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H a r o ld M y t u m ,

U n i v e r s i t y o f Y o r k

"Kip fer 's al l- inc lus ive guidebook wi l l no doubt he lp archaeolog ists of al l leve ls avoid common

mistakes in the f ie ld and the lab by providing useful in formation in a handy por tab le format."

Diana DiPaolo Loren,

P e a b o d y

Museum of Archaeoiogy and Ethnology,

Harvard Un ivers i ly

" T h i s us e fu l c omp e n d i um o f p r ac t i c a r r e s our c e s fo r s tude n ts , p r o fe s s i on a ls , an d ama te ur s

c on de n s e s a p le th or a o f r e fe r e n c e in fo r mat i on , f r om c on v e r s i on Cab le s to c od e s o f e th i c s ,

i n to on e h an dy p ac k ag e . "

T h e

Archaeologis t ' s F ie ld wo r k Co m pa n io n is

the o n l y cu r ren t co l l ec t i o n o f be p ra c t i ca r

in formation and mater ial needed by archaeolog ists doing f ie ldwork. Speci f ical ly designed

a s _ `

a onevolume resource to be carr ied in to the f ie ld, b is concise in formational toolk i t p rov ides

detai led sect ions on c lassi f icat ion and typology, creat ing forms and records, measurementieb ib .

a n d c o n v e r s i o n , m a p p i n g , d r a w i n g , a n d p h o t o g r a p h i n g , a n d h e l p w i t h p l a n n in g , a l o n g '

w i th a sec t i o n o f l i s ts a nd check l i s ts , a nd a reso u rces sec t i o n co n ta i n i ng i n fo rma t i o n ón>

re l eva n ' a sso c i a t i o ns a nd pu b l i ca t i o ns , the l a w a nd e th i cs re l a t ing te a rcha e o l o gy , a nd _ .

where to buy supp lies. A f inal sect ion contains extensive l is ts of abbreviat ions

_.

T h i s r i c h c o m p e n d i u m o f c r u c i a l t o o ls w i l l b e a n i n v a l u a b l e a i d n o t o n l y r o s t u d e n t s

un de r tak i n g f i e ldwor k fo r t h e f i r s t t i me , b u t a ls o to s e as or e d e r c h ae o ló g i s t s

Barbara Ann Kip fer has a Ph.D. in archaeology from Greenwich Univers i ty She

Is

i h é c ( u t h ó ' í é , '

of th e 7 ,000- h e adwor d E n c yc lo pe d ic D ic t io n a r yo f A r c ha e o lo gy 2000)_

Kipfer hasworké '6

a sa l ex i co g ra phe r fo r mo re tha n 20 yea rs a nd i s the a u tho r o f mo re tha n 30 1ómks. ' ,= .

C o v e r I m a g e s : © G e n s / I m o g e s

C o v e r d e s i g n b y R B D A

P r i n t e d i n S i n g a p o r e

F o r i n f o r m a t i o n , n e w s , a n d c o n t e n t a b o u t

B l a & w e l l b o o k s a n d j o u r n a is i n A r c h a e o l o g y p l e a s e v i s i t

www.

b l a c k w e l I p u b l i i s h i n g . c o m / a r c h a e o l o g y

T H E

A R

C

H

A E O L O G I S T ' S

" A n exce l l en t co mp i l a t i o n o E equ i pmen t l i s ts a nd p ro ced u res , co ve r i ng a w i d e ra nge o f

f ie ldwork act iv i t ies. I t wi l l be valuab le to professionals and students al ike , in both the fre id

an d th e c las s r oom."

Ruth M. Van Dyke,

C o lo ra d o C o l l e g e

BARBARA ANN

F

IPFER



THE ARCHAEOLOGIST'S

FIELDWO RK COMPANION

Barbara Ann Kipfer

Pub

w e l l

O

l t k

shingi



BLACKWELL PUBLISHING

350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA

9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK

550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia

The right of Barbara Ann Kipfer to be identified as the Author of this Work

has been asserted in accordance withthe UK Copyright, Designs,

andPatents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publcation may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any mean, electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permined by the

UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission

of the publi sher .

First published 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd

2 2008

Library

of Congress

Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Kipfer , Barbara Ann.

The archaeologist's fieldwork companion / Barbara Ann Kipfer.

p . cm.

Includes b ib liographical references .

ISBN 978-1-4051-1885-9 (hardcover alk. papen)

ISBN 978-1-4051-1886-6 (pbk.: alk. papen)

1. Archaeology–Field work. I. Title.

CC76.K57 2007

930.1028–dc22

2005031879

A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library.

Set in 10/12pt Sabon

by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong

Printed and bound in Singapore

by Fabulous Printers Pte Ltd

For further information on

Blackwell Publishing, visir our website:

www.blackwellpublishing.com

The publisher's policy is ro use permanent paper from milis that operate a

sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp processed

using acid-free and elementary chlorine-free practices. Furthetmore, the publisher

ensures that the text paper and cover board used llave met acceptable

environmental accreditation standards.

t

L o \

C o n t e n t s

=2$

Acknowledgmen

ts

Introduction

1

t

1

Cl a s s i f i c a t i o n a nd T ypo l o gy

Appliqué types

Attributes, basic categories of

Basketry types

Binford p ipestem chronology

Bone classification and description

Bottle mold types/bottle manufactúring types

Bottle parts

Boundary types

Budal types and dese ptions

Button attributes

Cemetery types

Ceramics attributes

Ceramics bases

Ceramics basic body shapes

Ceramics classification by attributes

Ceramics decoration types

N

Ceram ics fluid/liquid decoration types

Ceramics fragmen t size classification

Ceramics identification chart

Ceramics rim classes

Ceramics type-function classification

Ceramics vessel parts

Ceramics ware-fabric dassification

6

6

7

8

9

9

10

11

1 2

13

.1 3

13

15

16

16

16

18

18

19

20

20

21

21



Ceramics ware-fabric classification, historical

21

Clay types

23

Coinage types 23

Context types 23

Data types, historical

24

Debitage types (lithic)

24

Effigy classif ication 24

Figurine description

25

Glass classification

25

Glaze classification 26

Ground-stone uses 26

Invertebrate classification

26

Lithics attributes

27

Materials, basic categories of 28

Metal artifact categories

28

Mohs scale of hardness

28

Nail classification

29

Particle size descriptions

31

Perforation types

31

Plant remains categories

32

Projectile point attributes

32

Projectil e point par t s an d measures

33

Shell classification

33

Site by function

37

Site by type

37

Soil classification, gen eral

37

Soil horizons and subdivisions

38

Soil layers

39

Soil particle shape

39

Soil structure types

40

Soil taxonomy

41

Soil textural classes

42

Stone tool classification, flaked or chipped

45

Stone tool classification, ground

46

Stratigraphical context and relationship types

47

Survey classes

47

Survey methods of inspection

47

Tin can types

48

Tooth types

48

Tyler Scale/grades of clastic sediments

49

Units and spatial divisions

50

Vertebrate classification

50

Wentworth Grain Size Classification

52

v i

y

s

2 F o r m s a n d

Records

53

Agreement be tween landlord/proper ty owner and

survey party

55

Artifact/field specimen inven tory or catalog (1, 2)

56

Artifact (provenience) label/tag (1, 2)

58

Basketry record

6 0

Building/structure inventory form

61

Bulk sample log

63

Bulk soil sample label/tag

6 4

Burial record

6 5

Catalog card 6 7

Catalog form Bite catalog form/field

catalog catalog log 6 8

Ceramic recording form

6 9

Coin catalogcard

0

Crew at tendance sheet

71

CRM Federa l b id form requirements

72

CRM Phase 1 f ie ld notes and records 73

CRM Phase shovel test bag label

74

CRM Phase I I f ie ld notes and records

75

CRM Pha se II a rtif act b a g la b el 76

CRM Phase 11 1 field notes and records 77

Daily field report 78

Daily vehicle log

79

Datable sample form

80

Debitage form (lithic)

81

Diet evidence chart.

82

Drawings catalog

83

Ecological information form

84

Excavation level form

85

Excavation record

86

Excavat ion summary form/unit summary form

88

Faunal a t t r ibute record

89

Feature catalog

90

Feature form

91

Feature level form

93

Feature record log

94

Feature summaryform/feature record (1, 2) 95

Field laboratory log

98

Field inventory form

99

Field notebook system 10 0

Figurine record

10 1

vi i



Garbage p roject form

10 2

Gift form

103

Grain size analysis form

104

Historical resources inventory (historie, prehistoric,

submerged)

10 5

Human rema ins occur rence form

11 1

Level bag inventory

11 3

Level label/tag

11 4

Level log/master unit log

11 5

Masonry form

11 6

Minimum col lect ion unit (MC U) log

11 8

Oral history form

11 9

Part ic ipant n ote form

120

Perishables record

12 2

Photographic log

123

Photographic log, digital 12 4

Photographic log, Polaroid 12 5

Photographic record form

12 6

Point location catalog

12 7

Pollen count record

12 8

Provenience designation catalog

12 9

Provenience designation form

13 0

Rock art record

13 1

Sample bag labelltag

132

Site record/site report/site inventory/cite survey report 133

Site survey record

136

Skin and hide record

13 7

Special f inds form

138

Storage log, on-site

139

Stratigraphic description form

14 0

Stratigraphy record

14 1

Study unit catalog

14 2

Study unit form

14 3

Textile record

14 4

Total station datum table

14 5

Total station field notes form

14 6

Wall profile/plan view form

14 7

Wood and cane record

14 8

3

L i s t s a n d C h e c k l i s ts

14 9

Analysis-in-the-field equipment l ist

15 2

Arbitrary levels, working in

15 2

Artifact examination methods

15 3

Artifact field procedure

15 3

Artifact handling and lift ing

15 4

Artifact industries

15 5

Artifact packing

15 5

Artifact sampling, special

15 6

Basket parts

15 6

Basketry/bark/woo

d

field conservation

15 7

Boat kit l ist

15 7

Bone identification chart

15 8

Bone/an tler/ivory/shell f ield conservation

15 8

Bulk provenience procedure

16 0

Burial excavation and observations

16 0

Burial variables checklist

16 1

Cataloging equipment l ist

16 2

16 2

ataloging procedure

Ceramics field conservation

16 3

Closing out a level

16 4

Context assessment

1 6 4

Coordinate grid, setting up

16 5

CRM phases

1 6 5

CRM Phase 1 shovel testing

1 6 6

CRM Phase 1 shovel test ing equipment

1 6 7

Cross-sectioning a feature

1 6 7

Dat ing methods by mater ia l

16 8

Direction finding with compass

16 9

Disturbance/exposure types to look for 16 9

Ecological sample collection

1 70

Emergen cy/disaster strategies = first aid

17 1

Excavation equipment l istlfield kit

1 80

Excavation flow chart

1 84

Excavation grid, setting up by taping/triangulation

1 86

Excavation grid, setting up with right angle

1 86

Expedient grid, setting up

18 7

Faunal collection, analysis, and identification

18 7

Feature recording

18 8

Features guidelines

18 8

Field clothing list

19 0

Field conservation init ial steps

19 0

Field etiquette

19 1

Field vehicle equipmen t l ist

19 1

Fieldwork competente guidelines

19 3

First aid kit

19 3

ix



Flaked stone artifact identification

19 4

Flora collection, analysis, and identification

196

Glass attributes

19 6

Ground stone artifact identification

1 97

Hearth identification

19 8

Historical documents, useful

19 8

Individual strata, defining

198

Knives, sharpening

19 9

Leather/skins/textiles/cordage field conservation

19 9

Level, subdividing a

200

Lithics field conservation

200

Lithics identification chart 201

Locating a site within a section

202

Masonry and br ick descr iption terms

202

Measurement equipment

206

Metal artifact analysis steps

206

Metal detector use

207

Metal field conservation

207

Oral history instructions

208

Photo menu board

209

Pit identification 209

Plane t able mapping equipment

21 0

Point provenience procedure

21 0

Pollen sample collection

21 1

Post mold identification

21 2

Potential f ield hazards

21 2

Powers ' Scale of Roundness for gra ins 21 3

Radiocarbon dating, sources of error

21 4

Reconnaissance equipment

21 4

Rock and mineral ident i f icat ion char t

21 5

Sample collection

21 6

Sampling deep-site excavation

21 7

Sampling strategy decisions

21 8

Sampling techniques

21 9

Screen mesh chart

21 9

Screening

21 9

Sediment texture tests

220

Shell analysis steps

222

Soil analysis checklist

222

Soil analysis procedure

223

Soil samples

224

Soil types' effects on materials 225

Stone tool parts

227

Stratigraphic/natural-level excavation method

227

Stratigraphic profile recording

230

Structural remains guidelines

231

Supervisor checklist

231

Surface observations checklist

231

Surface survey, b asic ob servations 232

Surveying equipment l ist

232

Survival kit

23 4

Tele scop e se tup a nd use 234

Theodolite/transit/dumpy level setup

23 5

Theodolite/transit/dumpy level use 23 6

Timber/jointing description terms

237

Tree-ring samp le collection

237

Trench, shoring a

23 9

Trenching types

39

Trowel ing method

239

Unit, completion of

24 0

Unit , excavat ion of

24 0

Vertical-face excavation methods

24 2

4

M a p p i n g , D r a w i n g , a n d P h o to g r a p h i n g

24 3

Aer ia l photographs, r eading

24 4

Archaeological drawing symbols

24 7

Archaeological drawings

25 0

Architectura l p lan drawing 25 2

Draft ing, drawing, and ma pping equipmen t l i st

25 2

Drawing a plan wi th offset t ing

25 3

Drawing a s i te plan

25 5

Drawing a skele ton

25 6

Drawing f rame use

25 6

Drawing f rom a digi tal photograph

257

Drawing scales

26 2

Drawing small finds

26 2

Ear th types in sect ion drawings

26 3

Feature mapping and drawing

264

Illustration in structions

26 5

Labeling site grids

26 5

Making a s i te map

26 6

Map scales, USGS

26 8

Map symbols 26 9

2

x

xi



5

Measurement and Conversion

Alidade, tare and adjustment of

Arca, calculating

Baseline/datum line, datum point, site bench

mark and datum plane, site referente point,

establishing a

Bearings, calculating

Bench mar k, tying to datum point

Comparative tables of weights, measures,

temperatures (equivalents)

Conversion guide

Datum line, ranging with tape

Dumpy level, use of

EDM, use of to set up a grid

Global positioning system (GPS) information

Horizontal angle measurement

Levels, taking in unit

Lines or tran sects, laying out

Locating a newly surveyed site onto an Ordnan ce

Survey map

Locating to the National Grid

Map area to field area, converting

Map scale equivalents

Mapping instruments

Mapping scales and areas

Maps for archaeological sites

Photographic equipment list

Photographic guidelines

Photographs to be taken

Photography, digital

Plane table use

Plotting contour lines

Plumbing a fine

Profile/section drawing instructions

Scale of drawings, changing with a photocopier

Scaled map for artifacts

Single-context planning

Special section drawing instructions

Surveying symbols--

Topographic map, reading a

xii

292

294

295

295

299

302

303

311

337

338

338

339

340

341

342

343

343

344

345

271

272

273

274

275

276

276

277

278

280

281

286

286

287

287

288

290

34 6

349

350

353

35 4

355

6

35 7

35 9

36 1

36 2

36 3

36 4

36 5

36 5

36 7

373

3 7 3

374

3 7 5

37 6

37 7

378

381

381

382

382

384

38 5

386

388

388

390

391

391

393

395

400

40 2

402

Measurement conversions

Measuring around/over obstarles

Measuring depth of an artifact or fea ture

Measuring distance

Measuring

he

ights/elevation

Offsetting

O

rienteering compass, using with a map

Overall site grid,

e

stablishing an

Percent grade to degrees

P

erpendiculars

Plane table use

Planimeter use

Plumbing the line/taping a slope

Radial

me

asurement

Radiocarbon sample size

Right

tr

iangle, sine, cosine, tangent

Rim measuring scale

Sites and

f

eatures, taking levels of

Slope, taping a

Stadia formula

Stadia reduction tables

Subdatum points

Surveying tables

Surveying with a hand level

Surveying, common errors in

Tape

me a

surements

1

Taping, common errors in '

Taping

p

rocedures

T

heodolite use

T

heodolite, use of to set up

Three-point problem

a grid

Total station use

^I

Tr

ansferring height from bench mark to

temporary bench mark (UK)

Transit, theodolite, dumpy level, setting up of

Transit-stadia traverse

me

asurement

Traverse,

r

ecording a

Tri

angulation

UTM grid location of archaeological site, ,

determining

Vertical angle

meas

urement

Vertical distance

meas

urement

er_



6

Plann ing He lp

Administrative matters

Budget, sample

Daily schedule

Dig preparat ion

Excavation crew

Ground-search survey considera t ions

Indicators of archaeological sites

Landlord/property owner questionnaire

Permit checklist

Placement of dump/sif t ing a rea

Research design

Survey prepara t ion

Survey team responsibilit ies

7 R es o u r c es

Archaeological associations

Archaeologicaljournals

Bibliography

Ethics in field archaeology

Federal (United States) legislation regarding

archaeology

Fieldwork information sources

International archaeology ethics, laws, policies

Labor rights for paid workers in archaeology

State Historic Preservation Officers (SHPO)

United States Federal archaeology information

United States protection of archaeological resources

(including permit requirements)

Where to buy e quipment , suppl ies

Append ix : Abbrev ia t ions and Codes

Animal t axon codes

Bone a nd ant le r a r t if act codes

Bone codes

Ceramics burnish and luste r codes

Ceramics codes

Ceramics const ruct ion a nd sur face t r ea tment codes

Ceramics excision and incision codes

Ceramics fabric codes

Xiv

Ceramics fragment size codes

45 1

Ceramics pa inted mot if codes

45 2

Ceram ics ware color codes/Munsell codes

45 3

Chipped-stone artifact codes

45 6

Clay pipe codes

457

Field report abbreviations

45 8

Geologic symbols

46 0

Glass artifact codes

462

Ground-stone artifact codes

46 3

Organic artifact codes

46 4

Packaging composition codes

46 4

Shell artifact codes

46 5

Stone codes

46 5

Surveying abbreviations

46 6

Tooth artifact codes

467

xv

40 4

405

40 5

40 6

40 6

40 8

408

40 9

40 9

41 0

41 0

41 1

41 1

41 2

41 4

41 4

41 5

41 8

43 0

43 4

43 4

435

435

435

43 6

43 6

43 7

43 8

44 4

44 5

44 7

44 8

44 9

45 0

45 1



E

s

u

1

i

:L A

Acknowledgments

The following forms are reprinted from

The Crow Canyon Archae-

ological Center Field Manual

(Crow Canyon Archaeological Center,

2001a): provenience designat ion ca ta log, provenience designat ion

form, study unit catalog, study unit form, feature catalog, feature

form, point location catalog, masonry form, stratigraphic descrip-

tion form, human remains occurrence form, photographic record

forro, field inventory form , total station datum form, total station field

notes form. Copyright © 2001 by Crow Can yon Archaeological Center.

Repr inted by pe rmission.

The following figures are reprinted from

The Crow Canyon

Archaeological Center Field Manual

(Crow Canyon Archaeological

Center, 2001a): Table 1.1 "Table 1: Characteristics of major sediment

textural classes

"

; Figure 1.10 "Figure 1: Flow diagram for determining

sediment texture on the basis of rib boning and gritt iness (after Thien

1979)"; Figure 3.9c "Figure 3: Masonry wall attributes"; Figure 3.9d

"Figure 4: Wa ll cross-section types"; Figure 3.9e "Figure 6 : Mortar

forms: (a) concave; (b) ex t ruded; (c) f lush." Copyr ight © 2001 by

Crow Canyon Archaeologica l Center . Repr inted by permission.

The following are reprinted from

The Castle Rock Pueblo Data-

base

(Crow Canyon A rchaeological Center, 2001b): Figure 4.2: "Site

5MT1825, Structure 110, Surface 2"; Figure 4.8d: "Site 5MT1825,

Structure 104, Stratigraphic profile. Copyright © 2001 by Crow

Canyon A rchaeologica l Center . Repr inted by permission.

xvi

Tes\

Introduction

The Archaeologist s Fieldwork Companion

offers concrete,_practiral

information for fieldwork to the archaeologist, teachers of archae-

ology, students of archae ology, archaeology volunteers; and archae-

ology enthusiasts.

The book includes: l ists and checklists; planning help; recording

and mea surement charts and tables; an alysis and classification guides;

information on drawing, mapping, and photography; abbreviations;

sample forms and records; and resources, including an extensive

bibliography. It contains the information a rchaeologists need in the

field but often do not have with them unless they carry a large box

of books. Instead of going back to the laboratory, office, or home to

make a cop y of something or find the book to bring b ack out to the

field, there is this book.

The A rchaeologist s Fieldwork Companion

presents information in a nuts-and-bolts, practical, down-to-earth

way that will make the volume indispensable to a wide range of

people, from the student an d volunteer to the professor.in

the field.

Professional archaeologists will also find ma ny of the sections to be

helpful in the field. In man y cases, the information is a springboard

for the practit ioner to use or develop specifically for a project. There

are exam ple forms, classification systems, abbreviation lists, etc. In

other cases, lists and checklists and instructional sections can be used

as refreshers or reminders for fieldwork tasks.

The chapters in the book, which a re ordered a lphabet ica l ly, a re :

1

Classification and Typology

2

Forms and Records

3

Lists and Checklists

4

Mapping, Drawing, and P hotographing

1



S

Measurement an d Conversion

6

Planning Help

7 Re sources

Appen dix: Abbrevia tions and Codes

MEASUREMENT AND CONVERSION

This chapter aids in calculations and measurements. Charts and

instructions are offered for conversions. Much information is offered

about set ting up an d using measuring equipment.

CLASSIFICATION AND TYPOLOGY

Classification schemes m ay be useful to archaeologists in the field.

Archae ologists can use taxonomic classification to organize a rtifacts

around a dimension and may also break a dimension into more

specific units.

FORME AND

RECORDS

These sample forms and records are supplied as templates for the

archaeologist to design his or her own versions_

LISTS AND CHECKLISTS

Various lists and checklists can be useful to

anyone involved in

archaeological fieldwork. Simply having a daily what-to-take-along

l ist can a ssist with efficiency an d preve nt having to do without some-

thing or having to borrow item s. Other lists an_ d checklists here a re

reminders or refreshers on important field topics.

MAPPING DRAWING qND

PHOTOGRAPHING

This chapter touches on three different arcas t_hat help the archae-

ologist describe the physical setting, features,

and artifacts. There

are instructional and refresher topics, lists of

terms and symbols,

and checklists for supplies, among other topics

.

PLANNING HELP

This chapter offers some guidelines for planning and designing

archae ological fieldwork projects and for organizing admin istrative

matters.

RESOURCES

This chapter provides useful resources, particularly for reading

within the field of archa eology. It offers some guide lines for ethics

that have been drawn up by various organizations. The chapter

also describes some current legislation covering archaeological

fieldwork as well as links to websites which offer more about inter-

nat ional legislat ion. There a re web s ite l inks to US s tate and federal

offices overseeing archaeological projects and links to web sites about

volunteer opportunities. There is also a complete bibliography for

the information provided in this book.

APPENDIX: ABBREVIATIONS AND CODES

The l is ts of abbrevia t ions in this chapter a re examples/samples of

coding that may be used for various topics, especially on forms an d

records. These may be adapted by the archaeologist for use in a

specific project.

3

E



1

c

T^^

Clas s i ficat io n and

Typo l ogy

Classifications are central to archaeology. Classification schemes

may be useful to archaeologists in the field. Archaeologists can use

taxonomic classification to organize artifacts around a dimension

and may also break a dimension into more specific units. There are

various ways in which field archaeologists set about making and

using classifications to meet a variety of practical needs. Though

much classification takes place in the laboratory and office, there

are some classification needs in the field and this chapter provides

basic typologies that may be useful during excavations.

Appliqué types

Attributes, basic categories of

Basketry types

Binford pipestem chronology

Bone classificat ion and descript ion

Bott le mold types/bott le ma nufacturing types

Bott le parts

Boundary types

Burial types and descript ions

Button at t ributes

Cemetery types

Ceramics at t ributes

Ceramics bases

Ceramics basic body shapes

Ceramics classificat ion by at t ributes

16

Ceramics decorat ion types

16

Ceramics fluid/l iquid decorat ion types

18

Ceramics fra gment size classificat ion

18

Ceramics ident i ficat ion chart

19

Ceramics rim classes

20

Ceramics type-function classification

20

Ceramics vessel parts

21

Ceramics war e-fabric classificat ion

21

Ceramics ware-fabric classificat ion, historical

21

Clay types

23

Coinage types

23

Context types

23

Data types, historical 24

Debitage types (lithic)

24

Effigy classification

24

Figurine descript ion

25

Glass classification

95

Glaze classification

26

Ground-stone uses

26

Invertebrate classificat ion

26

Lithics attributes

27

Materials, basic categories of

28

Metal art i fact categories

28

Mohs scale of hardness

28

Nail classification

29

Part icle size de script ions

31

Perforat ion types

31

Plant remains categories

32

Project i le point at t ributes

32

Project i le point parts and measures 33

Shell classification

33

Site by function

37

Site by type

37

Soil classification, general

37

Soil horizons and subdivisions

38

Soil layers

39

Soil part icle shape

39

Soil structure types

40

Soil taxonomy

41

Soil textural classes

42

Stone tool classification, flaked or chipped

45

Stone tool classificat ion, ground

46

Strat igraphical context and relat ionship types

47

Survey classes

47

Survey methods of inspect ion

47

Tin can types

48

Tooth types 48

Tyler Scale/grades of clastic sediments

49

CONTENTS

4



Units and spa t ial divisions

50

Vertebra te classificat ion

50

Wentworth Grain Size Classificat ion

52

APPLIQUÉ TYPES

(representative)

band

band with thumb impressions and ridge

banded finger impressions and wavy grooves

button

double nipple

earlike

fillet

flange

nipple

other attachment

parallel raised bands with finger impressions

pellet

perpendicular raised bands

pie-rim

raised angular band

raised band

raised band with concave groove

raised band with finger impressions

raised band with incisions

smooth raised band

snakelike

spike

zoomorphic

ATTRIBUTES BASIC CATEGORIES OF

Form/shape attributes, such as length, width, thickness, shape.

Stylistic/surface attributes, such as color, decoration, texture.

Technological attributes, constituent attributes, such as the raw

materials used; manufacturing attributes, such as the way it was

made.

BASKETRY TYPES

Coiled: foundation of horizontal elements with rigid materials

interwoven vertically; about 100 different types of coiled bas-

ketry exist.

Plaited: weave is basically the same in both directions; simple

plaiting has one element passing over another and twill plaiting

has more than one element passing over more than one element.

Twined: vertical warp foundation and horizontal weft stitching;

S-twined (weft angled to maker's right) or Z-twined (weft• angled

to maker's left).

S i m p l e o p e n t w i n in g

W e f t

Fi gu r e 1 . 1 Bo s k ehy t y pes . ( M a r k Q . Su t to n a nd B r o o k e S . A r k u s h , F i gu r e 6 8 :

T h e th r e e b a s i c t e ch n i q u e s o f b a ske t r y m a n u fa c tu r e ( n o sa c i e ) , p . 1 5 1 f r o m

A r c ha eo l o g i c a l

La b o r a t o r y M e t h o d s : A n I n t r o d uc ti o n ,

t h i r d e d i t i o n . D u b u q u e ,

IA : Kend a l l / H u n t P u b l i s h i ng , 2 0 0 2 . Co py r i gh t © 2 0 0 2 by Ken d a l l /H u n t P u b l i s h ing

C o m p a n y . R e p r i n te d b y p e r m i ss i o n o f t h e p u b l i sh e r )

7

Worp

ü g h t c o i l i n g

- S i m p l e p b i ti n g

warp

W e f t



BINFORD PIPESTEM CHR ONOLOGY

Diameter in/)

Dates

9/64

7/64

1650–80

8 6 4

.

„,

. . . : . „

1680–1720

5 64

1720 50

4 64

.”

'A .

1750 1800

. . i ,

Figure 1.2 Pipestems. (Ivor Noél Hume, Binford pipe stem, from A Guide to

Artifacts of Colonial America. New York: Knopf, 1970. Copyright © 1969 by

I v o r N o é ' H u me . R e p r i n t e d b y p e r m i s s i o n o f A l f r e d A . K n o p f , a d i v i s i o n o f

R a n d o m H o u s e ,

—

BONE CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

Categories o f bones

flat bones (cranial, innorninates, scapula)

irregular bones

long tubular bones (e.g. l imbs)

short/small tubular bones (e.g. me tacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges)

unknown

Posi t ion of ske le ton

lying on left side

lying on right side

prone

supine

Limb posi t ion

crouched

extended

flexed

indeterminate

Cond i t i on o f bone

complete

disturbed

incomplete

intact

BO ITLE MOLD TYPES/BOTTLE

MANUFACTURING TYPES

Non-shoulder m o l d s

dip mold

hinged shoulder-height mold

pattern mold

Ful l -he igh t m olds

automatic bottle machine

blow-back mold

9



Co

C u p - b o t t o m

A u t o m a t i c

m o l d

b o t t le m a c h i n e

Fi gu r e 1 . 3 Ty pes o f bo t t l e m o l d . ( M a r k Q . Su t t o n a nd B r o o k e S . A r k u s h ,

F i gu r e 8 0 : M e j o r bo t t l e m o l d t y pes , p . 1 8 5 f r o m A r c ha eo l o g i c a l L a bo r a t o r y

M e t h o d s : A n I n t r o d uc ti o n , t h i r d ed i t io n . D u bu qu e , IA : Kend a l l / H u n t P u b l i s h i ng ,

2 0 0 2 . Co py r i gh t © 2 0 0 2 by Kend a l l / H u n t P u b l i s h i ng Co m p a ny . Rep r i n t ed by

permission o f the pub l isher )

bottom-hinged mold

cup-bottom mold

post-bottom mold

three-part leaf mold

three-part mold with dip mold body

BOTTLE PARTS

Base/basal surface: the bottom, which can be convex round

bottom," slighdy concave "push-up," or de eply concave "kick-up."

Body: main a nd wides t par t of bot t le .

Bore: the opening of the bot t le .

Finish: top section attached to neck and which has a closure; the

part to which a cap would be attached is the "sealing surface,"

the diameter of the opening is the "bore," and the r ing of glass

around the neck to secure the closure is a collar.

B o r e

B a s e

Fi gu r e 1 . 4 Ba f f l e pa r t s . (M a r k Q . Su t t o n a nd B r o o k e 5 . A r k u s h , F i gu r e 7 9 :

Bo d e no m enc l a t u r e a nd c o r r es po nd i ng c r ea s , p . 1 8 0 f r o m

A r ch a e o l a g i ca l

La b o r a t o r y

M e th o d s : A n

Int rodúct ion,

t h i r d ed i t io n . D u bu qu e , IA : Kend a l l /H u n t

P u b l i s h i ng , 2 0 0 2. Co py r i gh t © 2 0 0 2 by Kend a l l /H u n t P u b l i s h i ng Co m pa ny .

Repr in ted by permission o f the pub l isher )

Insweep/heel: lower section of the body which attaches to the base.

Lip: the edge of the opening of the bottle.

NecI an extension of the finish connecting it to the shoulder;

the point at which it connects is root of the neck.

Resting point/surface: p arí of bottle actually touching

a

surface.

Shoulder : an extens ion of the neck to the body.

String rim: thick band of glass

vn

upper ne ck of bot t le around

which st rap was secured.

BOUNDAR Y TYPES

Archaeological boundary: evaluation of spatial relationships

such as size, structure, and manmade modifications by describ-

ing and mapping these features and Bite activities/uses.

Legal boundary: before undertaking a survey, this should be deter-

mined through the city or county engineer ing depar tment .

11

T h r e e - p a r t

l e a l m o l d

P o s t - b o t t o m

m o l d

H i n g e d s h o u l d e r -

B o n o m - h i n g e d

h e i g h t m o l d m o l d

D ip m o l d

T h r e e - p a r t

d i p m o l d

10



Natural site boundary: found by studying the

inter

relationships

between a site and its surroundings and a topographic map that

covers all aspects of the site and its natural boundaries.

BURIAL TYPES AND DESCRIPTIONS

B u r i a l t y p e s

barrow or tumulus

bundle

chamber tomb

collective burial

cremation

mass burial/ossuary

monumental tomb

pithos or jar burial

rock-shelter or cave tomb

sarcophagus

secondary burial

shaft or chamber tomb

simple burial

tholos

B u r i a l p o s i t i o n s

fully extended

left arm crossed over chest

left arm crossed over pelvis

left arm extended at side

left arm raised toward head

right arm crossed over chest

right arm crossed over pelvis

right arm extended at side

right arm raised toward head

semi-extended

semi-flexed

tightly flexed

B u r i a l d e p o s i t i o n

kneeling

lying on left side

lying on back

lying on face

lying on right side

sitting

standing

B o n e p r e s e r v a t i o n

BUTTON ATTRIBUTES

Buttons are made from a wide variety of materials: agate, aluminum,

Bakelite, bone, brass, celluloid, glass, horn, ivory, japanning, pewter,

plastic, porcelain, rubber, shell, etc.

Button size is expressed in lines/linges, with 40 lines equal to one

inch. Some equivalencies are 12 lines = 1/4 inch, 14 lines = 5h6

inch,

16 lines = 3/s

inch, 18 lines =

hg

inch, 20 lines

=

1/2 inch, 22 lines

= /16

inch, and 24 lines

= 5/s

inch.

Buttons may llave a 1) back mark (stamping on back denoting

quality, manufacturer, uniform makers' names; stars, dots, or eagles);

2) qual i ty mark (on ba ck); or 3) registry marks (on back of Bri t ish-made,

is diamond-shaped with letters or numbers at points of diamond).

CEMETER Y TYPES

church cemetery

lodge cemetery

customary/neighborhood cemetery

mass grave

ethnic cemetery

private cemetery

family cemetery

public cemetery

CERAM ICS ATTRIBUTES

(Can use Panetone Color Chart available on the Internet for iden-

tifying color)

13

2



concave base

disk base

flat base

knob base

loop base

pod base

pointed base

ring base

stump base

trumpet or ogee base

surface)

decorative pattern name (name used to list a particular pattern)

glaze (glassy vitreous coating on outside of ceramic)

maker's mark (printed or impressed mark on base of ceramic)

paste (clay fabric which forms the ceramic object)

General

decoration (technique by which a pattern is applied to the ceramic

CERAMICS BASES

Specific (used to create a type-series)

part of vessel (rim, handle, etc.)

function (pot, bowl, etc.)

shape

ware-fabric and manufacture (plain wheel, coarse hand, etc.)

color (using Munsell)

hardness (using Mohs)

inclusion type (pebble, granule, etc.)

inclusion size (using Wentworth) and density

coro color (even, uneven, etc.)

sherd size

paint placement

slip/wash/glaze placement

liquid decoration type (slip, wash, glaze, etc.)

decoration color

decoration condition (flaky, mottled, etc.)

painted decoration trait (monochrome, bichrome, etc.)

bichrome paint colors

polychrome paint colors

painted motifs (arc, basket, lattice, etc.)

burnish and luster

burnish direction (oblique, vertical, etc.)

burnish application in relation to liquid direction (before or after

slip, etc.)

excision and traits (combing, zigzag, etc.)

incision and traits (herringbone, pinpricks, etc.)

appliqué and traits (raised band, etc.)

impression and traits (finger-running bands, etc.)

perforation and traits (circular, oblong, etc.)

plastic decoration placement

a

~1"

(c) Tw o

f í a t b a s e s

(d )

K n o b b e d b a s e s

2~

(e )

L o o p b a s e

i

(i) S t u m p b a s e s

to

(a )

A

c o n c a v e b a s e

(f )

A

p o d b a s e

(b )

A

d i s k b a s e

(g )

P o i n t e d b a s e s

v

V

(h )

T h r e e y p e s o f r i n g b a s e

(j)

T r u m p e t o r sm c a l l e d o g e e b a s e s

(k )

T h r e e r o u n d b a s e s

(I )

Fi gu r e 1 . 5 Ty pes o f c e r a m i c s ba s e . ( M a r t ha J o u k o w s k y , F i gu r es 1 4 . 1 0 — 1 4 . 21 :

C e r a m i cs b a se s , p p . 3 4 3 — 5 f ro m A C o m p l e te Manual of Field A r ch a e o l o g y .

E ng l ew o o d C l i f fs , N i : P r en t ic e H a l l , 1 9 8 0 . Co py r i gh t © 1 9 8 0 by M a r t ha

l o u ko wsky . R e p r i n te d b y p e r m i ss i o n o f S i m o n & S ch u s te r A d u l t P u b l i sh i n g G r o u p )

15

4



CERAMICS BASIC BODY SHAPES

tyl istic attr ibutes

S l i p p e d

U n s l i p p e d

biconica l (two cones back to back)

ovoid

conical

pyriform/

pear-shaped

cylindrical

spherical

P o l i s h e d

U n p o l i s h e d

P o l i s h e d

U n p o l i s h e d

D e c o r a t e d

U n d e c o r a t e d

D e c o r a t e d


D e c o r a t e d


D e c o r a t e d


I n c i s e d

P u n c t a t e d

I m p r e s s e d

P a i n t e d

M o d e l e d

, e t c .

B a s e s u r f a c e

c o l o r

Form at t r ibutes

CERAMICS CLASSIFICATION

BY ATTRIBUTES

Form at t r ibutes of vesse l

form components: r im/l ip , body, base , suppor ts and appendages

overall shape: jar, bowl, other

Syl ist ic at t r ibutes of base sur face and color

slipped: polished/unpolished; decorated/undecorated; incised, punct-

ated, impressed, painted, modeled, etc.

unslipped: polished/unpolished; decorated/undecorated; incised,

punctated, impressed, painted, modeled, etc.

Technolog ical at t r ibutes of vesse l

pas te: tempered/untenpered; color ; composi t ion; hardness

surface: slipped/unslipped; color; composition; hardness

other: f ingermarks, whee lmarks, coil junctures, etc.

CERAMICS DECORATION TYPES

Annual/banded design: rings around rim and base of vessel

appl ied with brush while on wheel .

Burnishing: made by polishing the leather-hard surface to give

it sheen.

Combing: nade by a tool with multiple teeth or prongs.

Decal: multiple color decoration placed over glaze.

Finger-tipping

Fretwork: nade by pierc ing wal l of vessel .

Grooving

Hand-pa int ing

1 6

F o r m c o m p o n e n t s

O v e r a l l s h a p e

R i m / l i p

B o d y

B a s e

S u p p o r t s a n d a p p e n d a g e s

J a r f o r m s

B o c a l f o r m s

O t h e r f o r m s

Techno log ica l a t t r ibu tes

C o l o r

C o m p o s i t i o n

H a r d n e s s

F i n g e r m a r k s

O t h e r

W h e e l m a r k s

C o i l j u n c t u r e s e t c .

Fi gu r e 1 . 6 C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f po t t e r y : r ep r es en t a t i v e o f k i nd s o f a t t r i bu t es u s ed

t o d e f i n e s t y l i s ti c , f o r m , a n d t e ch n o l o g i ca l i y p e s . ( W e n d y A sh m o r e a n d R o b e r t J .

Sharer , F igure 8.7: C lassi f ica t ion o f po ttery: examples o f k inds o f a t t r ibu tes used to

d e f i ne s y l i s t ic , f o r m , a nd t ec hno l o g i c a l y pes , p . 3 0 0 f r o m

D i s c o v e r i n g O ur P a s t :

A Br ief Int roduct ion

t o A r c ha eo / o gy , t h i r d ed i t i o n . N ew Y o r k : M c G r a w - H i l l , 1 9 9 9 .

Co py r i gh t © 1 9 9 9 by Wend y A s hm o r e a nd Ro be r t J . Sha r e r . Rep r in t ed by

p e r m i ss i o n o f T h e M cG r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s )

Impressing

Incision

Knife-trimming

Molded relief: raised decoration integral to the mold or form.

Paddle-stamp

1 7



Roller-stamping: made with cylinder-shaped roller with an inc sed

pattern.

Rouletting: made with metal strip or blade held against the pot

as it is turned on wheel.

Spatter or sponge decoration

Sprigging: relief design in the form of small flowers or leaves.

Transfer printing: paper impressions taken off inked engravings,

under glaze.

CERAMICS FLUID/LIQUID

DECORATION TYPES

Glaze: glossy layer on surface of ware-fabric, before or after fixing.

Lustrous slip: natural luster from fusion of its elements, applied

before firing.

Other liquid decoration

Paint: generally has additional metal oxides, applied at various

stages.

Secondary slip: applied for special surface effects, applied

before second firing.

Self-same slip: suspension made from body clay, though lighter

and freer from inclusions, applied before firing.

Slip: liquid componed of fine clay suspended in water, applied

before firing.

Slip-wash: qualities of slip and wash, applied before firing.

Wash: thin creamy suspension, applied after firing.

CERAMICS FRAGMENT SIZE

CLASSIFICATION

smaller than 2.5 cm

2.5 cm—7 cm

7 cm—12 cm

12 cm—20 cm

20 cm and larger

CERAMICS IDENTIFICATION CHART

G e o m e t ri c s h a p e

R e s t r i c t e d

U n r e s t r i c t e d

C y l i n d e r

A

F i g u r e 1 . 7 G e o m e t r ic o r v o l u me c l a s s i fi c a t io n s . ( P r u d e n c e M. R i c e ; F i g u r e 7 . 6 :

Geometr i c so l i ds and su r faces fo r re fe rences fo r vesse l shape descr ip t i on , p . 219

from

P o t t e r y A n a l y s i s : A

Sourcebook. Ch icago : Un ivers i ty o f Ch icago Press , 1987 .

C o py r i gh t © 1 9 87 by P ru d e nce M . R i ce . R ep r in t ed by pe rm i ss i o n o f T he U n i ve rs i ty

of Ch icago Press )

S p h e r e

U

O v o i d

H y l e r b o l o i d

C e n e ( f r u s tu m )

18

19



CERAMICS RIM CLASSES

perforated fragment

plaque

spindle whorl

spout

stamp seal

urn

weight

work pot

G e n e r a l r im t y p e s

plain rim (vertical or sloping)

articulated rim (inverted or everted)

Ri m th i c k e n i n g

external thickening

internal thickening

symmetrical thickening

R i m s t a n c e s

everted rim -

flared rim

horizontal rim

incurving rim

inverted rim

pendant rim

T-shaped rim

vertical rim

R i m e c l g e t r e a t me n t s

flattened edge treatment (horizontal, vertical and horizontal, angular)

pushed, squeézed, or pinched treatment

CERAMICS TYPE-FUNCTION

CLASSIFICATION

color (e.g. Fine Orange ware)

decoration (e.g. black-figured ware)

firing technology (e.g. earthenware)

form (e.g. beaker ware)

function (e.g. kitchenware)

geographical location (e.g. Glastonbury wares)

paste composition or texture (e.g. coarseware)

surface treatment or color (e.g. glazed ware, creamware)

time period (e.g. Iron Age wares)

F

di]

cooking pot

crescentic ceramic

cup and saucer

handle

idol

jar, jug

lid

loom weight

no function can be ascertained

baking tray

base

bead

body sherd

bowl

carinated body sherd

ceramic disk

clay ball, fired

clay ball, unfired

CERAM ICS VESSEL PARTS

handle

appliqué

base

motif

decoration

neck

disk

rim

foot

spout

E

mar

.5

CERAMICS WARE-FABRIC

CLASSIFICATION

E

^

CERAMICS WARE-FABRIC

CLASSIFICATION, HISTORICAL

glaze

maker's mark

paste

porosity, hardness, and translúcence

surface treatment

vessel form and function

ware identification (common pottery as terracota and unrefined

earthenware, refined earthenware, stoneware, porcelain)

210



O r i f i c e

(a )

Figure 1.8a and

b

C e r a m i cs ve sse l p a r t s . ( 1 . 8a : M a r th a J o u ko wsky ,

Fi gu r e 1 4 . 4 : Ves s e l pa r t s , p . 3 3 8 fr o m A C o m p l e t e M a nu a l

of F ield

A r ch a e o l o g y .

E ng l ew o o d C l i f f s , NJ : P r en t i c e H a l l , 1 9 8 0 . Co py r i gh t © 1 9 8 0 by M a r t ha

J o u ko wsky . R e p r i n te d b y p e r m i ss i o n o f S i m o n & S ch u s te r A d u l t P u b l i sh in g G r o u p .

1.8b: John P. Staeck, F igures 7.3a- j : The ana tomies o f d i f fe rent vesse l fo rms,

p . 1 9 9 f r o m Ba c k t o t he

E a r t h : A n I n t r o d uc t i o n t o A r c h a e o l o g y .

M o u n t a i n V i ew ,

CA : M a y f i e l d P u b l i s h i ng /M c Gr a w - H i l l , 2 0 0 1 . Co py r i gh t © 2 0 0 1 by J o hn S t a ec k .

R e p r i n te d b y p e r m i ss i o n o t h e a u th o r )

CLAY TYPES

P r i m a l

-y (contain only impurities from mother rock)

china clay or kaolin (white, refractory, not very plastic)

fire clay, infusible clay, refractory clay (rich silica with small amounts

of lime, iron, alkali)

Secondary (have been transported from site of

formation and contain impurities from the process)

ball clay (fine-grained, p lastic)

calcareous clay or marl (chalky mixture of carbonates of calcium

and magnesium, remnants of shell)

fusible clay (capable of being melted or fused, very plastic)

red clay, earthenware clay, or cane (contain iron oxides, very-plastie)

sandy clay, sil iceous clay (containing high proportion of sand, not

very plastic)

stoneware clay (usual many impurities, plastic)

COINAGE TYPES

bullion coins

pat te rn coins/pa t te rns

commemorative coins

proof coins

er ror coins regular issue currency

foreign currency

tokens or medals

nat ive count ry cur rency

CON TEXT TYPES

Use-related primary context: result of abandonment during

acquisit ion,

manufacture, or use activities.

Transposed p rimary context: result of depositional activities, as

midden crea t ion.

Use-related secondary coritext: result of human activity dis-

turbance af ter or iginal depos i tion of m ater ial .

Natural secondary context: result of natural disturbance, as

animal/plant activity, weather.

Ri m

N e c k

H a n d l e

B o d y

B a s e

lb )

M a x i m u m

d i a m e t e r

5 1

B o d y

B a s e

T h r o a

r

B a s e

B o d y

U p p e r b o d y

( s h o u l d e r )

U p

o : p i l a r

B o d y

B a s e

} Col lar

} Col lar

23



DATA TYPES, HISTORICAL

Artifacts: glass (window, bottle), ceramics, pipes, metal (n ails,

tin cans, wire), wood, bone, buttons, etc.

Documents: family records such as diaries, inventories; public

records such as legal re cords; institutional records such as n ews-

papers; a nd ma ps, photographs, drawings, e tc.

Ecofacts: p lant and an imal remains.

Features: buildings, wall foundations, graves, grave stones, roads,

wells, etc.

DEBITAGE TYPES (LITHIC)

For each of these three flake type s – Primary (al" cortex), Secondary

(some cortex), an d Interior (n o cortex) – the following classification

may be used. This is only one of many classification schemes for

debitage analysis.

bipolar

complete, early-stage biface thinning

complete, late-stage biface thinning

complete, middle-stage biface thinning

complete, pre ssure

fragment , ear ly-s tage b iface thinning

fragment , late-s tage b iface thinning

fragment , middle-s tage b iface thinning

fragment , pre ssure

nonbi face reduct ion

other

shatter

EFF IGY CLASSIF ICATION

(These ca n also be classified b y type of ma terial, usually lithic or

ceramic.)

Effigy figure: animal, bird, person, other figure.

Effigy vessel: bowl, canteen, censer, jar, ladle, pipe, pitcher, scoop,

other vessel.

FIGURINE DESCRIPTION

color of ware (according to Mun sell)

decoration (ap pliquéd, incised, incised and inlaid, liquid, other)

design (clothing, jewelry, other)

method of manufacture (pinches, coil-formed, molded, other)

position of figure (standin g, sitt ing, reclining, kneeling, other)

GLASS CLASSIFICATION

A p p e a r a n c e

aventurine (containing opaque sparkling partirles)

clear

opaque

semi-opaque

U se

bangle

bead

cave or tübitig

glass carneo

glassware/vessel

window glass

D e c o r a t i o n

acid etching

appl ied and fusing

cu t

engraved

inclusion of nonvitreous material

inlaid

layering

mosaic

25

24



GLAZE CLASSIFICATION

(by visual effect produced)

aventurine glaze (color-flecked)

crackle glaze (crazing)

crystalline glaze (crystals form during cooking)

luster (pearly)

matt glaze (dull)

GROUND-STONE USES

anvil

atlatl

weight, banne rstone

ax

ball

bead, charm, ornament

bola

bowl, mortar

bracelet

celt

chisel

cooking slab

cylinder seal

disk

figurine

gorget

hammer

ho e

mano, handstone

maul

metate, milling stone

mili

other tool

palette

pestle

pipe

plummet, p lumb

r ing

shaft straightener

spindle whor l, loom we ight, fishing

weight, net weight

tabular kn i fe

unidentified ground stone

utensil

INVERTEBRATE CLASSIFICATION

P h y l u m s

Acanthocephala (spiny-headed worms)

Aschelminthes (sac worms)

Brachiopoda (lamp shells)

Bryozoa (tube-dwelling aquatic animals)

Coelenterata/Cnidaria (coelenterates, jellyfish, sea anemones)

Ctenophora (comb jellies)

Ectoprocta (ectoprocts, microscopic colonizers)

Entoprocta (entoprocts, tube-dwelling aquatic animals)

Mesozoa ( t iny pa ras ites)

Mollusca (clams)

Amphineura (chitons)

Cepalopoda (octopuses and squids)

Gastropoda (univalves)

Pelecypoda (bivalves)

Scap hoda (tooth shells)

Nematoda (roundworms)

Nemert ina (r ibbon worms)

Phoronida ( tube-dwel ling wormiike animals)

Platyhelminthes (flatworms, flukes, tapeworm s)

Porifera (sponges)

Protozoa (amoeb as and other p rotozoa)

T r u e i n v e r te b r a t e s

Annel ida (segmented; ear thworms)

Arthropoda (crustaceans, spiders, t icks, centipedes, insects)

Chaetognatha (arrowworms)

Chordata (sea squirts, amphioxus, tunicates, acorn worms)

Echinodermata (spiny-skinned animals, starfish, sea urchins)

Echiuroidea (spoon worms)

Enterocoelomates (coeloms)

Oncopoda (segmented, claw-footed worms)

Pogonophora (be ard worms)

Sipnncir loidea (pe anut worms, marine worms)

LITHICS ATTRIBUTES

Cortex: the amount of original exterior surface of the raw

material visible on the flake — either as p rimary (cortex covering

virtually all of exterior), secondary (some cortex), and tertiary

(little or no cortex).

Blank form: the basic shape of the flake, which can indicate

certain types of technology — e.g. flake blade, blade, point,

normal .

Number of retouched edges: number of edges (dis tal , proximal ,

two lateral edges) that show retouch.

27

6



Retouch intensity: light (shallow, sometimes discontinuous re-

I

touch with little change of the flake edge), medium (continuous

and somewhat invasive into tool edge), heavy (very steep and

invasive), and stepped (heavy with tiered or stacked scars).

BASIC CATEGORIES OF

ATERIALS,

Artifacts

(ceramic, chipped-stone/flaked/knapped,

historical, perishable, etc.)

Ecofacts (animal/faunal, plant/floral)

ground-stone,

E

1 1

Human remains

Other

E

METAL ARTIFACT CATEGOR IES

1.

Tálc

2.

Gypsum .;

3 .

C a l c i t e

4 . F l u o r i t e

5. Apat i te

6 .

M o o n s t o n e

7 .

Quartz

8.

T o p a z

9 .

C o r u n d u m

1 0 .

D i a m o n d

Wil l scratch glass

g e m s t o n e s

S c r a t c h e d b y s t e e l

knife

NAIL CLASSIFICATION

hardware and construction (nail, cartridge case)

household and kitchen items (tin can, utensil)

ornaments (apparel accessory)

machinery

coinage

personal items (toy, pocket watch)

transportation items (horseshoe, wagon part)

MOHS SCALE OF HARDNESS

1.

Talc (can be crushed or very easily scratched by a fingernail)

2.

Gypsum (can be scratched by a fingernail)

3.

Calcite (can be scratched by iron nail, easily scratched by knife,

barely scratched by penny)

4.

Fluorite (can be scratched by glass or knife)

5.

Apatite (can be scratched by knife with difficulty)

6.

Orthoclase feldspar (can be scratched by quartz; scratches glass

with difficulty)

7.

Quartz (can be scratched by a steel nail; scratches glass easily)

8.

Topaz, beryl (can be scratched by an emerald; scratches glass

very easily)

9.

Corundum (can be scratched only by diamond; cuts glass)

10.

Diamond

Types

machine-cut with handmade head

machine-cut

hand-wrought or hand-forged (taper on all four sides toward the

point; vary in thickness throughout shank)

E

rose head

T head

modern wire

common

finish

flooring

E ~ 2 roofing

29

Sizes

2d 1

10d 3

3d 1

1 /4

12d3

/4"

4d 1 1 /2

16d 37,

5d 1 3

/4

20d4

d 2

30d 4

1

/2

7d 2 1 /4

40d5

d 2

1 /z"

50d 5

1

/,

9d 2 3 /4

60d 6

28



Uses

annular ring nail

barbed dowel pin

casing nail

common brad

common na il

corrugated fastener

cut flooring nail

duplex head nai l

M o d e r n

machine-cu t na i f

c . 1 8 3 5- p r es en t

T h e a d

R o s e h e a d

rs I

H a n d - wr o u g h t n a i l s

c . 1 6 0 0 - 1 8 0 0

o

o

O

v

PARTICLE S IZE DESCRIPTIONS

Figure 1.9 M a j a r na i f t y pes . ( M a r k Q . Su t t o n a nd b r o o k e S . A r k u s h ,

F i gu r e 7 6 : M a j a r na i f t y pes , p . 1 6 2 f ro m A r c h a e o l o g i c a l La b o r a t o r y M e t h o d s :

An Int roduct ion,

Th i r d E d i t i o n . D u bu qu e , IA : Kend a l l / H u n t P u b l i s h i ng , 2 0 0 2 .

Co py r i gh t © 2 0 0 2 by Kend a l l / H u n t P u b l i s h i ng Co m pa ny . Rep r i n t ed by pe r m i s s i o n

E

n

finishing nail

roof ing na il

sealing roofing nail

sp ira l na il

square-shank concre te na il

staple

tack

upholstery nail

Ear ly machine-hended

cut nai l s

c . 1 81 5 -1 84 0

O

o

Ear ly machine-cu t na i f

w i t h h a n d - m a d e h e a d

c . 1 79 0-1 82 5

G r i p p e r

d i e m a r k s

M o d e r n w i r e n a i l s

c . 1 8 50 - p r es en t

Sedimentary units

boulder > 256 mm

cobble

64—256

mm

pebble 4—64 mm

granule 2—4 mm

very coarse sand 1—2 mm

coarse sand

1

/2—1

mm

medium sand

1

/4—

/z mm

fine sand

1

/s — 1

/4

mm

very fine sand

1

/16–

/s

mm

silt 1 /256—

/16 mm

clay

< 1

/256

mm

Volcanic/pyroclastic units

bomb or block > 32 mm

lapilli 4—32 mm

coarse ash 1

/4—4 mm

fine ash < 1/4 mm

Igneous units

pegmat it ic > 30 mm

coarse grained 5–30 mm

medium gra ined 1–5 mm

finegrained < 1 mm

circular

incomplete

oblong

other

F l o o r i n g F i n i s h C o mmo n R o o f in g

o

31

P E R F O R A T IO N T Y PE S

oval

rhomboid

semi-lunar

triangular

30



PLANT REMAINS CATEGORIES

M a c r o p l a n t r e m a i n s

charcoal

fibers

leaves

seeds

tubers

M i c ro p l a n t r e m a i n s

phytoliths

pollen

C h e m i c a l r e m a i n s

protein residue

PROJECTILE POINT ATTRIBUTES

S h a n k l e s s

articulate (bow-sided)

lanceolate (concave base, flat base)

ovate (poin ted base , round base)

trianguloid

rectil inear (straight-edged)

pentagonal(concave base , f la t base)

triangular (equilateral, isosceles or spirate)

S h a n k e d

stemmed

full-stemmed (contracting, fiare, pinched, shoulderless, square)

semi-stemmed

notched blade

basal notched (double-notched, single-notched or bifurcate)

corner or b ias (notching aboye corner, n otching a t corner)

neck-and-yoke (notched, stemmed)

side-notched (base as wide or wider than shoulders, base narrowe r

than shoulders)

PROJECTILE POINT PARTS AND MEASURES

E

base width

distal end (point, tip, working end)

maximum length

maximum thickness

maximum w idth

neck width ( if present)

proximal end (butt , handle)

SHELL CLASSIFICATION

B iv a l v es

Arctic hard-shelled clams (Arcticidae)

ark shells (Arcidae, Noetiidae)

astartes (Astartidae)

basket clams (Corbul idae)

bean clams (Donacidae)

bittersweet shells (Glycymerididae)

carditas (Carditidae)

cleft clams (Thyasiridae)

cockles (Cardiidae)

coral-boring clams (Trapeziidae)

crassatellas (Crassatellidae)

diplodons (Ungulinidae)

dipper clams (Cuspidar i idae)

dipper clams (Poromyidae)

false mussels (Dreissenidae)

file shells (Limidae)

gaping clams (Gast rochaenidae)

gari shells (Psammobiidae )

hard-shelled clams (Veneridae )

jewel boxes (Chamidae)

jingle shells (Anomiidae )

kitten paws (Plicatulidae)

limopsis (Limopsidae)

lucines (Lucinidae)

marsh clams (Corbicul i idae)

marsh clams (Cyrenoididae)

mussels (Mytilidae)

33

2

nut shells (Nuculidae)



nut shells and yoldias (Nuculanidae)

oysters (Ostreidae)

pandoras (Pandor idae)

paper shells (Lyonsiidae)

pearl oysters (Pteriidae)

pen shells (Pinnidae)

piddocks (Pholadidae)

purse shells (Isognomonidae)

razor clams (Solenidae)

rock borers (Hiatellidae)

rock dwellers (Petricolidae)

scallops (Pectinidae)

semeles (Semehdae)

shipworms (Teredinidae)

sofr-shelled clams (Myidae)

spiny oysters (Spondylidae)

spoon shells (Periplomatidae)

surf clams (Mactridae)

tellins (Tellinidae)

thracias (Thraciidae)

veiled clams (Solemyidae)

verticords (Verticordiidae)

wedge clams (Mesodesmatidae)

Gastropods

abalones (Haliotidae)

atlantas (Atlantidae)

atom snails (Omalogyridae)

auger shells (Terebridae)

barrel bubb le shells (Retusidae)

barrel shells (Cylichnidae)

bivalved snails (Juliidae)

blind limpets (Lepetidae)

caecum (Caecidae)

canoe shells (Scaphandridae)

cap shells (Capulidae)

car inar ias (Car inar i idae)

carrier-shells (Xenophoridae)

chank shells (Turbinellidae)

chink shell (Lacunidae)

clione sea butterfl ies (Clionidae)

cone shells (Conidae)

coral snails (Coralliophilidae)

cowries (Cypraeidae)

crown conchs (Melongenidae)

cup-and-saucer and slipper shells (Crepidulidae)

dog whelks (Nassariidae)

dor is nudibranch (Chromodor ididae , Cadl in idae)

dove shells (Columbellidae)

duckfoot shells (Aporrhaida e)

elysias (Elysiidae)

eolid nudibranch (Aeolididae, Dendronotidae)

facel ina nudibranch (Facel in idae , Favor in idae)

false l impets (Siphonariidae)

fig shells (Ficidae)

flat snails (Skeneopsidae)

fossarus (Fossaridae)

frog shells (Bursidae)

glassy bubble shells (Atyidae)

hairy-keeled snails (Trichotropidae)

harp shel l s (Harpidae)

helmet shells (Cassidae)

hoof shells (Hipponicidae )

horn shells (Cerithiidae)

horn shells (Potamididae)

keyhole l impets (Fissurellidae)

left-handed snails (Triphoridae)

limpets (Acmaeidae)

marginellas (Marginellidae)

melanella shells (Melanellidae)

miter shells (Mitridae)

modulus (Modulidae)

moon shells (Naticidae)

nerites (Nerit idae)

^

nutmegs (Cancellarüdae)

olive shells (Olividae)

paper bubble shel l s (Hydat in idae)

pearly top shells (Trochidae)

periwinkles (Littorinidae)

a

pheasan t shells (Phasianellidae)

planaxis (Planaxidae)

polycera

nudibranch (Polyceratidae, Phyllidiidae,

Tr itoniidae ,

Dotoidae)

pyramid shells (Pyramidellidae)

35

t

34

rissos (Rissoidae)

C e p h a l o p o d s



rock or dye shells (Muricidae)

rock shells or dogwinkles (Thaididae)

salt-marsh snails (Ellobiidae)

sea butterfl ies (Cavolinidae)

sea buttons (Eratoidae)

sea hares (Aplysidae)

simnias (Ovulidae)

slit

worm shells (Siliquariidae)

slit-shells (Pleurotomariidae)

small bubble shells (Acteonidae)

spindle shells (Fusininae)

strombs (Strombidae)

sundials (Architectonicidae)

swamp snails (Hydrobiidae)

tritons (Ranellidae)

true bubble shells (Bullidae)

tulip shells (Fasciolariidae)

tun shells (Tonnidae)

turbans (Turbin idae)

turret-shells (Turritell idae)

turrids (Turridae)

umbrella shells (Umbraculidae)

vase shells (Vasidae)

violet snails (Janthinidae)

vitreous snails (Vitrinellidae)

volutes (Volutidae)

wentletraps (Epitoniidae)

whelks (Buccinidae)

wide-mouthed bubble shells (Philinidae)

wide-mouthed snails (Lamellariidae)

worm shells (Vermetidae)

A m p h i n e u ra n s o r C h i to n s

chitons (Chitonidae)

chitons (Ischnochitonidae)

glass-haired chitons (Acanthochitonidae)

red chitons (Lepidochitonidae)

S c a p h o p o d s

swollen tusk shells (Siphonodentaliidae)

tusk shells (Dentaliidae)

octopods (Octopodidae)

paper a rgonauts (Argonaut idae)

spirulas (Spirulidae)

squids (Gonatidae, Loliginidae, Ommastrephidae)

SITE BY FUNCTION

art sites

burial sites

ceremonial and ritual sites

commerce sites

fishing stations

flint collection sites

habitation and industry sites

habitation sites

habitation, industry, and ritual s

SITE BY TYPE

camps

caves

cemeteries

fl intknapping stations

gathering stations

hunting stations

monumental cit ies

mounds

plains

quarries

raised beaches

SOIL CLASSIFICATION, GENERAL

#1

e

Azonal soil: recently deposited soil in river deltas, mountain

r egions, sand dunes, often with no profile.

hunting sites

industry sites

kilt sites

quarry sites

shell

middens

trading sites

water collection sites

way stations for migrations

wild food collection sites

s

riverside terraces

rock carvings

sacred ateas

shell

middens

specialized camps

tells or tumuli

towns

underwater sites

villages

waterholes



i

Intrazonal soil: e.g. swamps and m arshes, having poorly defined

profiles.

Zonal soil: which has two distinct zones or horizons, topsoil and

subsoil.

#2

Seventh Approximation Soil Classification, US Dept of

Agriculture

Alfisols: soil with more clay in B horizon than in A, high base

status.

Andisols: formed from volcanic pa rent ma terials.

Aridsols: dry soil with salic, calcic, and gypsic horiz on

Entisols: young soils lacking horizons.

Histosols: wet soils made of decaying plants.

&a

Incep tisols: young soils with poor horizons, e.g. rice pa ddies.

Mollisols: fertile soil that is base rich.

Oxisols: mature, well-leached soils with distinct oxic horizon.

o r

Spodsols: podosol with illuvial accumulation of humus with iron

and/or aluminum.

Ultisols: red soil, less leached, with clay a rgillic horizon.

Vertisols: dark soil with deep vertical cra cks.

SOIL HORIZONS AND SUBDIVISIONS

O horizon: fresh or decomposed organic mate rial, dark in color.

1 :

fresh organic material, still identifiable

2:

decomposed organic material, not identifiable

A horizon: mainly inorganic or mine ral, dark in color; also called

topsoil.

Al: mineral with dark colors

A 2:

lower portion of A horizon where leaching is intense

A 3:

transitional, more like A than underlying B; also called A/B

E horizon: mineral with intense leaching or removal of well-

decomposed organic ma tter, clay, iron, or aluminum; gray or grayish

brown, lighter than A or B ; also called subsurface layer.

B horizon: mineral, zone of illuviation or accumulation of clay, iron,

aluminum, carbon ates, gypsum, silica, illuviated organic ma tter;

yellowish brown to reddish brown compared to overlying an d

underlying horizons; also ca lled subsoil.

Bl: transitional, more like B than A; also called B/A

B 2:

zone of accumulation for clay, iron, aluminum, illuviated

organic

matter; strong development of blocky, subangular

blocky, prismatic, columnar strúcture

B 3:

transitional, more like B than C; also called B/C

C horizon: unweathere d and unconsolidated material; also called

paren t material; also called substratum.

R horizon: bedrock or consolidated rock underlying soil.

SOIL LAYERS

humus (O horizon, decaying plant material an d leaves)

topsoil (A horizon, top layer where moisture seeps down, dissolv-

ing chemical elemen ts; minerals in the moisture enter bodies of

water)

subsoil (B horizon, middle layer including iron oxides, clay, other

insoluble substances, touched by deep-rooted plants, as trees)

pare nt rock (C horizon, bottom layer which is combination of

decomposed rock and shale-like materials)

rock zone (D horizon, underlying bedroom, layer of crumbled rock)

SOIL PART ICLE SHAPE

(for sand- and gravel-sized partirles)

angular (all edges are sharp)

rounded (all edges are smooth)

•

subangular (one-third of edges are smooth)

subrounded (two-thirds of edges are smooth)

very angular (all edges very sharp)

well-rounded (all edges smooth and very round)

39

8



5011 STR UCTURE TYPES

1

.^

E

.1 -7 5

ii-

r

#1

Blocky: blocks with sharp faces that fit adjoining ped faces; can break

into smaller blocky peds.

Columnar: particles aggregate and create columnlike peds with

rounded caps.

Crumb: relatively porous, small and spheroidally shaped peds; not

fitted to adjoining aggregates.

Granular: relatively nonporous, small and spheroidally shaped

peds; not fitted to adjoining aggregates.

Platy: platelike aggregates that often overlap.

Prismatic: particles aggregate and create columnlike peds without

rounded caps.

Subangular blocky: blocks with rounded faces that

accommodate

adjoining peds.

#2

Blocky

very fine < 5 mm

fine 5-10 mm

medium 10-20 mm

coarse 20-50 mm

very coarse > 50 mm

Granular

very fine < 1 mm

fine 1-2 mm

medium 2-5 mm

coarse 5-10 mm

very coarse > 10 mm

Platy

very fine/very thin < 1 mm

fine/thin 1-2 mm

medium 2-5 mm

coarse 5-10 mm

very coarse > 10 mm

Prisma tic

very fine < 10 mm

fine 10-20 mm

medium 20-50 mm

coarse 50.-100 mm

very coarse > 100

m m

SOIL TAXONOMY

Epipedons

Anthropic: similar to a mollic, but man-made with a large

amount of phosphate accumulated by continuous farming.

Histic: peaty surface horizon, saturated with water part or all

of the year, having a large amount of organic carbon.

-

Mellanic: black; thick epipedon occurring in soils developed in

volcanic ash.

Mollic: dark-colored, thick surface horizon, heavy base.

Ochric: light in color, low in organic carbon, thin.

Plaggen:

man-made epipedon more than 50 cm thick raised

aboye the original soil surface with properties that depend on

the original sofl.

Umbric: similar to mollic, except that the base saturation is less

than 50%.

D i a g n o s t i c s u b s u r f a c e h o r i z o n s

Agrie: compact horizon formed immediately below the plow layer

by cultivation, and contains significant amounts of illuvial silt,

clay, and humus.

Albic: bleached, light colored horizon from which the clay and

free iron oxides have been removed.

Argillic: illuvial horizon enriched with clay.

Calcic: enriched with calcium carbonate or calcium and mag-

nesium carbonate in the form of powdery lime or secondary

concretions, more than 15 cm thick.

Cambie: altered horizon in which the paren material has been

changed into soil by formation, of soil structure, liberation of

iron oxides, clay formation, and obliteration of the original rock

structure.

Gypsic: enriched with calcium sulphate, more than 15 cm thick.

40 41



Loamy sand: very gritty, does not form stable ball, does n ot

ribbon out, slightly soils hands, no plastic properties, not sticky,



E

5

.sr

3

E

Place a small amount of sediment (–2 cubic cm) in

bond. Add drops o f water and knead fue sed iment

unt i l aggregates are broken clown. Sediment i s in the

proper consistency when i t i s plast i c and moldable.

Place sediment ball between thumb and foref inger , and gendy press wi th the thumb,

squeezing the ba l l upward in to a r ibbon o f un i fonn th ickness and w id th. Conf inue

pressing unt i l the r ibbon cur ls over the foref inger and breaks.

Does sediment form

Does sediment form

a we a k r i b b o n

O

a medium ribbon

( len than 2.5 cm long)

( 2 . 5 — 5 c m l o n g )

be f o r e b r ea k i ng?

before

breaking?

D o e s

sediment

feel very

g r i t t y ?

NO

(si lt i s slight ly

sofer , less plast i c,

and less st i cky

than si lt laam)

Fi gu r e 1 . 1 0 F l o w d i a g r a m f o r d e t e r m i n i ng s ed i m en t t ex t u r e ( a fr e r Th i en 1 9 7 9 ) .

( F i gu r e 1 , p . 4 2 f r o m The Cr o w Ca ny o n

A r ch a e o l o g ica l C e n t e r F i e l d M a n u a l

fHTML T i t le ] .

Cr o w C a ny o n A r c ha e o l o g i c a l Cen t e r , 2 0 0 1 a . Co py r igh t © 2 0 0 1 by

C r o w C a n y o n A r ch a e o l o g i ca l C e n te r . R e p r i n te d b y p e r m i ss i o n )

loose moist consistency, loose dry consistency.

Sandy loam: gritty, forms stable ball that is easily deformed,

ribbons out but poorly formed with dull surface, soils hands, no

plastic properties, not sticky, very friable moist consistency, soft

dry consistency.

Loam: gritty, forms stable ball, ribbons out but poorly formed

with dull surface, soils hands, slight plastic properties, slightly

sticky, friable moist consistency, soft dry consistency.

Silt loam: velvety, forms stable ball, ribbons out but poorly formed

with dull surface, soils hands, slight to moderate plastic properties,

friable

moist consistency, soft dry consistency.

Silty clay loam: velvety and sticky, forms very stable ball, rib-

bons out well with shiny surface, soils hands, moderate plastic

properties, sticky, friable to firm moist consistency, slightly-hard

dry consistency.

Clay loam: gritty and sticky, forms very stable ball, ribbons out

well with shiny surface, soils hands, moderate plastic properties,

sticky, f irm moist consistency, slightly hard to hard dry consistency.

Sandy clay loam: very gritty and sticky, forms very stable ball,

ribbons out well with shiny surface, soils hands, moderate plastic

properties, sticky, friable to firm moist consistency, slightly hard

to hard dry consistency.

Silty clay: extremely sticky and very smooth, forms ball that is very

resistant to molding, ribbons out well with very shiny surface,

soils hands, strong plastic properties, very sticky, firm to extremely

firm moist consistency, hard to very hard dry consistency.

Clay: extremely sticky, forms ball that is resistant to molding,

ribbons out well with very shiny surface, soils

hands, strong

plastic properties, very sticky, firm to extremely firm moist con-

sistency, hard to very hard dry consistency.

VE S

Add dry sed iment to

v o a k u p e x c e s s w a t e r .

YE S

Does sediment remain i r

a ba l l w hen s q u eez ed ?

NO

ls

NO Is

-̂ sediment

sediment

too dry?

t o o we t ?

NO

YE S

Does sediment form

a s t rong r ibban

(5 cm long or longer)

be f o r e b r ea k i ng?

V ES

NO

Place smal l p inch o f sed iment in pa lm . Add enough w ater to 'h in to a semi- l iqu id

consistency. Rub wi th foref inger .

or

Y ES

YE S

S e d i m e n t

feels nei ther

very

g r i t y

nor very

s m o o t h .

D o e s

sediment

feel very

s m o o t h ?

NO

YE S

YE S

YE S

NO

S e d i m e n t

feels nei ther

very gr i t ty

nor very

s m o o t h .

D o e s

s e d i m e n t

fea very

s m o o t h ?

1

Sediment

feels nei ther

v e ry g r i f y

nor very

s m o o t h .

STONE TOOL CLASSIFICATION,

LAKED OR CHIPPED

#1

Blade: parallel-sided flake tool struck from prepared core.

Core: the mass from which flakes are removed.

Flake: tool that has been.chipped or knapped from a core.

45

#2

STRATIGRAPHICAL CONTEXT AND



Biface: flaked alternately on two sides or surfaces, producing

a series of platforms along a margin/tool's edge; includes pro-

jectile points.

early-stage bifaces (sinuous margins and limited number of flake

scars)

late-stage bifaces (straight

margins and numerous patterned

flake scars)

Uniface: worked only on one side .

STONE TOOL CLASSIFICATION, GROUND

—

G r o u n d i n m a n u f a c tu r e

atlatl

weight /banners tone

ax

ball

bead

bola

bowl

bracelet

celt

charm

chisel

cooking slab

cylinder seal

disk

figurine

gorget

hammer

G r o u n d i n u s e

handstone/mano

mili

milling stone/metate

mortar /bowl

other

pestle

ELATIONSHIP TYPES

C o n t e x t

artif icial láyer

no context

cu t

stratigraphical layer

horizontal interface

vertical interface

R e l a t i o n s h i p

above/below

equals

abuts /abutted b y

fills/is filled by

cut/cut by

no relationship

SURVEY CLASSES

Plane survey

land survey

pedestrian or foot survey

subsurface survey

ongoing excavation survey

topographic survey

Other types of plan survey

forest survey (forest resources)

geologic survey (geological dep osits)

hydrographic survey (measure of water resources)

mine survey (mine shafts, tunnels, deposits)

photogrammetric survey (aerial photography of ground checks)

Geophysical/geodetic survey

SURVEY METHÓDS OF INSPECTION

aer ia l photography with ground checks, a l so SAT images

geophysical survey

47

á

hoe

loom weightlfishing weightl

ne t weight

maul

ornament

other

palette

pipe

plummet/plumb

ring

ritual object

spindle whorl

stone bead or ornament

tabular kni fe

utensil

46

auguring

bosing

First inci

S e c o n d i n c is o r



chemical survey

dowsing

electromagnetic survey (for sump features/pitslhouses/trenches/

metal objects, moderate cost, limited by environmental interference)

ground-penetrating radar (for voids/grave shafts/tombs/coffins/

foundations/cellars/cisterns, high cost, limited by wet matriz/

clay/saline soils)

magnetometer survey (for subsurface anomalies/pits/houses/

trenches, foundations/wells, moderate cost, l imited by m agnetic

storms, diurnal variation, random intrusions) '

metal detector survey (for metal objects, relatively low cost, limited

to shallow depths)

probing

seismic survey

soil resistivity survey (for features near surface/rocks features/

hearths/pitslhouses/mounds, low-to-moderate cost, limited

when there is thick brush)

sonar or acoustic survey

thermal survey

pedestrian surface survey

subsurface survey by test pits, divoting, coring, or augering

underwater

survey

TIN CAN TYPES

hole-and-cap (f i l le r hole a t one end, closed by a cap)

hole-in-cap (filler hole at one end, sealed with a tin plate cap that

has a p inhole vent in i t s cente r )

vent hole (stamped ends and single pinhole or matchstick filler

hole no larger than l /s inch in center of one en d)

sanitary (also called open-top; ends attached to body by crimping

edges together and made airt ight)

TOOTH TYPES

canine

molar

incisor

premolar

Figure 1.11 Permanent human teeth

TYLER SCALE/GRADES OF CLASTIC--

SEDIMENTS

Dimensions Fragment/

Unconsolidated Consolidated

particle

aggregate

rock

49

C a n i n e

F i r s t p rem o l a r

S e c o n d p r e m o l a r

48

UNITS AND SPATIAL DIVISIONS

Birds

Struthioniformes (ostriches)



B a s i c u n i t s

Phase: defined by artifacts and cultural traits identified precisely

in time and space and which distinguish it from other units.

Component : the man ifesta tion of a given a rchaeologica l phase

at a site.

S p a t i a l

divisions

(Some archaeologists see the four spatial divisions as being Artifact,

Structure, Site, and Region.)

Site: any location that demonstrates past human activity, espe-

cially community activity, evidenced by the presence of artifacts,

ecofacts, featnres, strúctütes or-other material remains.

Locality: a large site composed of two or more clusters of mater-

ial remains.

Region: geographically defined arca containing a series of inter-

related human communities sharing a single cultural-ecological

system; somet imes re fe r red to as a se t t l ement pa t t e rn .

Area: broad tracts of land which roughly correspond to

ethnographically-defined cultural areas recognized by early

anthropological work.

VERTEBR ATE CLASSIF ICATION

Cyclostomata (jawless fishes)

Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)

Osteichthyes (bony fishes)

Reptil ia: reptiles

Chelonia ( turtles, tortoises)

Squamata (lizards, snakes)

Crocodilia (crocodiles, all igators)

Tuatara (l izard-like New Zealand crea tures)

Amphibians

Caecilians (l imbless, worm-like)

Caudata (t a il ed amphibians)

Anura (tailless amphibians, i.e. frogs, toads)

Rheiformes (rheas)

Casuarüformes (emus, cassowaries)

Apterygiformes (kiwis)

Tinamiformes (tinamous)

Gaviiformes (divers)

Podicipediformes (grebes)

Sphenisciformes (penguins)

Procellariiformes (albatrosses, petrels)

Pelecaniformes (pelicans, cormorants, gannets)

Ciconiiformes (heron s, storks)

Phoenicopteriformes (flamingos)

Anseriformes (ducks, geese)

Falconiformes (falcons, ea gles, hawks, vultures)

Galliformes (pheasant, turkey, game birds)

Gruiformes (cranes, rails)

Charadriiformes (gulls, waders, terns, plovers)

Columbiformes (doves, pigeons)

Psittaciformes (parakeets, parrots, cockatoos)

Cuculiformes (cuckoos)

Strigiformes. (owls)

Caprimulgiformes (goatsuckers, nightjars)

Apodiformes (hummingbirds, swifts)

Coliiformes (colies, mousebirds)

Trogoniformes (trogons)

Coraciiformes (kin gfishers, hornbills, toucans)

Piciformes (woodpeckers)

Passeriformes (perching birds, thrushes, sparrows)

Mammals

t—i

Monotremata (monotremes, as duck-billed platypus)

La—

Marsupia la (pouched an imals, koalas)

¢ ̂w,

Eutheria (placental animals)

Insectivora (insectivores, moles, shrews)

Tupaioidea (t r ee shrews)

Dermoptera (colugos, flying lemurs)

Chiroptera (bats)

Pr imates (monkeys, humans, apes)

Edentata (anteaters, armadillos)

Pholidota (pangolins)

Lagomorpha (rabbit s , hares)

Rodentia (mice, squirrels, rats)

Cetacea (wha les, dolphins)

1

51

11: 3

1 2 ,

w

0

s

Carnívora (bears, cats, wolves)



The sample forms and records in this chapter are suppliedas-tem--

plates for the archaeologist to design his or her own versions. Some

may be photocopied as is and used in the field. In archaeology text-

books that cover fieldwork, you may also find sample forms. Local,

state, and federal agencies will also provide their forms to interested

parties and those may be used as templates for creating forms and

recordkeeping documents.

CONTENTS

Agreement between landlord/property owner and survey party

55

Artifact/f ield specimen inventory or catalog

(1 , 2)

56

Artifact (provenience) label/tag

(1 ,

2)

58

Basketry record

60

Building/structure inventory forro

6 1

Bulk sample log

63

Bulk soil sample label/tag

64

Burial record

65

Catalog card

67

Catalog form/site catalog form/field catalog/catalog log

68

Ceramic recording form

69

Coin catalog card

70

Crew attendance sheet

71

CRM Federal bid form requirements

72

CRM Phase 1 f ield notes and records

73

CRM Phase 1 shovel test bag label

74

CRM Phase II f ield notes and records

75

CRM Phase II ar tifact bag label

76

CRM Phase III f ield notes and records

77

Daily f ield repon

78

Daily vehicle log

79

53

2

TAL

F o r m s a nd R e c o r d s

IE

_

Pinnipedia (sea lions)

Tubulidentata (aardvarks)

Proboscidea (elephants)

Hyracoidea (hyrax)

Sirenia (sea cows)

Perissodactyla (horses, rhinos)

Artiodactyla (camels, giraffes, pigs, cattle)

WENTWORTH GRAIN SIZE

CLASSIFICATION

(for sediments)

boulder 256–4,096 mm

cobble

64–256

mm

pebble 4–64 mm

granule 2–4 mm

very coarse sand 1–2 mm

coarse sand 0.5–1 mm

medium sand 0.25–0.50 mm

fine sand 0.125–0.25 mm

very fine sand 0.0625–0.125 mm

coarse silt 0.0312–0.0625 mm

medium silt 0.0156–0.0312 mm

fine silt 0.0078–0.0156 mm

very fine silt 0.0039–0.0078

m m

clay < 0.0039 mm

52

82

80

81

Datable sample forro

Debitage form (l i thic)

Dietevidence chart

AGREEMENT BETWEEN LANDLORD/



83

84

85

86

88

89

90

91

93

94

95

98

i

99

G

100

10 1

102

E

03

104

105

11 1

11 3

11 4

11 5

11 6

11 8

11 9

120

122

123

124

125

126

.1

12 7

12 8

129

130

13 1

132

13 3

136

13 7

138

139

14 0

14 1

14 2

14 3

-

14 4

14 5 -

14 6

ra_

:E

14 7

14 8

Drawings catalog

Ecological information form

Excavat ion level form

Excavat ion record

Excavat ion summary form/unit summary form

Faunal attr ibute record

Feature catalog

Feature form

Feature level form

Feature record log

Feature summary form/feature record (1, 2)

Field laboratory log

Field inventory form

Field notebook system

Figurine record

Garbage project form

Giftform

Grain size an alysis form

Historical resources inventory (historic, prehistoric, submerged)

Human remains occurrence fo rm

Level bag inventory

Level labelltag

Level log/master unit log

Masonry fo rm

Minimum collect ion unit (MCU) log

Oral history form

Part icipant note form

Perishables record

Photographic log

Photographic log, digital

Photographic log, Polaroid

Photographic record form

Point locat ion catalog

Pollen count record

Provenience designat ion catalog

Provenience designat ion form

Rock art record

Sample bag labe ll tag

Site record/si te report lsi te inventory/ci te survey report

Site survey record

Skin and h ide record

Special finds form

Storage log, on-site

Strat igraphic descript ion form

Strat igraphy record

Study unit catalog

Study unit form

Texti le record

Total station datum table

Total stat ion field notes form

Wall profi le/plan view form

Wood and cane record

PROPERTY OWNER AND SURVEY PARTY

L a nd lo r d /p r o pe r y o w ner

A d d r e s s

e l e p h o n e

F ax E m a i l

S u r v e y O r g a n i z a t io n

A d d r e s s

T e l e p h o n e F a x E m a i l

55

(to be filled out by landlord/property owner and director of survey)

This agreement is nade and entered into between

name of organization)

and

_(landlord/property owner) effective this day of

In

advance of a formal survey by (narre of organization), this agreement is to

summarize our understanding concerning the proposed survey.

1.

Ti tle of survey:

P r o p e r t y t o b e s u r v e y e d :

3 P e r i o d o f s u r v e y :

4

S c h e d u l e :

5 T y p e o f s u r v e y :

6 P l a n o f s u r v e y f i e ld w o r k :

7

O w n e r s h i p o f s u r f a c e fi n d s , m a p s , s u r v e y r e s u l t s :

8

Documents to be prov ided by landlord/proper ty owner :

9

Compensat ion to landlord/proper ty owner to be paid as fo l lows

T h i s s u r v e y i s s u b j e c t t o t h e a p p r o v a l o f t h e u n d e r s ig n e d p a r f ie s . S h o u l d t h e

survey b e c a n c e l e d o r i t s i n t e n t c h a n g e d ,

_( l and lo rd /proper t y ow ner ) w i l l be

® n o t i f i e d i mme d i a te ly an d i n wr i t i n g .

54



o

0

w

0

z

W

Z

Z

W

o

g

Ó

g t a Q

OV

—1

cc

WO

u.

r

V

1-

o

o

0

w

ARTIFACT/FIELD SPECIMEN INVENTORY

OR CATALOG (2)

Site tome

perat ion #

e c o r d e d b y

x c a v a t io n u n i t

C U

a t e ( s ) c o l l e c t e d

e v e ]

o t

e a t u r e

a t e r i a l s a n d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

C o m m e n t s ( ty p e , e t c .)

o f M e c e s

Weight

C e r a m i c

b r i c k

d i s h

plazed p ipe

globu lar

o t h e r

ponen ' , un iden. kan.

s m o k in g p i p e

G l a s s

c u r v e d ( c o n t a i n e r )

f í a t ( w i n d o w )

f r a g m e n t s

M e t a l

f r a g m e n t s

l e a d

n a i ] , ro u n d x - s e c t i o n

n a i l , s q u a r e x - s e c t i o n

n a i f ,

wire

o t h e r

p i p e L M S ( c m )

r a c k

t u b e L M S ( c m )

S t o n e

ch ipped/ f laked

f r a g m e n t s

g r o u n d

o t h e r

p o l i s h e d

s l a t e

M i s c e l l a n e o u s

animal bone

c e m e n t

c h a r c o a l

c o a l

l e a t h e r

m o r t a r

s h e l l

wo o d

0

o

o

57



Site#

Catalog #

Bag #

Uni t

Leve]

_ Provenience

Feature

rtifact # on map

Description

Excavator

at e

ite narre

_ Operation

ni t

MC U

Leve'

_Lot

Material/description:

xcavator

Date

58

59



Si te name

i te #

Ca t a l o g #

C o m p l e te / f r a g m e n t

E l e m e n t

Height

_ Diameter

V o l u m e

L e n g t h

Wi d t h

Sha pe / f o r m

Construct ion techn ique

ater ia ls used

W e a ve e l e m e n ts

W e a ve tw i s t

W e a ve va r i a t io n s

W e a r / re p a i r / sp l i c i n g

_ (location, severi)y)

Resins, sealan ts , mast i cs , seeds, res idues

Si te ident i f ie r

S i te #

ecorde r

O r ga n i z a t i o n

_ Address

P h o n e

Date

Q u a d na m e

Survey

Nationa l Register ca tegory

0

Identification

B u i l d in g n a m e

S t r e e t

County

Township City

Cross streets

S u b d i v is i o n n a m e

Block

ot #

Own e r sh i p

Use, o r ig ina l

Use , p resen t

N a r r e o f pu b l i c t r a c t

Accessib i l i ty

Surroundings_

Rela t ionsh ip o f bu i ld ing to sur round ings

Notab le fea tu res o f bu i ld ing and B i te

Date o f in i t ia l construct ion

A r ch i t e c t

Bui lde r

E a r l i es t m a p o f bu i l d ing

His tor ical and archi tedural importance

Or ig ina l uses

In te rmediate uses

P r e s e n t u s e s

Own e r sh i p h i s t o r y

Mo v e s

Al tera t ions

A d d i t i o n s

P h o t o ( s )

Map(s) US G S 7 . 5 m a p n a m e

O t he r m a pp i ng

Bib l iograph ic re ferences

61

0

Description

Building material

u



Struciural system

Style

Exterior plan

No. of stories

oundation

Construction

O

Exterior materials

Roof type

Roof materials

Chimney

Windows

Main entrance

Porches

Exterior ornament

Interior plan

Condition

Integrity

Threats to building

Related outbuildings and property

ature of site

Archaeological remains

Narrative description of site

iscussion of significance

History and bibliography of post

work

at site

urveyor's evaluation

Eligibility for local designation

Eligibility for National Register

0

ligibility as contributor to National Register District

Historical associations

valuation

Research methods

Recorder

o

o

a)

E

Z

o

o

o

L L

2

m

o

o

o

á

u S

c

o

o

d

a

o

6

BURIAL RECORD

BULK SOIL SAMPLE LABEL/TAG



S i t e n a r r e S i t e

D a t e

Bur ia l #

U n i t

L e v e '

e m e t e r y

e p t h f ro m d a t u m

D e p t h f r o m s u r fa c e

Depth f rom f loor

S o i l s a m p l e

S o i l d e s c r i p t io n

S t r a t i f i c a t i o n

u n s e l l

W e n t w o r t h

Type of bur ia l

G r a v e s i ze G r a v e ty p e

•

Number o f ind iv idua ls

P o s i t i o n o f s k e l e t o n

P o s i ti o n o f h e a d

O r i e n t a t i o n

P o s i ti o n o f l i m b s

C o n d i t i o n

o f

b o n e s

o n e s p r e s e n t

S e x A g e e s t i m a f e

P a t h o l o g y

r e s e r v a t io n o f b o n e

C o m p l e t e n e s s : s k u ll

v e r t e b r a e c l a v i c l e

s t e r n u m

s a c r u m i n n o m i n a t e s

s c a p u l a r i b s

u m e r u s

r a d i u s

un a

_ corpus

m e t a c a r p a l s

p h a l a n g e s

f e m u r

t ibia

p a t e l l a

_ tarsus m e t a t a r s a ls

p h a l a n g e s

B o n e s a b s e n t

M e a s u r e m e n t s o f s p e c i fi c b o n e s

P e c u l i a r i t i e s

T a p h o n o m i c f e a tu r e s

o m m e n t s :

Si te nar re

p e r a f i o n

n it

e v e l

L o t

F e a t u r e

C U

aterial/description

E x c a v a t o r

a te

64

1

CATALOG CARD

Associa ted t issue o r ha i r :

ssocia ted fea tu res:



Si te nar re

_ Site

Unit / level

_ Provenience

B a g #

Ca t a l o g #

ate co l lected

Date ca ta logued

E x c a v a t o r

Find #

O bj ec t ' s f u nd i o n ( i f k no w n) :

M a te r i a l :

ond i t ion:

Descr ip t ion :

Measuremen ts :

Contex t/associa t ions:

D r a w i ng #

_ Photo #

Storage loca t ion

Notes:

ssocia ted a r t i facts:

a t a l o g # Find #

_ Provenience

Descr ip t ion

Me a s u r e me n t s

Coff in descr ip t ion:

Photo ro l l

hoto #

Q

D r a w i ngs ( t h i s fo r m m u s t be a c c o m pa n i ed by f i e ld d i a g r a m )

Other samples

Conserva t ion method

_ Packing method

Notebook cross- re ference

Conclusions and in terpre t ive in fo rmat ion:

xcavator

tea .

* u a e ^ , ^ ^ ^ t t

CERAMIC RECORDING FORM



o

z

r n

o

o

h

s

o

o

m

o

o

o

v

É

S

o

o

o

o

a

0

f

c

o

á

u

o

o

o

v

S i t e n a m e

i t e

nit/ level.

x c a v a t o r

D a t e e x c a v a t e d

Photo ro l ' #

P h o t o f ra m e r a w i n g

Func t i on

a re

o n d i t i o n , s t a t e o f p r e s e r v a t i o n

F o r m / s h a p e

b a s e

bo d y

e c k

im and r im edge t reatment

a n d l e ( s )

p o u t ( s )

iz e

l e n g t h

i d t h

h i c k n e s s

o n t e x t / f a b r i c

M o h s h a r d n e s s

t h e r q u a l i ti e s

e s i s ta n c e t o s c r a p i n g a n d a b r a s i o n

t r e n g t h

r a c t u r e

la y

a n u f a c t u r e

s h a p i n g

r o o f o f m a n u f a c tu r e

i n is h in g m e t h o d s a n d t o o l

lay at t ime of f in ish ing

r y i n g

iring

urface t rea tment and co ndit ion

Color

em pe r and tex tu re

W e n t w o r t h

s h a p e

e e l o f c e r a m i c

nc l u s i o ns

f r e q u e n c y

in e

o r t i n g

o u n d i n g

ec o ra t i o n

p l a s t i c

i q u i d

otes

xterna) dating

sso c iated types

9

COIN CATALOG CARD

CR EW ATTEN D AN CE SH EET



Si te na rre

_ Site

Uni t / leve l

_ Provenience

_ Date excavated

Excavator

B a g #

M e ta l

Cond i t i on

Q

Me a s u r e me n t s

Quant i ty

O b v e r s e l e g e n d

everse legend

i a me t e r

We i g h t i n g ms

M i n t m a r k

a te min ted

Count ry /c i ty , e tc .

otes

a t a l o g #

Date ca ta logued

a t a l o g u e d b y

D r a w i n g #

h o to g r a p h #

S t o r a g e

M O

T U

W E

T H

F R

S A

S U

(h o u r s o n e a c h d a y )

F ie ld d i rec to r

Pr inc ipa l i nvest i ga to r

Adm in i s t ra t i ve ass i s tan t

Site supervisor(s)

F o r e m a n o r c r e w c h i e f

Fie ld techn ic ians

Un i t supe rv isora

S t a f f me mb e r s

Volun tee rs

A r c h i t e c t

A r t i f a c t a n a l y s t

C a ta lo g e r

Computer spec ia l i s t

Conse rvator

Dat ing spec ia l i s t

D r a f t s p e r s o n / c a r t o g r a p h e r

Ethnobo tan is t /pa lyno log i s t

G e a lo g i s t / g e o a r c h a e o lo g i s t

L a bo ra t o ry s t a f f

Labora to ry superv i so r

Other s pec ia l i s ts

Pho tographer

Smal l - f i nds spec ia l is t

Suppor t c rew (cook, e tc . )

Surveyor

Zooarchaeo log is t

70

CRM PHASE 1 SHOVEL TEST

CRM PHASE II FIELD NOTES



BAG LABEL

Pro jec t o r s i te na rre

_ Site

r a n s e c t n u mb e r

Shove l tes t number

So i l ho r i zon

U pper bo u nd s o f d ep t h o f l eve ' be l o w su r f a ce

c

L o w e r b o u n d s o f d e p th o f l e v e ' b e lo w s u r fa c e

at e

C r e w m e m b e r

G e n e r a l f i e l d n o te s k e p t b y s u p e r v i s o r

Overa l l na r ra t i ve w i t h d a t e , l o ca t i o n , w ea t he r co nd i t i o ns , c rew p resen t , w ho

d u g /co l lec t ed w he re , nu m ber o f t ra nsec t s o r o rea s d o ne -

_

S u m m a r y d e ta i l s o n t e s t u n i t s o r o n th e c o n t r o l l e d s u r fa c e c o l l e c t io n .

Spec i f i c un i t and un i t / leve l no tes

Feature records

O th e r r e c o r d s , i n v e n to r i e s , l o g s , s u c h a s m a p p i n g a n d l a n d -s u r v e y n o te s , p i lo t o

l o gs , ba g i nven t o ry , so i l o r f l o t a t io n sa m p l e i nven t o ry .

G e n e r a l p r o j e c t i n fo r m a t io n

log i s t i cs (budget and hour a l loca t i ons fo r tasks)

par í s o f Phase 1 repor t

p r o j e c t m a p s a n d f i g u r e s

records o f communica t i ons

r igh t-o f-en try mater i a ls

s c o p e o f w o r k

AND RECORDS

r

CRM PHASE II ARTIFACT BAG LABEL

CRM PHASE III FIELD NOTES



Pro jec t o r s i te name

Si te #

Uni t / l evel

_ Provenience

e p th b e lo w s u r fa c e

S o i l ho r i z o n ( i f kno w n)

S p e c i m e n #

O

D a t e

C r e w m e m b e r

O

76

AND RECORDS

S e c t i o n

1

G e n e r a l p r o j e c t i n fo rm a t i o n

s c o p e o f w o r k a n d a c c o m p a n y i n g c o r r e s p o n d e n c e

s u m m a t i o n o f t h e d a ta r e c o v e r y p l a n a n d p r o j e c t s c h e d u le

log i s t i cs , i nc lud ing budget /hour a l loca t i ons fo r tasks

p a r t s o f P h a s e 1 a n d P h a s e I I r e p o r t s h a v i n g a b e a r i n g o n e x c a v a t i o n qu e s t io n s

O

p r o j e c t m a p s a n d f i g u r e s

permi ts , c lea rances, and r i gh t-o f-en try mater i a ls

records o f communica t i ons

S e c t i o n 2 G e n e r a l f i e ld n o te s

Overa l l na r ra t i ve o f p ro jec t , inc l u d i ng env i ro nm en t a nd d a y - t o - d a y bo o kkeep i ng

s u m m a r y d e ta i l s o n b u i l d i n g s , m o n i s , u n i t s , f e a tu r e s , e t c . i n e x c a v a t i o n :

Sect i on 3 Spec i f i c excava t i on records

Sect i on 4 Fea tu re records

S e c t i o n 5 M a p p i n g a n d l a n d -s u r v e y n o te s

S e c t i o n 6 P h o to l o g

S e c t i o n 7 B a g i n v e n to ry

0

Sect ion 8 Soi l , mat r i z , and f l o ta t ion sample inventory

7 7

DAILY FIELD REPOR T

DAILY VEHICLE LOG



Si te neme

i te #

_ Excavator

D a t e

Un i t s wo r ke d

Leve l : f r om

—to _ depth

Leve ls worked

Q

Features worked

ur ia ls worked

S u m m a r y o f a r t i f a c ts

Add i t iona l f ie ld observa t ions (stra t ig raphy, associa t ions, evidence o f

dis turbance )

I n fe r e n ce a n d i n te r p re ta t i o n ( e . g . e co l o g y , t e ch n o l o g y , so c i a l f e a tu r e s , o th e r

cu l tu ra l in fo rmat ion)

O th e r wo r k — m a p p i n g , p h o to g r a p h y , su r ve y , ca ta l o g

ketch o f excava t ion un i t :

O

Od o m e te r s t a r t

_ Odometer end

Mi les trave led

T ime in T i m e o u t

S t o p s

Layove r t ime

Star t ing po in t

_ Destination

_ Operator

Fuel gal . /cos t

g t . / c o s t

Q

Repa i rs and par ts

V e h i c l e i n sp e c t i o n r e p o r t

DATABLE SAMPLE FOR M

Si te name

Si te #

Si te address

DEBITAGE FO RM (LITHIC)

Si te name

Si te #

nit

L e v e l



M a te r i a l

e a su r e m e n ts o r we i g h t

ype o f test(s) to run

ni t / leve l

_ Depth of sample

x ca va te d b y

Date excava ted

Remova l procedure

F i e ld co n d i t i o n a n d m i c r o e n v i r o n m e n t

Moistu re content fo r thermo luminescence

C o n d i t i o n o f sp e c im e n wh e n p a cke d

P a ck i n g m e th o d a n d m a te r i a ls

o

Notes

Date sent to lab

La b o r a to r y n a m e a n d a d d r e ss

Resu l ts to be sent to

Signed

_ (title)

0

M a te r i a l

a t a l o g #

l assi f ica t ion

F lake Type

Pr imary

S e co n da ry I nt er io r Total

W e i g h t

(9 )

Notes

comple te , ear ly-stage

bi face th inn ing

fragment, ear ly-stage

bi face th inn ing

comple te , midd le-stage

bi face th inn ing

f r a g m e n t , m i d d l e - s tag e

bi face th inn ing

comple te , la te-stage

bi face th inn ing

fragment, la te-stage

bi face th inn ing

comple te , pressure

fragment, p ressure

shat te r

nonbi face reduct ion

b i po l a r

other



DIET EVIDENCE CHART

Plan t species

W e i g h t o f 1 u n i t o f f o o d ( g )

x Tota l i tems recovered

= To ta l we igh t

Ran k o r de r Protein

F a t

C ar b oh y dr a te

Fiber

Subto ta l :

F i s h

W e igh t o í 1 . u n i t o f fo o d (g )

, x 2

= T o ta l we i g h t

Ran k o r de r

P r o t e i n F a t

C ar b oh y dr a te

Fiber

M e a t

W e i g h t o f 1 u n i t o f f o o d ( g )

x 1

= T o ta l we i g h t

Ran k o r de r

Protein

F a t

C ar b oh y dr a te

Fiber

0 0

C o mme n t s :

C1e1

f >

1

1 5

7 1

7 1

rn

rr

EXCAVATION LEVEL FORM

ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION FORM



Si te na rre

S i te # _ Unit

_ Level

_ Recorder

Date

Dimens ions

Proven ience

u a d ra n t o r o t he r s u bd i v i s io n

Eleva t i on da tum loca t i on

Field cata log #

D a te o p e n e d

ate c losed

O p e n i n g e le v a t i o n s o f l e v e l :

NW

E

W

S E Cen te r

los ing e leva t i ons o f leve l :

NWNE_SWSECener_

Excava t i on method

^ Screening method _

o i l s a m p le b a g n u m b e r s

a tr i x co lo r (Munse l l )

_ Matrix texture

_ Matrix structure

W e n tw o r th

0

Samples co l lec ted ( type, loca t i on)

ea tu res ( loca t i on , descr ip t i on)

i s tu rbance descr ip t i on

o lu m e o f m a t r ix / s e d i m e n t r e m o v e d _

H o f m a t r i x / sed i m en t

Plan v iew

_ Profile

_ Drawings

Photographs, d ig i ta l

Pho tographs, o ther

Ar t i fa c t ba g nu m bers

Art i fac ts recovered ( type/c lass , quant i ty )

Ar t i fac ts p roven ienced

A r t i f a c ts d i s c a r d e d o r s a m p le d

Leve l no tes (deb r i s o ther than a r t i fac ts , s t ra t ig raphy , d i s tu rbances, fea tu res , e tc . )

85

Si te na rre

_ Site

ecorded by

_ Date

Vegeta t i on

Fauna

So i l

O

S o i l ty pe a nd sa m p l e #

Phys iograph ic zone

Ecolog ica l Features

Hab i ta ts

Nearest wa ter

Ponds , s t reams

Quarr ies

o

W e t la n d s

W o o d l a n d s

Other fea tu res

Notes

84

EXCAVATION RECORD



Sca le

O p e r a t i o n

Uni t

L e v e l

l

. -_ - } - . - - - - - -? -_ -¿ _ _ T

- - - - y - - _

i

*r

+ 1

Date

/

Excavator

Horizon ta l l ocat ion for f i rs t level ,

S W c o r n e r , N

E

Uni t s i ze

E le v a t io n (m b e lo w d a tu m )

0

S W o p e n i n g

SW c los ing

--*

- -*- -¡ - - - } - - - j - - - - i ; - - -q -- -

--EL

S E o p e n i ng

SE c los ing

N W o p e n i n g

NW c l o s i ng

NE open ing

NE c los ing

M a t r ix D / M / W

M u n s e l l c h a r t

C a la r n a m e

Desc r ip t ion

Locat ion notes

Leve l aboye

C o r r e la te d w i t h

Leve l be low

Intrusive finto

# o f b a g s

Notab le a r t i fac ts

F e a t u r e s

In te rp re tat ion

S e c t i o n s S l i d e s

P l a n s

B & W

Polaro ids Dig i ta l

O

86

z

EXCAVATION SUMMARY

FORM/UNIT SUMMARY FORM



É

Si te na rre S i te #

Uni t

Recorde r

Date

Dimens ions ( length , w id th , e tc . )

rovenience

_ GPS location

E le v a t io n d a tu m l o c a t io n

Eleva t ion

Benchmark t ie - in

D e p th o f e x c a v a t i o n

N u m b e r o f s t r a ta e x c a v a te d

N u m b e r o f l e v e l s e x c a v a te d

Nu m ber o f p l a n v i ew s

N u m b e r o f p r o f i l e s

O

Photog raphs

Featu re types and numbers ass igned

ates opened

Dates c losed

Fie ld ca ta log numbers

Excavators Fie ld superv i so r

Stratum

L e v e l

A r t i f a d

f requency

Diagnost i c

artifacts

Diagnost i c

ecofacts

F e a t u r e

numbers

S a m p le s f o r d a t i n g ( ty p e a n d p r o v e n i e n c e )

ecove ry me thod

trati fication

o te s o n m e th o d o lo g y , d i s t u r b a n c e s , i n t e r p r e ta t i o n s , r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s

ie ld notes c ross - re fe rences

.

D r a w a p l a n m a p o f y o u r e x c a v a t i o n u n i t o n

t he g r i d p ro v i d ed ( be su re t o

i nc l u d e a sca l e a nd a no r t h a r ro w ) . Pu t i n beg i nn i ng e l eva t i o n a nd end i ng

e le v a t io n f o r e a c h c o m e r . (S e e P a r t ic i p a n t N o te F o r m i n t h i s c h a p te r . )

2 .

W h a t r e s e a r c h qu e s t i o n (s ) w e r e y o u t r y in g t o a n s w e r b y e x c a v a t i n g t h i s u n i t ?

3 .

D i d y o u e x ca va t e i n na t u ra l s t ra t a o r a rb i tr a ry l eve l s a nd

w h y ? Wha t t o o l s

d i d y o u u se a nd w h y?

4 .

D esc r i be t he f i ll /m a t r ix i n y o u r ex ca va t i o n u n i r . C o l o r

Texture

nclusions

5.

Wha t t y pes o f a r t i f a c ts a nd s a m p l es d i d y o u co l l ec t? We re t hey na t u ra l l y o r

cu l tu ra l ly depos i ted?

6 .

On t he ba s i s o f t he i n f o rm a t i o n reco rd ed a bo y e , w ha t a c t i v i ti es d o y o u t h i nk

t o o k p l a ce i n y o u r u n i t ?

88 89

FEATURE CATALOG

THE CROW C NYON RCH EOLOGIC L CENTER



FEATURE

CATALOG

Bite Number

tudy Unt

Sita Name

evisad

2/200

She Nimbar

Intias

Study Unit Type & Nimbar

Study Unt Horizontal

Date

Feature Type

Study Unt Vertical

PDTABLE

PD

FEATURE HOR ZONTAL FEATUREVERTCAL

DMENSIONS

(ACTUAL)

COMPLETE?

DMENSIONS

(INFERRED

COMMENTS

LENGTH

WIDTH

HEGHT

DEPTH

o

Excavation Procedure:

NO

FEATURETYPE/DESCR PT ON

PD

y

m

D

ñ

O

O

ó

ó

Ñ

Festine Descricáca

General description:

Degree of preservation: Excellent O

Good Poor

Cause and amount of deterioration:

Actual shape n pan vew ctual shape n cross section

12001 by 0100

Cenror N2em lw iu l c anteo u l da is res erv ad.

Inferred shape in plan view

12001 by 0100

a b o y e n n 1 0 n b . e l e e t v m o n t a r . n l l n o m a 1 0 a e 1 0 e e .

91

Si t e Num ber

F ea tu r e T ype

FEATURE FORM

S t u d y U n i t T y p e & N u m b e r

aga 2 o f 2

F e a t u r e N u m b e r

FEATURE LEVEL FORM



Horizontal Location:

Vertical Location:

Description of How Feature Was Constructed:

Thermal Alteration:

Ye s

Nc

Sooting:

V es

N.

Description of Modification/Remodeling:

Ye s

No

Sealed? Ye s

No

FILLTABLE

S T R A T . *

C O L O R

T E X T U R E

INC LUSIONS

D I S T U R B A N C E

I N T E R P R E T A T I O N

Artifects and Samples Recovered:

Intemretations

U s e history:

Associated features:

®zool by C,orr Can, AxemoloeI I Ce. All rabia reveNM.

o

o

S i t e m a m e

_ Site F e a t u r e # R e c o r d e r D a t e

U n i t

Le v e l O t h e r p r o v e n i e n t e

E x c a v a t o r

T y p e o f f e a t u r e P e r c e n t o f f e a t u r e e x p o s e d

S h a p e o f f e a t u r e

T o p o f f e a t u r e e n c o u n t e r e d i n ( s t r a t u m , l e v e l )

F e a t u r e d i m e n s i o n s , l e n g t h w i d t h d i a m e t e r

E l e v a t i o n d a t u m l o c a t i o n E l e v a t i o n o f t o p o f f e a t u r e

C o n v e r t e d ?

Fea tu re leve ) d es igna t io n T y p e o f l e v e l ( e n t i r e f e a t u r e , a r b i t r a r y ,

na tu ra l )

F i e l d c a t a l o g #

D a t e o p e n e d

a t e c l o s e d

O p e n i n g e l e v a t i o n s o f l e v e l :

NW

NE

5W

S E C e n t e r

C l o s i n g e l e v a t i o n s o f l e v e l :

NW

E

S W

E

e n t e r

o n v e r t e d ?

• C r o s s - s e c t i o n ( y e s / n o , a x i s , d e s c r i p t i o n )

i - s e c t i o n ( y e s / n o , a x i s , d e s c r i p t i o n )

u a r t e r - s e c t i o n ( y e s / n o , a x i s , d e s c r i p t i o n )

x c a v a t i o n m e t h o d S c r e e n i n g m e t h o d

S o i l s a m p l e b a g n u m b e r s

M a t r i x c o l o r ( M u n s e l l ) M a t r i z t e x t u r e

M a t r i x s t r u c t u r e

W e n t w o r t h

P h o t o g r a p h s , d i g i t a l

h o t o g r a p h s , o t h e r

A r t i fa c t b a g n u m b e r s

A r t i f a c t s r e c o v e r e d ( t y p e / c l a s s , q u a n t i ty )

A r t i f a c t s p r o v e n i e n c e d

A r t if a c t s d i s c a r d e d o r s a m p l e d

Not es

S a m p l e s c o l l e c t e d ( t y p e , lo c a t i o n )

o

P l a n v i e w

Pro f i l e

D r a w i n g s

932



v

a

o

o

a

o

w

-a

u d

d

e

L )

2

E

ao

u-

o

-cTt

1 1 3

o

o

a

C

o

v

m

0

o

u

c

o

>

Xu

c

o

o

O -

0

S i te n a r r e

_ Site

Featu re #

_ Recorder

at e

Un i t

e v e l

roven ience o f fea tu re

Loca t i on f rom the

co m er o f ex ca va t i o n u n i t to the

f the

fea tu re , the d i s tances a re

Type o f fea tu re

_ P e r c e n t o f f e a t u r e e x p o s e d

S h a p e o f f e a tu r e

To p o f f e a tu r e e n c o u n te r e d i n ( s t r a tu m , l e v e ' )

Base o f fea tu re i n (s t ra tum, leve ')

Number o f leve i s excava ted

Type o f leve ls (en t i re fea tu re , a rb i t ra ry ,

natura l )

S t r a ta , l e v e s , a n d o th e r f e a tu r e s c u t b y f e a tu r e

E leva t i on da tum loca t i on

e r t ica l ( be l o w d a t u m t o t o p o f f ea t u re )

Conve r ted? _

V e r t i c a l (b e lo w d a tu m to b o t t o m o f f e a tu r e ) Conve r ted?

o r i z o n t a l ( d is t a nce o f cen t e r po i n t o f f ea t u re f ro m N a nd W w a l l s )

D e p th f r o m s u r fa c e

Feature d imens ions , leng th width

d i a m e te r

epth

Featu re o r i en ta t ion

Fea tu re shape hor i zonta l Fea tu re shape ver t i ca l

F i e ld c a ta l o g n u m b e r s

0

D a t e s o p e n e d Dates c losed

xcavators Fie ld superv i so r

lan v iews

_ Cross-sections P r o f i l e s

P h o to g r a p h n u m b e r s

Descr ip t i on o f fea tu re (matr i z – co lo r , textu re , va r i a t i ons; contents ; d i s tu rbances;

s t ra t i f icat ion )

Art i fac ts recovered w i th in fea tu re

Eco fac ts recovered macroscop ica l ly

Assoc ia ted debr i s

Descr ip t i on o f a r t i fac t / fea tu re assoc ia t i ons (any and a l l c lus ter i ngs o f a r t i fac ts

a n d / o r f e a tu r e s , g i v i n g d i m e n s i o n s , d i s t a n c e s , s p a t i a l r e l a t io n s h i p s , l y p e s o f

a r t i fac ts and /o r fea tu res)

S a m p le s f o r d a t i n g ( ty p e a n d p r o v e n i e n c e )

Other samples co l lec ted

Fie ld notes c ross - re fe rences

In te rpre ta t i ons , in fe rences, and com ments

94 95

FEATURE SUMMARY

F O R M / F E ATUR E R E CO R D ( 2 )

Fea t u re p l a n d ra w i ng : D ra w a d e t a i l ed , a ccu ra t e a nd - co m p l e t e p l a n o f y o u r

s qu a r e a n d t h e fe a tu r e l o c a te d .



r

_ -:

:.Á .a

S i te d a m e

eature #

xcavator

at e

C U

xcava t i on un i t

e v e l

o t

e a tu r e t yp e : h ea rt h

ar th even

it

oast ing p la t fo rm

o s t mo l d

ur ia l

cache

o r k s h o p

ther

Depth fea tu re f i rs t recogn ized

m b e lo w d a tu m

c m b e lo w s u r fa c e

D e p th o f f e a tu r e b o t t o m

m b e lo w d a tu m

c m b e lo w s u r fa c e

A r t i f a c ts r e c o v e r e d w i t h in f e a tu r e

O

Ecofac ts recovered macroscop ica l ly

Br ie f ly descr ibe the fea tu re

(Ove r )

NW

SW S E

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Natural processes af fec t ing ar t i fac t (acc ident , a ir , a lgae, bio logical growth,

dampness , d ir t , dus t , fog, f ros t , fungi, heat , insec ts , mildew, other , sunl ight ,

vegetat ion, water , wind)

H u m a n p r o c e s s a ff e c t i n g a r t if a c t ( n e g l e c t , o t h e r , v a n d a l i s m )

i c r o -e n v i r o n m e n t d e s c r i p ti o n

eather condi t ion

x c a v a ti o n m e t h o d

_ C l e a n i n g m e t h o d F i e ld c o n s e r v a ti o n m e t h o d

R e s t o r a t i a n m e t h o d

C l e a n i n g a g e n t s

C h e m i c a l s

®

A d h e s i v e s

S e a l a n t s

P a c k i n g m e t h o d

D i s p o s a l

U n i t / l e v e )

P r o v e n i e n c e

D i m e n s i o n s o f a r t if a c t

F i e l d c o n d i t io n b e f o r e t r e a t m e n t

r e a t m e n t i n s i t u

D a t e e x c a v a t e d

E x c a v a t o r

D r a w i n g s

P h o t o g r a p h s

-

F i e l d n o t e b o o k c r o s s - r e f e r e n c e s

FIELD INVENTORY FORM

S i t e Nu m ber

S i t e ; d a m e

Revisad 2/2001

I nven t o r / D a t e

P r e p a r e d b y P a g a o_

C h e c k - i n D a t e C h e c k e d i n b y

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