9
gUWV] *HUoHNO൴N :DVV൴O\ .DQG൴QVN\¶Q൴Q <HQ൴ 5HDO൴]P൴ ùXOH *HFH dHO൴NNDQ * Özet %X PDNDOHGH VR\XW VDQDWÕQ |QF ൴V൴POHU൴QGHQ 5XV VDQDWoÕ :DVV൴O\ .DQG൴QVN\¶ Q൴Q HVHUOHU൴ YDVÕWDVÕ\OD JHUoHNO൴÷൴Q WHN ER\XWOX ROPD\ÕS J|UQHQGHQ DOJÕODQDQGDQ YH GX\X- ODQGDQ IDUNOÕ E൴U JHUoHNO൴N ER\XWXQXQ GD RODE൴OHFH÷൴ J|VWHU൴OPHN ൴VWHQP൴úW൴U 6R\XW VDQDW E൴]H EX JHUoHNO൴÷൴ J|VWHUHE൴OHFHN UXKVDO E൴U DODQGÕU 6R\XW VDQDW \HQ൴ E൴U G൴O ROXúWXUDUDN E൴]OHUH VDQDWÕQ VDGHFH J|UOHFHN E൴U úH\ GH÷൴O D\QÕ ]DPDQGD ]HU൴QGH GúQOHFHN YH WDUWÕúÕODE൴OHFHN E൴U DODQ ROGX÷XQX GD J|VWHUPHNWHG൴U $QDKWDU .HO৻PHOHU 6R\XW VDQDW \HQ൴ UHDO൴]P :DVV൴O\ .DQG൴QVN\ 0DUFHO 'XF- KDPS 0DUW൴Q +H൴GHJJHU 5HYHDO൴QJ Z൴WKRXW D 9H൴O 1HZ 5HDO൴VP RI :DVV൴O\ .DQG൴QVN\ $EVWUDFW 7K൴V SDSHU D൴PV WR SUHVHQW WKDW WKH UHDO൴W\ ൴V QRW XQ൴G൴PHQV൴RQDO ൴Q D ZD\ WKDW WKHUH P൴JKW EH DQ DVSHFW RI UHDO൴W\ WKDW ൴V G൴VW൴QFW IURP KRZ ൴W VHHPV KRZ ൴W ൴V SHUFH൴YHG DQG KHDUG WKURXJK WKH DUW ZRUNV RI :DVV൴O\ .DQG൴QVN\ ZKR ൴V S൴RQHHU൴QJ 5XVV൴DQ $UW൴VW ൴Q DEVWUDFW DUW 7KH DEVWUDFW DUW ൴V D VS൴U൴WXDO DUHD WKDW FDQ VKRZ WK൴V UHDO൴W\ 7KH DEVWUDFW DUW VKRZV XV WKH DUW ൴V QRW RQO\ D Y൴V൴EOH WK൴QJ EXW DOVR DQ DUHD XQGHU FRQV൴GHUDW൴RQ DQG G൴V- FXVV൴RQ E\ PHDQV RI FUHDW൴QJ D QHZ ODQJXDJH .H\ZRUGV $EVWUDFW DUW QHZ UHDO൴VP :DVV൴O\ .DQG൴QVN\ 0DUFHO 'XFKDPS 0DUW൴Q +H൴GHJJHU <UG 'Ro 'U 0X÷OD 6ÕWNÕ .RoPDQ hQ൴YHUV൴WHV൴ (GHE൴\DW )DNOWHV൴ )HOVHIH %|OP 0X÷OD 7UN൴\H JHFHVXOH#JPD൴OFRP ϭϮϳ

í î ó - oaji.net

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    10

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: í î ó - oaji.net

gUW�V�]�*HUoHNO൴N��:DVV൴O\�.DQG൴QVN\¶Q൴Q�<HQ൴�5HDO൴]P൴ ùXOH�*HFH�dHO൴NNDQ*

Özet

� %X�PDNDOHGH�VR\XW�VDQDWÕQ�|QF�� ൴V൴POHU൴QGHQ�5XV�VDQDWoÕ�:DVV൴O\�.DQG൴QVN\¶�Q൴Q�HVHUOHU൴�YDVÕWDVÕ\OD���JHUoHNO൴÷൴Q�WHN�ER\XWOX�ROPD\ÕS��J|U�QHQGHQ��DOJÕODQDQGDQ�YH�GX\X-ODQGDQ�IDUNOÕ�E൴U�JHUoHNO൴N��ER\XWXQXQ�GD�RODE൴OHFH÷൴�J|VWHU൴OPHN�൴VWHQP൴úW൴U��6R\XW�VDQDW�E൴]H�EX�JHUoHNO൴÷൴�J|VWHUHE൴OHFHN�UXKVDO�E൴U�DODQGÕU��6R\XW�VDQDW�\HQ൴�E൴U�G൴O�ROXúWXUDUDN�E൴]OHUH�VDQDWÕQ�VDGHFH�J|U�OHFHN�E൴U� úH\�GH÷൴O��D\QÕ�]DPDQGD��]HU൴QGH�G�ú�Q�OHFHN�YH�WDUWÕúÕODE൴OHFHN�E൴U�DODQ�ROGX÷XQX�GD�J|VWHUPHNWHG൴U�� $QDKWDU� .HO৻PHOHU�� 6R\XW� VDQDW�� \HQ൴� UHDO൴]P��:DVV൴O\� .DQG൴QVN\�� 0DUFHO� 'XF-KDPS��0DUW൴Q�+H൴GHJJHU�

5HYHDO൴QJ�Z൴WKRXW�D�9H൴O��1HZ�5HDO൴VP�RI�:DVV൴O\�.DQG൴QVN\ $EVWUDFW���� 7K൴V�SDSHU�D൴PV�WR�SUHVHQW�WKDW�WKH�UHDO൴W\�൴V�QRW�XQ൴G൴PHQV൴RQDO�൴Q�D�ZD\�WKDW�WKHUH�P൴JKW�EH�DQ�DVSHFW�RI�UHDO൴W\�WKDW�൴V�G൴VW൴QFW�IURP�KRZ�൴W�VHHPV��KRZ�൴W�൴V��SHUFH൴YHG�DQG�KHDUG�WKURXJK�WKH�DUW�ZRUNV�RI�:DVV൴O\�.DQG൴QVN\��ZKR�൴V�S൴RQHHU൴QJ�5XVV൴DQ�$UW൴VW�൴Q�DEVWUDFW�DUW��7KH�DEVWUDFW�DUW�൴V�D�VS൴U൴WXDO�DUHD�WKDW�FDQ�VKRZ�WK൴V�UHDO൴W\��7KH�DEVWUDFW�DUW�VKRZV�XV�WKH�DUW�൴V�QRW�RQO\�D�Y൴V൴EOH�WK൴QJ��EXW�DOVR�DQ�DUHD�XQGHU�FRQV൴GHUDW൴RQ�DQG�G൴V-FXVV൴RQ�E\�PHDQV�RI�FUHDW൴QJ�D�QHZ�ODQJXDJH��� .H\ZRUGV��$EVWUDFW�DUW��QHZ�UHDO൴VP��:DVV൴O\�.DQG൴QVN\��0DUFHO�'XFKDPS��0DUW൴Q�+H൴GHJJHU�

� <UG��'Ro��'U���0X÷OD�6ÕWNÕ�.RoPDQ�hQ൴YHUV൴WHV൴�(GHE൴\DW�)DN�OWHV൴�)HOVHIH�%|O�P���0X÷OD�7�UN൴\H��JHFHVXOH#JPD൴O�FRP

ϭϮϳ

Page 2: í î ó - oaji.net

� :DVV൴O\�.DQG൴QVN\��൴o�\DúDPÕ�W�P�]HQJ൴QO൴÷൴\OH�\DNDOD\DE൴OHQ�E൴U�UXK�UHVVD-PÕGÕU��2QXQ�VH\൴UF൴V൴���UXKXQX��൴oVHO�VH]J൴Q൴Q�GX\XUXúXQD�YH�VDI�൴o�VHV൴Q�DOJÕODPD-VÕQD�DoDE൴OHFHN�úHN൴OGH�E൴U�ROJXQOX÷D�NDYXúWXUGX÷XQGD�DQFDN�UHVP൴Q�KDUPRQ൴V൴QH�HU൴úHE൴O൴U��5XK��EX�KDUPRQ൴\൴�DOJÕODGÕ÷Õ�]DPDQ�DQFDN�HVWHW൴N�KD]]Õ�\DNDOD\DE൴O൴U��%X�QHGHQOH�.DQG൴QVN\��EXJ�Q�E൴UoRN�VDQDW�WDU൴Ko൴V൴�YH�VDQDW�HOHúW൴UPHQ൴�WDUDIÕQ-GDQ�VR\XW�VDQDWÕQ�|QF�V��RODUDN�NDEXO�HG൴OPHNWHG൴U��6DQDWWD�VH]J൴VHO�\|QHO൴P�൴OH���QHVQHGHQ�]൴\DGH���൴QVDQÕQ�YDUROXúXQD�GD൴U�DoÕN�E൴U��൴oVHO�KDN൴NDW൴Q�൴IDGHV൴Q൴�EXOGX-÷XPX]�.DQG൴QVN\�UHV൴POHU൴��.DUO�-DVSHUV¶൴Q�³�)HOVHIH�\ROGD�ROPDNWÕU�´�൴EDUHV൴Q൴��VDQDWD�X\DUOD\DQ�E൴U�NXUJX� ൴OH� ³�6DQDW�� VR\XWD�J൴GHQ�\ROGD�ROPDNWÕU�´� úHNO൴QGH�൴]DK�HG൴OHE൴O൴U��2QXQ�UHV൴POHU൴QGH�EDVNÕQ�RODQ�YDK൴\VHO�NRPSR]൴V\RQ��QHVQHOHU൴Q�o|]�O�ú��൴OH�E൴UO൴NWH�GR÷DO�G�Q\DGDQ�YH�RQXQ�WHPV൴O൴�൴úDUHWOHU൴QGHQ�GH�V�UH÷HQ�E൴U�NRSXúXQ�J|VWHUJHOHU൴G൴U��g]HOO൴NOH��DWRPODUÕQ�o|]�QPHV൴�൴OH�ED÷ODQWÕOÕ�E൴U�]൴K൴QVHO�NU൴]�YH�PDGGHQ൴Q�SDUoDODQPDVÕ�൴OH�EDú�J|VWHUHQ�UXKVDOOÕ÷D�H÷൴O൴P�DUDVÕQGDN൴�DoÕN�ED÷ODQWÕGDQ� KDUHNHW� HGHQ�.DQG൴QVN\� IDUN� HWW൴� N൴��PDGGH\H� ൴O൴úN൴Q� VHUW� ൴PDM� YH�|Q\DUJÕ� NDEX÷X�GHO൴QP൴úW൴��.DWÕ�PDGGH� DUWÕN� UXKVDO� RODUDN�G�ú�Q�OHE൴O൴UG൴��%X�QHGHQOH�5XGROI�6WH൴QHU¶ÕQ�E൴U�GHUV൴QGH�EDKVHWW൴÷൴�J൴E൴��³��+HU�úH\GH�E൴]�GHQH\൴P-OH�NDUúÕODúÕUÕ]��WHRVRI൴�YH�DQWURVRI൴�E൴]H�EXQX�|÷UHW൴U��UXK�\R÷XQODúWÕUÕOPÕú�RODUDN�DQODúÕODE൴OVH\G൴��EX]�VX\OD��PDGGH�UXKOD�൴O൴úN൴O൴G൴U��(÷HU�VHQ�EX]X�HU൴W൴UVHQ��EX�VX�ROXU��(÷HU�VHQ�PDGGH\൴�HU൴W൴UVHQ��EX�PDGGH�RODUDN�J|]GHQ�ND\EROXU�YH�UXK�ROXU��+HU�úH\�\DQ൴�PDGGH�JHUoHNWH�UXKWXU��EX�UXKXQ�GÕú�J|U�Q�ú�G�U�´�1

� 9H�E|\OHFH�.DQG൴QVN\��EX�|N�OW�GRNWU൴QOHU�oHUoHYHV൴QGH��G�Q\D\Õ�NDWÕ�PDG-GHVHO� � JHUoHNO൴÷൴Q�E൴U� WH]DK�U��RODUDN�J|UPHN�\HU൴QH�� ൴o� DKHQN�YH� VH]J൴Q൴Q�GH�\DUGÕPÕ\OD�UXKVDO�JHUoHNO൴÷൴Q�E൴U�WH]DK�U���RODUDN�GH÷HUOHQG൴UG൴�YH�|\OH�J|UG���5HV൴POHU൴��EX�YDK൴\VHO�DQODP�YH�oD÷UÕúÕPODUOD�\�NO��E൴U�VR\XWOX÷XQ�YH�VR\XWOD-PDQÕQ�NHúI൴QH�GR÷UX�\|QHO൴UNHQ�� D\QÕ� ]DPDQGD� � ൴]OH\൴F൴Q൴Q� UXKVDO�GH÷൴ú൴P൴�YH�G|Q�ú�P�QH� RODQDN� WDQÕGÕ�� %X� UXKVDO� GH÷൴ú൴P� YH� G|Q�ú�P�� HQ� oRN� HWN൴OH\HQ�úH\OHUGHQ�E൴U൴V൴�YH�EHON൴�GH�HQ�|QHPO൴V൴�VR\XW�VDQDWÕQ�YH�VR\XW�VDQDWOD�X÷UDúDQ�VDQDWoÕODUÕQ�NHQG൴�൴o�VHVOHU൴QGHQ�EHVOHQPHOHU൴�YH�EXQXQ�൴o൴QGH�QRUPDO�G൴O൴Q�ROD-÷DQ�W�P�\ROODUÕQGDQ�NHQG൴OHU൴Q൴�NXUWDUPDODUÕQGD�J൴]O൴G൴U��2OD÷DQ�J|UPH�\ROODUÕQÕ�GH÷൴úW൴UHQ�YH�HVHUH�IDUNOÕ�úHN൴OGH�EDNPD\Õ�YH�\RUXPODPD\Õ�JHUHNW൴UHQ�VR\XW�VD-QDW��D\QÕ�]DPDQGD�ROD÷DQ�G൴O�VÕQÕUODUÕ� ൴o൴QGH�NDODUDN�EXQXQ�EDúDUÕODPD\DFD÷ÕQÕ�G�ú�Q�U��'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD�VR\XW�VDQDWWD�VHVV൴]O൴N�YH�\DUDWÕPÕ�WHW൴NOH\HQ�E൴U�൴o�VHV�JH-UHNPHNWHG൴U��%X�QHGHQOH�VHVV൴]O൴N��DoÕ÷D�oÕNDUPDQÕQ��HQ�|QHPO൴�EHO൴UWHoOHU൴QGHQ�E൴U൴G൴U��6DQDWÕQ�GR÷DVÕ�� \ÕOODUFD�NHQG൴� VHVV൴]O൴÷൴� ൴o൴QGHN൴� VDQDWoÕQÕQ� ൴o� VHV൴QGHQ�EHVOHQP൴úW൴U�� %�W�Q� H]RWHU൴N� |÷UHW൴OHU� VHV൴Q� |QHP൴� �]HU൴QGH� GXUXUNHQ� D\QÕ� ]D-PDQGD��\DUDWPD� �KDN൴NDW൴Q൴� � WHW൴NOH\HQ�XQVXUX� ൴o�VHV൴� � ൴OKDP�HGHQ�PHWDI൴]൴NVHO�KDN൴NDW൴Q� ND\QD÷ÕQGDQ� RODQ� � E൴U� W�U� |G�OOHQG൴UPH�� E൴U� ൴PW൴\D]�� E൴U� EDKúHG൴OPH�RODUDN�DQOD\ÕS�WDNG൴U�HWP൴úOHUG൴U��6HV��JHUoHNWHQ�E�\�O��E൴U�GR÷D\D�VDK൴S�ROGX÷X�

�� 0RVKH�%DUDVFK���0RGHUQ�7KHRU৻HV�RI�$UW�)URP�,PSUHVV৻RQ৻VP�WR�.DQG৻QVN\��9ROXPH����86$��1HZ�<RUN�8QÕYHUV൴W\�3UHVV��������V�����

ϭϮϴ

Page 3: í î ó - oaji.net

൴o൴Q�EX�VHV൴�NXOODQDQ�YH�\DUDWÕFÕ�DNWÕ�JHUoHNOHúW൴UHQ�൴QVDQODUÕQ��|]HO�N൴ú൴OHU�ROPDVÕ�JHUHNW൴÷൴�൴QDQFÕ��൴ONHO�൴QVDQGDQ�J�Q�P�]H�DNWDUÕODQ�E൴U�W�U�E�\�VHO�V|\OHP�ROD-UDN�EHOOH÷൴P൴]H�\HUOHúP൴úW൴U��øúWH�EX�\�]GHQ�P�]൴NWH�VR\XW�VDQDW�൴o൴Q�|QHPO൴G൴U��6DGHFH�P�]൴÷൴Q�GH÷൴O��ú൴൴U൴QGH�EX�VHVV൴]O൴÷൴�EHVOHG൴÷൴QH�YH�൴o�VHV൴Q�HQ�൴OKDP�HG൴F൴�\ROODUÕQGDQ�E൴U൴V൴�ROGX÷XQD��6FKHOO൴QJ¶�GH�GH÷൴Q൴U�YH�³�VDI�G�ú�QFHQ൴Q�E൴U�IHOVH-IHV൴\OH�NDUúÕODúWÕ÷ÕQGD�ú൴൴U൴Q�|UQHNOHU൴QGHN൴�EHQ]HUO൴NOHU൴�NXOODQGÕ÷ÕQD�YH�JHUoHN�PDQWÕ÷ÕQ�DQFDN�ú൴൴U�൴o൴QGH�KDUHNHW�HGHE൴OHFH÷൴QH�൴QDQÕU��%XQXQ�\DQÕQGD��E൴U�oRN�VR\XW�NXUDPFÕ�GD��H]RWHU൴N�VDQDW�oDOÕúPDODUÕQÕQ�oR÷XQXQ�VHVV൴]O൴÷H�൴úDUHW�HWW൴÷൴Q-GHQ�EDKVHWP൴úOHUG൴U��8QJDUDWW൴���³�ú൴൴U൴Q��VHVV൴]O൴÷൴Q�|]�J|]\DúODUÕQD�EHQ]HG൴÷൴Q൴�|QH�V�UHU��0DOODUPH�E൴U�ú൴൴U൴Q�VDI�VHVV൴]�ROGX÷XQX�NDQÕWODPD\D�oDOÕúÕU��%�W�Q�PR-GHUQ�UHVVDPODU�.DV൴P൴U��0DOHY൴FK¶൴�WDN൴S�HGHUOHU��E|\OHV൴QH�E൴U�SURJUDP�GDKD�oRN�D\UÕQWÕOÕ�úHN൴OGH�YH�NHQG൴�E൴O൴QF൴QGHG൴U�´��(OEHWWH�EX�ú൴൴UVHO�\ROXQ�GHU൴Q�YH�NDRW൴N�oD÷UÕúÕPODUÕQÕ� VR\XW� VDQDWD� ൴OJ൴V൴� RODQ� úD൴UOHU� NDGDU� UHVVDPODU� YH� G�ú�Q�UOHUGH�NXOODQPÕúODUGÕU��7HPHOGH�\DúDPÕQ�൴o൴QGHN൴�DoÕ÷D�oÕNÕúODUÕQ��JHU൴�oHN൴OPHOHUGH�YH�|UW�O��RODQÕQ�DoÕ÷D�oÕNPDODU� ൴o൴QGH� WHPV൴O൴QH�NDUúÕOÕN�JHOHQ�EX�\|QHO൴P൴Q� ൴]OH-U൴Q൴�(GPXQG�%XUNH¶�GD�J|UPHNWH\൴]��.HO൴PHOHU൴Q�J�F�QH�൴QDQDQ�YH�EXQXQ�൴o൴Q�VDQDWÕQ�WDNO൴Wo൴�ROPDN�\HU൴QH�\DUDWÕFÕ�ROPDVÕ�JHUHNW൴÷൴Q൴�VDYXQDQ��VDQDWÕQ�NODV൴N�WDNO൴G൴Q�NXUDOODUÕQGDQ�NHQG൴Q൴�|]J�U�EÕUDNPDVÕ�൴o൴Q�HQ�|QHPO൴�\ROXQ�NXUDOVÕ]�E൴U�W�U�RODQ�ú൴൴UGH��EXOXQGX÷XQX�൴IDGH�HGHQ��%XUNH��EXQX�úX�úHN൴OGH�EHO൴UWP൴úW൴U��³�.H-O൴PHOHU��GX\JXODUÕ�൴IDGH�HGHFHNOHU൴�]DPDQ��ED]Õ�൴PW൴\D]ODUGDQ�KRúODQÕUODU��RQODU�NHQG൴OHU൴�൴KW൴UDVOÕ�\DQ�DQODPODUOD�\�NOHQP൴úOHUG൴U��RQODU�J|U�Q�U�ROXS�ROPDGÕNOD-UÕQÕ�G�ú�QPH\H�]RUXQOX�ROPDGDQ�UXKODU�KDNNÕQGDN൴�úH\OHU൴�oD÷UÕúWÕUÕUODU��6RQXo-WD�%XUNH�HNOHU��EDúND�úHN൴OOHUGH�൴PNDQVÕ]�RODQÕ��NHO൴PHOHU൴Q�NRPE൴QDV\RQODUÕ\OD�HWN൴OHPHN��E൴]൴P�J�F�P�]GHG൴U�´��.HO൴PHOHU൴Q�൴PW൴\D]ODUÕ��RQODUÕQ�൴oVHO�KDN൴NDW��]HU൴QGHN൴�HWN൴V൴QH�GHQN�JHOPHNWHG൴U��.HO൴PHOHU��oHú൴WO൴�DUPRQ൴OHUOH��J|U�QHQ൴Q�|WHV൴QGH��J|U�OPH\HQ��DPD�UXKX�EHVOH\HQ�VR\XW�൴]OHQ൴POHUH�HúO൴N�HGHU��+HU�NHO൴-PH�EX�\�]GHQ��WHPV൴O�HWW൴÷൴�QHVQH�NDGDU��RQXQ�WHPV൴O�HG൴OPH\HQ�VR\XW�DQODPÕQÕQ�EXOXQPDVÕ�YH�VDGHFH�]൴K൴QGH�GH÷൴O��UXKWD�WHPV൴O�HG൴OPHV൴QH�RODQDN�WDQÕU��%X�NR-QXGD��.DQG൴QVN\¶�GH��NHO൴PHOHU൴Q�J�F�QH�൴QDQÕU��³�6|]F�N��൴oVHO�DUPRQ൴\൴�൴IDGH�HGHE൴O൴U��øoVHO�DUPRQ൴��NÕVPHQ�\DGD�EHON൴�GH�oR÷XQOXNOD�DGÕQÕ�YHUG൴÷൴�QHVQHGHQ�GR÷DU��$PD�QHVQHQ൴Q�NHQG൴V൴�J|U�OPH\൴S��DGÕ�൴ú൴W൴OG൴÷൴QGH�൴ú൴WHQ൴Q�]൴KQ൴�\DOQÕ]FD�VR\XW�E൴U� ൴]OHQ൴P�HOGH�HWPHNWHG൴U��<DQ൴�QHVQH��PDGGH�KDO൴Q൴Q�GÕúÕQD�oÕNPÕú�YH�NDOSWH�NHQG൴V൴\OH�X\XPOX�E൴U�W൴WUHú൴P�ROXúPXúWXU�´4�1HVQHQ൴Q�J|U�QHQ൴Q�|WHV൴QGH�IDUNOÕ�DQODPODUÕQÕ�NHúIHWPHN�YH�EX�VR\XW�DQODPODUOD�UXKVDO�]HQJ൴QO൴÷൴�EHVOHPHN�VR\XW�VDQDWÕ� WHW൴NOHG൴÷൴�NDGDU�� �VRV\DO�YH�]൴KQ൴�WHWN൴N൴�WHW൴NOH\HQ��|QHPO൴� �JHO൴ú-

�� .DUVWHQ�+DUU൴HV��7KH�0HDQ৻QJ�RI�0RGHUQ�$UW�$�3K৻ORVRSK৻FDO�,QWHUSUHWDW৻RQ��86$��1RUWKZHV-WHUQ�8Q൴YHUV൴W\�3UHVV��������V����

�� -HDQ�)UDQoR൴V�/\RWDUG��3RVWPRGHUQ�'XUXP��oHY��$KPHW�d൴÷GHP��$QNDUD��9DG൴�<D\ÕQODUÕ��������V�����

�� :DVV൴O\�.DQG൴QVN\��6DQDWWD�5XKVDOOÕN�h]HU৻QH��oHY��*�O൴Q�(N൴QF൴��øVWDQEXO���$OWÕNÕUNEHú�<D\ÕQ-ODUÕ��������V����

ϭϮϵ

Page 4: í î ó - oaji.net

PHOHU��GH��VR\XW�VDQDW�൴o൴Q�\RO�J|VWHU൴F൴�ROPXúWXU��'H÷൴úHQ�WRSOXPVDO�G൴QDP൴NOHU��E൴O൴PVHO�NHú൴ÀHU��N�OW�UHO�SUDW൴NOHU��IDUNOÕ�IHOVHI൴�G�ú�Q�úOHU�VR\XW�VDQDWÕQ�|QF�-OHU൴Q�GH�NXúNXVX]�\HQ൴�SHUVSHNW൴ÀHU൴Q�ROXúPDVÕQD�PH\GDQ�YHUHFHNW൴U��g]HOO൴NOH�.DQG൴QVN\�J൴E൴�E൴U�VR\XW�VDQDW�|QF�V���JHUoHNO൴÷൴�DOJÕOD\Õú� WDU]ÕPÕ]ÕQ�\DQÕOJÕOÕ�RODE൴OHFH÷൴Q൴�|QHPO൴�E൴U�E൴O൴PVHO�NHúIH�GD\DQGÕUDUDN��E൴U�\HQ൴�UHDO൴]PH�൴úDUHW�HW-P൴úW൴U��³�.DQG൴QVN\��DWRPXQ�E|O�QHE൴OHFH÷൴�G�ú�QFHV൴Q൴�NXOODQDUDN��JHUoHNO൴÷൴Q�J|U�QG�÷��J൴E൴�ROPD\DE൴OHFH÷൴Q൴�൴úDUHW�HGHUHN��RQXQ�൴V൴POHQG൴UG൴÷൴�úHN൴OGH��VD-QDWÕQ�\HQ൴�JHUoHNO൴÷൴Q൴�GR÷UXODPÕúWÕU�´�

� .DQG൴QVN\��VÕNOÕNOD�DoÕ÷D�oÕNDUPDQÕQ�|UW�V�]�ROXúXQGDQ�GHP�YXUXU��2QD�J|UH�|UW�O��RODQ�JHUoHNO൴N��KHU�]DPDQ�Dú൴QDOÕN�൴OH�EHVOHQHQ�YH�DOÕúÕOGÕN�QHVQH�J|U�QW�-V��൴o൴QGH�NHQG൴Q൴�J|VWHUHQ�E൴U�J|U�QW�OHU�G൴]JHV൴G൴U��øQVDQODUÕQ�DOÕúWÕNODUÕ�RUWDPÕQ�GÕúÕQGD�IDUNOÕ�\HUOHU�YH�GXUXPODU�NDUúÕVÕQGDN൴�WHG൴UJ൴QO൴÷൴Q൴�EXQD�ED÷OD\DE൴O൴U൴]�<DUDWÕFÕ� DNW൴Y൴WH� KHU� ]DPDQ�E൴UD]� IDUNOÕOÕ÷Õ�� E൴UD]�|]J�UO�÷��� E൴UD]� FHVDUHW൴�� NÕ-VDFDVÕ�VR\XWODPD\Õ�JHUHNW൴UPHNWHG൴U��%X�GXUXPGD�WHPV൴O൴Q�VD÷ODGÕ÷Õ�J|U�QW�OHU�G�Q\DVÕQÕQ�YH�Dú൴QD�ROGX÷XPX]�KHU�úH\൴Q�WHUN�HG൴OPHV൴� �DQODPÕQD�JHOPHNWHG൴U��6DQDWoÕ\D�EX�WDU]�E൴U�|]J�UO�N�FHVDUHW൴Q൴�ND]DQGÕUDFDN�VR\XWODPD�IDDO൴\HW൴Q൴�|QH-UHQ�.DQG൴QVN\��\HQ൴�UHDO൴]P�DGÕQÕ�YHUG൴÷൴�KDUHNHW൴Q൴�EXQD�GD\DQGÕUPDNWDGÕU�� ³�6DQDW�\DSÕWÕ�� |QFH�NHQG൴V൴� E൴UWDNÕP�XPXWODUÕQ�\HU൴G൴U��'൴QOHPHQ൴Q�\HU൴QH�QH�V|\OHQG൴÷൴�|QHPO൴G൴U��6H\൴UF൴�GÕú�J|U�Q�ú�Q�\DODQODUÕ\OD� ൴OJ൴O൴G൴U��(÷HU�R�EX�൴OJ൴\H�\DSÕúÕUVD��\DSDPD]��IDNDW�E൴U�VDI�GXUXP�\DSÕWWD�D]DOÕU�E൴U�EHOOHN�X\DQGÕUÕOÕU��IDNDW�EX�EHOOHN�VDQDW�\DSÕWÕQÕQ�\DUGÕPFÕ�\ROXGXU��6DQDW��WHPV൴O൴Q�GHVWH÷൴QH�൴KW൴\Do�GX\PD]��$NV൴QH�� WHPV൴O� KHU� ]DPDQ� JHUH÷൴QGHQ� oRN� Dú൴QD� E൴U� G�Q\D� ൴o൴QH� J|]-OHPF൴\൴�JHU൴�DWPD�H÷൴O൴P൴QGHG൴U�7HPV൴O�JHUoHNO൴÷൴�VDNOD\DUDN�Dú൴QDOÕ÷ÕQ�|UW�V�Q��V�UG�U�U�´��.DQG൴QVN\�\DúDPÕQ�WHNG�]HO൴÷൴�\HU൴QH�\DúDPÕQ�J�oO��DNÕúÕQÕ�YH�KHU�úH\൴�G|Q�úW�UHE൴OHFHN�J�F��ROGX÷XQX�EX�SDUDJUDÀDUGD�|]HOO൴NOH�EHO൴UWPHNWHG൴U��<DúDP�DNÕúÕ�VDGHFH�VR\XW�VDQDWoÕODUGD�GH÷൴O��PRGHUQ�VDQDWOD�X÷UDúDQ�W�P�VDQDW-oÕODUGD�|QHPO൴�E൴U�\HUH�VDK൴SW൴U��6XEMHNW൴I�H÷൴O൴POHU൴Q�|QHP�ND]DQGÕ÷Õ�YH�൴QVDQÕQ�NHQG൴O൴÷൴QH�GD൴U�VH]J൴VHO�\|QHO൴POHU൴Q൴Q�DUWWÕ÷Õ�E൴U��G|QHPGH��GR÷D�YH�E൴o൴POHU൴Q��൴QVDQÕQ� NHQG൴O൴÷൴QH� GD൴U� E൴U� E൴O൴QoO൴� |QJ|U�� YH� WXWXP� ND]DQGÕUPDNWDQ� ]൴\DGH� ��EDNÕúÕ�� ൴o�\DúDPGDQ��ROJXODUÕQ�YH�J|U�QJ�OHU൴Q�SR]൴V\RQODUÕQD�VDE൴WOHPH�൴úOHY൴���UXKX�N|UHOWHQ�E൴U�PXKDID]DGDQ��EDúND�E൴U�úH\�GH÷൴OG൴U��'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD��.DQG൴QVN\��SR]൴W൴Y൴]PH��%HUJVRQ¶�XQ�\DUDWÕFÕ�DNÕúÕ\OD�PHWDI൴]൴NVHO��E൴U�DOWHUQDW൴I��VD÷ODPÕúWÕU��%X�DOWHUQDW൴I�RNXPDGD��SV൴NRORM൴�HQVW൴W�OHU൴Q൴Q��NXUXOPDVÕ�YH�൴QVDQD�GD൴U�SV൴NROR-M൴N�V�UHoOHU൴Q�NHúIHG൴OPHV൴��DNW൴I��E൴U�URO�R\QDPÕúWÕU��øQVDQ�G�ú�QFHV൴QH�GD൴U�PHUDN�HG൴OHQOHU� DUDúWÕUPD� NRQXVX� ROPXú� YH� GÕú� JHUoHNO൴÷H� J�oO�� E൴U� DOWHUQDW൴I� RODUDN�NHQG൴Q൴�GX\XUPXúWXU��%X�G|QHPGH��\൴QH�.DQG൴QVN\¶�Q൴Q�]൴K൴QGH�FDQODQPD�YH�ú൴-

�� 'RQDOG�.XVS൴W��³$�)UHXG൴DQ�1RWH�RQ�$EVWUDFW�$UW´��7KH�-RXUQDO�RI�$HVWKHW৻FV�DQG�$UW�&U৻W৻F৻VP��YRO������QR�����������V�����

�� .DUVWHQ�+DUU൴HV��D�J�H���V�����

ϭϯϬ

Page 5: í î ó - oaji.net

൴UVHO�X\DQÕúD�\RO�DoDQ��VR\XW�VDQDWÕQÕ�|]J�UFH�VHUJ൴OHG൴÷൴��µ�.RPSR]൴V\RQODU�¶��VHU-J൴V൴�൴VH��5XV\D¶QÕQ��5|QHVDQVÕ�RODUDN�DGODQGÕUÕOPÕúWÕU��³�.DQG൴QVN\¶�Q൴Q��UHV൴POHU൴�VR\XW�PXGXU"�&HYDEÕ�VHUJ൴V൴Q൴Q�DOW�\D]ÕVÕQGD�J|U�OPHNWHG൴U��6R\XWD�J൴GHQ�\ROGXU��<DQ൴�E൴]�E൴U�VH\DKDW�KDO൴QGH\൴]��6R\XWODPD���JHQHOGH�E൴U�QHVQH�ROPDPDVÕ�úHNO൴Q-GH�WDQÕPODQÕU��g]HOO൴NOH�UHV൴P�YH�úHN൴OOHUOH�ROXúWXUXOPXúWXU��.DQG൴QVN\��QHVQHOHU�G�Q\DVÕQGDQ�൴]OHU൴Q�ROXS�ROPDPDVÕQÕQ�|QHPO൴�ROPDGÕ÷ÕQÕ��|QHPO൴�RODQÕQ�U൴W൴POHU�൴OH�WXYDO��]HU൴QGHN൴�DKHQN�ROGX÷XQX�V|\OHP൴úW൴U��.DQG൴QVN\��VR\XWODPD\Õ�GH÷൴O��UHQNOHU൴Q��o൴]J൴OHU൴Q�YH�U൴WP൴N�G�]HQOHPHOHU൴Q�W൴WUHú൴P൴\OH�PXWODN�X\XPOX��YH�VDI�GX\JX\X�DUDPDNWD\GÕ��%XQGDQ�GROD\Õ�oDOÕúPDVÕ�DUWDQ�úHN൴OGH�VR\XW�KDOH�JHOP൴ú-W൴U��%X�KDU൴ND�VHUJ൴�\HQ൴�\ROODUOD��൴o�VHVOHU൴P൴]൴�GHQH\൴POHPHP൴]�GH�E൴]H�\DUGÕPFÕ�ROPDNWDGÕU�´��.DQG൴QVN\��VDQDWÕQ�GÕú�IRUPODUOD�൴OJ൴OHQPHNWHQ�]൴\DGH�൴o�IRUPODUÕ�UHVPHWPHV൴�JHUHNW൴÷൴QH�YH�VDQDWoÕQÕQ�]൴K൴QVHO�PHúJXO൴\HW൴Q൴�NHQG൴�൴o�G�Q\DVÕQD�\|QOHQG൴UPHV൴�JHUHNW൴÷൴QH�G൴NNDWOHU൴�oHNHU��2QXQ�VR\XW�UHV൴POHU൴�DGHWD�]HQJ൴Q�E൴U�G൴O�G�Q\DVÕQÕ�YH�DQODPÕQ�KDN൴NDW൴Q�൴IDGH�HGHU��³�.DQG൴QVN\¶H�J|UH��VDQDWoÕ�RUM൴-QDO�E൴U�úH\OHU�V|\OHPHO൴�VDQDWÕQ�൴IDGHV൴QH�YH�G൴O൴QH�\HQ൴�E൴U�úH\OHU�NDWDE൴OPHO൴G൴U��.DQG൴QVN\�K൴VVHGHU�N൴��\HQ൴�GR÷UXODU��HVN൴Q൴Q�GÕúÕQGD�RUJDQ൴N�RODUDN�VDQDWÕ�JH-O൴úW൴U൴U��)DNDW�GR÷DQÕQ�GÕú�J|U�Q�ú�Q�Q�\�]H\VHO�WDNO൴G൴�൴oHU൴N�YH�൴IDGHQ൴Q�|]�QH�Q�IX]�HWPHQ൴Q�DQODPÕ�RODPD]��.DQG൴QVN\��.OHH�YH�0RQGU൴DQ�J൴E൴�VDQDWoÕODUÕQGD�WDNG൴U�HWW൴÷൴�J൴E൴�HYUHQVHO�J�]HOO൴N��NHQG൴�൴]OHQ൴P൴�|WHV൴QH�J൴GHU��\DGD�E൴UH\VHO�N൴-ú൴O൴÷൴Q�൴IDGHV൴Q൴Q��EX�VRQVX]XQ�E൴U�K൴VV൴G൴U�YH�GR÷DQÕQ�Q൴WHO൴÷൴Q൴Q�VÕQÕUVÕ]OÕ÷ÕGÕU�´��%X�QHGHQOH�GR÷DQÕQ�WDNO൴G൴QH�ú൴GGHWOH�NDUúÕ�oÕNDQ�.DQG൴QVN\��DGHWD�%DXGDOHUD൴UH¶�F൴� � E൴U� WXWXPOD� EXQXQ�\DUDWÕFÕ� DNW൴Y൴WH\൴� NÕVÕUODúWÕUDQ� \DSÕVÕQD� G൴NNDWOHU൴� oHNHU��2QD�J|UH�WDNO൴W�HWPH\HQ��QHVQHO�ROPD\DQ�VDQDW�GHYU൴PF൴�GR÷DVÕ\OD�]DWHQ��G൴NNDW-OHU൴�oHNHU��6DQDW�\DSÕWÕ�QH�GH�ROVD�E൴U�J൴]G൴U��NHQG൴Q൴�J|UHQ�J|]OHUH�EX�J൴]൴�NROD\-OÕNOD�DoDPD]��*|UPH\H�oDEDOD\DQ�൴QVDQ�൴o൴Q�KHU�WHPV൴O��E൴U�DoÕ÷D�oÕNÕúWDQ�]൴\DGH�JHUoHNO൴÷൴Q��VW�QH�E൴U�|UW��VHUHU��%X�GXUXPGD�WHPV൴O൴�HOHPHQWOHUGHQ�NXUWXODQ�KHU�VDQDW�\DSÕWÕ�� VH\൴UF൴\൴�JHUoHN�DQODPGD�J|UPH\H�GDYHW�HGHU��2�KDOGH� WHPV൴O൴�E൴U�UHV൴PGHQ�]൴\DGH��൴QVDQÕ�J|UPH\H�YH�G�ú�QPH\H�VHYN�HGHQ�VR\XW�VDQDW�\DSÕWODUÕ�JHUoH÷൴�J|VWHUPH\H�GDKD�KHYHVO൴�YH�J|UPH\H�oDEDOD\DQ�VH\൴UF൴�GH�GDKD�ÕVUDUOÕ�YH�FHVXU�E൴U�EDNÕú�DoÕVÕQD�VDK൴SW൴U�

� ³�7HPV৻O৻�HOHPHQWWH�E৻U�P৻Q৻PXP�D]DOPD��E৻U�PDNV৻PXP�VDQDWÕQ�J�F�Q�Q�DUW�WÕ÷ÕQÕ�J|VWHU৻U��)DNDW��.DQG৻QVN\�৻o৻Q�VR\XWODPD\D�\|QHO৻N�\RO�\DOQÕ]FD�PRGHUQ�VDQDWoÕODUÕ� WDN৻S� HWPHNOH� ROPD]�� 6DQDWoÕQÕQ� VR\XWODPD\D� VDSPDODUÕQÕQ� \HU৻QH�NHQG৻OHU৻�৻o৻Q�E৻U�úH\OHU�V|\OHPHOHU৻QH�NDONÕúPDODUÕQD�৻]৻Q�YHU৻OPHO৻G৻U��%X�VRQXo�E৻U�\HQ৻�UHDO৻]PG৻U��+HQU৻�5RXVVHDX�.DQG৻QVN\¶Q৻Q�DQW৻WH]৻Q৻�NHúIHWW৻��RQXQ�DPDFÕ�

�� 3DWU൴F൴D� 5D൴O൴QJ��7KH� $UW� %RRN�� ([K৻E৻W৻RQV��0XVHXPV� DQG� *DOOHU৻HV�� -RXUQDO� &RPS൴ODW൴RQ��%DVHO��������V���

�� %HUU\�.HQQHWK��³$EVWUDFW�$UW�DQG�(GXFDW൴RQ´��%U৻W৻VK�-RXUQDO�RI�$HVWKHW৻FV��YRO������QR����-XO\�������V������

ϭϯϭ

Page 6: í î ó - oaji.net

³E�\�N�VR\XWODPD\Õ´��E৻U�³\HQ৻��E�\�N�UHDO৻]P৻´�EDED�৻oWHQO৻÷৻\OH�|YPHNW৻U�´9

� .DQG൴QVN\��VDQDWoÕQÕQ�WDN൴So൴�ROPDN�\HU൴QH�\DUDWÕFÕ�ROPDVÕ�JHUHNW൴÷൴�JHUoH-÷൴QGHQ�KDUHNHW�HGHUHN��Dú൴QDOÕNODUÕPÕ]Õ�Dú൴QD�ROPD\DQD��JHUoH÷൴�G�úOHUH��ROD÷DQÕ�ROD÷DQ�VW�QH�G|QG�UPH�EHFHU൴V൴QH�VDK൴S�VDQDWoÕODUÕ� WDNG൴U�HGHU��*HUoH÷൴��NHQG൴�JHUoHNO൴÷൴QGHQ�VR÷XUPDN�YH�G�úOHUOH�NRPE൴QH�HG൴S�VXQPDN��G�Q\DQÕQ�ROD÷DQ�GX-UXPODUÕQGDQ�VHUEHVWOHúPH\൴�YH�QRUPDO�J|U�ú�\ROODUÕQÕ�WHUN�HWPH\൴�JHUHNW൴U൴U��%X�E�\�O��DWPRVIHU�.DQG൴QVN\¶Q൴Q�\HQ൴�UHDO൴]P൴QH�KDN൴P�RODQ�E൴U�G�úVHO�HYUHQG൴U��%X�G�úVHO�HYUHQGH�DUWÕN�V|]F�NOHU൴Q�|QHP൴�\RNWXU��7ÕSNÕ�+H൴GHJJHU¶�GH�ROGX÷X�J൴E൴�KHU�úH\�ú൴൴UVHO�E൴U�G൴OOH�oD÷UÕOÕU��9H�EX�HYUHQGH�E൴OJ൴��WÕSNÕ�6FKRSHQKDXHU¶�GH�ROGX÷X�J൴E൴�\DúDP�൴UDGHV൴QGHQ�W�P�\OH�ED÷ÕPVÕ]�E൴U�VDQDWoÕ�|]J�UO�÷�QH�VHEHE൴-\HW�YHU൴U�� <HWHUO൴�DNOÕQ�SUHQV൴SOHU൴�E൴U�úH\൴Q�JHUoHNWH�QH�ROGX÷XQX�\RUXPOD\ÕFÕ�oHUoHYH�൴o൴QH�\HUOHúW൴UPHN�YDVÕWDVÕ\OD�J൴]OHG൴��EX�\�]GHQ�+H൴GHJJHU�JUDPHU൴��NHO൴PHOHU൴Q�J�F�Q��J|]�|Q�QH�VHUHQ൴�J൴]OHPHN�J൴E൴�J|U�U��³�*UDPHU�EXUDGD�E൴U�WHNQ൴N�GX\JX�RODUDN�DQODúÕOPD]��EX�EDV൴WoH�E൴U�NHO൴PHQ൴Q�൴ú�J|UPHV൴�ED÷ODPÕQD�DWÕIWD�EXOXQXU��%X�\�]GHQ�E൴U�NHO൴PHQ൴Q�DQODPÕ�NXOODQÕPÕ�൴OH�|]GHúOHúW൴÷൴QGH��EX�E൴]H�E൴U�JUDPD-W൴N� WDQÕPODPD�K൴VV൴�YHU൴U��.HO൴PH�E൴U�|]HO�G൴O�R\XQXQXQ�ED÷ODPÕQD�\HUOHúW൴U൴O൴U��2\XQODU�� VÕUDVÕ\OD�� IDUNOÕ� DoÕN�SURMHOHUOH� ൴QVDQÕ�PHúJXO�HGHUOHU��%X�J|]OHP�E൴]൴�NXúDWDQ� úH\OHUH�P�UDFDDW�HGHUHN�X]DWÕODE൴O൴U��)DNDW�EX�DQODPGD�EHON൴�\DNODúÕP�\DUDUOÕGÕU��EX�KHP�úH\OHU൴Q�JHUoHNO൴÷൴�\DGD�NHO൴PHOHU൴Q�E൴UH\VHOO൴÷൴�QH�J൴]OHU��$Q-ODP�\DUDUD�൴QG൴U൴OPH]�´���� *HQHO�RODUDN�EDNÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD��KHU�൴N൴�G�ú�Q�UGH�]DUXU൴�RODQ�G൴OGHQ�\DGD�DNOÕQ�൴UD-GHQ൴Q�K൴]PHW൴QGHQ�NXUWDUÕOPDVÕ�J൴E൴�J|U�QVH�GH��RUWDN�DPDo��úH\OHU൴Q�JHUoHN�GR-÷DODUÕQÕ�E൴]OHUH�J|VWHUPHV൴Q൴�HQJHOOH\HQ�KHU�W�U�J൴]OH\൴F൴�ED÷ODPÕ�RUWDGDQ�NDOGÕU-PDNWÕU��6FKRSHQKDXHU¶�൴Q�PD\D�|UW�V�Q��RUWDGDQ�NDOGÕUDQ��+H൴GHJJHU¶�൴Q�ú൴൴UVHO�NXUWXOXúXQD�൴PNDQ�YHUHQ�úH\�DQFDN�EX�൴GHDOOH�HOGH�HG൴O൴U��$QFDN�XQXWXOPDPDOÕGÕU�N൴���൴QVDQODUÕQ�JHUoHNOHUOH�NDUúÕODúPDVÕ�KHU�]DPDQ�VÕNÕQWÕ�YHU൴F൴�ROPXúWXU��5HDO൴WH��E൴U��úRN�YH�DFÕ�GX\JXVX�൴OH�൴QVDQGD�NRUNX\D�YH�|INH\H�VHEHS�ROPDNWDGÕU��'൴OVHO�NXUDOODU�E൴]൴�E|\OHV൴QH�E൴U�úRNWDQ�NXUWDUÕU��VDQDWWD�E൴]൴P�RUWDN�DFÕPÕ]Õ�G൴QG൴UPHN�൴o൴Q�oDUHOHU�DUDU��2�\�]GHQ�G൴O�YH�VDQDW��൴QVDQ�൴o൴Q�VÕ÷ÕQÕODFDN�E൴U�O൴PDQ�J൴E൴�൴NHQ��D\QÕ�]DPDQGD�E൴]൴�G�Q\DQÕQ�DFÕPDVÕ]�JHUoHNOHU൴QGHQ�NRUXUODU��%X�DQODPGD�E൴]OHU��R\XQODUD�൴KW൴\Do�GX\DUÕ]��DPD�D\QÕ�]DPDQGD��HOEHWWH�� �EX�R\XQODU�E൴]൴P�úH\OHU൴�JHUoHN�GR÷DODUÕ�൴o൴QGH�VH\UHWPHP൴]H�HQJHO�RODFDN�PHVDIH�WDúODUÕGÕU��6HUW�R\XQX�\XPXúDWDQ��K൴OHO൴�NXUDOODUGÕU��1൴WHN൴P��\HU൴�JHOP൴úNHQ�EHO൴UWPHNWH�ID\GD�YDUGÕU�N൴��.�E൴VWOHU� VDYDú�|QFHV൴� VÕNÕQWÕOÕ�KDYD\Õ�GD÷ÕWDE൴OPHN� ൴o൴Q�� ൴QVDQODUD�� �JD]HWH�KDEHUOHU൴Q൴�IDUNOÕ�NRODMODUOD�\XPXúDWDUDN�VXQPXúODUGÕU��³�(UNHQ�N�E൴VW�NRODMODUGD��3൴FDVVR�YH�%UDTXH�VÕNOÕNOD�JD]HWH�V�WXQODUÕQGDQ�\DUDUODQGÕODU��%X�NRODMODU�%൴U൴QF൴�

�� �.DUVWHQ�+DUU൴HV��D�J�H���V�������� �.DUVWHQ�+DUU൴HV��D�J�H���V�����

ϭϯϮ

Page 7: í î ó - oaji.net

'�Q\D�6DYDúÕ�|QFHV൴QGH�N൴�\ÕOODUGD��UHW൴OG൴��|]HOO൴NOH�%DONDQ�NU൴]OHU൴QGH��VDYDú�|QGHUO൴÷൴QGH�G൴SORPDW൴N�EDúODQJÕoODU�NXUPD�DUDFÕOÕ÷Õ\OD�VÕNÕQWÕOÕ�YH�൴ú�VRUXQODUÕ-QÕQ�KDWÕUÕ�VD\ÕOÕU�E൴U�SHU൴\RGXQGD��6DQDW�WDU൴Ko൴V൴�5RJHU�&UDVKDZ¶�D�J|UH��JD]HWH�ND÷ÕGÕ�EX�NRODMODU�൴o൴QGH�HVWHW൴]H�HG൴OHQ�SRO൴W൴N�ROD\ODU�KDNNÕQGDGÕU«E൴UoRN�SR-O൴W൴N�PHVHOH�EX�NRODMODU� ൴o൴QGH�GR÷UXGDQ�\HUOHúW൴U൴OHE൴OP൴úW൴�� |UQH÷൴Q�PHG\DQÕQ�SRO൴W൴NDVÕ�KDNNÕQGD�´11�� %�W�Q�EX�J൴U൴ú൴P�YH�oDEDODU�VDQDWÕQ�J�F�Q�Q�DoÕN�J|VWHUJHOHU൴G൴U��6DYDú�|Q-FHV൴�ROGX÷X�NDGDU�VDYDú�VRQUDVÕ�GD��VDQDW��൴QVDQODUÕ��G൴QJ൴QOHúW൴UP൴ú��YH��UDKDWODW-PÕúWÕU��$QFDN�EX�G൴QJ൴QOHúW൴UPH�YH�VHUEHVWOHúW൴UPH�KDUHNHWOHU൴QGH�VDQDWoÕQÕQ�HQ�|QHPO൴�HV൴Q�J�F��EX�WDU]�|QHPO൴�G�ú�Q�UOHU൴Q�G�ú�QFHOHU൴�൴o൴QGH�úHN൴OOHQP൴úW൴U��6DQDWoÕQÕQ��KHUNHVWHQ�IDUNOÕ�E൴U�G൴O�\DUDWPDVÕ�JHUHNW൴÷൴�J൴E൴��DQFDN��PHYFXW�G൴O൴Q�RODQDNOÕOÕ÷Õ�൴o൴QGH�DQOD\DE൴OHQ�൴QVDQODUÕ�GD�NHQG൴V൴QGHQ�X]DNODúWÕUPDPDVÕ�JHUHN-PHNWHG൴U��%XQX�\DSDE൴OPHV൴�൴o൴QGH�Dú൴QD�ROXQDQÕ�Dú൴QD�ROXQPD\DQD�YH\DKXW�൴OH-W൴ú൴P�NXUXOPD\DQÕ�൴OHW൴ú൴P�NXUXODE൴OHFHN�RODQD�G|Q�úW�UHE൴OPHV൴�JHUHNPHNWHG൴U��1൴WHN൴P�E൴U�úD൴U��JUDPHU൴Q�W൴UDQOÕ÷ÕQGDQ�VHUEHVW�NDOPÕú�NHO൴PHOHU൴Q�E൴U�\ROXQGDQ�G൴OGH� \DUDUODQDE൴O൴U�� VDQDWoÕ� W൴UDQOÕ÷ÕQ� ED÷ODPÕQGDQ� úH\OHU൴� |]J�UOHúW൴UPH\H� oD-OÕúÕU��³�'XFKDPS�E൴U�S൴VXYDU�J൴E൴�\DGD�E൴U� ú൴úH�NXUXWXFX�VXQGX÷X�]DPDQ�E|\OH�VHUEHVW�EÕUDNPD\D�\|QHO൴N�\ROX�൴úDUHW�HWW൴��dHú൴WO൴�\ROODUOD�E|\OH�\HQ൴�JHO൴úPHOHU�SRS�DUW�J൴E൴�\DGD�³JHQHO�QHVQH�UHVP൴´�E൴U�\HQ൴�UHDO൴]P൴Q�൴GDUHV൴QGH�'XFKDPS¶�WD�KDUHNHW�൴PNDQÕQÕ�\DNDODPÕúODUGÕU��%X�oDEDODUÕQ�PHUNH]൴QGH�E൴UH\VHO�úH\OHUGHQ�|]J�UOHúW൴U൴OPH�G�ú�QFHV൴Q൴�EXOXUX]��o�QN��RQODU�QRUPDO�J|U�Q�P�ED÷ODPODUÕQÕ�WDKU൴S�HGHUOHU�´���� 0DUFHO�'XFKDPS¶ÕQ�EX�|]J�UOHúW൴U൴F൴�\ROX�NDUDUOÕ�E൴U�úHN൴OGH�DWWÕ÷ÕQD�KHS൴P൴]�KHPI൴N൴U൴]��2��VHoW൴÷൴�QHVQHQ൴Q�|QHPO൴�E൴U�QHVQH�ROXS�ROPDPDVÕQD�DOGÕUÕú�HWPHN-V൴]൴Q��KHS൴P൴]൴Q�KHPHQ�KHPHQ�KHU�J�Q�NDUúÕODúWÕ÷Õ�E൴U�QHVQH\൴�VDQDW�HVHU൴�RODUDN�VXQPD\OD��VDQDW�HVHUOHU൴Q൴�NHQG൴�ED÷ODPODUÕ�GÕúÕQGD�VXQPD\Õ�YH�E൴]OHU൴�úDúÕUWPD\Õ�DPDoODPÕúWÕU��1RUPDO�J|U�Q�úOHU�E൴]OHU൴�K൴oE൴U�]DPDQ�úDúÕUWPD]��DPD�úRN�HG൴F൴�E൴U� úHN൴OGH� QHVQHOHU൴Q� \HQ൴� J|U�Q�P�� ൴o൴QGH�E൴]OHUH� VXQXOPDVÕ� YH� EX�NDUúÕODú-PD�DQÕ�úRN�HG൴F൴�YH��X\DQGÕUÕFÕ�E൴U�K൴V�GX\JXVXQX�EHUDEHU൴QGH�JHW൴U൴U��.HO൴PHQ൴Q�JHUoHN�DQODPÕ\OD�X\DQGÕ÷ÕPÕ]Õ�K൴VVHGHU൴]��øúWH�EX�X\DQPD�GXUXPX�E൴U�\HQ൴�UHD-O൴]PGHQ�EDúND�E൴U�úH\�GH÷൴OG൴U��hVWHO൴N�E൴]൴�X\DQGÕUDFDN�QHVQHQ൴Q�GHG൴÷൴P൴]�J൴E൴�IDUNOÕ�E൴U�QHVQH�ROXS�ROPDPDVÕ�|QHPO൴�GH÷൴OG൴U��1൴WHN൴P�E|\OH�E൴U�QHVQH�DUD\ÕúÕQD�J൴UPH\HQ� \HQ൴� UHDO൴VWOHU� EX� D\ÕUÕPD� ú൴GGHWOH� NDUúÕ� oÕNDUODU�%X� D\ÕUÕP� \DSÕOGÕ÷Õ�V�UHFH�QHVQHOO൴N�൴VWH÷൴P൴]GH�EDúDUÕOÕ�RODPD\Õ]��³�<HQ൴�UHDO൴VWOHUH�³1൴o൴Q�EX�QHV-QH\൴�VHoW൴÷൴´�VRUXOGX÷X�]DPDQ�KHU�]DPDQ�EHQ]HU�úHN൴OGH�FHYDS�YHU൴UOHU��<DWD÷ÕQ�HWUDIÕQGD�EXOGXP�|]HO�E൴U�VHEHE൴�\RN�´���

11� 5��+HUW]��1�0��.OH൴Q��7ZHQW৻HWK�&HQWXU\�$UW� 7KHRU\�8UEDQÕVP��3RO৻W৻FV�DQG�0DVV�&XOWXUH��86$��3UHQW൴FH�+DOO��������V�����

��� .DUVWHQ�+DUU൴HV��D�J�H���V�������� .DUVWHQ�+DUU൴HV��D�J�H���V�����

ϭϯϯ

Page 8: í î ó - oaji.net

� %X�QHVQHQ൴Q�VHo൴P൴QGHN൴�|]HO�VHEHS�DUDPDPD�G�ú�QFHV൴��.DQW¶ÕQ�HVWHW൴÷൴Q-GHN൴�oÕNDUVÕ]OÕN�I൴NU൴\OH�|UW�ú�U�J൴E൴�GXUPDNWDGÕU��*�]HOO൴÷൴�oÕNDUVÕ]�KRúD�J൴GHQ�RODUDN� GH÷HUOHQG൴UHQ� .DQW¶ÕQ� J�]HOO൴÷൴� HOEHWWH� HYUHQVHO� RODUDN� KRúD� J൴WPH� ൴OH�GH÷HUOHQG൴U൴OP൴úW൴��<HQ൴�UHDO൴VWOHUGHN൴�oÕNDUVÕ]OÕN�൴VH��J�]HO�ROPD�\DGD�J�]HOO൴÷H�VDSODQPD�J൴E൴�EH÷HQ൴�NDWHJRU൴OHU൴Q൴Q�GÕúÕQGD��E൴U�]HYNWHQ�NDoÕú�YH�VDQDW�൴OH�VDQDW�ROPD\DQ�DUDVÕQGDN൴�D\UÕPD�GX\DUVÕ]ODúPÕú�J|]OHU൴��VDQDWÕQ�EX�\HQ൴�J�YHQV൴]�GH-QH\൴POHPH�\ROX�൴OH�WHG൴UJ൴Q�HG൴S��\HQ൴�J|UPH�YH�G�ú�QPH�\RODUÕQD�WHúY൴N�HWPHN�൴o൴QG൴U��³�'XFKDPS��NHQG൴V൴�E൴U�UHDG\�PDGH¶�൴Q�VHo൴P൴QH�EDúYXUGX÷X�]DPDQ�]HYN�NDWHJRU൴V൴Q൴�GHIDODUFD�oÕNDUGÕ��%X�VHo൴P�J|UVHO�ND\ÕWVÕ]OÕ÷ÕQ�E൴U�UHDNV൴\RQXQD�GD-\DQPDN�൴OH�D\QÕ�]DPDQGD�൴\൴�\DGD�N|W��]HYN൴Q�E൴U�WRSODP�\RNOX÷XQD�GD\DQPD-OÕ«JHUoHNWH�WDP�E൴U�DQHVWH]൴\H�´14�� *|UVHOO൴NWH�PXWODN�ND\ÕWVÕ]OÕ÷Õ�VDYOD\DQ�'XFKDPS¶ÕQ�EXQX�EDúDUGÕ÷ÕQD�ú�SKH�\RN��o�QN��KD\DWÕQ�൴o൴QGHQ�J�QGHO൴N�QHVQHOHU൴�VHoPHN�VXUHW൴\OH��EH÷HQ൴�\DUJÕOD-UÕQÕQ�GÕúÕQD�oÕNPD\Õ�YH� ൴úOHYVHO�RODUDN�NXOODQGÕ÷ÕPÕ]�QHVQHOHU൴�HVWHW൴N�QHVQHOHU�RODUDN�VHUJ൴OHPHN�WDYUÕ\OD�GD�\HQ൴�E൴U�J|UPH�úHNO൴QH�RODQDN�WDQÕPD\Õ�EX�úHN൴OGH�JHUoHNOHúW൴UHE൴OP൴úW൴U��2QGDQ�oRNWD�KRúODQPD\DQ�YH�VDQDW�G�Q\DVÕQGDN൴�W�P�GHUW-OHU�൴o൴Q�RQX�VXoOD\DQ��VDQDW�HOHúW൴UPHQ൴�&OHPHQW�*HHQEHUJ�E൴OH�0DUFHO�'XFKDPS¶�D� HVWHW൴NWH� \HQ൴� E൴U� D\GÕQODQPD� VD÷ODGÕ÷Õ� ൴o൴Q� ൴W൴EDUÕQÕ� ൴DGH� HGHU�� ³�*UHHQEHUJ��HVWHW൴N�G൴V൴SO൴Q൴Q�\HQ൴�ÕúÕ÷Õ�NDEXO�HWW൴÷൴Q൴�V|\OHU��7DP�RODUDN�\HQ൴�ÕúÕN�QHG൴U"�'X-FKDPS¶ÕQ� UHDG\��PDGH¶OHU൴QGHQ� � EHU൴� EX� ROGXNoD� DoÕN� ROGX�� YH� KHU� úH\� HVWHW൴N�RODUDN�GHQH\OHQHE൴OG൴�� EX�\�]GHQ� VDQDW�J൴E൴�GHQH\OHQHE൴OG൴��.ÕVDFDVÕ�� VDQDW�YH�HVWHW൴N�VDGHFH�|UW�úPH]OHU��RQODU�E൴U�ROXUODU�´���� &OHPHQW� *UHHQEHUJ�� 0DUFHO� 'XFKDPS¶ÕQ� G�ú�QFHOHU൴Q൴� NHQG൴QH� J|UH� \R-UXPOD\DUDN��VDQDW�YH�HVWHW൴÷൴Q�E൴UO൴÷൴�PHVHOHV൴Q൴�J�QGHPH�JHW൴UP൴úW൴U��0HVHOH\H�EX�úHN൴OGH�\DNODúPDN�QH�GHUHFH�GR÷UX�RQX�E൴OHPH\൴]��DQFDN�E൴OG൴÷൴P൴]�EX�WDU]�G�ú�QFHOHU�ÕúÕ÷ÕQGD�VDQDWWD�E൴U�\HQ൴�JHUoHNo൴O൴N�\DGD�\HQ൴�ÕúÕ÷ÕQ�D\GÕQODQPDQÕQ��GR÷XúXGXU��6DQDW��DUWÕN�VDOW�J|UVHO�E൴U�úH\�ROPDNWDQ�GDKD�]൴\DGH��NDYUDPVDO�YH�WDUWÕúÕODE൴O൴U�E൴U�QRNWD\D�\|QOHQG൴U൴OP൴ú��VDQDWÕQ�NXWVDOOÕ÷Õ��HVWHW൴N�EH÷HQ൴��]HYN�YH�J|UVHO�ND\ÕW�\DGD�ND\ÕWVÕ]OÕN��]HU൴QGHQ���HVWHW൴N�QHVQHQ൴Q�K�N�P�V�UHQ�W൴UDQOÕ÷Õ�VRQODQGÕUÕOPÕúWÕU��±�HQ�D]ÕQGDQ�J|UVHO�RODUDN��ú൴PG൴�DUWÕN�VDQDW�NDYUDPODUOD��SRH-W൴N�E൴U�G൴OOH�YH�VR\XW�WHU൴POHUOH�൴ú�J|UHFHNW൴U�����

14� �7��'H�'XYH��.DQW�$IWHU�'XFKDPS��/RQGRQ��7KH�0൴W�3UHVV��������V�������� �'H�'XYH��D�J�H���V�����

ϭϯϰ

Page 9: í î ó - oaji.net

� .D\QDNoD� %DUDVFK��0RVKH��0RGHUQ�7KHRU৻HV�RI�$UW�)URP�,PSUHVV৻RQ৻VP�WR�.DQG৻QVN\��9ROXPH����86$��1HZ<RUN�8QÕYHUV൴W\�3UHVV�������� 'H�'XYH��7����.DQW�$IWHU�'XFKDPS��/RQGRQ��7KH�0൴W�3UHVV������� +DUU൴HV�� .�� 7KH� 0HDQ৻QJ� RI� 0RGHUQ� $UW�� $� 3K৻ORVRSK৻FDO� ,QWHUSUHWDW৻RQ��86$��1RUWKZHVWHUQ�8Q൴YHUV൴W\�3UHVV�������� +HUW]�5���.OH൴Q�1�0����7ZHQW৻HWK�&HQWXU\�$UW�7KHRU\�8UEDQ৻VP��3RO৻W৻FV�DQG�0DVV�&XOWXUH��86$��3UHQW൴FH�+DOO�������� .DQG൴QVN\��:����6DQDWWD�5XKVDOOÕN�h]HU৻QH��oHY��*�O൴Q�(N൴QF൴��øVWDQEXO��$OWÕ-NÕUNEHú�<D\ÕQODUÕ�������� .HQQHWK��%HUU\��$EVWUDFW�$UW�DQG�(GXFDW৻RQ��%U൴W൴VK�-RXUQDO�RI�$HVWKHW൴FV��YRO������QR�����-XO\�������� .XVS൴W��'RQDOG��$�)UHXG৻DQ�1RWH�RQ�$EVWUDFW�$UW��7KH�-RXUQDO�RI�$HVWKHW൴FV�DQG�$UW�&U൴W൴F൴VP��YRO������QR�����6SU൴QJ������� /\RWDUG��)�-����3RVWPRGHUQ�'XUXP��oHY��$KPHW�d൴÷GHP��$QNDUD��9DG൴�<D\ÕQ-ODUÕ�������� 5D൴O൴QJ��3DWU൴F൴D��7KH�$UW�%RRN�([K৻E৻W৻RQV��0XVHXPV�DQG�*DOOHU৻HV��-RXUQDO�&RPS൴ODW൴RQ��%DVHO�������

ϭϯϱ