CAILLOIS, Économie Quotidienne Et Jeux de Hasard en Amérique Ibérique

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  • Roger Caillois

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    doi : 10.3406/ahess.1948.1665

    http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/ahess_0395-2649_1948_num_3_4_1665

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