FF**

— CD-rom Didak „l’Histoire de la traduction“, Jean Delisle etGilbert Lafond, université d’Ottawa (nombreuses préfaces detraducteurs : nombreuses préfaces et avant-propos du mémoirede Marie Delcourt : „Etude sur les traductions des tragiquesgrecs et latins en France depuis la Renaissance“, 1925).

— Portraits de Traductrices (C+0,07,. 1$ 507%+'$=#.), sous ladirection de Jean Delisle, Presses de l’université d’Ottawa etArtois Presses université, 2002.

— Portraits de Traducteurs (C+0,07,. 1$ 507%+'$=.), sous ladirection de Jean Delisle, Presses de l’université d’Ottawa,Artois presse université, 1999.

— Le cantique des cantiques, traduit de l’hébreu et commenté par(C7-71 1$ 57-1.,7, ./12+? +- ,-6/+12/1K,78 8 7+=1:-6/ :6)Ernest Renan, Arléa, 1995.

— Le livre de Job (X+%), traduit et commenté par Ernest Renan,Arléa, 1991.

— Georges Mounin, les Belles infidèles, Presses universitaires deLille, 1994.

— Antoine Berman, La traduction ou l’auberge du lointain, Paris,Seuil, 1999.

227733

((&&**))!!AA:: &&''((##!!%%$$"" ##$$## MM'',,++FF**BB&&''((DD XXXX ##((99.. GG++!!AA!!CC''!!HH++** &&'',,99""**99**## ""$$''<<((++(( ++,, ""''((""** &&$$"" ((<<$$##''((GG((++++**

MM''((++<<99** ""((!!''****))

L$#$0, #$#,+ =7-,+ -7 ,%(0'., '$ :.%77& %(% %7-#$ 1$ 507%+'$ . &$#$0, 1$B--7,17, '$ -7 50$%<, +5.,."$ +6.;.$)1+,+ 50."1$%$17 1$ ,$". %$:1$ =+%7Q#$'7B1+-,, #+<,+, #$#,+ "1$7&, 7 6$#, - +-1+%1+ "1$=7-1.7 % -%7,+%1+,+ 5+).,.=7-#+, .#+1+&.=7-#+ . #J)-,J01+ 0$"%.,.7, 5+1<,.7,+ „1$J#$ "$ 507%+'$“ %-7+@7 1<&$ 1.,+ "$'+%+).,7)1$ '76.1.;.<, 1.,+ -750.7&$ +, %-.=#.. I5+07' 7'1.,7, 507%+'+"1$1.7,+,"$ '$ ."5+)"%$&7 1$)$/$@.< -7 %-7 5+-=7-,+ ,70&.1,17 -(@7-,%J%$ . 1<&$ +-1+%$1.< '$ -(@7-,%J%$; '0J-/. A0$1<, ."%7-,1. -(&171.< +,1+-1+ 5+)"$,$ +, 17-/+; -5+07' ,07,. — ,+ .&$ *7"-5+071 A$0$#,70.

FE3KN HGFICKN3U9O9K HZL „E^%#H!H&&$ ;H(#$$ &" P#H%(M"“

EF K9?NK GFK9P (1989)

GG**66$$,,((,,## ))** 00""**22((,,22,,((## ,, ""**66>>,,""//$$**))##))** %%--..**55((,,((## ))** 00""##$$%%&&**

(./1?151:81-+ :6 H?=+: '6/8 <6 XX 2., 76-+ „217 :6 ./1-2+?6“, >1,-+ ,1 8<.+5<26 +- ?/9*8 62-+/81, -4K 76-+ /6<-

28-81-+ :6 ./12+?6 .+ B158C ,2C- ,51? 7/6C :6 P4/26-6, 8 +,+-31:+ ,51? %-+/6-6 ,21-+2:6 2+K:6, 1 <63151G8-15:+ C251:81.

# 8%$;&0'"32 9$%"&0 9%$> 9-%,)2) 9&.&,"')') ,$=)

&6>65+-+ :6 XX 2., .+:1 242 A/6:B8C, 1 .1/8+? :6 ./1-F+? .+/6?8 2+?1J6-6 /+5C, 7+C-+ 58-1/6-9/:8C- ./12+?./+?45G626 ?6 8*/61, 8 F6/67-1/6 :6 =1-6./12+?:8C ?8,79/,

227744

1 &6./8=1/ P+5 (/*51:, ;.,. -(=., ,. 165, ":?/1 '56, (2G. .+-*+/1)858 ":/8 26: W++0, ;.,. -(=., ,. ,. 84, 168, 52.

2 -17,-+21-1 :6 ./12+?6>8-1 — .+21>1-+ +- 7+8-+, 767-+ 8 2./1?8@:8-1 217+21, ,6 .8,6-158 (P/9,-, L8?, )+-8, !656/-=1, '6=Q, H5<6 ;/8+51 8 ?/.).;6<8 2+?1J6 /+5C ,1 356*+./8C-,-26 +- ./+?45G626J6-6

8<?6-15,76 „17,.6:<8C“, <6.+>:656 ./1< =8:658C 217 8./+?45G856 ?+ :1=,76-6 +79.6B8C 8 :65+G1:6-6 -+*626 B1:-<9/6. E4<?626- ,1 =:+*+ :+28 8<?6-15,-26, 7+8-+ J1 8<8*/6C-+*/+=:6 /+5C .+ +-:+@1:81 :6 >9G?6-6 58-1/6-9/6 — 371+-7), D)$&$0.+1, U0$-7, C)+1, I,+# 8 ?/.; :C7+8 +- -CF ,6,24/<6:8 , 58-1/6-9/:8 ,.8,6:8C (76-+ L70#>0 '4+ D0$1- 8U$).&$0 8 ,.. EJ%7) 07%> 60$1-7"); <6.+>26 8<?626:1-+ :6.+-?+,-4.:8 .+/1?8B8, 951,:C26J8 „.+-/1351:81-+“ :6 795--9/6 (./1?@1,-21:8B8 :6 ?G+3:8-1 8<?6:8C, 8<24/@858 8,-8:-,76 /12+5QB8C 2 7:8*+8<?626:1-+ ./1< 50--1 *+?8:8), 76-+L+'701$ *.*).+,7#$ 858 C+5J)<01+ =7,.%+ :6 "/-1= A6C/.!:+*+ ,7+/+ -1<8 8<?6-15,-26 8<58<6- , .+/1?8B8 ,6=+

:6 ./12+?:6 58-1/6-9/6, :6./8=1/ H0(-,+-$1. )(=. (C)+1),H+-&+5+).,71 #$*.17, (I,+#), 9, ;<) -%<, (U$).&$0),O-7)71$ (D$<0), .+5,76-6 8 /9,76-6 .+/1?8B6 :6 U$).&$0 8?/. &C7+8 +- -1<8 .+/1?8B8 ,1 .+5<26- , +*/+=1: >8-6-15,789,.1F 8 ./+?45G626- ?6 8<58<6- 8 ?:1,, 2 XXI 2., .+? ,4J+--+ :68=1:+26:81.% :6>65+-+ :6 XX 2. ,1 ,4<?626- 8 ./1,-8G:8-1 58-1/6-

-9/:8 :6*/6?8, 7+8-+ =:+*+ ,7+/+ <6.+>26- ?6 +76<26- +./1-?15CJ+ 258C:81 24/F9 -8/6G8-1 8 279,6 :6 .935876-6: &+31-5+26-6 :6*/6?6 (1901), :6*/6?8-1 „R+:79/“ (1903) 8 „A1=8:6“(1904), R+5C=6-6 :6*/6?6 :6 A/1:,76-6 676?1=8C (1912), „#1-:+?+“ (1925); .+ -+26 2/1=1 7:8*+8<?626:1-+ 8 7:8*+/6<./+-,-/6:1:81-+ 2421G?6- /1756=6-6 8 =1?8K:8-1 76=.6:88.T6 :6258<6:1-+ :6 >9G?6-6 58-1/6-9/6 ?+./8:6,C :1 ,6=+

39/:6-6 8<?6-15,76 ?1K:+,-, :+ 8 7/8<6-6 :6 0/1:,78C /+-=6:, -676 >1, +- 7/6C :6 XIX 2. ?+ .1/8+?6 =1G?9 ?21-1 2+K-:8, ,1 >1-6- ./1?8=:+ /9,78, 6:*58K,78 8 6=1/876:,78 /+=6-:8, :C7+8 +- 7+8-+ ./121?1:8 ,7+/+ ,51? 8<58<6:1-+ 8= 2+/8*8:65, +- 62-+/8 76-+ ;+5,-+K, M+,-+12,78, P9@78:,;9/*1:12, R+/78, '+:/6? 2 ./12+? :6 L8?, MG+K,, ./121?1:+- %651/8 )6/3+, MG+/?G H584-, ;+=6, W6/?8, W1:/8MG1K=, (=6,+2+-+ ./+:8726:1 :6 >9G?8 /+=6:8 1 F6/67-1/-:+ .+-,.1B865:+ <6 2-+/6-6 .+5+28:6 :6 XX 2., 7+*6-+ A/6:-B8C ,1 <6.+<:626 , 58-1/6-9/8-1 :6 :6/+?8-1 :6 E421-,78C

227755

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

2+?6>8 +- .4/26-6 .+5+28:6 :6 XX 217 /6<7/826, <6 /6<5876+- =:+*+ .+-F+=+*1::8C XIX 217, *+5C=+ /6<:++3/6<81 :6./67-878 8 .+?F+?8, 7+8-+ +-:+2+ ,1 2.8,26- 2 ?9658,-8>:+--+ /6<38/6:1 <6 ./12+?6 8 .+2-6/C- -/6?8B8+::8-1 -+.+,8,24./+,8 8 =1-60+/8.

" C07%+'(, #$,+ 0+*-,%+„P/1.+/4>26= :6 ./12+?6>8-1 =8 :87+*6 ?6 :1 /+3926- :6

=+8-1 ?9=8, :6 =+C-6 0/6<6, ?6 :1 +,-626- ./17651:+ ?45*+:6?21,1:8 :6? /63+-6-6 ,8.“

":?/1 L8?, .8,=+ +- 14 =6K 1928 (:18<./6-1:+)?+ ":?/1 ;1/82

„&C=6 :8J+ .+--/9?:+ 8 .+-=657+ B1:1:+ +- ?+3-/8C ./12+?. ;+K 1 @7+56-6 :6 :6@8-1 :6K-*+51=8 .8-,6-158 +- =8:65+-+. ;6<8 ,-/6:8B6 :6 M’"356:79/ 1B1::6 ,6=6 .+ ,131 ,8 8 2,8>7+ 2 :1C <29>8, .+:1 <6=+1-+ 9F+, 76-+ :6K-<624/@1:6-6 8 ,424/@1:6 =9<8-76, +?9@12C2656 :C7+*6 :6@8C 1<87. ;C 1 8</6< :6./1?,-626-6 =8 <6 ?+34/ ./12+?, 7+K-+, <6 ?6 1 -+>1:,-/C326 :1 ?6 1 3972651:, 6, :6./+-82 — ?6 +->8-6 8:6K-:1<63151G8=8-1 :Q6:,8 :6 ,-+K:+,-8-1, , ?/9*8?9=8 — ?6 34?1 8,-8:,7+ ./124.54-C26:1.“

P+5 '5+?15 .+ .+2+? :6 ./12+?6 :6 „$,-+/8C“ :6;6B8-, 2 ./12+? :6 P1/+ M’"356:79/, 1911

„T6J+-+, :1<628,8=+ ?658 ,-626 ?9=6 <6 ./+<6 858<6 .+1<8C, BC5+-+ .8,6-15,7+ 8<79,-2+ ,1 ,4,-+8 2 -+-

227766

26, :6 8?1C-6 8 >92,-2+-+ ?6 ,4+-21-,-26- /8-4=4- 87+58>1,-2+-+ :6 8</1>1:8C-6, <2974-, B21-4- 8 279,4-:6 ?9=8-1 8 8=1::+ -+26 ?15876-:+ /62:+21,81, -1<8F6/=+:88, 7+8-+ ./12+?6>4- :18<31G:+ /6<56*6 8 /6<-/9@626, <6J+-+ /+3926 :6 397265:+,--6 8 9,.C26 ?6./1?6?1 :6 ,2+C 1<87 =8,45-6, :+ :1 8 :1K:6-6 =9<8-765:+,-, :1 8 -+26 ?/13:+ :1J+ — ,-856. (--97 ,51?-26, >1 .+>-8 =+G1 ?6 ,1 -24/?8, >1 ?+3/8 ./12+?6>88=6 ,6=+ :6 .+,/1?,-21:8 .8,6-158.“

L+<10 D1?81, ./1?*+2+/ 74= 7/8-8>1,7+-+ =98<?6:81 :6 „P1,1: <6 #+56:?“, 1921

„T6 ?6 ,1 <6F/6:26- -1<8 .+/1?8B8, 8=6 BC56 6/=8C76-+/G:8B8 :6 .1/+-+, 7+8-+, , /1>:87 858 31< /1>-:87, ./121G?6- 58, ./121G?6-. #1?+= , 0/6:B9<8-1,:C7+8 +- 7+8-+ ,6 28?:8 .8,6-158 858 ./+01,+/8, 8=68 =:+*+ >9G?1:B8, 31G6:B8 8 ?/9*8. $=6 8 178.8, 7+-8-+ ,8 /6<./1?15C- <6?6>8-1: 1?8: +-F24/5C */936-6/63+-6, ?/9* .+./62C ,=8,5+28-1 8 */6=6-8>1,78-1*/1@78, -/1-8 8<*56G?6 -17,-6. &658 8 6=1/876:,78C-.6=97 8 62,-/658K,76-6 245:6 ./1=8:626- ./1< :C7+5-7+ /4B1 8 =6@8:8?“

P81/ )+/,+:, I,J'.., -. 218, 20 =6/- 1934

$ -97 ,1 +,4G?6 1?:6 ?+,-6 9,-+K>826 ./67-876, 7+C-+,767-+ ,8 ,.+=:C=1, 1 3856 +38>6K:6 8 ./1< E/1?:+217+281--+… !+G1= ?6 +-3151G8= 8 .+C26-6 :6 8<8,726:8C 74= ,6-=8-1 ./12+?6>8 8 :6 =8,45-6, >1 ,/1? -CF 8=6 ./+01,8+:6-58,-8 8 ?851-6:-8. ;+26 ,.+=1:626 :6./8=1/ 8 ":?/1 L8?(, 7+1-+ ./8.+=:C, =1G?9 ?/9*+-+, 1?8: +- .+,-956-8-1 :6H-81: M+51):

„O28, 767-+ 281 ,42,1= 9=1,-:+ +-315C<26-1, ./1-2+?8-1 ./+?45G626- ?6 34?6- 24<56*6:8 :6K->1,-+ :6F+/6 +- 2-+/6 /476, >81-+ ?+3/+ G156:81 :1 =+G1 ?6<6=1,-8 :1?+,-6-4>:+-+ 9=1:81. H?8: ?+34/ ./12+?6>-/C326 ?6 256?11 1<876 :6 ./121G?6:8C 62-+/, :+ +J1.+-?+3/1 -/C326 ?6 256?11 ,+3,-21:8C ,8 1<87, 7+1-++<:6>626 :1 ,6=+ ?6 34?1 2 ,4,-+C:81 ?6 .8@1 ./6285-:+ :6 :1*+, 6 ?6 .+<:626 :1*+28-1 -4:7+,-8, .+?28G-

227777

:+,-, ,7/8-8 24<=+G:+,-8, 7+1-+ =6K 9=11 ,6=+ ./+-01,8+:65:8C- .8,6-15. X+217 :1 =+G1 8=./+28<8/6:+?6 ,-6:1 ./12+?6>.“

P8,=+ +- 14 =6K 1928 (:18<./6-1:+)?+ ":?/1 ;1/82

" 3.A+,+&1$,$ &.-() "$ 507%+'$ („.).-.).“)„% 76726 ,-1.1: 0+/=6-6 :6 1?8: ./12+? -/C326 8

=+G1 ?6 ,1 +./1?15C +- ?9F6 :6 1?:+ ./+8<21?1:81, 76--+ .+? „?9F“ /6<38/6=1 :1*+26-6 63,+5Q-:6 ,-+K:+,-,:1<628,8=+ +- :1.+,-+C::8-1, ./+=1:5828 ,-+K:+,-8:6 1<87+28-1 858 ,-85+28 +3/6-8 858, 67+ ./1?.+>8-6--1 — +- ?8:6=876-6 :6 ./+8<21?1:81-+? E ?/9*8 ?9=8,-/C326 58 ./12+?4- ?6 8=6 ,6=+ <6 B15, +,-626K78 397-265:+ -+>1:, ?6 ./1?626, :1 76<26= ?9=6 .+ ?9=6, :+=C/6 <6 =C/6, 1?:+ >9G?+ ./+8<21?1:81? $58, *51?6K-78 .+-?651>1, +- -+26 ./+8<21?1:81, /6<*51G?6:+ 2 :1-*+26-6 ?8:6=876 — :1<628,8=+ +- :1*+28C 62-+/, 1.+-F6, ?+/8 ,-85 — ?6 ,1 ,-/1=8 ?6 8<251>1 :6K-*+5C=6-6=9 =+J, =67,8=9=6?“

!6/7 I6?9/:, Les Cahiers du Sud, 6./85 1927

" I07@J 7,1+;71,0.=1.< 1$=.1 1$ 507%7:'$17&C7+8 ./12+?6>8 8<.+5<26- 8</6<8, 7+8-+ ./1./6J6- 74=

I56K1/=6F1/:

„%4./178 :C7+8 +,-6:78 +- =8:65+-+ +-=8:6 2/1-=1-+, 7+*6-+ ?6 ,1 ./121G?6 +<:6>626@1 ?6 ,1 <6*/6381?:+ ./+8<21?1:81, ?6 ,1 /6<06,+26, ?6 ,1 +-?15C- .+-08:8-1 .6/>1-6, 6 ,=C-6:8-1 , .+-:8,7+ 76>1,-2+ —?6 ,1 8<F24/5C-, ,51? -+26 -+ ?6 ,1 <6@81 +-:+2+, ?6,1 *6/:8/6 8 6/6:G8/6 ,.+/1? 8<8,726:8C-6 :6 7581:--6. „P/121?1:8-1“ .+ -+<8 :6>8: 62-+/8 3826F6 58@6-26:8 +- ,+3,-21:6-6 ,8 08<8+:+=8C, 279,, 7+5+/8- —7+8-+ 3CF6 ,=C-6:8 <6 „26/26/,78“, ?6 :1 38 ?6 ,1 <6-,1*:1 -+26 >9?+ :6 ?15876-:+,--6 8 >8,-+-6-6 —279,4- :6 0/1:,76-6 .935876 8 ,1=1K:6-6 356*+./8,--+K:+,-.“

)1+: D6<65G1-, Les Cahiers du Sud, 6./85 1927

227788

„&81, 7+8-+ -4/,8= ./1?8 2,8>7+ /6<58>8C-6 8*/8G582+ ,1 ,-6/61= ?6 *8 ,4F/6:8=, :1 =+G1= ?6 /6<-31/1= 2/1=1:6-6, 2 7+8-+ ./12+?4- 1 8=65 <6 B15 ?691?:6728 2,8>78 ./+8<21?1:8C, ?6 ./1?,-628 1?8:(=8/, 2 7+K-+ :1 1 +,-6:65+ :8J+ +- (=8/, 1?8: E+-0+745, ./858>6J :6 5+@ #6,8:, <6J+-+ :1 =+G1 ?6 ,18=8-8/6 -+26, 7+1-+ 1 ?+3/+. (…) $ ,4= 931?1:, >1 -1-<8 ./12+?6>8 :1 ,6 3858 2+?1:8 +- :C76728 -4/*+2,78,4+3/6G1:8C 858 +- :C7672+ ?+5:+./+3:+ :6B8+:65:+9*+?:8>1,-2+, 6 :6./+-82 — +- ,-/1=1G6 ?6 ./8358-G6- >9G?+-+ ?+ :6,, ?6 :6=1/C- +3J8 >1/-8 858 „+3J1<87“ . &1 =+G1 ?6 8=6 +36>1 „+3J 1<87“, +,21: 67+ :1:6./628@ 2,8>78 24<=+G:8 +-,-4.78 8 :1 ,1 +-76G1@+- :6K-,4J:+,-:+-+ 2 ,131 ,8. (…)X8-6-15C- -/C326 ?6 8<8,726 -+>:8 8 .45:8 ./12+-

?8 8 ?6 ./1?.+>8-6 9?+251-2+/1:81-+ ?6 +-7/81 1?:+./+8<21?1:81, 7+1-+ .+ :8J+ :1 ./858>6 :6 -+26, :67+1-+ 1 ./8287:65, ./1? 51,:+-+ 9?+2+5,-281 +- ./+->8-6:1-+ :6 7:8*6, +,676-1:6 8 +31<+3/6<1:6, <6 ?6 34-?1 ./8358G1:6 ?+ :1*+28-1 :628B8.“

!8@15 D/8+:, Les Cahiers du Sud, 6./85 1927

" O 50+"$ ). '$ -7 507%7:'$ .). % -,.A+%7?(M136-4- =1G?9 ": M6,81 8 )6 !+--O?6/ ,42,1= :1 1

./875Q>85! ;+K J1 34?1 .+?1- , :+26 ,856, +7+5+ @1,-?1,1-*+?8:8 .+-74,:+, +- H08= H-78:? 2 -/9?6 =9 <6 ./12+?6 :6.+1<8C1 2 ,-8F+21, 7+K-+ .+76<26, >1 -+<8 ./12+? 1 24<=+-G1:, :1<628,8=+ +- /6<58>8C-6 =1G?9 =1-/8>1,78-1 ,8,-1-=8, :1<628,8=+ +- 0/1:,76-6 -/6?8B8C.)

„M658 1?8:,-21:+-+ /1@1:81 :1 1 ?6 ,1 ./121G?6 2,-8F+21? — &+ 7+57+ .47 :1-+>:+,-8 J1 8=6 -+*626,.+/+?1:8 +- 8<8,726:8C-6 :6 =1-/876-6! $58 .47 2/8-=926:6 ./+<6? — &+ .47 1 +.6,:+ ?6 ,28/8@ :6-+57+26 :1<6?+2+58-151: 8:,-/9=1:-, -4K ,563+ .+<-:6-! %,4J:+,- =65B8:6 ,6 ,1 +.8-2658 ?6 *+ :6./62C-;

227799

1 Efim Etkind, Un art en crise, essai de poétique de la traduction poétique(N'1+ ."#J-,%+ % #0."$, +5., "$ 5+7,.#$ 1$ 507%+'$ 1$ 5+7".<), )+<6:6,L’Age d’homme, 1982.

?+ -+<8 =+=1:- 242 A/6:B8C =+G1= ?6 +-3151G8= ,6-=+ ./12+?8-1 :6 (=8/ 2 ,-8F+21 858 2 ./+<6. E-/6:-:+-+ 1, >1 ./+-82:+ :6 -+26, 7+1-+ ,1 :635Q?626 ./8+,-6:658-1 .8,6-158, ./12+?8-1 2 ,-8F+21 ,6 :6K--+>-:8, :+ 8 :6K-36:65:8, ./12+?8-1 2 ./+<6 ,6 :6K-,2+-3+?:8 8 :6K-+/8*8:65:8.“

P+5 !6<+:, 2 ./12+?6 =9 :6 „$586?6“, 1937

" E7"$*7)7:.&+-, 1$ 507%+'$: '$ -7 507%7:'$ ,$#$,#$#,+ *. 5.-$) 1$ 6071-#. 7".# -$&.<, $%,+0;50+,.% *J#%$)1.< 507%+'

„E-/1=1G4- 74= 397265:+,-, ,6= .+ ,131 ,8 >9?1-,1:, 7+K-+ 2 ?:1@:+ 2/1=1 76-+ >1 58 8<=1,-26 2,8>-7+ +,-6:65+, .+:C7+*6 1 ?+,-6 <5+.+59>1:. ;4K 76-+./1?8 :C7+57+ *+?8:8 =8 ,1 :65+G8 ?6 ,1 <6:8=626=?+,-6 ?45*+ , ./12+?8-1 :6 '+:/6?, .+:C7+*6 .+.6-?6F :6 -+57+26 ,421,-:8 8 -+>:8 ./12+?8, >1 -/C326-@1 ?6 34?6- ./1:6.8,6:8 — 8=1::+ .+/6?8 -CF:6-6397265:+,- 0/1:,78C- 1<87 ,-626@1 :1/6<38/61=858 :6K-=657+-+ *931@1 ,+3,-21:8-1 ,8 76>1,-26.E=C-6= <6 63,9/?:+ -67+26 27+.>26:1 2 -17,-6; .+2--6/C= — :1 ,-626 ?9=6 ?6 ,1 ./1?6?1 ,6=+ ,=8,454-;26G:+ 1 ?6 ,1 ./121G?6- :1 ?9=8, 6 8</1>1:8C 8 ?6 ,18</6<C- :6.45:+ =8,45-6 8 >92,-2+-+, -676 767-+ 38*+ :6./6285 62-+/4-, 67+ *8 31@1 :6.8,65 :6./62+:6 0/1:,78, 7+1-+ =+G1 ?6 ,-6:1 ,6=+ , :1./174,:6--+ F8-/926:1, , :1./174,:6-8 +-75+:1:8C 8 >1,-+ ,*+5C=+ +-?651>626:1 +- +387:+21:6-6 397265:+,-.%,178 .4-, 7+*6-+ =8 ,1 1 ,59>265+ ?6 ./121G?6=,,4= 8=65 <6 ./6285+ :6.45:+ ?6 <63/62C <6 ,131 ,88 ?6 ./121G?6= 62-+/6 -676 767-+ -+K 38 G1565 ?634?1 ./121?1: 858 767-+ 38F 8,765 6< ?6 34?6 ./121-?1:, -. 1. :1 397265:+.“

":?/1 L8?, P8,=+ +- 14 =6K 1928(:18<./6-1:+) ?+ ":?/1 ;1/82

# B.$0,&$''"2$ 9%&5$'"&6,-4.858-1 ,51? 2+K:8-1 2 B158C ,2C- <:6>8=8 8 ?453+-

78 ./+=1:8 — 87+:+=8>1,78, 8?1+5+*8>1,78 8 ,+B865:8, :1+,-62C- :1<6,1*:6- 8 ./12+?6, +,+31:+ J+ ,1 +-:6,C ?+ 7+=9-

228800

:876B8+::6-6 =9 /+5C 8 =1-6./12+?:6-6 ?1K:+,-, 7+8-+ ./8-?+3826- .4/2+,-1.1::+ <:6>1:81.#6<28-81-+ :6 =1G?9:6/+?:8-1 +-:+@1:8C, ,8=.+<89=8-

-1 8 7+:*/1,8-1, ,4<?626:1-+ :6 *+51=8-1 =1G?9:6/+?:8 +/-*6:8<6B88, 8<.+5<26J8 :C7+57+ +08B865:8 1<876, /6<?151-:81-+ :6 ,21-6 :6 ?26 6:-6*+:8,-8>:8 56*1/6 =1G?9 1945 81989 *. 2+?C- ?+ 8,-8:,78 39= :6 ./12+?6 2 Q/8?8>1,76-6,-1F:8>1,76-6, -4/*+2,76-6, :69>:6-6 8 ?/. +356,-8, 767-+ 8?+ .+C26-6 :6 7+:01/1:-:8C ./12+? (./1< 1919 *., ,51? 7/6C:6 P4/26-6 ,21-+2:6 2+K:6), 6 ,51? -+26 8 :6 ,8:F/+::8C./12+? (.+C285 ,1 ./1< 1927 *., :+ :625C<45 2 ./67-876-6 .+2/1=1 :6 &Q/:31/*,78C ./+B1,, ,51? 7/6C :6 %-+/6-6 ,21--+2:6 2+K:6). D9=, 7+K-+ ./8?+3826 +J1 .+-*+51=8 =6J638,4, ,4<?626:1-+ :6 H2/+.1K,78C ,4Q< 8 .+,-1.1::+-+ =9/6<@8/C26:1.;6<8 8,-8:,76 /12+5QB8C 2 ./12+?:6-6 ?1K:+,-, ,24/<6-

:6 , -1F:8>1,78C ./+*/1,, ?+21?1 ?+ ,4<?626:1-+ :6 =6@8:-:8C ./12+?, ./1,1>:6 -+>76 :6 8:0+/=6B8+::8-1 -1+/88, 8<-79,-21:8C 8:-1517-, 58:*28,-876-6 8 8:0+/=6-876-6. ;C :1-8<31G:+ ?+21?1 8 ?+ ./+=C:6 2 ,-6-9-6 :6 ./12+?6>6, 7+K-+21>1 1 „./+01,8+:658,-“ (275Q>8-15:+ 8 58-1/6-9/:8-1./12+?6>8, 7+8-+ 2 .+21>1-+ ,59>68 :1 ,6 .8,6-158). P/12+-?6>8-1 <6.+>26- ?6 ,1 +31?8:C26- 2 6,+B86B88 8 ,8:?876-8;242 A/6:B8C A/1:,7+-+ ?/9G1,-2+ :6 ./12+?6>8-1 (Sociétéfrançaise des Traducteurs — SFT), ,4<?6?1:+ ./1< 1947 *.,+31?8:C26 0/1:,78-1 ./12+?6>8, :1<628,8=+ +- +356,--6, 27+C-+ /63+-C-, 8 -1F:8C ,-6-9- (F9?+G1,-21:6, -1F:8>1,76,./62:6 58-1/6-9/6, <6751-8 ./12+?6>8, ./12+?6>8 :6 ,2+3+?-:6 ./67-876 8 ?/.). P/1< 1973 *. ,1 ,4<?626 ",+B86B8C-6 :658-1/6-9/:8-1 ./12+?6>8 242 A/6:B8C (Association des tra-ducteurs littéraires de France — ATLF), 7+C-+, 767-+ 58>8 +-:68=1:+26:81-+ S, <6J8-626 .+-,.1B865:+ 8:-1/1,8-1 :658-1/6-9/:8-1 ./12+?6>8 8 .+??4/G6 -C,:+ ,4-/9?:8>1,-2+, ",+B86B8C-6 „'+:*/1, :6 58-1/6-9/:8C ./12+? 2 "/5“(Assises de la Traduction Littéraire en Arles — ATLAS), .+-,.1B865:+ ./8 +/*6:8<8/6:1 :6 -/6?8B8+::8C '+:*/1, :658-1/6-9/:8C ./12+?, 7+K-+ +- 1978 *. :6,6= ,1 ./+21G?61G1*+?:+ 2 */. "/5. ;1<8 +/*6:8<6B88 8=6- ,2+1 ,+3,-21:+8<?6:81: SFT 8<?626 Traduire +- 1954 *., 6 ATLF, ,42=1,-:+, ATLAS, 8<?626 TransLittérature +- 1991 *. O>/1?1:8 ,6 =:+-

228811

*+ :6*/6?8 <6 58-1/6-9/1: ./12+?: ./1,-8G:6-6 :6*/6?6„"5.1/8: '6=8:,78“ :6 M/9G1,-2+-+ :6 58-1/6-+/8-1(Société des Gens de Lettres) +- 1937 *. ,1 2/4>26 <6 BC5+,--:+ -2+/>1,-2+, :6*/6?6-6 „&158 T67,“ (<6 ./12+? :6 .+1<8C),:6*/6?6-6 „"=1?1 P8@+“ :6 */. "/5 (<6 ,42/1=1::+ ./+8<-21?1:81), :6*/6?6-6 „R9531:7C:“ (<6 .+/-9*65,76 .+1<8C),„M17921/-“ (<6 :6>8:61J ./12+?6>), „L1/6/ ?N+ &1/265“ (<6:1=,7+ ./+8<21?1:81, +31?8:1:6 , :6*/6?6-6 „P+5 E156:“,2/4>26:6 +- :1=,76 7+=8,8C), „D+?51/“ (<6 :6K-?+34/ ./1-2+? :6 ./+8<21?1:81, >8K-+ 62-+/ 1 3/8-6:1B 858 +- D/8-6:-,76-6 +3J:+,-), „!+/8, H?*6/ '+6:?/+“ (<6 ./12+? +- 6=1-/876:,78), „#+G1 '6K+6“ (./12+? :6 56-8:+6=1/876:,7+./+8<21?1:81), „;/8,-6: U6/6“ (<6 ./12+? +- 9:*6/,78 :60/1:,78, <61?:+ , :6*/6?6-6 „RQ56 $51@“, ./8,4G?6:6 2O:*6/8C <6 ./12+? :6 0/1:,76 -2+/36), R+5C=6-6 :6B8+:65:6:6*/6?6 <6 ./12+?, ,4<?6?1:6 ./1< 1985 *. +- !8:8,-1/,-2+--+ :6 795-9/6-6 8 275Q>1:6 ,51? 1998 *. 74= R+5C=6-6 :6B8-+:65:6 :6*/6?6 <6 58-1/6-9/6 8 ?/.;6<8 ./+01,8+:658<6B8C ,1 ,4.4-,-26 +- ,4<?626:1-+, 2

:C7+57+ 9:821/,8-1-6 2 P6/8G 8 ./+28:B8C-6, :6 ./+*/6=8<6 +39>1:81 .+ ./12+? —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éseau Européen des Centres de Traducteurslittéraires), >81-+ ,1?658J1 1 2 ,*/6?6-6 :6 '+51*89=6 2 "/5.!676/ /6<:++3/6<C26:1-+ :6 ./12+?:6-6 ?1K:+,- ?6 1

,/1? +,:+2:8-1 ./+=1:8, :6,-4.858 ./1< 2-+/6-6 .+5+28:6:6 XX 2., 58-1/6-9/:8C- ./12+? :1 +-,-4.26 .+<8B88-1 ,8 8:1 8*/61 /+5C-6 :6 „31?1: /+?:8:6“, ?+/8 8 62-+/8-1 =9-/9?:+ ?6 ,1 8<F/6:26- +- :1*+, :1<628,8=+ +- 8<2+Q26:8-1,:6K-21>1 +- ATLF, ./8?+38278. &6B8+:65:8C- B1:-4/ <6 58--1/6-9/6, ,4<?6?1: ./1< 1973--6, ./18=1:926: ./1< 1993--62 &6B8+:651: B1:-4/ <6 7:8*6-6, +-.9,76 ,93,8?88 8 ,-8-

228822

.1:?88 767-+ <6 ./12+?6>8, -676 8 <6 8<?6-158, 7+1-+ .+<2+-5C26 :6 .+-,563+ /6<./+,-/6:1:8-1 58-1/6-9/8 ?6 34?6-./1?,-621:8 242 A/6:B8C. [&HE'( ,4J+ +76<26 .+?7/1.62 -6<8 :6,+76. !1G?9 1980 8 2000 *. 2:+,4- :6 >9G?1,-/6:-:8 7:8*8 242 A/6:B8C ,1 1 92158>85 -/8 .4-8 8 ,/1? 8<?626-:8-1 /+=6:8 242 A/6:B8C 1?:6 -/1-6 ,1 .6?6 :6 >9G?8-1./+8<21?1:8C. &6K-=:+*+ ,1 ./121G?6 +- 6=1/876:,78 (56%), ,51? -+26 +- 6:*58K,78 (18%), +- 8-6586:,78 (12%), +-:1=,78 (5,6%) 8 +- 8,.6:,78 (2,5%).)8-1/6-9/:8C- ./12+? ,4J+ ,1 /6<:++3/6<8 2 <:6>8-15:6

,-1.1:, <6J+-+ +,21: F9?+G1,-21:8 ./+8<21?1:8C <6 24</6-,-:8 8 <6 ?1B6 8 Q:+@8 (.+,51?:8-1 ./1?,-625C26- <:6>8-1-51: .6<6/1: ,1*=1:-), ,1 ./121G?6- 8 7:8*8 2 +356,--6 :6 F9-=6:8-6/8,-876-6, 7/8-876-6, /158*8C-6, 8<79,-2+-+, ./67--8>:8 >1-826, 9>13:8 .+=6*656, 67-965:+-.9358B8,-8>:87:8*8 8 ?/.

;; ((''""55##))## ))** „„))**<<44))%%55((““

;+26, 7+1-+ ,4, ,8*9/:+,- F6/67-1/8<8/6 ./12+?6 ./1<XX 2., +,+31:+ ,51? 60--1 *+?8:8, 1 -4/,1:1-+ :6 :1*+28-1:69>:8 8<=1/1:8C, :6 1.8,-1=+5+*8>:+-+ =9 .+51, .+? 356-*+./8C-:+-+ 24<?1K,-281 :6 ,-/97-9/658<=6 2 58:*28,-876--6 8 58-1/6-9/6-6, .+<2+585 :6 -1<8 -C,:+ ,24/<6:8 , ./12+-?6 ?8,B8.58:8 ?6 :6=1/C- ,+3,-21:6-6 ,8 :69>:+,-.% ,-6-8C-6 ,8 „% <6J8-6 8 ./+,5626 :6 ./12+?6>1,7+-+

8<79,-2+“, 8<?6?1:6 ./1< 1949 *. 2 La Nouvelle Critique, H?-=+: '6/8 8<-4726 :1+3F+?8=+,--6 +- ,4<?626:1 :6 -1+/1--8>:8 +,:+28 :6 ./12+?6:

„'+57+-+ ?+ „#6<,4G?1:8C-6“ 242 21,-:8B8-1 8,.8,6:8C-6, -1 :18<=1::+ ,1 <6?+2+5C26- , 8<76<26:1:6 ?2+K:6-6 +>128?:+,-: „$<3C*26K-1 ?6 ./121G?6-1?9=6 .+ ?9=6: :1 ,1 +-?651>626K-1 ./17651:+ +- -17,--6“, -. 1. ?+ ?/13:62 -1F:8>1,78 ,421-, ./8?/9G1: 74-?1 .+21>1, 74?1 .+-=657+ , :C7+8 „.6:68/?G8K,78 -/8-7+21“. '6-+ >1 58 242 2/1=1, 2 7+1-+ ,1 /+C- ./12+?6->8-1 +- 2,C76742 28? — :6 F9?+G1,-21:6, :69>:6, -1F-:8>1,76, Q/8?8>1,76 8 ./. 58-1/6-9/6, 2 .1>6-6, /6?8-+-+ 8 78:+-+ (,.1B8658,-8 .+ ?865+<8-1 8 6?6.-6B8C-

228833

-6), 9,-:8 ./12+?6>8 (+- ,7/+=:8C >8>1/+:1 ?+ ,.1B8-658,-6 .+ ,8:F/+:1: ./12+?), /63+-1J8 :6 <6.56-6858 :6 F+:+/6/, :6 ./+B1:- 858 :6 ?+*+2+/, — ,6=6-6?9=6 -1+/8C <29>8 +-354,726J+1.“

E=C-6 ,1, >1 -1/=8:4- ,0$'J#,+)+/.< (./12+?+<:6:81) 12421?1: ./1< 1972 *. +- 76:6?1B6 D/6K4: W6/8,. (./1?151-:81-+ =9 -4/.8 /6<58>:8 ./+=1:8: .4/2+:6>65:+ ,1 1 8<.+5-<265 <6 8</6<C26:1 :6 58:*28,-8>:8C .+?F+? 74= ./12+?6,:+ -+26 34/<+ ,1 +,.+/26 +- 8<,51?+26-158, /63+-1J8 2 ?/9-*8 +356,-8. '67-+ J1 28?8= .+-:6-6-47, ?:1, .+:C-81-+ .+7-/826 ?+,-6 /6<58>:8 .+?F+?8 74= 8<9>626:1-+ :6 ./12+?6.H?:6 +- 1.8,-1=+5+*8>:8-1 :+2+,-8 2 7/6C :6 XX 2. 31 .+C-26-6 :6 ./+351=6-876, 8<58<6J6 8<24: -C,:+-58:*28,-8>:8--1 /6=78 8 .+,-62CJ6 ./12+?6 2 B1:-4/6 :6 /6<58>:8-1 2<6-8=+?1K,-28C :6 F9=6:8-6/:8-1 :6978: :6 1<87+<:6:81-+,/6<38/6 ,1, :+ ,4J+ -676 (8 +,+31:+?) :6 58-1/6-9/6-6, 8,--+/8C-6, 6:-/+.+5+*8C-6, ,+B8+5+*8C-6, .,8F+5+*8C-6, 08-5+,+08C-6.(3C,:1:81-+ <6 -6<8 356*+./8C-:6 ,=C:6 :6 *51?:6-6 -+>-

76 =+G1 ?6 ,1 -4/,8 .+-,.1B865:+ 2 :1./1,-6::6-6 :1+3F+-?8=+,- +- :+28 ./12+?8 :6 +,:+2+.+56*6J8-1 -17,-+21 :6:6@6-6 795-9/6 (F1/=1:12-876-6 <6?45G8-15:+ ./1=8:626./1< ./12+?6), ?+2156 ?+ ./8<:626:1 :6 ./12+?6>1,78C 67-; 2./8:+,6 :6 F9=6:8-6/:8-1 :6978 8 .,8F+6:658<6-6 (7+8-+,4J+ ,6 242 2<68=+?1K,-281 , ./12+?6, -4K 76-+ .,8F+6:6-58<6-6 :656*6 :+2 ./12+? :6 -17,-+21-1 :6 A/+K?); 8 :67/6C —2 /6<28-81-+ :6 ,/62:8-15:+-+ 58-1/6-9/+<:6:81, ./1?.+56-*6J+ ./C7+ 2<68=+?1K,-281 =1G?9 58-1/6-9/6 8 ./12+?.M/9*6 :+2+,- 1 +,4<:626:1-+ :6 067-6, >1 ./12+?4-, <6

7+K-+ ?45*+ 2/1=1 ,1 1 ,=C-65+, >1 .+5<26 1.8,-1=+5+*8>:8--1 .+,-8G1:8C :6 ?/9*8-1 :6978, 2,4J:+,- ,1 :6=8/6 2422<68=+?1K,-281 , 2,8>78 8<3/+1:8 ?8,B8.58:8, 8<5+G1: 1:6 -CF:+-+ 258C:81 8 8= 258C1, 8*/61 /+5C :1 :6 „=+,-“ =1G-?9 795-9/8-1, 767-+ -/6?8B8+::+ ,1 ,=C-6@1, 6 :6 067-+/,7+K-+ *8 5+-,$%< %(% %"$.&+'7B-,%.7.%4<./81=6:1-+ :6 ./12+?6>6, 76-+ =C,-+ :6 8:-1/795-9/-

:+ 2<68=+?1K,-281 8 :6 ./12+?6, 76-+ 67- :6 .+,-62C:1 242

228844

1 U8-8/6:+ +- P+5 (/*51:, ;.,. -(=., ,. 193.

2<68=+?1K,-281 , >9G?+-+, , ?/9*+,--6, 76-+ 8<2+/ :6 <:6-:8C <6 M/9*8C, 2+?8 ?+ ./8<:626:1 :6 .4/2+,-1.1::6-6 /+5C,7+C-+ ./12+?4- 8*/61 :1 ,6=+ <6 58-1/6-9/+<:6:81-+ 8 1<8-7+<:6:81-+, 6 8 <6 F9=6:8-6/:8-1 :6978 — :6 .4/2+ =C,-+<6 6:-/+.+5+*8C-6 8 085+,+08C-6.

$ -676, „-/6?8B8+::8C-“1 ?8,79/, <6 ./12+?6, >1,-+ .4-8085+5+*8>1,78, +,:+26: +,:+2:+ :6 ?8F+-+=8C-6 397-26/,=8,45 8 :6 +.8-6, ?+=8:8/65 +- 6:-8>:+,--6 ?+ :6>65+-+:6 XX 2., 0+/=8/6: *562:+ +- ,6=8-1 ./12+?6>8 2 -1F:8-1-/67-6-8, 92+?8, 8<5+G1:8C, .8,=6 8 ./., ,51? %-+/6-6 ,21--+2:6 2+K:6 +-,-4.26 =C,-+-+ ,8 :6 :C7+57+ 28?6 ?8,79/,8:

1. ?&1,$'"“ 0"1=A%1" — 0"1=A%1" ') 0%A<"0"1#"9."'" 9& &2'&Q$'"$ ') 9%$,&0)— :6 58:*28,-876-6 (#+=6: \7+3,+:, On linguistic

aspects of translation, 1959);— :6 085+,+08C-6 (!6/-8: W6K?1*1/, Unterwegs zur

Sprache, 1959);— :6 .+1-876-6, :C7+57+ *+?8:8 .+-74,:+ (L1/6/ L1:1-,

Palimpsestes, 1982);— :6 ,/62:8-15:+-+ 58-1/6-9/+<:6:81, 2 .+,51?:+ 2/1=1

(:6./8=1/ $2 I12/15, La littérature comparée, 1989).

2. @$),2&'&5'" 2$&%$2"E'" 0"1=A%1", E)12 &29&-Q"%&=) 0"1=A%1",') 1-,=A9'&12%4./178 31<,.+/:8-1 S <6,59*8 <6 :6,+>26:1 :6 /6<=8@-

51:8C-6 <6 ./12+?6 8<24: -/6?8B8+::8C 8 .+-,7+/+ 085+5+-*8>1,78C 1=.8/8<4=, ,-/97-9/65:6-6 58:*28,-876 34/<+/6<7/8 ,2+8-1 ./1?158, .+?+3:+ :6 ?/9*8-1 -1+/88, 7+8-+ :1275Q>26- 1<87, 58-1/6-9/6 8 795-9/6. '67-+ .+?>1/-626 ":--+6: D1/=6:, „-+26 +<:6>626, >1 -1<8 -1+/88 :87+*6 :1 ,6 62--+:+=:8, 6 ,6 ,6=+ .+?151=1:- :6 1?:6 .+-*+5C=6 ,4279.-:+,-. (…) ;1<8 -1+/88 +,21: -+26 ,4J+ -/4*26- +- 1?:+ 6./8-+/:+ +./1?151:81 <6 ./12+?6 76-+ „./+B1, :6 8:-1/58:*28,-

228855

1 ;97 ,1 .+<+2626= :6 ,-6-8C-6 :6 ":-+6: D1/=6: La traduction et sesdiscours (C07%+'(, . 17/+%.,7 '.-#J0-.), Meta, -+=. 34, Z 4, ?171=2/81989, ,. 672–679, :6 ":/8 !1@+:87, Poétique du traduire (C+7,.#$ 1$507%7:'$17,+), ;.,. -(=., ,. 14–16, 8 :6 MG1/1=8 !4:?8, IntroducingTranslation Studies, theories and applications, London, Routledge, 2001.

-8>:6 7+=9:876B8C“ 8 :6 -6<8 +,:+26 ,1 +.8-26- ?6 8<*/6?C--8.+5+*88, 76-+ :18<=1::+ ?+,-8*6- ?+ ./1?5+G1:8C , ./1-.+/4>8-151: 8 =1-+?+5+*8>1: F6/67-1/. !:+*+ >1,-+, .+?+3-:+ :6 ,17-+/:8-1 ?8,79/,8, -1 8?26- +- ,.1B8658,-8, 7+8-+ :1,6 ./12+?6>8, +-74?1-+ 8 /6<=8:626:1-+ =1G?9 „-1+/1-8B8“8 „./67-8B8“: 2-+/8-1 ,1 +-:6,C- , ./1</1:81 74= 63,-/67--:8-1 .+,-/+1:8C :6 .4/28-1, 6 .4/28-1 — 74= 31<=452:6-61=.8/8>:+,- :6 2-+/8-1. (…) ;1<8 -1+/88 ./1:13/1*26- 067--6, >1 ./+,-/6:,-2+-+ :6 ./12+?6 1 :1.+./628=+ =:+G1,-21-:+, F1-1/+*1::+ 8 :1.+?51G6J+ :6 91?:672C26:11. “

M)$-(#(,, +#$"$1 +, -,0J#,J0$)1$,$ ).1/%.-,.#$

%,4J:+,- .4/28-1 -1+/88 <6 ./12+?6, 8<51<58 2 7/6C :650--1 — :6>65+-+ :6 60--1 *+?8:8, 2 H2/+.6, 2 E"Y 8 2 #9-,8C, ,6 ./C7+ .+258C:8 +- 58:*28,-876-6: =&'2%)12",')2)."'<,"12"=) , :1K:8-1 „/47+2+?,-26“ <6 ./12+? =1G?9 ?261<876, 76-+ „E/62:8-15:6 ,-858,-876 :6 0/1:,78 8 6:*58K,781<87“ (Stylistique comparée du français et de l’anglais) :6 L6:-P+5 %8:1 8 L6: M6/315:1 (1958), „E/62:8-15:6 ,-858,-876:6 0/1:,78 8 :1=,78 1<87“ (Stylistique comparée du français etde l’allemand) :6 "50/1? !65356: (1944, ./1/63+-1:+ 8<?6-:81, 1963); &7R)2) ."'<,"12"=) , „%421?1:81 2 -1+/8C-6:6 ./12+?6“ :6 ":?/1K A1?+/+2 (1953), 7+K-+ <6C2C26, >1„2,C76 -1+/8C :6 ./12+?6 -/C326 ?6 34?1 275Q>1:6 ,/1? 1<8-7+28-1 ?8,B8.58:8“, „;1+/1-8>:8 ./+351=8 :6 ./12+?6“ (Lesproblèmes théoriques de la traduction) :6 L+/G !9:1: (1963),„)8:*28,-8>:6 -1+/8C :6 ./12+?6“ (A linguististic theory oftranslation) :6 MG+: '6-0+/? (1965); <$'$%)2",')2) ."'-<,"12"=) , -/9?+21-1 :6 [?G8K: &6K?6, ,/1? 7+8-+ „'4=1?:6 :6976 <6 ./12+?6“ (Toward a science of translating, 1964).P+76<6-15:+ 1, >1 2 <6*5628C-6 +-7/826=1 ?9=8-1 „-1+/8C“ 8„:6976“ ; +,:+2:8-1 +3,4G?6:8 24./+,8 ,6 ,24/<6:8 , 24<-=+G:+,--6 858 :124<=+G:+,--6 :6 ./12+?6, 767-+ 8 , 172826-51:-8-1 (?8,79,8C, 7+C-+ ./+?45G626 ./1< 80--1 *+?8:8, :6.-/8=1/ , -/9?+21-1 :6 %. '+51/ 2 R1/=6:8C 8 :6 &Q=6/7 2E"Y; ?:1, ,4J+ +-7/826=1 8<,51?26:8C, .+,21-1:8 :6 ,.1-B808>:+ 1<87+28-1 ./+351=8 :6 ./12+?6). P+-74,:+ :C7+8

228866

1 ":-+6: D1/=6:, ;.,. -(=. ,. 673–674.

-1+/88 <6 ./12+?6 ,1 2.8,26- 2 /6=78-1 :6 9%)<5)2"=)2) "0"1=A%1",'"3 )')."> (-/9?+21-1 :6 M. D1K74/, D. W6-8= 8$. !1K,4: ./1< 90--1 *+?8:8 2 E"Y).Y+ ,1 +-:6,C ?+ 0/1:,76-6 +356,-, 8 242 A/6:B8C, 8

8<24: :1C, =:+*+ ,6 -1<8, 7+8-+ ,=C-6- L+/G !9:1: <6 +,-:+26-15 :6 0/1:,7+-+ ./12+?+<:6:81, 767-+ 28G?6=1 +-./1?*+2+/6 74= 2-+/+-+ 8<?6:81 :6 „&121/:8-1 F93628B8“,?15+ :6 !8@15 D656/ 8 )8121: ?’[5,-:

„;+K +,-62C ,51? ,131 ,8 +*/+=:+ -2+/>1,-2+ 2 :6K-/6<:++3/6<:8 +356,-8, 76-+ .+1<8C-6, 8,-+/8C-6, 1<8-7+<:6:81-+ 8 ./12+?+<:6:81-+; -2+/>1,-2+, 7+1-+-1.4/26 J1 7+=1:-8/6=1 8 :6 7+1-+ J1 ,1 .+<+2626=18 >8K-+ B1:-4/ 1 >+2174- 8 +-:+@1:81-+ =9 74= 1<8-76. %,1 .67 1 31<,.+/:+, >1 <6 =:+<8:6 -+K J1 +,-6:1+,:+26-15C- :6 0/1:,7+-+ ./12+?+<:6:81 , ?8,1/-6-B8C-6 ,8, 8<?6?1:6 +- „R658=6/“ .+? <6*56281 „;1+/1--8>:8 ./+351=8 :6 ./12+?61.“

H<87+21?, ,1=8+5+*, ./12+?6>, L+/G !9:1: (1910–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„/63+-51.1:“ +- D1/=6: (./1< 1995), ?626 ?+3/6 ./1?,-626 <6 7+:--17,-6 :6 ./12+?6>1,76-6 ?1K:+,- 2 .1/8+?6, 7+*6-+ 7:8*6-68<58<6 +- .1>6- 8 ./1./6J6 74= :C7+8 ./1?*+2+/8 :6 ./12+-?6>8 +- XVI 2. , -+.+,8-1 :6 ,=8/1:81-+, :1356*+?6/:8C-/9? 8 ?/. .+?.:

„% .8,6-15,76-6 6/=8C :81, ./12+?6>8-1, ,=1 .1@6-B8-1; ,/1? /63+-1J8-1 2 7:8*+8<?626:1-+ ,=1 51,:+ <6-

228877

1 In Georges Mounin, Les Belles Infidèles (E7%701.,7 AJ*$%.;.),Presses universitaires de Lille, 1994, ,. 8.

=1:8=8 ?935N+/8, .+>-8 31<8=1::8 -/9G1:8B8. (…)M1K,-281-+, >/1< 7+1-+ -17,-, :6.8,6: :6 1?8: 1<87, =+-G1 ?6 34?1 ./+>1-1: :6 ?/9* 1<87, 21/+C-:+ 1 :C7672+:1./858>:+ ?1K,-281, ,51? 76-+ ?+3/+-+ 24<.8-6:818<8,726 ?6 :1 34?1 <6315C<26:+. P+ -+<8 .9:7- 2,8>78,8 7/8-8B8 8 >8-6-158, ,6 1?8:+?9@:8. P+:C7+*6 @1.6=6:86B8 ,1 +.8-26- ?6 +-3151G6- :C7+1 8 ?/9*+ ./1-7/6,:+ .+,-8G1:81 (8=6 -67826), :+ .+->1,-+ +76K26-+31<+3/6<1:8C 62-+/; :+ -1<8 =6:86B8 ,6 28:6*8 ./12+-?6>8 8 7+K 58 *8 ,59@6? M/9*8 ./12+?6>8… L8211= 2<6-2+/1: 7/4*. (…) '4?1 1 ./1.C-,-281-+? H?:+ 1 ?6 *+/6</9@8@, <6+387+58@, <658>8@, <6 ?6 *+ ./1+?+511@ —:1J+, 7+1-+ 2,178 1?8: +- :6, ,1 +.8-26 ?6 :6./628 ,51-.1@76-6, :+ ,42,1= ?/9*+ 1 ?6 *+ 5+"1$%$Q. $<*51G?6,>1 :6 :87+*+, +,21: :6 =65B8:6 ./12+?6>8, :1 =9 1 ?+@-5+ :69= ?6 .+,-628 -+<8 ./+351=. T6 .4/28 .4- 9 :6,1?8: 1<87+21? 9?+,-+C26 ./12+?6>8-1 , >1,--6 ?6 ./81-=1 :6 ,1/8+<:+ -CF:6-6 ?1K:+,-. ;+26 1 L+/G !9:1:.(…) ':8*6-6 :6 L+/G !9:1: 1 245:926J6 <6 :6,, :6K-=657+-+ <6J+-+ :8 +,2+3+G?626 +- :C=+-+ 858 7/1JC-J+ 31<.+7+K,-2+, :6 7+1-+ :8 +3/8>6 :6@6-6 /63+-6 —:1 <6?45G8-15:+ <6/6?8 :19=1:81-+ :8. '67 ?6 8=6@./62851: .+*51? 24/F9 ./+01,8C, 7+C-+ 9./6G:C26@ .+:QF? &81 :8J+ :1 <:61F=1 <6 +,:+28-1 :6 :6@6-6 ./+-01,8C. E M7+07,.=1.,7 50+*)7&. 1$ 507%+'$ +38>6K-:6-6 :8 2,151:6 ,1 ./12/4J6 2 :+2 ,2C-.“

(- 2/1=1-+, ./1< 7+1-+ 1 385 .8,6: -+<8 -17,-, ,-6-9-4-:6 58-1/6-9/:8-1 ./12+?6>8 242 A/6:B8C ?+,-6 ,1 ./+=1:8./1?8 2,8>7+ 356*+?6/1:81 :6 ?1K:+,--6 :6 -CF:6-6 ",+B8-6B8C; ?/9*8 -/9?+21 28?CF6 3C5 ,2C-, +,21-5C26J8 .+-?+3/1./+351=8-1 :6 ./12+?6 8 .+76<26J8, >1 -1 ,6 :1 ,6=+ 1<87+-28; ?:1, 21/+C-:+ 21>1 :87+K :1 38 :6.8,65 .+?+31: -17,-.'67-+ 76<6F, -+<8 ./1?*+2+/ 1 B1:1: , -+26, >1 ,28?1-15,-26<6 -/12+*8-1 :6 ./12+?6>8-1 ./1< @1,-?1,1--1 *+?8:8 :6 =8-:658C 217, +,+31:+ 2 +356,--6 :6 58-1/6-9/:8C ./12+?.;/9?4- 1 /6<?151: :6 @1,- >6,-8: „1<87+<:6:81 8 ./1-

2+?“, „1<87+28 ./1.C-,-28C“, „517,876 8 ./12+?“, „=8/+*51-?8 8 ./12+?8“, „=:+*++3/6<:8 B82858<6B88 8 ./12+?“, „,8:--67,8, 8 ./12+?“.

228888

E51? 76-+ „?+76<26“ , .+=+J-6 :6 58:*28,-8>:8-1 -1+-/88, >1 ./12+?4- 1 ,7+07,.=7-#. :124<=+G1:, 2 ?/9*6 >6,-:6 -/9?6 ,8 !9:1: /6<*51G?6 „<6J+, 767 8 :6K-21>1 2 76726,-1.1: 8 2 76728 */6:8B8 67-4-, 8<24/@26: 50$#,.=7-#. +-./12+?6>8-1, 1 +-:+,8-15:+ 24<=+G1:“, 356*+?6/1:81 :61<87+28-1 9:821/,6588, :6 1-:+*/60,78-1 8<,51?26:8C, ?+.-/8:6,CJ8 <6 +.+<:626:1-+ :6 ?/9*8 795-9/8 858 :6 085+5+-*8>1,78-1 ./+9>26:8C, ?626J8 8:0+/=6B8C <6 8<>1<:658-1B82858<6B88. % <675Q>1:81 62-+/4- 8<-4726 <:6>1:81-+ :6?86517-876-6 :6 1<87+28-1 7+:-67-8 <6 +->8-6:1 :6 ./+351-=6 :6 17507%+'.&+,+, 7+K-+ 2 7/6K:6 ,=1-76 ,1 +76<26 +-:+-,8-15:+ .+:C-81:

„'+=9:876B8C-6 >/1< ./12+?6 :87+*6 :1 1 :1.+756--8=+ :124<=+G:6.“

D1< ?6 +-/8>6=1 858 .+?B1:C26=1 ./8:+,6 :6 L+/G !9-:1: <6 -1+/8C-6 :6 ./12+?6 242 2/1=1, 2 7+1-+ -C 2,1 +J1 1:18<,51?26:6 +356,- 242 A/6:B8C — 2 -+<8 ,=8,45 :1*+2+--+ ?15+ 1 :6 .8+:1/, 67+ :1 8 :6 „,8=2+58>1: 36J6“, — 2,4J-:+,- M7+07,.=1.,7 50+*)7&. 1$ 507%+'$, +- 8:-1/1, ./1-?8=:+ <6 1<87+<:6:81-+, ?+3/1 .+76<26- ./1?158-1, ?+/8./6<:+-8-1 :6 +.8-8-1 <6 -1+/1-8<8/6:1 2 +356,--6 :6 58-1-/6-9/:8C ./12+? 1?8:,-21:+ +- .+<8B88-1 :6 58:*28,-876-6,+,+31:+ 7+*6-+ 2,1 +J1 ,-626 ?9=6 ,6=+ <6 1<87+26, 6 :1 <6?8,79/,82:6 58:*28,-876. %4./178 -+26 +39>1:81-+ .+ .8,-=1: ./12+? 2 /6<58>:8-1 ./12+?6>1,78 @7+58 ./+?45G626?6 ,1 +.8/6 2 <:6>8-15:6 ,-1.1: :6 7+:-/6,-82:6-6 58:*28,--876 8 :1K:8-1 ./1?.8,6:8C 8 „/1B1.-8“.

T70&717%,.#$ (-)7' ?$*7) 1$ 3:+0': I,$B170, 1975,#$#,+ . ."-)7'%$1.<,$ 1$ L.Q7) I70 507" 70-,7 /+'.1.)

— ).,70$,J0$ (-1+/8C :6 .+58,8,-1=6-6, ;156282,76-6@7+56 — H21:-T+F6/, R1?1+: ;9/8 — ./1< 70--1 *+?8:8,-/9?4- 24/F9 ./12+?6 :6 .+1<8C :6 H08= H-78:? N'1+ ."#J--,%+ % #0."$, +5., "$ 5+7,.#$ 1$ 507%+'$ 1$ 5+7".<, 1982 *.).

228899

G.1/%.-,.#$, -)7' ,+%$ 6.)+-+6.<

L6:-#1:1 )6?=8/65 1 62-+/ :6 =:+*+ ,-6-88 8 :6 <:6>8-=8C ,8 -/9? C07%7:'$17,+, ,7+07&. "$ 507%+'$1. (.8/6K-78 ,1 :6 ,+3,-21:8C ,8 +.8-, -+K /6<*/6:8>626 -/8 1-6.6, 7+-8-+ :6/8>6 ,0$'J#,+/0$6.< („./12+?+.8,“), +-/6<C26J,+3,-21:6-6 =9 ./67-876 :6 ./12+?6> :6 ?1,1-8:6 7:8*8 +-6:*58K,78 8 +- :1=,78 ; ,0$'J#,+)+/.< (./12+?+<:6:81) —-1+/1-8>1: ?8,79/, <6 ./12+?6, +.8/6J ,1 :6 58:*28,-876-68 ?965:+,--6 :6 <:676; ,0$'J#,+-+6.< (085+,+08C :6 ./1-2+?6) — ,51?26J 1-6. .+ .4-C =9 :6 085+,+0 8 ./12+?6>.)6?=8/65 17,.58B8-:+ ,1 .+<+2626 :6 !9:1:, :+ <6C2C26

6=38B8C-6 ,8 ?6 +-8?1 .+-?651> 2 /6<,4G?1:8C-6 ,8. ;676:6./8=1/ +- 6:-8:+=8C-6 24<=+G:+-:124<=+G:+, ./85+G1-:6 ,./C=+ ./12+?6, -+K ,1 2/4J6 74= ?8F+-+=8C-6 0+/=6 —,4?4/G6:81, 39726 — ?9F.% ./1?*+2+/6 74= 2-+/+-+ 8<?6:81 :6 M7+07&.,7 62-

-+/4- 2:6,C 7+/17B8C, .+?>1/-626K78 067-6, >1 ?8,79/,4- <6./12+?6 2,1 .+21>1 8<58<6 8<24: ,-/+*8-1 /6=78 :6 58:*28,--876-6, 2 7+8-+ ,6= ,1 1 .+,-62C5 ./1< 1979 *. E.+/1? :1*+9%$,&0&>')'"$2& 1 ?8,B8.58:6, 7+C-+ 8=6 <6 ./1?=1- ./1-2+?6 8 7+C-+ ,1 2.8,26 2 -/84*45:87, +0+/=1: +- 58:*28,-8-76-6, .,8F+5+*8C-6 8 085+,+08C-6. $<76<26 926G1:81-+ ,874= ":-+6: D1/=6:, .+>8:65 -/8 *+?8:8 .+-/6:+, =676/ ?6*+ .+,-62C 2 56*1/6 :6 „3972658,-8-1“, <61?:+ , ":/8 !1@+-:87 8 %65-1/ D1:C=8:, 8 ./8<:626, >1 „-+26 1 :6K-<:6>8=8-C- ./8:+, 2 ?136-6 ./1< .+,51?:8-1 .1-:6?1,1- *+?8:8“.%/4J6K78 ,1 74= 0+/=958/6:+-+ +- :1*+ ./+-82+.+,-62C:1=1G?9 -. :. „8<2+/+28,-8“ (./824/G1:8B8 :6 ,F26J6:8C-6,+/81:-8/6:8 74= -17,-6-8<-+>:87, 74= 8<2+/+28C 1<87) 8„B15128,-8“ (./824/G1:8B8 :6 ,F26J6:8C-6, +/81:-8/6:874= -17,-6-B15), .+,-62C 2 .4/26-6 */9.6 D1:C=8:, !1@+-:87 8 D1/=6:, 6 242 2-+/6-6 — !9:1:, H-78:? 8 ,6=8C ,131,8. (-F24/5C 397265:8C ./12+?, ,=C-6K78 *+ <6 2/4J6:1 :6-<6? +- *51?:6 -+>76 :6 ./12+?6 8 1<87+26-6 .1?6*+*876, <631<,=8,58B6 .+ +-:+@1:81 :6 1,-1-876-6 :6 58-1/6-9/:8C./12+?, <6 „<62/4J6:1 :6 1?:+ ?453+7+ .+-8,:6-+ /158*8+<-

229900

1 Traduire, théorèmes pour la traduction(C07%7:'$17,+, ,7+07&. "$507%+'$), Gallimard, TEL, 1994 (1 8<?6:81: 1979).

:+ >92,-2+, <6 ,8=.-+= :6 ,34/76:6-6 -1+5+*8>:6 =8,45 :6,42/1=1::+,--6“. E -6<8 F8.+-1<6, ./1?.+56*6J6 ,4J1,-29-26:1-+ :6 „-1+5+*8>:+ :1,4<:626:+“ :6 ./12+?6, /6<2826:6,51? 7/6C :6 80--1 *+?8:8, -+K ,1 2.8,26 2 -. :. „-/6?97-+,+-08C“: 2,8>78 „8<2+/+28,-8“ ,.+/1? :1*+ :1,4<:6-15:+ ./8-1=6- 8<F+?:8C -17,- <6 ,21J1:, <6 :1?+,1*61=.% ,-/1=1G6 ,8 ?6 ./1+?+511 /6<=8:626:1-+ =1G?9 -1+/8C

8 ./67-876, )6?=8/65 ,8 .+,-62C <6 B15 ?6 8<*/6?8 :1 1?:6+3J6 -1+/8C 858 ,8,-1=6, 6 ,59>6K:+, „/6<?/+31:+“ +-1+/1--8<8/6:1, „:6 ./+8<21?1:81-+“, „,-/1=CJ+ ,1 ?6 ?6?1 +-*+-2+/ :6 ./1?8<2876-15,-26-6, +-./62C:8 +-:+2+ 8 +-:+2+ +-31<3/+K:8-1 7+:7/1-:8 ./+351=8, 7+8-+ .+,-62C ./67-876-6:6 ./12+?6“. ;+26 1 ./12+?+<:6:81 „:6 .6/>1“, „-9 -676 — -9-676“, ,.+/1? 69?8-+/8C-6, ./121G?6:+-+ ./+8<21?1:81 81.+F6-6 :6 :6.8,26:1-+ =9: ./121G?6:8C- -17,- :1 ,124<./81=6 76-+ ,6=+B15; 1?8:,-2+-+ 1 2 ,8:-6*=6-6, 6 :1 2,6=8C -17,-:

„P/+01,8C-6 :6 ./12+?6>6 ,1 ,4,-+8 2 -+26 ?6 8<-31/1 .+-=657+-+ <5+. ;+K -/C326 ?6 /6<*/6:8>8 *562-:+-+ +- 2-+/+,-1.1::+-+. &1*+28-1 ./12+?6>1,78 8<-3+/8 J1 ,51?26- +,:+2:8C =9 8<3+/ .+ +-:+@1:81 :6B15-6 :6 ./12+?6, B15126-6 69?8-+/8C, 795-9/:+-+/62:8J1 8 ,-1.1:-6 :6 358<+,-, 7+C-+ ,1 ./1?.+56*6,>1 -+K 8=6 , ./121G?6:8C 62-+/ 8 , +/8*8:65:8C 1<87-795-9/6 :6 -+<8 62-+/. P+ -+<8 :6>8: ./12+?4- J1 B1-58 .+21>1 858 .+-=657+ ,6=+38-:+,--6, +->9G?626:1--+ (242 2/1=1-+ 8 2 ./+,-/6:,-2+-+) 8 +>856-6 :6 ./1-2+?6>6 J1 34?6- ,4+-21-:+ „+B21-1:8“ 858 „./+</6>-:8“ (G. Mounin, 1955, ,. 109 8 ,51?2.); :6./8=1/ */4B-78C- !üëéò :6 0/1:,78 J1 34?1 ./121?1: 858 , */6?858 , ?4/G626.“

;+K ./1.+/4>26 „=:+G1,-21:“, :1<624/@1: .+?F+?, ./87+K-+ 7+:21/*1:B8C-6 ,1 8<24/@26 +- ./67-876-6, 6 +-./62-:6-6 -+>76 1 ./12+?4-, 24<./81=6: ./1?8 2,8>7+ 242 09:7-B8C-6 ,8 :6 ,4+3J1:81, 7+=9:876B8C, 8:0+/=6B8C +- 1?8:1<87 :6 ?/9*. % B158C -/9? ,1 <6J8-626 8?1C-6 <6 ./67,1+-5+*8C, .+<2+5C26J6 „9./6251:81-+ :6 1?:6 ./67-876 ?1: <6?1:“.

229911

3. 6"1=A%1", 9%$0.)<)R" &7R) 2$&%"3 ') 9%$,&0);97 J1 ,1 ,./6 :6 :6K-<:6>8=8-1 0/1:,78 „,8,-1=6-8<6-

B88“ 2 +356,--6 :6 ./12+?6: -1<8 :6 ":/8 !1@+:87 8 :6 ":--+6: D1/=6:, 76-+ .4/28C- ./1?56*6 .+1-876 :6 ./121G?6:1--+, 6 2-+/8C- — ./12+?+<:6:81; -+26, 7+1-+ ,.+/1? =1: *8,24/<26 8 +./62?626 +31?8:1:+-+ 8= /6<*51G?6:1, 1, >1 -1./8<+2626- 74= 8<58<6:1 8<24: <:67+26-6 ?965:+,-, 74=-4/,1:1 :6 -/1-8 .4-. H-+ <6J+ J1 /6<*51?6= 8 ?21-1 2 ,51?-26J8C .6/6*/60.

@@** 55## ,,66--##==))## „„$$''""((##..##1122**((**““ ))** 5533,,55''..**

C+7,.#$,$ 1$ 507%7:'$17,+ 1$ F10. L7Q+1.#

;1+/1-87 :6 .+1-8>:+-+, .+1-87 :6 /8-4=6 8 ./12+?6, .+-1-, ./12+?6>, 2 >6,-:+,- :6 38351K,78-1 -17,-+21, ":/8 !1-@+:87 /6<2826 +- -/8?1,1- *+?8:8 :6,6= ,2+C-6 .+1-876 :6./121G?6:1-+, 7+C-+ ,1 ,-/1=8 ?6 +-8?1 +-24? <:676 8 .+>8-26 24/F9 -1+/8C-6 :6 /8-4=6. (,:+2:8-1 =9 -/9?+21 2 +356,---6 :6 ./12+?6 ,6 P$ 7'1$ 5+7,.#$ II, 8<5C<45 ./1< 1973,./1?21,-:87 :6 C+7,.#$ 1$ 507%7:'$17,+ (1999) 8 M0$#-,$, "$ 0.,(&$ 1$ -,.A+%7,7 . 50+"$,$ (1998).#6<,4G?1:8C-6 =9 <6 ./12+?6 (58-1/6-9/:8C) ,6 /6<28-8

2 /6=78-1 :6 1?:6 .+-@8/+76 -1+/8C, +3F26J6J6 1<876 8 58--1/6-9/6-6, -+26, 7+1-+ -+K :6/8>6 „.+1-876“ („/63+-6-6,>/1< 7+C-+ ,1 /6<.+<:626 -+26, 7+1-+ 8<24/@26 1?:+ 58-1/6--9/:+ ./+8<21?1:81 8 767 *+ 8<24/@26, -+26, 7+1-+ 8<24/-@26 2,C7+ 1?:+ ./+8<21?1:81 8 7+1-+ 1?8:,-21:+ -+ 8<24/-@26“), 6 :1 „./12+?+<:6:81“:

„R+2+/C <6 „.+1-876“ :6 ./12+?6, 6 :1 <6 „./12+?+-<:6:81“, -. 1. <6 1$J#$ <6 ./12+?6, .+/6?8 -/8 ./8>8-:8, 7+8-+ ,6 ,24/<6:8.P4/26-6 ./8>8:6 1, >1 .+:C-81-+ .+1-876 ./1?.+-

56*6 58-1/6-9/6 8 .+/6?8 -+26 ./1.C-,-26 .+C26-6 :6+,:+2:8C .+/+7 :6 ,42/1=1::8-1 58:*28,-8>:8 -1+-/88, 7+K-+ 1 ?6 ,1 /63+-8 24/F9 1<876 +-?15:+ +- 58--1/6-9/6-6, -. 1. -+K ?6 ,1 /6<?15C :6 76-1*+/88 (…).%-+/6-6 ./8>8:6 1, >1 .+1-876-6, 275Q>26K78 ./1-

229922

2+?6 2 -1+/8C-6 :6 58-1/6-9/6-6 (…), .+<2+5C26 .+,--62C:1-+ =9 2 1?:6 BC5+,-:6 -1+/8C <6 ,9317-6 8 ,+B8-9=6, 7+C-+ 58-1/6-9/6-6 ./1?.+56*6 8 +,4J1,-2C26 87+C-+ .+1-876-6 -/C326 ?6 /6<.+<:61. (…)$=6 8 -/1-6 ./8>8:6 ?6 ,1 *+2+/8 <6 .+1-876 :6

./121G?6:1-+. (…) P+1-876-6 :6 ./121G?6:1-+ :1 1:6976, :6 .4/2+ =C,-+, <6J+-+ 38 385+ 8<=6=6 ?6 *+-2+/8= -97 <6 1$J#$.“1

T6 /6<5876 +- -1+/88-1, .+>826J8 1?8:,-21:+ :6 58:*28,--876-6, .+1-876-6 :1 24<./81=6 ./12+?6 76-+ +387:+21:+,/1?,-2+ <6 7+=9:876B8C:

„P/121G?6:1-+ <6?1K,-26 BC5+,-:+-+ ./1?,-62C:1:6 1<876 8 -+26 :6 58-1/6-9/6-6. P/121G?6:1-+ :1 1,6=+ 7+=9:876B8+::+ 8 8:0+/=6B8+::+ ,/1?,-2+ +-1?8: 1<87 :6 ?/9*, +- 1?:6 795-9/6 :6 ?/9*6, ,>8-6:+.+ -/6?8B8C <6 .+-:8<@1 +- +/8*8:65:+-+ 58-1/6-9/-:+ -2+/>1,-2+.“

%6G:+-+ -97 1 +-F24/5C:1-+ :6 .51:6 :6 ?29.+5Q,:8C=+?15 0+/=6 / ,4?4/G6:81, 39726 / ,=8,45, „8<2+/+28,-8“ /„B15128,-8“ 8 :6 85Q<+/:6-6 :1<63151G8=+,- :6 ./12+?6>6(8 ,51?+26-15:+ :6 ./12+?6):

„;/C326 ?6 ,1 /16*8/6 :6 ,F26J6:1-+, 7+57+-+ 8<-=6=:+, -+57+26 8 /6<./+,-/6:1:+, ./+-82+.+,-62CJ+./824/G1:8B8-1 :6 ."A+'1.< ,7#-, 8 -1<8 :6 ;7)7%.<,7#-,: .4/28-1 ?4/.6- >1/*6-6 74= 8<F+?:8C 1<87, 76--+ ,1 +.8-26- ?6 *+ 7+.8/6-; 2-+/8-1 *51?6- ./62+ :6.-/1?, 76-+ /1658,-8, 74= B15128C 1<87 8 ,1 ,-/1=C- ?6<6.6<C- ,6=+ +,:+2:+-+, -&.-()$. T6*/8G1:8-1 .47 ,6<6*/8G1:8 <6 6+0&$,$. &1,4J1,-21:6.%1?:6*6 <6315C<26=1, >1 -+26 /6<?151:81 ,4+-21--

,-26 :6 /6<?151:81-+ :6 "1$#$, ,4*56,:+ 756,8>1,7+-+.+:C-81 <6 :1*+, +31?8:1:81 :6 <297+2+ 858 .8,=1:++<:6>626J+ — 0+/=6, 8 :6 +<:6>61=+ — ,=8,45. ;+-

229933

1 ":/8 !1@+:87, Poétique du traduire (C+7,.#$ 1$ 507%7:'$17,+),Paris, Verdier, 1999, ,. 61–63.

26, 7+1-+ 7+517-82:+-+ <:6:81 8 <?/628C- ,=8,45 ,+->6- 76-+ 1?8:,-21:+ /6<9=:+ .+21?1:81, .+/6G?6 7+:-B1.-9651: <6,-+K 8 58-1/6-9/:6 76-6,-/+06. &+ 8 7+:-B1.-965:6 76-6,-/+06. A85+,+0,78-1 -17,-+21 ,4J+:1 ,6 .+G651:8.M6 ,1 ./121G?6 ,.+/1? /1*8,-4/6 :6 <:676 2+?8 ?+

@8<+0/1:8C :6 ./121G?6:1-+. (…) '6728-+ 8 ?6 ,61<8B8-1, 8=6 ,6=+ 1?8: 8<-+>:87 — -+26, 7+1-+ 1?8:-17,- 8<24/@26; 8=6 ,6=+ 1?:6 B15 — ?6 ,1 8<24/@8:6 ?/9*8C 1<87 -+26, 7+1-+ -+<8 -17,- 8<24/@26.“

E.+/1? :1*+ ,424/@1:8C- ./12+? 1 -+<8, 7+K-+ +256?C268 .+??4/G6 ./+-82+/1>81-+ =1G?9 ?26-6 151=1:-6 :6 <:676,6 :1 -+<8, 7+K-+ ,1 ,-/1=8 ?6 /1@8 -+26 ./+-82+/1>81.#8-4=4- 1 75Q>+28C- 151=1:- 2 .+1-876-6 :6 ./121G?6-

:1-+. &1 76-+ /6<=1/1:+,-, :1.+,-+C::+ ./8,4,-281 :6 151-=1:-8-1 2 -17,-6, 7+8-+ -9 8?26-, -9 ,8 +-826-, 6 76-+ „+/*6-:8<6B8C :6 ?28G1:81-+ :6 ,5+2+-+ 2 .8,6:1-+“, ,2+K,-21:6:1 ,6=+ <6 .+1<8C-6, 6 8 <6 ./+<6-6, <6 2,178 -17,-:

„T6J+-+ ?8,79/,4- 1 +/*6:8<6B8C-6 :6 -+26, 7+1-+,1 ?28G8 2 1<876. ;+*626 =+G1= ?6 ./1?108:8/6=1/8-4=6 2 1<876 76-+ +/*6:8<6B8C :6 ?28G1:81-+ :6,5+2+-+, „,5+2+“ 2 ,=8,456, 256*6: +- E+,Q/ :6 8:-1-517-965:6 ?1K:+,-, 767-+ .8,=1:6, -676 8 9,-:6. (…)#8-4=4- 1 +/*6:8<6B8C-6 :6 ?28G1:81-+ :6 8</1>1:8-1-+, 8<24/@1:6 +- 1?8: ,9317-.“

#8-4=4- 8 9,-:6-6 /1> ,6 2 +,:+26-6 :6 -6<8 .+1-876 :6./121G?6:1-+, 7+C-+ +-826 +-24? ?2+K,-21:+,--6 :6 <:676,<6 ?6 95+28 ,4J:+,--6 :6 /1>-6, 7+1-+ +<:6>626 8=1::+ ?6 ,12,59@6 2 :1K:8C /8-4=.

„E51? 76-+ /8-4=4- +-:+2+ ,-6:1 (1=.8/8>:+ :87+-*6 :1 1 ./1,-6265 ?6 34?1) +/*6:8<6B8C :6 :1./174,:6--+,--6 2 1<876, ?2+8>:+,--6 :6 <:676 21>1 :C=6 =C,-+2 /6=78-1 :6 /1>-6. %1>1 :C=6 <297 8 ,=8,45, :C=6?2+K,-21:+ 6/-87958/6:1 :6 1<876, 8=6 ,6=+ +<:6>626-J8. E6=8C- -1/=8: „+<:6>626J+“ ./+=1:C ,2+C,=8,45, ,51? 76-+ 21>1 :1 1 2 +.+<8B8C :6 :C7672+ +<-

229944

:6>61=+. #1>-6 ./+-8>6 2 1?:6 /8-=8>:6 8 ./+<+?8>:6,1=6:-876. (…) P+ -+<8 :6>8: ./12+?4- 8<58<6 8<24:+.+<8B8C-6 =1G?9 3972658<4= 8 ,1=8+-8<4=.“

O,.1@:8C- ./12+?, -+<8, 7+K-+ „.11“, 1 ?28G1: +-,+3,-21:6 .+1-876:

„E856-6 :6 1?8: 9,.1@1: ./12+? 1 2 -+26, >1 -+K 1.+1-876 <6 .+1-876-6. &1 ,=8,45 <6 ,=8,456 858 ?9=6<6 ?9=6-6, 6 -+26, 7+1-+ ./12/4J6 1?8: 1<87+2 67- 258-1/6-9/1: 67-.“

(--97 8 <:6>1:81-+ <6 ./12+?6>6 ?6 +,4<:61 2,8>78 8?18<6 ./12+?6, :65+G1:8 =9 :1,4<:6-15:+ +- +3J1,-2+-+ (-97:6=8/6=1 ./1,1>:6 -+>76 , 6:658-876-6 :6 ./12+?6, <6J8-6-26:6 +- ":-+6: D1/=6:):

„;676 >1 ./12+?6>4- -/C326 ?6 /63+-8 767-+ 24/F9-17,-6, -676 8 24/F9 ,+3,-21:8-1 ,8 8?18 <6 1<876.$=1::+ -CF -+K 2.8,26 2 ./12+?6 ,8, 67+ :1 .+21>1, -+.+:1 7+57+-+ /6<38/6:1-+ :6 -17,-6. $=1::+ -CF, >/1<./12+?6 =9, 28G?6=1 :6 .4/2+ =C,-+. '+57+-+ .+21>1*8 7/81 858 +-76<26 ?6 *8 28?8, -+57+26 .+21>1 *8 .+-76<26. ;1 ./1?,-625C26- =1-658-1/6-9/:6 8 =1-61<87+-26 ,/1?6, 7+C-+ ,1 2=4726 =1G?9 -17,-6 8 ./12+?6. ;6-<8 ,4,-62:6 ,/1?6, :1?+,-6-4>:+ .+<:6-6, :1?+,-6-4>-:+ +256?C:6, 1 279,4-, 795-9/6-6, ,8-96B8C-6 :6 ./12+-?6>6. %,8>78 ,-1/1+-8.8 <6 ,4?4/G6:81-+ 8 0+/=6-6,./+<6-6 8 .+1<8C-6, .8,6:+-+ 8 9,-:+-+ ,5+2+, *1:8C:6 1<8B8-1 +3/6<926- 8?1+5+*8>1,76-6 =6-1/8C :6 =6*-=6-6 +- 1<87+28 =8-+21, 7+8-+ :C7+8 ,=C-6- <6 ./+<-/6>:+,-. (…) M6 ./121G?6@ 1 /62:+,85:+ :6 .,8F+6-:658-8>1: ,16:, 8 8<58<6 .+-12-8:+.“

C07%+'+"1$1.7,+ 1$ F1,+$1 ?70&$1

A/1:,78 .8,6-15, 085+,+0 8 ./12+?6> (1942–1991), /4-7+2+?8-15 :6 ,1=8:6/ 2 !1G?9:6/+?:8C 7+51*89= .+ 085+-,+08C, ":-+6: D1/=6: :8 1 +,-6285 3+*6-8 8 :+26-+/,78/6<,4G?1:8C 2 =:+G1,-2+ ,-6-88 — „P56-+:+2,76-6 ,4J-

229955

:+,- :6 ./12+?6“1 (1987), „P/12+?4- 8 :1*+28-1 ?8,79/,8“(1986)2; „(- -/6:,56B8C-6 ?+ ./12+?6“3(1988), 767-+ 8 2 -/8--1 ,8 -/9?6: !"5.,$1.7,+ 1$ =J:'+,+, #J),J0$ . 507%+' %U70&$1.< 5+ %07&7 1$ 0+&$1,."&$ — 1984 *., C07%+'(, .*J#%$,$ .). -,0$11+50.7&1.;$ 1$ '$)7=1+,+ — 1985, P$7'1$ #0.,.#$ 1$ 507%+'.,7: 3:+1 3+1, 8<?6?1: .+,=4/-:+./1< 1995-6.$=1::+ 2 C07%+'(, . *J#%$,$ .). -,0$11+50.7&1.;$

1$ '$)7=1+,+ D1/=6: ./628 7/8-876 :6 -/6?8B8+::8-1 -1+-/88, 7+8-+ „+./1?15C- 67-6 :6 ./121G?6:1-+ 76-+ /6<7/6,C-26J+ 24<,-6:+2C26:1 :6 ,=8,456“ 8 ./1?56*6 ./12+?+<:6-:81, .+<2+5C26J+ :6 ./12+?6 ?6 „+.5+?8 E+3,-21:+-+ .+,-/1?,-2+= X9G?+-+“.P4/2+, 76742 1 ,=8,454-, 7+K-+ D1/=6: 256*6 2 „./12+-

?+<:6:81“? ;+26 :1 1 24:@:+ .+<:6:81, ./876>1:+ 74= ./1-2+?6 (58:*28,-876, .+1-876, ,/62:8-15:+ 58-1/6-9/+<:6:818 ?/.), 6 „/6<,4G?1:81 :6 ./12+?6 <6 ,6=8C ,131 ,8 24< +,:+-26 :6 ,4J:+,--6 ,8 76-+ +.8- 8 ./17-876“, 1?:6 =8,45-:6-./12+?6. % 67-6 :6 ./121G?6:1-+ ./8,4,-26 8<21,-:+ .+<:6-:81, <6-+26 -+K ./1?56*6 ?2+K76-6 -1+/8C /./67-876 ?6 ,1 <6-=1:8 , /6<,4G?1:81 /+.8-.

„;+26 1 ./12+?4-: +.8-. (.8- <6 ./+8<21?1:8C-6 8 <6 ,4J-:+,--6 :6 ./+8<21?1:81-+, <6 1<8B8-1 8 <6 ,4J:+,--6 :6 1<8-76. E4J12/1=1::+ 8 +.8- "$ -$&.< -7*7 -., <6 ,2+C-6 ,4J-:+,-. E ?/9*8 ?9=8, 2 67-6 :6 ./121G?6:1-+ ./8,4,-26 8<21,--:+ 5+"1$1.7, .+<:6:81 sui generis. P/12+?4- :1 1 :8-+ ,93-58-1/6-9/6 (767-+ ,1 1 ,=C-65+ ./1< XVI 2.), :8-+ ,93-7/8--876 (767-+ ,1 1 ,=C-65+ ./1< XIX 2.). ;+K :1 1 ,4J+ -676./85+G:6 58:*28,-876 858 .+1-876 (767-+ ,1 ,=C-6 2 XX 2.).P/12+?4- 1 ,9317- :6 ,+3,-21: +317- :6 .+<:6:81. &+ ./1-2+?4- (.+>-8) :87+*6 :1 1 8<?8*:65 ,2+C +.8- ?+ /62:8J1-+:6 .45:+B1::+ 8 62-+:+=:+ ,5+2+, -676 767-+ 1 :6./62856-+26 58-1/6-9/6-6 (.+:1 +- #+=6:-8<=6 :6,6=).E4<:6-15:+-+ +3+,+3C26:1 :6 +.8-6 :6 ./12+?6, +-?15:+

229966

1 L’essence platonicienne de la traduction (C)$,+1+%-#$,$ -(@1+-, 1$507%+'$), Revue d’Esthétique Z 12, Toulouse: Privat, 1987, ,. 63–73.

2 La traduction et ses discours (C07%+'(, . 17/+%.,7 '.-#J0-.), Meta,Z 4, -+= 34, 1989, ,. 672–680.

3 De la translation à la traduction (9, ,0$1-)$;.< #(& 507%+'), TTR,-+= 1, 3/. 1, 1-2+ @1,-=1,1>81 :6 1988, ,. 23–40.

+- 2,C7672+ +317-828/6J+ .+<:6:81 8<24: :1*+ (7672+-+8<*/6G?6- 58:*28,-876-6, ,/62:8-15:+-+ 58-1/6-9/+<:6:81,.+1-876-6), 6< :6/8>6= 507%+'+"1$1.7.“

(,:+2:6-6 67,8+=6 2 -+26 ./12+?+<:6:81 1, >1 ./12+?4-1 ./12+? :6 39726-6 :6 -17,-6. (--97 8 :1+3F+?8=+,--6 ?6 ,1<658>8 ?+=8:8/6J6-6 08*9/6 2 <6.6?:8C ./12+?, 7+K-+ 2795-9/:+ +-:+@1:81 1 7,1+;71,0.=71 (<6J+-+ +-?626 .4/-21:,-2+ :6 ,=8,456), 2 58-1/6-9/:+ — A.570,7#-,J$)71, 8242 085+,+0,7+ — 5)$,+1+%-#.. M+76-+ ,.+/1? D1/=6: 2?453+76-6 ,8 ,4J:+,- ./12+?4- 1 1-8>1:, .+1-8>1:, =8,51J.T6-+26, +.8/6K78 ,1 :6 8,-+/8C-6 :6 ./12+?6, -/C326 ?6 ,18<24/@8 $1$).,.#$ 1$ 507%+'$, -. 1. 6:658< :6 -+26, 7+1-+-/C326 ?6 34?1 9:8J+G1:+ (D1/=6: 8<3/+C26 -/8:6?1,1- ?1-0+/=8/6J8 -1:?1:B88), <6 ?6 ,1 .+,-8*:1 -+26, 7+1-+ -+K :6-/8>6 „>8,-6-6 B15“ :6 ./12+?6.% ,-6-8C-6 ,8 „P/12+?4- 8 :1*+28-1 ?8,79/,8“ D1/=6:

8<3/+C26 :1 .+-=657+ +- 1?8:6?1,1- <6?6>8 ./1? ./12+?+-<:6:81-+: 6:658-876 :6 ?10+/=8/6J8-1 067-+/8, 9>6,-26J82 67-6 :6 ./121G?6:1-+; .+,-8*6:1 :6 17,.58B8-:+,- :6 /6-3+-6-6 24/F9 39726-6 (7+1-+ -+K ,24/<26 , 1-876-6); /6<,4G-?1:81 24/F9 8,-+/8>:+,--6 :6 67-+21-1 :6 ./121G?6:1; 6:6-58< :6 =:+G1,-21:+-+ ./+,-/6:,-2+ :6 ./12+?8-1; /6<28-81:6 /6<,4G?1:8C <6 ./12+?6>6; 6:658< :6 ./8>8:8-1 <6 ./8-7/826:1-+ 8 +31<B1:C26:1-+ :6 ./12+?6 ./1< 2,8>78 1.+F8;8<9>626:1 :6 „.1/801/8C-6 :6 ./12+?6“; 7/8-876 :6 2658?-:+,--6 :6 =6@8::8C ./12+?; +./1?15C:1 :6 2<68=++-:+@1-:8C-6 =1G?9 ./12+?+<:6:81, +- 1?:6 ,-/6:6, 7+=1:-6/ 8 7/8--876 — +- ?/9*6; 8<C,:C26:1 :6 9,5+28C-6 <6 9>13:6-6 8 8<-,51?+26-15,76-6 ?1K:+,- 2 +356,--6 :6 ./12+?+<:6:81-+; 8:67/6C, /6<,4G?1:81 <6 2/4<76-6 =1G?9 ./12+?+<:6:81-+ 8„1<87+2+-+ 8 795-9/:+-+ ./+,-/6:,-2+, :6 7+1-+ -+ ./8:6-?51G8“, , ?/9*8 ?9=8 — „?865+* =1G?9 /6<58>:8-1 ./12+?6->1,78 -/6?8B88“.P+?+3:+ :6 ":/8 !1@+:87 8 ":-+6: D1/=6: ./628 7+:,-

-6-6B8C-6, >1 ./12+?8-1, 7+8-+ .+21>1-+ ./12+?6>8, 62-+/8,8<?6-158 8 7/8-8B8 ,>8-6- <6 :+/=65:8, 2+?C- ?+ ,F26J6:1-+<6 17"$*7)7:.&+-,,$, :128?8=+,--6 :6 ./12+?6>6, 7+K-+-/C326 ?6 ./121G?6 -676, 767-+ 62-+/4- 38 .8,65 :6 ./12+?:8C1<87. P/12+?4- :1 -/C326 ?6 „=8/8@1“ :6 ./12+? (F8.1/-17,-

229977

-965:+,-). ;676 ,1 ,-8*6 ?+ 1?8: -.1#07,.=71 ./12+?, 7+K-+:C=6 ,+3,-21:6 7+F1/1:-:+,-, ?+ -17,-, 7+K-+ 17 ."/)7:'$#$,+ ,7#-,, ?+ ?/9* 62-+/, >8K-+ 1<87 1 385 <658>1:.&6 ./8,2+C26J6-6 8 6:17,8+:8,-8>:6 B15 :6 <6.6?:8C

./12+?, ./1+356?62656 ./1< 217+21-1, D1/=6: ./+-82+.+,--62C 1-8>:6-6 B15 :6 ./12+?6, 7+C-+ 1 G156:81 ?6 ,1 /6<7/81X9G?+-+ 76-+ X9G?+ 2 ,+3,-21:+-+ 1<87+2+ ./+,-/6:,-2+:

„H-8>:6-6 B15 :6 ./121G?6:1-+, 8=1::+ <6J+-+ ,1,-/1=8 ?6 ./81=1 X9G?+-+ 2 :1*+26-6 =6-1/865:6 -1-51,:+,-, =+G1 ,6=+ ?6 ,1 ./8?4/G6 74= 39726-6 :6./+8<21?1:81-+.“

E4J+ -676 „./12+?4-, 7+K-+ „=8/8@1 :6 ./12+?“,,:1 1 <6?45G8-15:+ 5+@ (:+ =+G1 ?6 ,1 -24/?8 +3/6--:+-+, -. 1. >1 ./12+?, 7+K-+ :1 =8/8@1 :6 ./12+?, 1<6?45G8-15:+ 5+@).“

% -+<8 ,=8,45 D1/=6:+2+-+ ./12+?+<:6:81, 767-+ 8 .+1--876-6 :6 ./121G?6:1-+, ,1 ./+-82+.+,-62C- :6 58:*28,-8>-:8-1 -1+/88 <6 ./12+?6 (8 .+-,.1B865:+ :6 -4/,1:1-+ :6 ?8-:6=8>:8 17282651:-8 9 &6K?6), 7+8-+ ,6=+ .+?7/1.C- ?45*6--6 0/1:,76 -/6?8B8C :6 1-:+B1:-/8>:8C ./12+?, :6,+>1:74= ,=8,456:

„T6J+-+ -4/,1:1-+ :6 17282651:-8 :1 +<:6>626 ,6-=+ ?6 ,1 <6?6?1 1?8: 8:26/86:-1: ,=8,45 (…), 6 +<:6->626 8 +-76< ?6 ,1 ./12/4J6 ./12+?:8C- 1<87 2 „I,0$1-1+50.7&1.;$ 1$ '$)7=1+,+“, <6 :6, -+26 +<:6>626.+0/1:>26:1 — 1?:6 ,-6/6 -/6?8B8C. T6 ./12+?6>6,.+,51?+26-15 :6 -6<8 @7+56, ./12+?4- 1 ./1?626:1 :6,=8,45 8 -+K 1 ?54G1: ?6 :6./628 -+<8 ,=8,45 .+-C,1:, ?6 *+ ./+>8,-8 +- ./8,4J8-1 :6 >9G?+,--6 :6>9G?8C 1<87 :1C,:+-8. H-+ -+26 1, =657+ 76/876-9/:+./1,851:, ./+,5+29-8C- „?8:6=8>1: 17282651:-“ :6&6K?6. " -+<8 „?8:6=8>1: 17282651:-“ ./+?45G626 ?634?1 <67+: 3+G8 <6 =6,+28C ./12+?6>.“

M6 ,1 /63+-8 :6? 39726-6 ,.+/1? D1/=6: :1 +<:6>626, 1,--1,-21:+, 2/4J6:1 74= :682:6-6 397265:+,-, 76576-6 858

229988

24<./+8<21G?6:1-+, 6 ?6 ,1 +34/:1 2:8=6:81 :6 „8*/6-6 :6+<:6>626J8-1“. &1 ,=1 ?651> +- -24/?1:81-+ :6 ":/8 !1-@+:87, >1 „1?8: -17,- 1 7+57+-+ ,=8,454- :6 ,2+8-1 0+/=8,-+57+26 8 ,=8,454- :6 ,2+8-1 ?9=8“.

„P/12+?8-1 :6 '5+,+2,78 :8 .+<2+5C26- ?6 ./628=,-/+*+ /6<*/6:8>1:81 =1G?9 397265:+,- 8 76576. (…)D97265:8C- ./12+? :1 24<./+8<21G?6 067-8>:+,--6 :6+/8*8:656, 6 )+/.#$,$, 7+C-+ /47+2+?8 +/*6:8<6B8C-6:6 -6<8 067-8>:+,-. ;+K 24<./+8<21G?6 -6<8 5+*876-6=, 74?1-+ ./12+?:8C- 1<87 .+<2+5C26 -+26, 2 :1:+/-=8/6:8-1 ,8 .9:7-+21 (7+8-+ ,4J12/1=1::+ /6<7/826).P+ -+<8 :6>8: /6<7/826 1?8: 0/1:,78 1<87, .+-1:B865-:+ ,.+,+31: ?6 34?1 56-8:8<8/6:, *1/=6:8<8/6:, 6:-*58B8<8/6: 8 ./., 31< ?6 ,1 ,-8*6 ?+ :1*6-82:6 7+:-6=8-:6B8C — -24/?1 >1,-+ C251:81, 7+*6-+ 1<8B8-1 „258<6-2 7+:-67-“. '+*6-+ :1 ,1 ,-8*6 ?+ 7/6K:+,-, -+K .+76<-26 :6K-,1-:1, >1 >/1< -+26 „,4-/1,1:81 :6 >9G?8C 1<87“=6K>8:8C- 1<87, 2=1,-+ ?6 ,1 +->9G?626, ?+,-8*6 ?+ :1-.+?+<8/6:8 .56,-+21 :6 ,2+C-6 ,4J:+,-, .56,-+21, 7+-8-+ .+ 2,C76 21/+C-:+,- 38 =+*45 ?6 ?+,-8*:1 1?8:-,-21:+ >/1< ,+3,-21:6-6 ,8 58-1/6-9/6.“

;+26 ,6 +,:+2+.+56*6J8 -24/?1:8C, <6J+-+, +3J+ 2<1-+,./824/G1:8B8-1 :6 ./12+?6, +/81:-8/6: 74= B15128C 1<87,.+,-62C- !1@+:87 8 D1/=6: ,/1? „3972658,-8-1“, -. 1. ,/1?./824/G1:8B8-1 :6 ?+,5+2:8C ./12+?, :6 8<F+?:8C -17,-.

77**22..8844##)),,##

XX 217, +3C21: +- H?=+: '6/8 <6 „217 :6 ./12+?6“, ./1?-56*6 7+:-/6,-:6 76/-8:6, , C,1: 2+?+?15 2 ,/1?6-6 :6 2176.&68,-8:6, ,51? 7/6C :6 %-+/6-6 ,21-+2:6 2+K:6 8 .+,51?26-58-1 C ?453+78 .+58-8>1,78, 8?1+5+*8>1,78, :69>:+--1F:8->1,78, 87+:+=8>1,78 8 ,+B865:8 ./+=1:8, -+26 -24/?1:81 ,1?+76<26 8 2 7+58>1,-21:+, 8 2 76>1,-21:+ +-:+@1:81.R+5C=6-6 :+2+,- ./1< -+<8 217 +36>1 1, >1 ./12+?4- ,1

./+01,8+:658<8/6 8 -4/,8 ,+3,-21:6-6 ,8 :69>:6 +,:+26.!676/ -C ?6 :1 1 :6=1/856 2,1 +J1 ,2+1-+ .45:+ +./1?151-

229999

:81, ./1< .+,51?:8-1 *+?8:8 ,1 <6315C<26 <:6>8-15:6 ./+=C-:6 ,/1? 676?1=8>:8-1 8 :69>:8-1 ,/1?8 .+ +-:+@1:81 :6./12+?6>1,76-6 ?1K:+,-, 7+C-+ 21>1 :1 ,1 ,=C-6 <6 2-+/+,-1-.1::6 8 39?8 8:-1/1,6 :6 2,1 .+21>1 8<,51?+26-158, 6 ./67--87926J8-1 -6<8 ./+01,8C .+,-1.1::+ <6*4/326- ?1756/8/6-:8C ,8 1=.8/8<4= 2 .+5<6 :6 1?:6 .+-:69>:6 .+<8B8C .+ +--:+@1:81 :6 ,+3,-21:6-6 ,8 ./67-876.P/1< .+,51?:8-1 :C7+57+ *+?8:8 0/1:,78 ./12+?6>8

./1?56*6- :C7+8 +3J8 -1+/88, .+<2+5C26J8 ?6 ,1 8<51<1 +-?29.+5Q,:8C =+?15, 2 7+K-+ +- 217+21 1 2./8=>1: ./12+?4-8 /6<=8,58-1 <6 :1*+. Y1 :6=1/C- 58 -1<8 -1+/88 ,2+8-1.+,51?+26-158 8 ,2+1-+ /6<28-81 ./1< XXI 217? E-/926 =8,1, >1 -+26 1 <6?6>6 8 ./1?8<2876-15,-2+ +- .4/2+,-1.1::+<:6>1:81. ;676 >1 ?6 +>6726=1 ./+?45G1:81 …

**DD""!!EE++**FF**

— Georges Mounin, les Belles infidèles, Presses universitaires deLille, 1994.

— Antoine Berman, La traduction ou l’auberge du lointain, Paris,Seuil, 1999.

— Antoine Berman, Pour une critique des traductions : JohnDonne, Paris, Gallimard, 1995.

— Antoine Berman, L’épreuve de l’étranger, Culture et traductiondans l’Allemagne romantique, Paris, Gallimard, 1984.

— Henri Meschonnic, Poétique du traduire, Paris, Verdier, 1999.— Inês Oseki-Dépré, Théories et pratiques de la traduction lit-

téraire, Paris, Armand-Colin, 1999.— Jean-Louis Cordonnier, Traduction et culture, Paris,

Didier/Hatier, 1995.— Jean-René Ladmiral, Traduire : théorèmes pour la traduction,

Paris, Gallimard, 1994 (2e édition).— Jean-Claude Chevalier, Marie-France Delport, L’Horlogerie de

330000

saint Jérôme, Problèmes linguistiques de la traduction, Paris,L’Harmattan, 1995.

— Gérard Dessons, Henri Meschonnic, Traité du rythme, des verset des proses, Dunod, 1998.

— Walter Benjamin, „La tâche du traducteur“, Œuvres I, Paris,Gallimard, 2000, pp 244/262.

— George Steiner, Après Babel, 3e édition, Albin Michel, 1998.— Efim Etkind, Un art en crise, essai de poétique de la traduction

poétique, Lausanne, L’Age d’homme, 1982.— Valéry Larbaud, Sous l’invocation de saint Jérôme, Paris,

Gallimard, 1946/1973.— Robert Larose, Théories contemporaines de la traduction, 2e

édition, presses de l’Université du Québec, 1989.— Edwin Gentzler, Contemporary translation theories, Clevedon,

Multilingual Matters, 2001 (.+5<26: 1 ./12+?4- :6 345*6/,-78: I(%07&711. ,7+0.. "$ 507%+'$, %1587+ ;4/:+2+, P$',1999).

— Jeremy Munday, Introducing translation studies, London andNew-York routledge, 2001.

330011

&&''**))!!>>((++**((::++,,HH--DD++,,EE**GG** CC$$))AA,,''<<99** &&**<<,,""(())**,,

&&''((##((%%((++** ** &&??CC))**99??##,,++**##$$## MM'',,++FF**BB

• (- -/9?6, :6.8,6: ./1< 1964 *. +- %1,158: ;/6K7+2 8.+,21-1: :6 345*6/,76-6 58-1/6-9/6 :6 >9G?8 1<8B81, 8<58-<6, >1 .4/2+-+ 345*6/,7+ ./+8<21?1:81, ./121?1:+ :6 0/1:,-78, 8<58<6 -6= ./1< 1875 *., 6 8=1::+ ,3+/:87 :6/+?:8 .1,-:8, Chansons populaires inédites, .93587926: +- 8<?6-15,76--6 74J6Maisonneuve et Cie, , =6547 /1>:87, :6.8,6: +- ./1-2+?6>6 (*Q,- M+<+:. % .1/8+?6 1875–1943, =:+*+ =65473/+K 345*6/,78 -2+/38 8<58<6- 242 A/6:B8C: Légendesreligieuses bulgares, ./121?1:8 +- )8?8C I8@=6:+26 (1896),Sous le Joug +- $26: %6<+2, ./121?1: +- %. ":?/1 (1899 ?)./18<?626: ?26 .4-8 242 A/6:B8C 2 /6<58>:8 ./12+?82, BaïGanio +- "517+ '+:,-6:-8:+2 (2 ./12+? :6 !6-1K R1+/*8128 L6: \*1/@=8-, 1911), Le péché d’Haritina +- "::6 '6=1-:+26 (./121?1: +- 62-+/76-6 , !6/*N+/8- M1,7+56, 1943).

• P/628 2.1>6-51:81 +3,-+C-15,-2+-+, >1 .+ 2/1=1 :6 7+-=9:8<=6 2,1 -24/?1 =657+ ,1 ./121G?6 8 .93587926 242A/6:B8C (+7+5+ 25 7:8*8), ?+76-+ 345*6/,7+-+ ./628-15,-2+2+?8 8:-1:<82:6 795-9/:6 8 ./+.6*6:?:6 .+58-876 2 >9G38-:6. !:+*+ ./+8<21?1:8C ,6 ./121G?6:8 8 8<?626:8 :6 >9G?81<8B8 2 D45*6/8C, 385+ 2 ,.1B865:+ ,4<?6?1:+-+ <6 -6<8 B15$<?6-15,-2+ <6 >9G?8 1<8B8, 385+ 2 Bulletin d’informationsculturelles, 2 ,.8,6:8C-6 La Bulgarie d’aujourd’hui, La

330022

1 %1,158: ;/6K7+2, ?()/$0-#$,$ AJ'+:7-,%71$ ).,70$,J0$ 1$=J:'. 7".;. (1823–1962), E+08C, &6976 8 8<79,-2+, 1964, ,-/. 143–163.

2 % ./12+? :6 E-. U+:12, E. P1:>126 8 %. V+:+26 ./1< 1957 *.; :6 &6-?C W/8,-+0+/+2 8 #+G1 D1/:6/ ./1< 1976 *. (- ,2+C ,-/6:6 8 6< <6.+>:6F:+2 ./12+? :6 /+=6:6.

Bulgarie nouvelle, Loisirs en Bulgarie. &6?658 +36>1 ,6 8=6-58 <:6>8=+ /6<./+,-/6:1:81 ,/1? 0/1:,76-6 .935876.

• E51? ./+=1:8-1, :6,-4.858 ./1< 1989 *., 1,-1,-21:+ ,1<6315C<26 +3/6-:+-+ C251:81. E1*6 2 D45*6/8C ,1 ./121G?6-8 .93587926- *562:+ 7:8*8 <6 345*6/,7+-+ 8<79,-2+, 7958:6/-,-2+, 87+:8, =6:6,-8/8 8 -9/8,-8>1,78 <63151G8-15:+,-8. %<6=C:6 :6 -+26 0/1:,78-1 8<?6-158 8 .935876 ,1 +-26/C- 2,1.+21>1 74= -6<8 ,563+ .+<:6-6 12/+.1K,76 58-1/6-9/6, =6-76/ 8 +J1 „,/6=1G582+“, 67+ ,4?8= .+ ./+?6?1:8-1 17<1=-.5C/8, /C?7+ :6?F24/5CJ8 1000.P/121G?6- ,1 3151-/8,-8>:8 ./+8<21?1:8C: L’Asile des

Bienheureux +- &1?6 ":-+:+26 (2 ./12+? :6 L6:1-6 O<9:+-26, Actes Sud, 1993) ; +- Blaga Dimitrova, Déviation (2 ./12+?:6 ;. "/:69?+2, Rousseau, 1994) 8 L’Enfant qui venait du Viet-Nam (Seuil, 1973); +- ":-+: M+:>12, Les cent frères de Manol(„%/1=1 /6<?15:+“ 2 ./12+? :6 $26: (33+2, Actes Sud,1995) 8 L’Epopée du livre sacré (2 ./12+? :6 %1/+:876 &1:->126 8 H/87 &+5+, L’Esprit des Péninsules, 1997); +- R1+/*8R+,.+?8:+2, Un roman naturel (2 ./12+? :6 !6/8 %/8:6, 8<-?6-15,-2+ Phébus, 2002) 8 L’Alphabet des femmes (2 ./12+? :6!6/8 %/8:6, 8<?6-15,-2+ Arléa, 2003) ; Le coeur dans uneboîte en carton +- E21-+,562 !8:7+2 8 '+:,-6:-8: '+:,-6:--8:+2 (2 ./12+? :6 '/6,8=8/ '6265?G812 8 H/87 &+5+, 8<-?6-15,-2+ L’Esprit des Péninsules, 1993) ; Le Prince errant +-%1/6 !9-60>8126 (2 ./12+? :6 '5+? R8K+, 8<?6-15,-2+Stock, 1988) ; +- %87-+/ P6,7+2, Ballade pour Georg Henig(2 ./12+? :6 !6/8 %/8:6, 8<?6-15,-2+ l’Aube, 1990, 2-+/+8<?6:81 Rivages poches, 1991, -/1-+ 8<?6:81 L’Aube, 2000),Allemagne, conte cruel (2 ./12+? :6 !6/8 %/8:6, 8<?6-15-,-2+ l’Aube, 1992) 8 Big business (2 ./12+? :6 !6/8 %/8:6,Arcanes 17, 1993); Avant ma naissance... et après +- $26K5+P1-/+2 (2 ./12+? :6 !6/8 %/8:6, 8<?6-15,-2+ L’Aged’Homme, 1994). V+/?6: #6?8>7+2 1 31<,.+/:+ :6K-./121G-?6:8C- 242 A/6:B8C .8,6-15, <61?:+ , .+1-8-1 '8/85 '6?8K-,78 8 &87+56K '4:>12— +,21: Les Cours obscures, 2 ./12+?:6 )85C:6 D+6:1, 8<?6?1: ./1< 1980-6 2 ./1,-8G:+-+ 8<?6--15,-2+ Gallimard, ./121?1:8 ,6 8 Les Récits de Tcherkaski (2./12+? :6 !6/8 %/8:6, 8<?6-15,-2+ L’Esprit des Péninsules,1994, 2-+/+ 8<?6:81 ./1< 1998-6, 275Q>26J+ 4 /6<76<6, ./1-21?1:8 +- '/6,8=8/ '6265?G812), L’Herbe folle et autres nou-

330033

velles (2 ./12+? :6 #9=C:6 ;6-6/+26, !6/8 %/8:6, D1/:6/)+/8, 8<?6-15,-2+ Est/Ouest-UNESCO, 1994), Nous, lesMoineaux (2 ./12+? :6 %1/+:876 &1:>126 8 !6/8 %/8:6, 8<-?6-15,-2+ L’Esprit des Péninsules, 1997), La Barbe de bouc (2./12+? :6 D1/:6/ )+/8, '/6,8=8/ '6265?G812 8 !6/8 %/8-:6, 8<?6-15,-2+ L’Esprit des Péninsules, 2001), Souvenirs dechevaux (2 ./12+? :6 !6/8 %/8:6, 8<?6-15,-2+ FataMorgana, 2002). $<5C<+F6 :6 3C5 ,2C- :6 0/1:,78 8: +-E12?6 E126:, Quelque part dans les Balkans (-+= I, „#+?+,-+,#+?+,-+“ 8 -+= II, 2 ./12+? :6 !6/8 %/8:6, 8<?6-15,-2+l’Esprit des Péninsules, 2001 8 2002) ; L’Antéchrist +- H=85C:E-6:12 (2 ./12+? :6 D6/36/6 I.67+2,76, 8<?6-15,-2+l’Aube, 1991) ; Le Génie et son Maître +- U21-6: E-+C:+2 (2./12+? :6 !6/8 %/8:6, 8<?6-15,-2+ L’Esprit des Péninsules,2000) ; +- ":G15 %6*1:J6K:, Le pentateuque ou les cinq livresd’Isaac (2 ./12+? :6 %1/+:876 &1:>126 8 H/87 &+5+, 8<?6-15-,-2+ L’Esprit des Péninsules, 2001), 8 Abraham le Poivrot (3$-)7=7 +, M+)7'+, 2 ./12+? :6 %1/+:876 &1:>126 8 H/87 &+5+,8<?6-15,-2+ L’Esprit des Péninsules, 2002); +- V+/?6: V+2-7+2, Légendes du Balkan (2 ./12+? :6 !6/8 %/8:6, 8<?6-15-,-2+ L’Esprit des Péninsules, 1999).% +356,--6 :6 3+*.&'#$: +- D56*6 M8=8-/+26, La Mer

interdite (2 ./12+? :6 %1/6 !6/8:+26, 8<?6-15,-2+ Est-Ouest,1994); +- '8/85 '6?8K,78, Choix de poèmes (8<?6-15,-2+Belfond, 1991), Plume de Phénix (2 ./12+? :6 &. )+/6:-'6--/8,, 8<?6-15,-2+ Librairie bleue, 1993), La ville noctambule,choix de poèmes (2 ./12+? :6 !6/8 %/8:6, 8<?6-15,-2+ FataMorgana, 2003), Les cinq saisons et autres poèmes (2 ./12+?:6 !6/8 %/8:6 8 L6: (/8<1, 8<?6-15,-2+ Le Cherche-Midi,2001), Temps de sable (2 ./12+? :6 E8528C %6*1:J6K:, 8<?6--15,-2+ L’Esprit des Péninsules, 2002) et Sonnets (2 ./12+? :6E8528C %6*1:J6K:, 8<?6-15,-2+ Fata Morgana, 1999); +- &8-7+56K '4:>12, L’Acacia blanc de Blanche Église (2 ./12+? :6M1:8B6 D6:>126, 8<?6-15,-2+ Librairie bleue, 1997), Antholo-gie personnelle (2 ./12+? :6 62-+/6, 6?6.-6B8C +- !6/8-'5+?8 '1:1- O6K-, 8<?6-15,-2+ Actes Sud, 1994), Message du pié-ton (2 ./12+? :6 M1:8B6 D6:>126, 8<?6-15,-2+ Librairiebleue, 2000), Sous la tente du grand sacrificateur (2 ./12+? :6M1:8B6 D6:>126, MEET, 2001), Veilleur de nuit de l’Aurore (2./12+? :6 M1:8B6 D6:>126, 8<?6-15,-2+ d’Écarts, 2001) et

330044

Observatoire des saisons (2 ./12+? :6 M1:8B6 D6:>126, 8<?6--15,-2+ L’Âge d’homme, 2001).P/121?1:8 ,6 8 3&*4&: +- V+/?6: #6?8>7+2, „\:96/8“ (2

./12+? :6 U1:6 !85126 8 #9=C:6 E-6:>126), „Lazaritsa“ (2

./12+? :6 #9=C:6 M1=6:G 8 !6/8 %/8:6, Editions théâtrales /Maison Antoine Vitez, 2002); +- E-6:8,562 E-/6-812, Le bus,La vie bien qu’elle soit courte (2 ./12+? :6 '. )1./+: 8 A. '+-7+:81, 8<?6-15,-2+ Actes Sud 1991) 8 De l’autre côté (2 ./1-2+? :6 !8/>12 8 H. I+215, A. Die, 1994).P+ 2/1=1 :6 58-1/6-9/:8C 01,-8265 „'/6,828-1 >9G?1:-

78“, .+,21-1: ./1< =6K 2001 :6 345*6/,76-6 58-1/6-9/6, 31-@1 8<?6?1:6 6:-+5+*8C, ,4?4/G6J6 -17,-+21 +- 14--1 .8,6--158, .+76:1:8 242 A/6:B8C +- 0/1:,7+-+ !8:8,-1/,-2+ :6795-9/6-6 (W/8,-+ D+K>12, D+*?6: D+*?6:+2, $26: D+/8,56-2+2, ":G15 %6*1:J6K:, R1+/*8 R+,.+?8:+2, H=858C M2+/C-:+26, D56*6 M8=8-/+26, ":-+: M+:>12, '8/85 '6?8K,78,&87+56K '4:>12, %1/6 !9-60>8126, "517 P+.+2, V+/?6:#6?8>7+2, E12?6 E126:).

330055

DD,,99))NNEE((++**((

%7/6C :6 -+26 ?86F/+::+ (1?8: +- 24<=+G:8-1 ./+>8-8 :6?1K,-28-15:+,--6) ./+,51?C26:1 :6 ./12+?6, +- 6:-8>-

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330066

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Cet ouvrage, publié dans le cadre du programme de participation à la publication VITOCHA,...

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