Developing an Understanding of Communication · • Newborns prefer speech to other sounds...

Developing an understanding of communication

Alia Martin Harvard University

CBMM Summer School August 25, 2015

What is communication?

transfer or exchange of information

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Human communication requires:

reasoning about cognitive states

reasoning about social interaction

(often) reasoning about language

Core Knowledge NumberGeometry/Space

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Objects

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lp/faq-fair-use/.6

license. For more information, see

https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.

Addressee Communicator

information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.

1. Language is an action 8

Is there any salt?

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“Is there any salt?”

Locationary act: interrogative about presence of salt

Illocutionary act: requesting salt

Perlocationary act: causing Austin, 1955 addressee to provide salt

excluded from our Creative Commons license. For moreinformation, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.

1. Developing an ability to identify a communication action or situation

• 6-month-olds recognize speech is human-

produced and human-directed (Vouloumanos et

al., 2009; Legerstee et al., 2000)

• 10-month-olds expect mutual gaze

between speakers (Beier & Spelke, 2011)

Identifying communicative contexts

• Newborns prefer speech to other sounds (Vouloumanos & Werker, 2004; 2007; Shultz & Vouloumanos, 2010)

© Wiley. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commonslicense. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.Source: Vouloumanos, Athena, and Janet F. Werker. "Listening to language atbirth: Evidence for a bias for speech in neonates." Developmental science 10, no.

2 (2007): 159-164.

Vouloumanos & Werker, 2007 1 to 4 days old 14

© Wiley. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commonslicense. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.Source: Vouloumanos, Athena, and Janet F. Werker. "Listening to language atbirth: Evidence for a bias for speech in neonates." Developmental science 10, no.

2 (2007): 159-164.

© Wiley Press. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commonslicense. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.Source: Vouloumanos, Athena, and Janet F. Werker. "Listening to language atbirth: Evidence for a bias for speech in neonates." Developmental science 10, no.

2 (2007): 159-164.15

• 6-month-olds recognize speech is human- produced (Vouloumanos et al., 2009) and human-

directed (Legerstee et al., 2000; Molina et al., 2004)

5-month-olds Vouloumanos et al., 2009 17

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Habituation

ActingTalking Test

Courtesy of American Psychological Association. Used with permission.Source: Legerstee, Maria, Joanne Barna, and Carolyn DiAdamo. "Precursorsto the development of intention at 6 months: Understanding people andtheir actions." Developmental Psychology 36, no. 5 (2000): 627.

6-month-olds Occluder reveals person Legerstee et al., 2000 19

Habituation

Talking ActingTest

Occluder reveals object 20

Hey there! Oh hi!

license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.Source: Beier, Jonathan S., and Elizabeth S. Spelke. "Infants’ developing understanding

of social gaze." Child development 83, no. 2 (2012): 486-496.

9- and 10-month-olds Beier & Spelke, 2011 23

Hey there! Oh hi!

license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.Source: Beier, Jonathan S., and Elizabeth S. Spelke. "Infants’ developing understanding

of social gaze." Child development 83, no. 2 (2012): 486-496.

Do infants understand that speech transfers information

between people?

“The cup!”

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Commons license. For more information,

see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.

“Oooh!”

information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.28

content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information,see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.

Communicator Addressee

La taza!

Bēizi! katora! “The cup!”

Der becher! La tasse!

content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information,

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“The cup!”

La tasse! Der becher!

Bēizi!

La taza!

katora!

Commons license. For more information,see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.

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Do infants recognize that speech is communicative?

12-month-olds 31

Procedure

Infant

Communicator Familiarization

Courtesy of Elsevier, Inc., https://www.sciencedirect.com. Used with permission.

Source: Martin, Alia, Kristine H. Onishi, and Athena Vouloumanos. "Understanding the abstract role of speech

in communication at 12months." Cognition 123, no. 1 (2012): 50-60. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.12.003.

Addressee Familiarization

Courtesy of Elsevier, Inc., https://www.sciencedirect.com. Used with permission.Source: Martin, Alia, Kristine H. Onishi, and Athena Vouloumanos. "Understanding the abstract role of speech

“****”“****”

Test - Speech

“Koba!”

Test - Cough

*cough*

Test – Emotional Vocalization

“Oooh!”

Test “****”

Target Non-target Courtesy of Elsevier, Inc., https://www.sciencedirect.com. Used with permission.Source: Martin, Alia, Kristine H. Onishi, and Athena Vouloumanos. "Understanding the abstract role of speech

Visual

Access +

Addressee

Speech

Results Lo

Target 15

Non-target

Speech Cough Oooh

Martin, Onishi, & Vouloumanos, 2012 42

Discussion

• 12-month-olds recognize that speech

can transfer information about an

object, but emotional expressions and

coughing cannot

• Reasoning about information access?

“Oooh!”

information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/. 44

Communicator Familiarization Addressee Visual Access

Courtesy of Elsevier, Inc., https://www.sciencedirect.com. Used with permission.Source: Martin, Alia, Kristine H. Onishi, and Athena Vouloumanos. "Understanding the abstract role of speechin communication at 12months." Cognition 123, no. 1 (2012): 50-60. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.12.003 45

Test *Oooh!*

in communication at 12months." Cognition 123, no. 1 (2012): 50-60. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.12.003.47

Addressee

Speech

Results Lo

* Target 15

Non-target

Speech Cough Oooh Visual Access +

Discussion

coughing cannot

• Reasoning about information access? Yes!

• Reasoning about information sources?

Communicator Familiarization

in communication at 12months." Cognition 123, no. 1 (2012): 50-60. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.12.003 50

in communication at 12months." Cognition 123, no. 1 (2012): 50-60. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.12.003. 51

Test – Addressee Speech“Koba!

Test “Koba!

in communication at 12months." Cognition 123, no. 1 (2012): 50-60. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.12.003.53

Results *

Target

Non-target **

Speech Cough Oooh Visual Addressee

Access + Speech

Discussion

coughing cannot

• Reasoning about information access? Yes!

• Reasoning about information sources? Yes!

Do infants recognize that speech is communicative?

12-month-olds

6-month-olds? 56

6-month-olds…

• understand some common words used in their environment (Bergelson & Swingley, 2012; Tincoff

& Jusczyk, 1999; 2012)

• no evidence for learning a word in a

single trial

“Koba!” *cough*

in communication at 12months." Cognition 123, no. 1 (2012): 50-60. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.12.003. 58

Vouloumanos, Martin, & Onishi, in press 59

Speech Cough Co

ugh + Visual

Access

Target

Non-Target

Results: 6-month-olds

Speech is communicative for infants

• 6- and 12-month-old infants recognize

that speech is communicative

– transfers information from one person to

another

• May provide a mechanism for

language and knowledge acquisition

1. Developing an ability to identify a communication action or situation

is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more

2. Communication requires a focus on intentions

Communicative Intentions Is there

any salt?

Locationary act: interrogative about presence of salt

Illocutionary act: requesting salt

Perlocationary act: causing addressee

Austin, 1955

to provide salt

Grice (1957): Speaker meaning

1) The communicator (C) intends the

addressee (A) to respond in a particular

way (R)

2) C intends A to recognize that C intends for

A to respond R

3) C intends A to fulfill (1) on the basis of (2)

Infant attention to communicative intentions

16 to 19 months Baldwin, 1991 67

Image removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see the video.

Southgate et al., 2010 17 months 68

Southgate et al., 2010 17 months 69

Actor does NOT see switch

Grice (1957): Speaker meaning

way (R)

A to respond R

Speaker meaning in children?

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18- to 30-month-olds Shwe & Markman, 1997; Grosse et al., 2010 78

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You asked for the truck? I’m going to give you the truck.

excluded from our Creative Commons license. For moresee https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/. information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.

You asked for the truck? I’m going to give you the sock.

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You asked for the sock? I’m going to give you the truck.

• By 18-24 months, children care about

the impact of their communicative

signals on the understanding (not just

the response!) of their addressee

3-year-olds Martin & Olson, 2013 84

“Can you give me that cup so I can pour a cup of water?”

Martin & Olson, 2013 86

Results

Functional Dysfunctional

Conventional

Dysfunctional

Unconventional

Object Requested

Functional

Dysfunctional

Results

Functional Dysfunctional

Object Requested

Martin & Olson, 2013 87

• By 18-24 months, children care about

the impact of their communicative

signals on the understanding (not just

the response!) of their addressee

• By 3 years, children acknowledge

what the speaker meant to ask for,

even if they give her something else

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3. Communication is a joint action, of accumulating common ground

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Isaacs & Clark, 1987 90

~9months – joint attention

Tomasello, 1995; Tomasello & Carpenter, 2007

Person 2

~12months – use shared experience to interpret communication

Communicator

Infant

Addressee

e.g., Ganea & Saylor, 2007; Liebal et al., 2009; Moll et al., 2006; 2007; Saylor & Ganea, 2007 92

Communicator

Infant

Addressee

Infant

Addressee

Communicator

Common ground

Communicator

Can you give

it to me?

Communicator

Infant

Addressee

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Communicator

Infant

Addressee

Can you give it to me?

Communicator

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information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/. see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.

Communicator

Can you give it to me?

Infant

Addressee

Communicator

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Communicator

Can you give

it to me?

Infant

Addressee

Communicator

Remaining questions:

How rich are infants’

representations of common

ground?

community membership?

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

How rich are infants’

representations of common

ground?

How rich are infants’ representations of common ground?

How do children build an

understanding of common ground

based on non-episodic cues like

Animal communication

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Animal communication

• Sensitivity to presence of audience – e.g., alarm-calling species rarely alarm call if

no members of their species are present

• Sensitivity to identity of audience – e.g., ground squirrels, vervet monkeys alarm

call much more in presence of kin

• Sensitivity to knowledge state of

audience – e.g., Wild chimpanzees alarm-call more when

unaware chimpanzees are around

Animal communication • Eliciting stimuli for communicative signals, and

signals themselves, tend to be fixed/inflexible

• Receivers acquire information from vocal

signals, but no evidence of information about

mental states

• Communicators’ signals can cause a beneficialresponse in receivers, but no evidence for

intention of changing receiver’s mental state

Grice: Speaker meaning

way (R)

A to respond R

The inability of most animals to recognize

the mental states of others distinguishes

animal communication most clearly from

human language. Whereas signalers

may vocalize to change a listener’s behavior, they do not call to inform

others. Listeners acquire information from

signalers who do not, in the human

sense, intend to provide it.

Seyfarth & Cheney, 2003 107

Core Knowledge NumberGeometry/Space

information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.Agents

Objects

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lp/faq-fair-use/.https://ocw.mit.edu

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Social Beings

. rights reserved. This is excluded from our Creative content is excluded Commons license. For more

from our Creative

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1lp/faq-fair-use/.

information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/ 108

Communication requires:

reasoning about cognitive states

reasoning about social interaction

(often) reasoning about language

MIT OpenCourseWarehttps://ocw.mit.edu

Resource: Brains, Minds and Machines Summer CourseTomaso Poggio and Gabriel Kreiman

The following may not correspond to a particular course on MIT OpenCourseWare, but has beenprovided by the author as an individual learning resource.

For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: https://ocw.mit.edu/terms.

Developing an Understanding of Communication · • Newborns prefer speech to other sounds...

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