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� 电FSS电FSS电FSS电FSS
使 命
“为全球客户提供为全球客户提供为全球客户提供为全球客户提供领先的以电领先的以电领先的以电领先的以电磁场为磁场为磁场为磁场为核心技术核心技术核心技术核心技术的电子设计自的电子设计自的电子设计自的电子设计自
动化软件动化软件动化软件动化软件””””
0=⋅∇=⋅∇
∂∂+=×∇
∂∂−=×∇
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AnsoftAnsoftAnsoftAnsoftAnsoftAnsoftAnsoftAnsoft 件的件的件的件的件的件的件的件的 展展展展展展展展 程程程程程程程程
� 最984 最984 最984 最984 务务务务 务务务务 ZoltanZoltanZoltanZoltan CendesCendesCendesCendes
� 最986 最986 最986 最986 务务务务
� 最989 最989 最989 最989 务务务务 HFSSHFSSHFSSHFSS HPHPHPHP AnsoftAnsoftAnsoftAnsoft
� 最996 最996 最996 最996 务务务务 NasdaqNasdaqNasdaqNasdaq
� 2真真最 2真真最 2真真最 2真真最 务务务务 Agilent HFSSAgilent HFSSAgilent HFSSAgilent HFSS
� 2真真2真真2真真2真真8888务务务务 AnsysAnsysAnsysAnsys AnsoftAnsoftAnsoftAnsoft
——
ANSYSANSYS China
ANSYSPera
Ansoft LLC EDA
CFD
公司介 —— 品架构
ANSYS MultiphysicsSolutions
ElectromagneticSimulation
Mechanical Simulation
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)Simulation
Low Frequency
and EM
MaxwellQ3D
Simplorer
High Frequency
HFSSSiwave
DesignerNexxim
Simulation
Implicit
ANSYSMechanical
ANSYSStructuralANSYS
Professional
Explicit
ANSYS AUTODYN
ANSYSLS-Dyna
Dynamics (CFD)
Electronics cooling
ANSYS Icepak
General CFD
ANSYS CFD
(FEM) ?
� FEM software is a design tool for engineers and phy sicists, utilizing rapid computations to solve large problem s insoluble by analytical, closed-form expressions� The “Finite Element Method” involves subdividing a la rge problem into
individually simple constituent units which are each solvable via direct analytical methods, then reassembling the solution for the entire problem space as a matrix of simultaneous equationsproblem space as a matrix of simultaneous equations
� FEM software can solve mechanical (stress, strain, vibration), aerodynamic or fluid flow, thermal, or electromagne tic problems
••
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FEMFEMFEMFEM Finite element methodFinite element methodFinite element methodFinite element method
ElementElementElementElement
HFSS HFSS HFSS HFSS ttttetrahedral ”””” , , , , triangular ....
MeshingMeshingMeshingMeshing
MatrixMatrixMatrixMatrix is the assembly of simultaneous equations is the assembly of simultaneous equations is the assembly of simultaneous equations is the assembly of simultaneous equations related related related related to the to the to the to the
mesh which permit solution of behavior in a mesh which permit solution of behavior in a mesh which permit solution of behavior in a mesh which permit solution of behavior in a defined defined defined defined solution space.solution space.solution space.solution space.
HFSSHFSSHFSSHFSS
ConvergenceConvergenceConvergenceConvergence
Mesh Mesh Mesh Mesh
Mesh Mesh Mesh Mesh AX=BAX=BAX=BAX=B XXXX
CGCGCGCG
MOM
When is an FEM solver appropriate for Electromagnet ic Problems (Lower Bound)?
λλλλ/100/100/100/1000
Example: Finding Signal Integrity impacts of a Via in the signal path
λλλλ/10/10/10/10
Example: Coax to WG Transformer
λλλλ/100/100/100/1000
Use a Quasi-Static Solver
When the Electrical Length (in wavelengths) requires phase consideration
λ/10 is a guideline; there are exceptionsWhen radiation from the device must be considered
When S-Parameters are the desired output
When lossy dielectric materials have significant effects
Use a FEM Full-Wave Solver
Problem Scaleλλλλ/10/10/10/10(OVERLAP)
�
� 电FSS电FSS电FSS电FSS
�
� HFSS
Antenna （天（天（天（天 ））））Waveguide Components（波（波（波（波 元件）元件）元件）元件）
RF Integrated Circuits EMCSignal Integrity （信号完整性）（信号完整性）（信号完整性）（信号完整性）
� HFSS� Antenna
� Planar Antennas - Patches, Dipoles, Horns, Conformal Cell Phone Antennas, Spirals� Waveguide – Circular/Square Horns� Wire – Dipole, Helix� Arrays - Infinite Arrays, Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS) & Photonic Band Gaps
(PBG)� Radar Cross Section (RCS)
� Microwave � Filters – Cavity Filters, Microstrip, Dielectric� EMC/EMI – Shield Enclosures, Coupling, Near- or Far-Field Radiation� EMC/EMI – Shield Enclosures, Coupling, Near- or Far-Field Radiation� Connectors – Coax, SFP/XFP, Backplane, Transitions� Waveguide – Filters, Resonators, Transitions, Couplers� Silicon/GaAs- Spiral Inductors, Transformers
� Signal Integrity/High-Speed Digital� Package Modeling – BGA, QFP, Flip-Chip� PCB Board Modeling – Power/Ground planes, Mesh Grid Grounds, Backplanes� Connectors – SFP/XFP, VHDM, GBX, NexLev, Coax� Transitions – Differential/Single-ended Vias
�What is HFSS?� HFSS – High Frequency Structure Simulator� Arbitrary 3D Volumetric Full-Wave FEM Field Solver
� Ansoft Desktop� Advanced ACIS based Modeling� True Parametric Technology – Dynamic Editing� Powerful Report Generation� Dynamic Field Visualization� Design Flow Automation
� Optimetrics/Ansoft Designer/AnsoftLinks� Advanced Material Types
� Frequency Dependent Materials� Frequency Dependent Materials� Non-linear Materials� Anisotropic Materials
� Advanced Boundary Conditions� Radiation and Perfectly Matched Layers� Symmetry, Finite Conductivity, Infinite Planes, RLC, and Layered Impedance� Master/Slave – Unit Cells
� Advanced Solver Technology� Automatic Conformal Mesh Generation� Adaptive Mesh Generation� Internal/External Excitations – Includes Loss� ALPS Fast Frequency Sweep� Eigenmode
�What Information does HFSS Compute?� Matrix Data
� Modal/Terminal/Differential� S-, Y-, and Z-Parameters� VSWR
� Excitations� Complex Propagation Constant (Gamma)� Zo
� Full-Wave Spice� Full-Wave Spice – Broadband Model� Lumped RLC – Low Frequency Model� Partial Fraction - Matlab� Export Formats – HSPICE, PSPICE, Cadence Spectra, and Maxwell SPICE
� Common Display Formats:� Rectangular, Polar� Smith Chart� Data Tables
� Common Output Formats:� Neutral Models Files (NMF) (Optimetrics only)
� Parametric Results� Touchstone, Data Tables, Matlab, Citi� Graphics – Windows Clipboard
�What Information does HFSS Compute? (Continued)� Fields
� Modal/Terminal/Differential� Electric Field� Magnetic Field� Current (Volume/Surface)� Power� Specific Absorption Rate
� Radiation� 2D/3D Far-/Near-Fields� Arrays� RCS� RCS
� Field Calculator� User Defined Field Calculations
� Common Display Formats� Volume� Surface� Vector� 2D Reports – Rectangular, Polar, Radiation Patterns
� Common Output Formats:� Animations – AVI, GIF� Data Tables� Graphics – Windows Clipboard, BMP, GIF, JPG, TIFF, VRML
�HFSS
DesignDesignDesignDesign
Solution TypeSolution TypeSolution TypeSolution Type
1.1. Boundaries1.1. Boundaries1.1. Boundaries1.1. Boundaries
1.2. Excitations1.2. Excitations1.2. Excitations1.2. Excitations
4.1 Mesh 4.1 Mesh 4.1 Mesh 4.1 Mesh
1. Parametric Model1. Parametric Model1. Parametric Model1. Parametric ModelGeometry/Materials
4.1 Mesh 4.1 Mesh 4.1 Mesh 4.1 Mesh
OperationsOperationsOperationsOperations2. Analysis2. Analysis2. Analysis2. AnalysisSolution Setup
Frequency Sweep
3. Results3. Results3. Results3. Results2D Reports
Fields
MeshMeshMeshMesh
RefinementRefinementRefinementRefinementSolveSolveSolveSolve
UpdateUpdateUpdateUpdate
ConvergedConvergedConvergedConverged
AnalyzeAnalyzeAnalyzeAnalyze
FinishedFinishedFinishedFinished
4. Solve Loop4. Solve Loop4. Solve Loop4. Solve Loop
NONONONO
YESYESYESYES
Initial SolutionInitial SolutionInitial SolutionInitial Solution
Ports Only &Ports Only &Ports Only &Ports Only &Frequency SweepFrequency SweepFrequency SweepFrequency Sweep
Initial MeshInitial MeshInitial MeshInitial MeshSeeding andSeeding andSeeding andSeeding and
Lambda RefinementLambda RefinementLambda RefinementLambda Refinement(Single Frequency)(Single Frequency)(Single Frequency)(Single Frequency)
Port SolutionPort SolutionPort SolutionPort Solution(Adaptive)(Adaptive)(Adaptive)(Adaptive)
Full Volumetric SolutionFull Volumetric SolutionFull Volumetric SolutionFull Volumetric Solution(S(S(S(S----Parameters/EParameters/EParameters/EParameters/E----Fields)Fields)Fields)Fields)
Frequency SweepFrequency SweepFrequency SweepFrequency SweepYESYESYESYESAdaptive Mesh LoopAdaptive Mesh LoopAdaptive Mesh LoopAdaptive Mesh Loop
No Adaptive MeshingNo Adaptive MeshingNo Adaptive MeshingNo Adaptive Meshing
Refine Mesh Refine Mesh Refine Mesh Refine Mesh (Gradient of E(Gradient of E(Gradient of E(Gradient of E----Field Field Field Field at Single Frequency)at Single Frequency)at Single Frequency)at Single Frequency)
Full Volumetric SolutionFull Volumetric SolutionFull Volumetric SolutionFull Volumetric Solution(S(S(S(S----Parameters/EParameters/EParameters/EParameters/E----Fields)Fields)Fields)Fields)
Check ConvergenceCheck ConvergenceCheck ConvergenceCheck Convergence(Delta S)(Delta S)(Delta S)(Delta S)
NoNoNoNo
� Set Solution Type� This section describes how to set the Solution Type. The Solution Type defines the type of results,
how the excitations are defined, and the convergence. The following Solution Types are available:� Driven Modal - calculates the modalthe modal--based Sbased S--parametersparameters. The S-matrix solutions will be
expressed in terms of the incident and reflected powers of waveguide modesthe incident and reflected powers of waveguide modes.� Driven Terminal - calculates the terminalthe terminal--based Sbased S--parameters parameters of multi-conductor
transmission line ports. The S-matrix solutions will be expressed in terms of terminal voltages terminal voltages and currentsand currents.
� Eignemode – calculate the eigenmodes, or resonances, of a structure. The Eigenmodesolver finds the resonant frequencies of the structure and the fields at those resonant frequencies.
� Convergence� Driven Modal – Delta S for modal S-Parameters. This was the only convergence method � Driven Modal – Delta S for modal S-Parameters. This was the only convergence method
available for Driven Solutions in previous versions.� Driven Terminal New – Delta S for the single-ended or differential nodal S-Parameters. � Eigenmode - Delta F
� To set the solution type:� Select the menu item HFSS > Solution Type� Solution Type Window:
� Choose one of the following:� Driven Modal� Driven Terminal� Eigenmode
� Click the OK button
Eigenmode Solution
� Resonances in arbitrary closed 3D structures� No external excitations in model� Lossy possible: Unloaded Q� Loaded Q: Combine with PML or Impedance
电FSS 电FSS 电FSS 电FSS
� Adaptive Refinement has two logical “OR” exit criteria� Number of Passes: The maximum number of times to run
and refine the solution before quitting� Delta-S: The worst-case vector magnitude difference of any
S-parameter, as compared between the current and previous pass results.� More specific S-parameter convergence criteria per
parameter are also available
� Adaptation is performed at a single excitation frequency� Implication: For best accuracy in swept solutions, the
adaptive procedure should be done at a sufficiently small representative wavelength to capture high-end behavior� (More detail about solution frequency selection will be
presented later)
Z. J. Cendes, D. N. Shenton and H. Shahnasser, “Magnetic field computation using Delaunay triangulation and complementary finite element methods”, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. MAG-19, pp. 2551-2554, November 1983.
� Starting HFSS� Click the Microsoft Start button, select Programs , and select the Ansoft > HFSS 13> HFSS
13.� Or Double click on the HFSS 13 icon on the Windows Desktop
� Adding a Design� When you first start HFSS a new project will be automatically added to the Project Tree.� To add an HFSS Design to the project, select the menu item Project > Insert HFSS Design
Toolbar:Toolbar:Toolbar:Toolbar: Insert HFSS Design
� Ansoft HFSS
Menu
bar
Project
Manager
with project
tree
3D Modeler
Window
Toolbars
Progress
Window
Property Window
Message
Manager
Status
bar
Coordinate Entry Fields
� Ansoft Desktop – Project Manager� Multiple Designs per Project� Multiple Projects per Desktop� Integrated Optimetrics Setup
� Requires License for Analysis
Project
Design
Project Manager Window
Design Results
Design Setup
Design Automation•Parametric
•Optimization
•Sensitivity
•Statistical
� 3D Modeler – Model Tree� Select menu item 3D Modeler > Group by Material
Material
Object
Object Command History
Grouped by MaterialGrouped by MaterialGrouped by MaterialGrouped by Material Object ViewObject ViewObject ViewObject View
� 3D Modeler – Commands� Parametric Technology
� Dynamic Edits - Change Dimensions� Add Variables
� Project Variables (Global) or Design Variables (Local)� Animate Geometry� Include Units – Default Unit is meters
� Supports mixed Units
� 3D Modeler – Primitives� 2D Draw Objects
� The following 2D Draw objects are available:� Rectangle, Circle, Line, Point, Spline,
Ellipse, Regular Polygon (v8.5 circle)
� 3D Draw Objects� The following 3D Draw objects are available:
� Box, Cylinder, Sphere, Torus, Helix, Bond Wire, Cone, Regular Polyhedron (v8.5 cylinder)
Toolbar:Toolbar:Toolbar:Toolbar: 2D Objects Toolbar:Toolbar:Toolbar:Toolbar: 3D Objects
� Select faulty objects; then 3D Modeler / Model Analysis / Heal� In most cases, objects healed, small features removed and errors fixed.
Mesh before:
184675 tets
Mesh after:
24691 tets
Length=0.1 mm
�� Small number of segments in circles and cylinders omit details if possible
�� Maximum aspect ratio is 1:2500� Use 2D objects instead of thin structures
�� Use symmetry whenever possible� Don’t include too much air or transmission line� Don’t include too much air or transmission line
� Use trace thickness only when needed (when edge coupling is important or metal thickness < δ)
Use thickness
Don’t use thickness
� Avoid making geometry larger than necessary� Use symmetry planes when possible� Sometimes airbox can be made very small--in this
case there is very little reason to wrap airboxaround entire structure
Sizing
Sometimes airbox can be made very small--in this case there is very little reason to wrap airbox around entire
HFSS Modeler: Pre-Process
airbox around entire structure
Sizing
Make port extensions long enough, but not unnecessarily so
HFSS Modeler: Pre-Process
Virtual Objects
� Virtual Objects Are Dummy 2D or 3D Objects that do not change the physics of the model (e.g. an air object inside another air object).
HFSS Modeler: Pre-Process
� They Are Used to Assist in Getting a Higher-Quality Mesh
Virtual Objects And Mesh Aspect Ratio
� Field Simulator May Not be Able to Generate a Useful Finite Element Mesh For Projects Containing Geometric Objects Whose Dimensions Differ by More Than Three Orders of Magnitude
� Monopole on a Groundplane:� f = 5.9 GHz� rmonopole = 1 mil� lmonopole = 500 mil
HFSS Modeler: Pre-Process
� lmonopole = 500 mil� lradbox = 1000 mil
Radiation Surface/MonopoleFacet Aspect Ratio is GreaterThan 1000:1
Inclusion of a Virtual Object Compensates For High Aspect Ratio
Use The Plot/MeshFeature in theFieldsPost Processor
HFSS Modeler: Pre-Process
Inclusion of a Virtual Object Compensates For High Aspect Ratio
HFSS Modeler: Pre-Process
Volume Mesh Comparison With and Without Virtual Object
HFSS Modeler: Pre-Process
Without VirtualObject
With VirtualObject
Mesh is somewhat betterTetrahedrons are like pins
Approximating the Initial Mesh
In HFSS 8.5 and prior the initial mesh was defined only be the geometry.Since version 9 the user has the possibility to influence the initial mesh rearding
•approximation of true curved surfaces ( no need for facetted models )
•Aspect ratio of mesh elements on surfaces
HFSS Modeler: Pre-Process
Select objects or sufcaces
&
Defining Surface Approximation and Aspect Ratio
default: 10 for curved surfaces200 for planar surfaces
Default: 22.5°
Recommended Settings of Surface Approximation: Normal deviation
Conductors with inductive character
( bondwires, vias, .. diameter << lambda ) : 45 ...90 °
Coaxial structures (signal transmission ): 22.5°….30 °
Irises & circular transitions in waveguides : 10… 15 °
Resonators ( depending on accuracy of f_res) : 5° … 15°
� 3D Modeler – Boolean Operations/Transformations� 3D Modeler > Boolean >
� Unite – combine multiple primitives� Unite disjoint objects (Separate Bodies to separate)
� Subtract – remove part of a primitive from another� Intersect – keep only the parts of primitives that overlap� Split – break primitives into multiple parts along a plane (XY, YZ, XZ)
� 3D Modeler > Surfaces > Move Faces – Resize or Reposition an objects face along a normal or vector.
� Edit > Arrange >� Move – Translates the structure along a vector� Rotate – Rotates the shape around a coordinate axis by an angle
Toolbar:Toolbar:Toolbar:Toolbar: Boolean
� Rotate – Rotates the shape around a coordinate axis by an angle� Mirror – Mirrors the shape around a specified plane� Offset – Performs a uniform scale in x, y, and z.
� Edit > Duplicate >� Along Lines – Create multiple copies of an object along a vector� Around Axis – Create multiple copies of an object rotated by a fixed angle around the x, y, or z
axis� Mirror - Mirrors the shape around a specified plane and creates a duplicate
� Edit > Scale – Allows non-uniform scaling in the x, y, or z direction
Toolbar:Toolbar:Toolbar:Toolbar: Arrange
Toolbar:Toolbar:Toolbar:Toolbar: Duplicate
� 3D Modeler - Selection� Selection Types
� Object (Default)� Face� Edge� Vertex
� Selection Modes
� All Objects� All Visible Object� By Name
� Highlight Selection Dynamically – By default, moving the mouse pointer over an object will dynamically highlight the object for selection. To select the object simply click the left mouse button.
� Multiple Object Selection – Hold the CTRL key down to graphically select multiple objects� Multiple Object Selection – Hold the CTRL key down to graphically select multiple objects� Next Behind – To select an object located behind another object, select the front object, press the b
key to get the next behind. Note: The mouse pointer must be located such that the next behind object is under the mouse pointer.
� To Disable: Select the menu item Tools > Options > 3D Modeler Options� From the Display Tab , uncheck Highlight selection dynamically
Dynamically Highlighted
(Only frame of object)
Selected
� 3D Modeler – Moving Around
Step 1: Start Point Step 2: Hold X key and select vertex pointStep 1: Start Point Step 2: Hold X key and select vertex point
Step 3: CTRL+Enter Keys set a local reference Step 4: Hold Z key and set height
Edge Center Snap
Toolbar:Toolbar:Toolbar:Toolbar: Snap Mode
� 3D Modeler – Coordinate System� Can be Parameterized� Working Coordinate System
� Currently selected CS. This can be a local or global CS
� Global CS� The default fixed coordinate system
� Relative CS� User defined local coordinate system.
� Offset� Rotated� Both
� Face CS (setting available to automatically switch to face coordinate system in the 3D Modeler Options)
Toolbar:Toolbar:Toolbar:Toolbar: Coordinate System
Step 1: Select Face Step 2: Select Origin
Step 3: Set X-Axis New Working CS
Cone created with Face CS
Change Box Size and Cone is
automatically positioned with
the top face of the box
� Menu Structure tatol:10� Draw – Primitives� 3D Modeler – Settings and Boolean Operations
� Edit – Arrange, Duplicate
� HFSS – Boundaries, Excitations, Mesh Operations, Analysis Setup, Results
� Measure � 3D Modeler > Measure >
� Position – Points and Distance� Length – Edge Length� Area – Surface Area� Volume – Object Volume
Position PointsPosition PointsPosition PointsPosition Points
� Support in China, P.R� Support E-mail: [email protected]
� Ansoft Beijing Office
� Tel:(010)82861715/16
� Fax:(010)82861613
� Ding Haiqaing, [email protected]
� Liu Ying, [email protected]
� Ansoft Shanghai Office
� Tel:(021)62886350/51
� Fax:(021)62181142
� Ansoft Chengdu Office
� Tel:(028)86200675
� Fax:(028)86200677
HFSSHFSS
UI
Mesher
V9
V10 • Auto-Healing• Model Resolution
••2003.052003.05
••2005.082005.08
SolverV11• Basis Functions• Iterative Matrix Solver• Port Solver
••2007.062007.06
V12
••2009.032009.03
V13
••2010.102010.10
�Optimetrics
�Multi-processing
�DSO
�DDM
HFSS-IE
HFSS
�HFSS-IE
�HFSS-Transient
�Maxwell 3D for HFSS:
�AnsoftLinks 点点点点点点点点A然展A然展A然展A然展A然展A然展A然展A然展特然A特然A特然A特然A特然A特然A特然A特然A
�Full Wave Spice Sp限避釐 Sp限避釐 Sp限避釐 Sp限避釐 Sp限避釐 Sp限避釐 Sp限避釐 Sp限避釐
HFSSHFSS
EMCEMCEMCEMCEMCEMCEMCEMC
� Total model volume is 18000 λ3!� No other commercially available softwarecan solve this problem.
// //
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