Catalogue général du Musée du Caire Models of Shipboats

8/12/2019 Catalogue gnral du Muse du Caire Models of Shipboats

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r rCATALOGUE GENERALDES

ANTIQUITES EGYPTIENNESDU MUSEE DU CAIRE

MODELS OF SHIPS AND BOATS


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SKKVICE DKS ANTIOUITES DE l/EGYPTE

r rCATALOGUE GENERALDES

ANTIQUITES EGYPTIENNESDU MUSEE DU CAIRE

W 4798-4976 ET 5034-5200MODELS OF SHIPS AND BOATS

PAR M. G. A. REISNER

LE CAIREIMPRIMERIE DE LTNSTITUT FRANCAIS

D'ARCIIEOLOGIE ORIENTALE

1913


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XY


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INTRODUCTION.

An Egyptian tomb has two essential parts, a burial place and an olleringplace. In the predynastic and the early dynastic periods, the actual objectsintended for the use of the spirit, including food, were put in the burial place,while periodical gifts of food and drink were, no doubt even then, broughtto the offering place. From the end of the Third Dynasty (perhaps earlier) thecustom can be traced of representing the objects intended for the use of thespirit by paintings or painted reliefs on the walls of the ofl'ering place, whilethe burial place contained, during the Fourth and Fifth Dynasties, very littlebesides the burial. During this period, in addition to the objects, the paintingsinclude all the ordinary scenes from life, sowing, reaping, cattle-herding,hunting, cooking, etc. Clearly the purpose is to provide the spirit of the deadowner with a spirit world in essentials like the world of the living.

During the early part of the Sixth Dynasty statuettes of servants performingtheir usual functions are placed in the seriai. (or statue chamber), along withthe statues of the owner and his family. The serdab is, it must be remembered,a part of the ofl'ering place because of its origin''', and because of the slitconnecting it with the ofl'ering chamber. Fj-om the later part of the SixthDynasty (perhaps later, as the point in time is not well fixed), these servantgroups begin to be placed in the burial chamber, as were the actual ofl'eringsof the older period. The groups are, however, considerably developed overthose placed in the serdah, and are usually of wood. A majority of the scenesrepresented in the paintings have been found, models of feasting, brick-making, slaughtering, cooking, cultivating, sowing the grain and similaractivities. Among these are models of boats of various sorts, full- rigged and'manned, the same boats which are found in the scenes of the ofl'eringchamber. A few practical objects are still placed in the burial chamber : butthe greater part of the objects are, like the scenes from life, mere models,

' All the earliest serdabs are simply walled -up offering niches, and statues are often placed inthe offering chamber itself. See Petrie, Medum, pi. VII.


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II models of pots and pans, weapons and implements. Thus the use of models inthe burial chamber is a development of the custom of representing similarobjects and scenes in the pictures on the walls of the offering chamber'''; andthe purpose is, in both cases, the same, to provide the spirit with theessentials of an enjoyable life. The belief in magic underlying both customs isobviously the same.

Every type of boat found among the models is also to be found in the tombscenes. Just as the tomb scenes sometimes represent ceremonies connected withthe burial, the funerary bark proceeding to the western desert or to Abvdos,the ofTerings and objects being carried to the grave. so also, models ofceremonial objects are placed in the grave alongside the objects used in ordinarylife. Thus, models of funerary barks are found alongside models of the boatsof everyday life. Moreover, as tlie spirit came in the Middle Empire to beconceived as following the wandering of the Sun God in the Under-World, solarbarks were also placed in the grave for the use of the spirit on this nightlyvoyage.

On the basis of function, then, the models fall into three great divisions : (i) Tlie boats for ordinary use (practical boats for travelling, carrying freight, hunting or

pleasure).

(q) The boats used for funeral purposes (ceremonial boats).

(3) The solar ])oats used in the Under-World (magical boats).

To these may be added a fourth class : (/i) The boats placed in the temples for the use of the gods, or in ceremonies such as the

Osiris mysteries (divine boats).

The last-named are, of course, both ceremonial and magical.On the basis of structure, or rather structural origin, the boats may be

divided again into two great classes, (A) the wooden boats, and (B) thepapyrus boats. It is at present impossible to trace any connection between theearliest wooden boats (Type I) and the papyrus rafts (Type III), for the earliestknown representations of wooden boats (Type I) present a characteristic formof their own, based on the structure.

' Tlie us( of models is well-known even in the predynaslic period; but the earlier modelsare natural size, wood and clay beiny used to represent flint and slone.


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Coinbinln^j the functional and the structural characteristics, the followingseries of types are distinguishahle*'' : 1 A Type I. Square cut river-boat, two rudders. Old Empire.1 A Type II. River-boat with curling stern and single rudder. Middle Empire.1 B Type III. Swamp boat, papyrus-raft. From the Predynastic Period down.1 B Type IV. Papyrus-form wooden boat. Old to Middle Empire.2 B ryp*^ ^- Funeral bark of papyrus-form. Middle Empire.3 A Type VT. Solar bark of uncertain structural origin. Middle Empire.li A Type VII. Divine barks of at least two forms. All periods.

The river boats (Types I and II) are fitted out for both sailing and rowingor paddling, as are the Nile craft of the present day. The ordinary proceedingon long trips was the same in antiquity as now. With the prevailing northwind, the boat was sailed up the river; but on the return journey, the boat was'rowed with the stream, or allowed to drift, guided by the oars. To avoid theeffect of the adverse wind, the mast was removed and laid at rest alongthe middle of the deck or on the roof of the cabin. The distinction, therefore,between sailing vessels and rowing vessels is not an essential one. It wascustomary to place the boats in the tombs in pairs, one rigged out for sailingupstream, and one for rowing downstream. They were even correctly orientatedin the graves, the sailing boats with the bow turned south, and the rowingboats turned north (see Schafeb, Prieslergrdher, p. i6)''-'. The existence ofpowerfully manned boats with thirty or forty rowers is clear from the ancientmodels and reliefs, and their usefulness for pressing affairs is obvious. In theBeni Hasan tomb -scenes, they are also represented towing the funerary bark.In modern times such boats are, of course, made unnecessary by the use ofpower launches and steam dahabiyehs. However a number of boats with canopiesand manned by eight to sixteen rowers are at present in use on the waters ofthe Aswan reservoir.

The models and the reliefs show the following chronological succession (thetype numbers refer to the descriptions given above) : IV-V Dynasty. Boats of Types I (usually with paddlers) and III, as boats used by the living.VI Dynasty. Boats of Types I (witb rowers), III and IV, as boats used by the living.

''' In general, see Erman, Life in Aiicienl Egypt, chap. xix.'^' See also Garstang's report on Beni Hasan in Atmales, V, p. 216. The photograph, pi. I, n 3,

shows the boats orientated as described above.


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Intermediate Period between VI ' and XII ' Dynasties (limits not exactly determinable). Boats of Types 1, H, III and IV, used by the living : and funeral barks of Type V.

All Dynasty. Boats of Types II, III and IV, used by the living; funeral barks of Type V;and solar barks of Type VI, used only by the dead.

iVbw Empire. Apparently the only boat models arc those found in Royal Tombs, which aremodels of royal pleasure boats developed from Type IV and decorated accordingly. Modelsof divine boats (mostly of stone) have been found in temples, but were also in use in- earliertimes.

Models of boats occur in wood, pottery, stone, metal and ivory, although thegreat niajorilv of boats are of wood. The technical construction of these modelsdoes not differ essentially from that of other objects of the same material. Thepottery boats are hand-made of various clays; the stone boats show the sametechnique as the statues; and the comparatively rare ivory boats are made inthe same wav as the other ivory objects. The same is true of the wooden boats.The hull is usuallv made of a single block of wood, sometimes repaired byinserting pieces with pegs. The block is often eked out by pieces pegged on thebow and stern. The whole is covered, in most cases, with a layer of whiteplaster and painted. The rigging, the furniture and the crew are of separatepieces pegged on or fastened in holes, and individually often formed of severalparts pegged together.

All this carpentrv is cunningly done in true Egyptian style, and presents anumber of interesting features, the numbering of the crew in n ^1798, theposition marks for the svmbolic objects on n /i86o, and the beautiful minutework on n 4gi8. But a greater interest attaches to the representation of theactual structure of the boat. In the earlier models (Type I), the structure isshown in miniature (except hull planking) in the model. But the later typeshave adopted a color scheme which represents schematically the structure, red or yellow' ' for the heavv planking and beam work, white for the moveabledeck planking, and black for the ties of leather, cord or metal which bind theboat together' -'. This color scheme is very clearly illustrated by n ^910, wherethe mast-shoe is painted in red and black on the deck and the -object in theposition of the mast, and in the rudder n /tSai^, where the black bands whichbind the blade to the shaft are clearly shown. In the papyrus boats, the hullis usuallv yellow as on the reliefs. In the funeral barks and the solar barks, the

' Type I is painted red or yellow in llie Old Empire reliefs.'*' See Christian Belger, Z. Aeg.. vol. XXXIII (iSgG), p. a/i-Sa.


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color is only used on the deck to represent structure; on the hull, the riggingand the furniture, it is used to mark the peculiar purpose of the boat. Thefuneral barks have almost all green hulls with yellow ends, while the solarbarks are usually white.

I. THE OLDER TYPE OF WOODEN IIIVER BOAT.From Meir (iSgS, tomb of Pepy-en-ankh-kam)''^, come models of a type

of river boat which corresponds to boats seen on most of the reliefs of the OldKingdom. Although otherwise well preserved, no figures were with these models(when brought to the Museum), and no trace (such as peg-hole or plaster-print) was discernible which might indicate that there ever were figures onthem. Whether the models were placed in the graves without crews or not^.they must be considered, in the light of the other boats, as needing steersman,look-out and sailors. In fact, such boats are shown in the reliefs of the OldEmpire, full- manned, both as travelling boats and as freight boats (see Reliefof \u\, Guide to Cairo Museum, n 38, VI ' Dynasty : see also Davis, Deir-el-Gebrdwi, I, pi. X, XVI, and II, pi. VII : see Lepsius. Denhndlcr, abt. II, Bl. g,10. 12. 22, 2^, 28, /i3, ^5, 61, 62, 64, 96 and 106).

The models of this type are of two forms, one flat- bottomed with a two-legged mast (n' Z1882, /i883, hSSti, /1886). and the other round-bottomedwith a single mast (n' ^1887 and /1888).

1. HULL.Navigation on the Nile, where shifting sandbanks present unexpected shal-

lows, required in ancient times as now, a stable boat of light draft. The largestnative boats of the present day require from Bo to 100 cent, of water, andstability is gained by great breadth. The large ceremonial boats found atDahshur'-^ show clearly a form which, although more graceful than the modernboats, is light of draft and yet stable because of its great breadth. So also themodels of Type I are, in form, broad and shallow. The flat-bottomed form has

' One other boat, n /i88o, a papyrus-form boat of Type IV was found with these models olType I.

See De Morgan, Fouilles a Dahchour, vol. I, p. 83, fig. 2o3. In the Cross-section, the keel-beam is, unfortunately, not represented.


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broad square-cut bow and stern, while the round-bottomed form has broadrounded bow and stern. In n liSS^j. the round stern is covered by a square-cutprojecting framework, a continuation of the rail.

Structurallv, modem Nile boats present two dilTerent varieties : (i) boatsbuilt with a framework of keel-beam and internal ribs to which the plankingis nailed, and (2) boats built merely of very heavy planking nailed togetherwith heavy iron spikes driven in slanting, usually with a keel-beam (whichdoes not project, however, to form a keel), and with braces (seats) across thetop. This second form appears to us a fragile and almost impracticable structure;but the fact remains that it is still in use in Nubia ''' by preference in the dan- ^v.gerous cataract region, and is seldom seen in the quiet stretches north of Aswan.The Dahshur boats, the only large ancient models at present available, showthe same type of structure, but with the planks mortised together and tied withmetal bands (see Mednm, pi. XI), instead of being fastened with iron spiki's.Moreover the ancient representations of boat- building scenes (for example,Beni-Hasan, pi. XXIX) depict the same type of mortised planking in process ofmanufacture. The evidence of the models is not conclusive, for in all of themthe hull is hollowed out of a single piece of wood. Yet it may be said that eventhe models with the most careful details show no trace of internal framework(ribs). 'y^

In view, therefore, of the modern boats, the evidence of the reliefs, thestructure of the Dahshur boat and the representations of the structure of otherancient boats in the models, it is as near certain as can be that the structure ofthe actual wooden boats of this and nil other practical types was of mortised planking.

2. DECK.

Onlv n /i886 presents a deck. This deck covers the whole boat, and in themodel consists of a single board. In the original, of course, it must have beenmade of planks laid on the cross braces; but it was not possible in the modelto see whether or not the cross-pieces were in place (probably not). The otherboats all have three cross-braces, Hat boards sprung into slots in the sidesand curving upwards in the middle. These cross-pieces bore the mast and otherposts.

' In Dongola, ia February-April 191 3, I saw no oilier type of native boat.


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vn

3. RIGGING.(a) Mast. Spars am) Sail.

The ilal bottomed form (n ^ /1882. 4883. /i88/i, /1886) has a two-leggedmast. This was stayed with ropes to how and stern, and bore holes for ropesby which the spars were suspended. In n' ^887 and /1888, the after mast-staysappear to have been bound to the head of a post set in the after cross-piece, a flat post with a big eyelet pn the upper end.

The sail was. as usual, square-cut. N 4886 appears also to have borne atwo-legged mast, in spite of the long canopy covering the whole boat. Thesail would have been operated from the roof of the canopy as is often shown inthe reliefs. N' 4887 and 4888 have single masts.

In the reliefs of the IV * loVI ' Dynasties, the boat of Type I is shown with atwo-legged mast and a rectangular sail suspended from two spars. The spars arehung by ropes to the top of the mast, and the upper spar is raised or loweredby ropes passing through the rungs in the top of the mast. The sail is turnedby a rope fastened to each end of the upper spar passing through a loop atthe stern, and manipulated by a man at the stern or on the roof of the canopy'''.In another relief'-', the man on the roof controls the sail with a single ropefastened to the right end of the upper spar. The lower spar, when it is repre-sented, appears to pass between the legs of the mast'^' and to be turned byhand. The sail was no doubt, bound and fastened to the spars as in Type 11.

When, on long trips, the boat was rowed or paddled, the mast, even thetwo-legged mast, was taken out, the sail was rolled up with the spars, and bothmast and spars laid on the roof of the cabin' ', or on two forked mast-rests'^'.

(h) Rudders.

Boats of Type I were, according to the reliefs, steered with one or morepairs of rudders braced (? tied?) against the side of the boat, and held in thehands of two or more steersmen. It is inconceiveable that the steering took

1 ' Lepsius, Denkmiiler, II, Bl. 28 (Giza, Z,5); II, BI. Zi3 (Giza, 96); II, Bi. 6i (Saqqarah, 16);II, BI. 9G (Saqqarah, 3i).

'-' Lepsius, Denhnaler, II, Bl. i5.'^' Lepsius, Denkmdier, II, Bl. i3. '*' Lepsius, Denkmiiler, II, Bl. i5.'^' Lepsius, Denkmiiler. II. Bl. io3 (Saqqarah, 3t).


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VIII

place by turning the rudder on its axis as in Type II, by the mere strength ofthe hands on the shaft. On the contrary, the rudders must liave been leveredagainst the side of the stern so that the steersmen on one side pulled the shaftin, causing the blade to be thrust outward, and so turned the boat towards thatside. The steersmen on the other side probal)ly allowed their rudders to lloator pulled them up out of the water. The broad overhanging stern appears tohave been especially constructed to facilitate steering by this method. N* hSS^and liSSli have in the third or last cross-piece in the stern two posts joined bya cross-piece (now missing, see pi. XIII). This may have served as a rest forthe rudders (now missing), and would indicated that there were two rudderssimilar to those of Type IV, one on each side.

(c) Oars and Paddles.

As the crews are wanting in the models, it is again necessary to turn to thereliefs for the oars and paddles of this type of boat. The older reliefs, those ofthe IV' and V ' Dynasties, show paddles''' as a rule, while the later Old Empirereliefs, those of the V and VI Dynasties''*, show rowers. The paddlers appearto be standing, while the rowers are both seated and standing. In Saqqarah, 3 i(^Dcnkmaler, II, io3. io4), the rowers are seated with the inside foot bracedagainst the cross-seat or bench in front of each one, as is the modern custom.In Giza, 86 {Denhmdler, II. in), the rowers have the inside hand on the oarin front and the outside hand on the oar behind, so that they formed a connectedchain swinging in unison.

The paddles and oars show the same slight variations in form 'which arefound in Type II (q. v.).

A. FURNITURE.Onlv n /i886 shows a canopy. No other furniture was indicated. On the

reliefs these boats are usually represented with a long canopy like that ofn 4886, or with a canopy covering tiie projecting stern frame (see Lepsius,Denhmdler, Ergdnzunfrsband , Tafel XXXVIl).

On the relief of \m\, these boats are shown both as travelling boats and as' Lepsius, DenkmiUer, II, 29 (Giza, ai), 2i (Giza, 36), 28 (Giza, i5).ra Lepsiu*, Denkmiihr, II, 9 (Giza, 76), 12 (Giza, 86), /i3 (Giza, 9.^)), /i5 (Saqqarah, i5),

C2 (Saqqarali, i5), 64 bis (Saqqarah, i5), 101 (Saqqarah, 3i), io3 (Saqqarali, 3i), io4 (Saq-qarah, 3i).


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IX

freiglit boats, loaded with provisions and ag^ricultural produce. In Deir-el-Gebidwi, II, {) . VII, they appear under sail, and one of them is lowing a funeralbark. Thus, from the reliefs they appear to bo merely a more ancient form thanType II, used for the same purpose.

TYPE II.The models representing river boats of the later or Middle Empire type

(Type II) all have the same general form of hull, marked by the curled-upstern and the single steering oar. One slight variation is presented by n' 6869,/igiy and ^961, which have at the tip of the stern a projecting fork to holdthe stem of the rudder.

List of Travelling Boats of Typk II.Fitted Fon Rowing. Fitted for Sailing.

N^ /1798 N /1809/i 7 9 fj li8 iiiSoo Zi86i (paddlers)48oi ^910(2'Zi8o5 ^912hSliU Z1918/i8/i5 /i9/i7(hSliG /i95iW/i859( 695213' ./.869 Z1955/1879^9096918

1. HULL.The Hat bottom presented by all these models of boats is, of course, merely

a device for making the models stand upright in the proper position relativeto the water line when afloat. It seems, in fact, to mark the water-line,

' Tlie boats llius marked have a rudder fork on the tip of the stern.''^I This boat has a crew of sailors standing about the place where the mast ought to be, and is

a typical sailing boat; yet the place for the mast is occupied by a mast-rest which was used onlyon the down journey, i. e. when the boat was being rowed. The mistake was ancient.

' In reality fitted out as a funerary bark, and otherwise anomalous, see p. aB, note 1.


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although the stability of the boat would appear to require that the hull shouldlie much deeper in the water than this line usually indicates. However a com-parison with the boats represented on the reliefs shows that the proportions ofthe hull above the water-line, its relative length and depth, are in most of themodels the same as on the reliefs, and therefore probably not essentially diffe-rent from the proportions of boats in actual use. Apparently if the models wereconceived as round-bottomed with the same depth as at present, the resultwould be a stable, light-draft hull of the same form as that discussed aboveunder Type I (see p. vi), and constructed in the same manner of mortisedplanking.

Thus, while the hull-forms presented by the small models are, perhaps, notexact copies of boats in use, they are, in any case, such close approximationsthat they suffice for all magical purposes. The main points to be observed are :(i) The tapering section of the round bow with its projecting stick. (2) Thesquare-cut stern curling forward to form a rest for the shaft of the singlerudder. (3) The low rail formed usually by the side beams or by continuationsof the planking of the hull. The low structural keel formed by the great keel-beam is never represented.

2. DECK.

The skeleton of the deck was formed by cross beams which served partly asseats and partly as lateral braces. The space in the stern, being in constantuse by the steersman, is usually represented by solid planking (red); but theother spaces are white, and were probably covered by a movable planking, asis the case in modern dahabiyehs. In sailing, the planking would be laid topermit the use of the deck: in rowing, the planking might be removed to admitthe legs of the rowers. The models n ' ^798, ^799, 48oo, 6801, appear toshow the deck open, that is, with the deck planking removed: but all the resthave the deck closed with white planking. In all cases, the rowers are representedas seated on the red cross-bars (seats), or on blocks' '. In the reliefs, the rowersappear both standing'-* and seated. In modern dahabiyehs, the rowers usuallystand on the deck; but in undecked boats, they either sit on the cross-braces(seats) or stand in the bottom, with one foot pushing on the cross-brace.

' The use of blocks in some of the models is confirmed by the reliefs, see Newberry, Beni Hasan,1, pi. XVI (Tomb a); Lepsius, Detikmiiler, II, i aC ; Newberry, Beni Hasan, I, pi. XXIX (Tomb 3).

12) Newberry, Beni Hasan, I, pi. XIV (Tomb a), pi. XXIX (Tomb 3).


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XI

3. RIGGING.At tile bow is a Hat stick with broad concave end, possibly some kind of

lender. In the models, the bow- stick is pefjged to the deck, but in real boatsit appears from the black marks to have been securely bound. N /igiS (sailingvessel) and n 696 1 (sailing vessel) have no bow-stick, but in the case of n ^196 1

,

the bow, being cut olT llal, is bound with hide (white hair with black spots).(a) The Mast, Spars and Sail.

The main deck is almost always slightly lower than bow, stern and rail , andis divided by the red bars into an odd number of pairs of white spaces, 5,7, 9, 11, i3, 10. Rarely does one find an even number of pairs, as in n* I1S02and ^909. Between the members of the middle pair, there is an extra whitespace, a narrow rectangle, which contains the mast- hole, and represents theframework of the mast-socket in the actual boat. The butt-end of the mast musthave rested in a hole in the keel-beam supported by wooden blocks fastenedto the hull, or in a socket built on the keel -beam with wooden blocks. It ispossible that the mast-shoe (n' ^799. ^910^ ^'9^^' ^9^^) I'epresented onsome of the boats, but not on all, is to be thought of as resting on the bottomof the boat; but the models show the mast -shoe on the deck, and it isvisible in some of the representations as if on the deck (see Beni Hasan, II,pi. XII). In either case, the mast-shoe braced against the forward side of themast. The mast, usually a single stick, was stayed against lateral movement byside ropes fastened in the rail, against forward movement by ropes fastened tothe rudder post or to the rail at the stern, and against backward movement byropes fastened to each side of the bow. The models often bear holes in therail, apparently for these rope-stays (see n' ^798 (/), ^799 (h), etc.). Thegreatest strain was, of course, that in the forward direction, and the reliefsshow the heaviest staying in the ropes fastened to the rudder-post to counteractthe forward strain. A two-legged mast does not appear on any of the reliefs ofthis type of boat known to me, nor was it found in any of the models in theMuseum (see, however, Type I, p. vii). The sailing vessels are all square-rigged, with a single mast, two yards and a square sail.

The mast found in most of the models was a plain tapering stick, uncoloredor painted red or yellow. In some cases, the tip bore eyelets worked in themast itself (n ' ^798, ^869, ^9i3, etc.), or formed of bronze or copper(n /1918). In two cases (n ' ^95i, ^956), the models had mast tips of green


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glazed steatite with eyelels. These, I believe, represent bronze caps with bronzeeyelets. The number of eyelets was irregular, five or seven in number. Theodd eyelet on the top was, no doubt, for tbe stay-rope or ropes which passedover the mast from bow to stern. The side eyelets were for the ropes used forhoisting and lowering the upper yard with the sail.The upper yard was suspended by three or five ropes on each side, fastenedto tbe yard at intervals, passing up through tbe eyelets and brougbt down themast to tbe deck, where they were tied around the mast (see n 6861). Thelower yard was suspended in tbe same way except that the ropes were tiedto the mast below the eyelets (see especially Beni Hasan, I, pis. XIV and XXIX).In some of the reliefs the spars appear to be aft of the mast (1. e. on the windwardside); but the point is unclear.

The square-cut sail had the upper and lower edges hemmed or bound withcord. These edges were lashed to the yards by ropes running through holes justinside the hem (bound edges?) and around the yard (see n' /1861 and ^986),being tied bard at the end of tbe yard. The sail was raised and lowered byraising or lowering the upper vard. The few sails preserved in the models donot show anv reefing strings'''. The sail was turned to tbe wind, and controlledby means of a rope near each end of each yard (see Beni Hasan, I, pi. XIV. andthe ropes on n' 48/n. hS^Vj, ^qBG).When not in use, that is, on tbe journey downstream, the mast was taken

out and laid along the axis of tbe boat with the butt of the mast in the bow.In this position the masl and yards were supported out of the way above thedeck bv a forked post set up in the mast- socket (see Beni Hasan, I, pi. XVI,Gizeh and Rifeh, pi. XC, and n ^ /i83/i, /igS 1).

(//) Rudder-post and Rudders.The rudder-post is much thicker and more solid than the mast. It has a

square butt and a rounded or octagonal shaft (n ' ^^798, ^918). The top isrounded and slightlv grooved. It was without doubt, firmly and permanently

' In Dongola, a square sail is used on llie modern boats but bunjj diagonallij not borizontally.There arc two spars, the lower one bein{; very heavy. The end of the lower spar is kept down inthe boat and both ends are controlled with light ropes. The sail is furled, shortened or lenghtenedby rolling or unrolling it on the lower spar. The lower spar has at right-angles through a hole inthe end a stick, which is used for this operation. It is very doubtful however whether a similardevice was used on the ancient Egyptian boats. None of the spars preserved show any trace of thehandle which is absolutely necessary to turn the spar. Moreover the ancient sails, it is quite clear,were hung horizontally.


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fastenod in its sockol in the last cross-beam, and luiihcr in a socket in thebottom (keol-boam), as it was never removed (unlike the mast), and wasutilized to sfav the mast against its greatest strain.

The rudder consisted of a long round stem and a large ovoid blade. Theblack marks on the blades (see n ' /i8oi, 6820, ASaS, liSkk, etc.) show thateach blade consisted of two boards fastened to the end of the stem by means ofcords or metal bands. Tenons were certainly also used in the thickness of theplank, but the black marks seem to indicate only the thong bonds. The stemitself was also sometimes of two pieces joined together in the middle, and boundwith leather or metal.

Above, the stem of the rudder was usually merely tied against the top or the sideof the top, but in one case it rested on a peg in the side of the rudder-post nearthe lop (n ^918). Below, the stem rested against the curling stern, and wastied securely in place with cords (see n ' ^798, etc.. holes in stern, and BentHasan, I. pi. XVI, etc.). The handle was a separate stick fastened in a slantinghole in the stem, so that the handle fell vertically just aft of the stern post andparallel to it. By swinging this handle to the right or left, the steersman turnedthe blade in the water, thus steering the boat to the right or to the left. That is,the bow turned with the hand; not contrariwise, as is the case with an ordinarymodern boat-rudder. In some cases, where the steersman sat on the roof of thecabin in order to see the look-out who gave the steering order, the handle wasforward of the stern-post; but the action of the rudder was not altered by thisposition. Ordinarily the height of the stern was sufficient to permit the steersmana clear view of the look-out.

This method of steering was, mechanically speaking, a great advance on therudder held in the hand (Type I). The labor-saving alone was considerable;for, whereas Type I required at least two and more often four or more steersmen.Type III required only one. Moreover, the strain on the rudder was less and thecontrol more perfect. The essential differences between the two types all centerabout the steering apparatus. The change to a single mast was an additionaladvance but did not necessitate any change in form. The new steering arran-gement required, however, a different form of stern. The old stern-post for themast-stays was enlarged to support the upper end of the rudder while continuingits function as a post for the stays; and the stern was remodeled into a formsuitable for supporting the shaft of the rudder and throwing the blade wellback in the water. I have no doubt that it was the invention of this new method ofsteering which brought about the development of Tijpe II out of Type I.


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A. FURNITURE.None of the tnodels in the Museum, of boats rig^jed for rowing show any

accomodation whatever for the use of the owner and passengers, nor indeed anyfigures except the necessary members of the crew (n ' -'lygS, ^799, ^800,/1801. /i8o5, 684/, liSho, /i8/i6, ^869, /1879, /1909, 6913, and the twol)oats equipj)e(l for saih'ng, n ' 486 1 and ^^12). These may be intended forthe tug boats represented on the monuments. the heavily manned boatswhich tow the ceremonial boats; but even the tug boats in the reliefs are repre-sented with cabins or canopies. There are, moreover, examples of models outsidethe Museum collection in which rowing boats of the general form under dis-cussion have canopies (see Schafer, Priestergriihcr, p. 72). Therefore no impor-tance can be attached to the fact that the rowing boats of this type in theMuseum are bare of all furniture save rigging and crew. It may be merely aquestion of space on the deck of the model.

The sailing boats are, however, with the exception of n /1861 and ^91 2,furnished with a cabin or canopy, sheltering a figure of the owner seated usuallyon a throne or chair (n ' 48o2, 68/ii, ^910, ^918, ^901, ^953). In the caseof n /i959''*, the canopy shelters a bier with a mummy; and n ^9^7 has afigure of the owner without a canopy. In n ^901, the canopy is forward ofthe mast; in the others, aft, near the rudder-post. In n ^910 there is also abox-like object in front of the mast-rest, and what may be a sealed jar of beerin a wooden stand behind the mast- rest.

The canopies or cabins on these boats, as well as on those of Type I, areusually of a practical type, differing from the chapel -like canopies on thepapyrus boats and the funerary barks'-'. They are intended to shelter the ownerfrom the sun and the wind. The most elaborately constructed example is onn ^918, which is especially interesting on account of the representation of thewood-work, the doors and locks. The framework on n ^910 is fastened withcord where the horizontal sticks cross the uprights, and the roof is overlaid witha square cover made of hides sewed together. This is the usual form of cabinfor ships of Tvpe II (see Schafer, Prieslcrgrdber, p. 72 and 70, and n' ^19 20and A92 1).

' The crew of n igBa is also anomalous, including waiting-women and a priest, like theships of the dead; and the model is probably the result of an ancient confusion as was n igio(see p. IX, note 2).

f'^' See, however, n 484 1.


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5. CREW.The crews found on the models of rowing boats are very uniform, a look-

out (captain, pilot), a steersman, and six to forty rowers, arranged in pairs.The rowers face the stern in all cases, in spite of n /i8oi on pi. II (see note,p. 6, foot-note li) in which the rowers have been falsely placed by the restorer.Paddlers face the bow (see n ' /i88o, 488 1 and /iH6i, and Deshasheh, pi. XV;ScHAFER, Priestergrdber, p. yS). The rowers are represented as seated, while thepaddlers are kneeling on the outside knee. Thus it is easy to distinguish betweenthe two types, even when separated from their places on the boats. The onlyship in the Museum of the type under discussion having paddlers is the sailingboat n /i8Gi.

The sailing ships, being only rowing ships under sail, show the same crewsas the rowing ships. look-out, steersman and rowers. Three or more of therowers, however, are represented as sailors standing about the mast, usuallywith hands uplifted, while the others are seated at rest in various parts ofthe ship, sometimes in the places occupied in rowing (see n ^912).In n 68/n, paddlers appear to be assisting the progress of a boat under sail;but this again seems to be a false restoration as the figures are rowers notpaddles.

In addition to the working crew, the sailing ships bear the figure of the owner(see above, p. xv). Other figures are rare, but n A951 has a porter withbaggage beside the canopy, and n ^918 a group of friends. N Agog is, asnoted above (see p. xv) anomalous, and has a bier with a mummy underthe canopv, accompanied bv two wailing women and a priest. Other ships whichhave come into the Museum since this catalogue was prepared, show, however,that the owner may be accompanied ])y all manner of servants, guards andcompanions. One of them (Garstang, Annales, vol. V, pi. V) has a negro soldierwith bow and shows the owner and a companion plaving a game.

6. COLORING.

The coloring is very uniform. The bull is red or yellow, representing heavyplanking. The deck has red rail and bars (in n ^910 yellow instead of rod)representing the framework, white spaces representing movable planking, andblack marks representing the ties of cord, thong or metal.


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III. THE PAPYRUS RAFT.The papyrus raft, so well known from the representations in the reliefs of the

01(1 and Middle Empires, is not represented among the models in this catalogue;hut it must he mentioned here on account of its relation to other hoats of papyrusform (Types IV and V). The structure is perfectly clear from the reliefs. Theraft is made of papyrus reeds bound together [Medum, XXllI; Deshasheh, pi. V),to form a narrow iloat on the top of which the owner or the crew appear tostand. The form is characterized by the heavy cylindrical ends lifting above thewater. Probably the raft was made for temporary purposes only. It could in nocase have had a long period of use ''I

The papyrus canoe -raft is the boat shown in the traditional hunting scenein the marsh, from the Fourth Dynasty down. In fact it is the marsh boat parexcellence, and is seldom depicted except in marsh scenes (^Beni Hasan, II,pi. XXVIII, XXIX; Deshasheh, V, VI, XXV, XXVII; Medum, XXIV). Its lightnesswas well suited to the shoal waters of the marshes and of the flooded fields of theinundation period, while its slender form with the stout pointed bow and sternmade it especially adapted for pushing in and out among the reeds. Accordingto the reliefs, it was usually propelled by a pole [Medum, XXIV), or by paddles[Deshasheh, XXVII), both of which are especially adapted to shallow water.

The clay models of boats found in predynastic and early dynastic graves havebeen assumed to be models of papyrus boats on account of the decoration (seePetrie, Naqada and Ballas, p. hi a, pi. XXXVI, 80-82; Diospolis Parva, XVI,81, 82, and Capart, Primitive Art, p. if) 9 and p. 229)'^'; but this assumption

' Mr. J. W. Crowfoot informs me that temporary reed raffs are still used ia Dongola and HaifaProvinces for ferrying across the Nile. These rafts, with surface almost awash, are propelled byswimmers. Mr. H. S. Wellcome has also given me a description of the ambatch-canoe used on theupper reaches of the Nile. The ambatch plant has a light shaft about 10 to 20 feet long varying'from a finger thickness to two or three inches across, heavier at the butt and tapering above.The sepoles are tied in a bundle at the ends and a very slight hollow is made by forcing out the poleson top or by usage. Thus structurally it corresponds to the papyrus raft. The user sits on top orin the slight hollow and paddles with his hands, with a wooden paddle or pushes with a pole. Thetop is nearly awash. Mr. Wellcome has never seen more than two people in an ambatch canoe, buthe was told that w in former daysT large rafts with mast and sail were made carrying many people.The more permanent boats are made of hollowed logs.

'^' The alabaster object represented in Petrie, Abydos, I, pi. IX, U, represents a hollow vessel ofbound reeds; but the identification of the vessel as a copy of a boat, unsupported by analogy, isvery doubtful.


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presents (liflicullies. The clay models are usually hollow, with flat-sideJ ends,while the papyrus rafts are solid bundles of reeds with round ends. The hollowreed-boats of other lands, as in Mesopotamia, are of closely woven basket worksmeared with mineral pitch''', but the Egyptian clay models scarcely indicatesuch a structure. It may be presumed that the papyrus raft is quite as early asthe predynastic period, but could hardly have been used as a river boat. Theriver boat of the predynastic period must have been of a different structure, hide boats with wooden frame, log canoes or wooden boats, all of which werewithin the technical powers of predynastic Egyptians. For it is quite certain thatthe predynastic Egyptians, as early as the Middle Predynastic period, made andused wooden planks, mortising and tying them together with cords; and soeven the mortised planking of the wooden river boats were not, technicallyspeaking, impossible. It seems to me improbable, then, that the early clay boatsare models of papyrus rafts.

I have purposely not referred to the drawings of boats on the predynasticpottery (see J. de Morgan, Origines, I, pi. II, 5; Petrie, Narjada and Ballon,pi. LXIV, LXVII, Lll, 70-71; Petrie, Diospolis Parva, pi. XVI, XX; MacIver,El-Amralt. pi. XIV), on the walls of Green's Tomb at Hierakonpolis (^Hicralionpolis,pi. LXXV-LXXIX), and on the ivory tablets from the early dynastic Royal Tombsat Abvdos (Petrie, Rot/al Tombs. I, pi. XVII: Roijal Tombs, II, pi. Xl'-^). Whateverthese may be, they are not papyrus rafts, and so far as I know, there are norepresentations of papyrus rafts earlier than the Third Dynasty, and no modelsresembling them until after the Sixth Dynasty.

TYPE IV. WOODEN BOATSIMITATING THE PAPYRUS RAFT IN FORM.

A series of river boats, manifestly of wood, are represented in the reliefs andin the models whose form suggests a derivation from that of the papyrus raft.The bow and stern-pieces are rouglily cylindrical and end in buttons which aredecorated to resemble papyrus (lowers. Even the bands are shown with whichthe bundle of reed stems were bound (like the bundle columns with open (lowercapital). This boat bears a canopy with a figure of the owner, a masi and sail,

' Up to the present, Mr. Lucas has found a few examples of wood pitch, but none of mineralpitch, in the samples submitted to him. See A. Lucas, Preservative Materials used by the AncientEgyptians in lunbalming , p. /ig.


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termination ' . It certainly lacked stability, and while sailing must liave beenliable to capsize. The hull of the models reproduced in Priestergrdber, p. 7 4 and78, is, except for the llower-like bow and stern, like the hull of Type II. Thisis, of course, suitable for river navigation, and in fact, in Deshasheh, pi. XXVII,two such boats are represented, one under sail, proceeding upstream (to theright), and one being paddled downstream (to the left)' -'. N /i8o3 presentsa third form with very stumpy projecting bow and stern.

2. DECK.In all cases, the deck was flat, or nearly flat, in section rising slightly towards

the ends. A low rail on each side protected the deck, or in some cases the middlepart only (n /icji 1 ).

3. RIGGING.The mast (in some cases a single stick, in others two-legged), the yards,

the square sail, the stays and the mast-shoe, do not present essential difl'erencesfrom the similar parts of the boats of types I and II. N /8o8 has a bar on thedeck in front of the mast for fastening ropes.

With paddlers With rowers(no mast). (no mast).

N /1880 N /1807

The form of the stern made the use of a single fixed rudder practically impos-sible. Therefore the steering was done with a large paddle held in the handsof a steersman [Priestergrdber, p. 7 A and 78), or with two fixed rudders, asin all the Museum models. In the latter case, the upper ends of the rudderswere tied to two rudder-posts as in Type II; below, the shafts were lied to andrested on a cross-piece, which projected beyond the sides and was notched orturned up at the ends'^'. The handles were as in Type II, and were usually

'^' Other models (which liave come into the Museum since 1899) s^* stern-piece curvin{jforward.

'2' It is possihle that this is purely a ceremonial conception, and is not a representation ofactual practice.

'3' In some cases {Deshasheh, XXVII), the lower wing of the hlade of the rudder was pierced,and fastened to the stern with a rope lied in the hole.

With single


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XXI

held by a single steersman. The mast- rest is not found on these boats, and is,in fact, inconsistent with their special use for back-water navigation.

/I. CREW.The crew does not vary from thai of the boats of Type II, look-out,steersman, paddlers or rowers, who also appear as sailors. Three of the models

are rigged for sailing (n ' 68o3 , USok and /i8o8), two have rowers (n' Z1807and 691 1): and two have paddlers (n' ^880 and /i88i). In general this typeof boat does not have a large crew; and in the known examples including thoseof the reliefs, paddlers are more frequent than rowers.

The owner is almost always represented. This is, no doubt, due to the factthat this type of boat was always used singly, as a pleasure boat, and never asa tug-boat.

5. FURNITURE.The papyrus-shaped boats all have a cabin or canopy to shelter the owner.

This canopy is, as a rule, of the same chapel-like form as that of the funerarybaiks. This seems to indicate that the boats of Type IV were more of a ceremonialnature than the boats of Types I and II.

6. COLORING.The hull is yellow (or white); sometimes ornamented with a red stripe alongthe rail (n* ^807, I1880 and 6881). The ends are usually painted in imitation

of a bundle of flowers tied with cord in fulfilment of the conception of thestructure. The deck is white, without red bars in most of the Museum specimens,with red bars in n /i8o3 and in those from Abusir.

TYPE Y. FUNERAL BARKS.Form I. Form II. Form III. Uncertain. Type I as Funeral Bark.

N48ii N'/igiB N'/igi; N /1925 N igSa/.85tZigiS

The characteristic mark of the funeral bark is the presence of a mummy ona bier (n' 48ii, ^916, ^917, /1968), a mummiform figure on a throne


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XXII

(n ^916), or a cofiin (n ' /iS'iy, 6801). The stern and the how extend intoslender projections similar in their suggestion of structural origin to those ofType IV, but do not extend out straight as in that type. There are several dif-ferent forms representing apparently different local traditions. In Form I (seeabove), the bow-piece turns up almost vertically (or at right angles to the bow),while the stern-piece curves forward and then up' . In Form II, the bow-piececurves back and then forward, while the stern -piece curves forward. InForm III. both pieces are alike, curving back, bending to a horizontal lineforwards, and then turning straight up. Other forms occur in the reliefs, seeBent Hasan, I, pi. XXIX.

All these forms suggest a papyrus-form boat, but one difTering radically fromType IV. In spite of the fact that the Gebrawi reliefs (Davies, Deiv-el-Gehmivi, II,pi. XX) show a papyrus raft used as a funeral bark, and other reliefs from thesame place show the papvrus-form boat (Type IV) used in the same way,neither of these is the [)roper form of the funeral bark any more than is modeln /ic)32, a boat of Tvpe II used as a funeral bark. The forms which maybe called characteristic of the funeral bark are those described above, and theydo not seem to be derived either from the papyrus raft or the papyrus-formboat of Tvpe IV, but from some older primitive boat, or rather the survival ofsome older boat, as preserved in the divine barks of the Old and MiddleEmpires ' '.

The funeral bark is then probably derived directly from one of the types ofdivine barks of the period in which the funeral bark was first thought of. Thatperiod is, so far as can be seen from the reliefs and the dated models, not longprevious to the XII Dynastv. All our dated material appears to be of the MiddleEmpire, and the funeial barks of that period are represented on the reliefs asused for the actual conveyance of the body to the cemetery. It is usually lowedby a boat of Type II.

1. HULL.

Whatever the material and the technique of the primitive original, thefunerary bark of the Middle Empire was constructed of wood in the samemanner as the boats of Types 1 and II, mortised planking with deck frame-work. The two Dahshur boats (n ' ^926, ^926) are shown by the double

' This form also occurs in tlie reliefs, Bmi Hasan , 1, pi. XIV.'' Cf. ihe hieroglvphir for divine bark in the Mer-ib tomb in Berlin, Lepsius, DeiihnaUr, II,

Bl. Qo, also Medum, pi. XII, and Royal Tombs, H, pi. \ and XI.


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rudders, the hawk- headed rudder-posts, the traces of posts at how and stern,and the coloring, to have heen funeral harks of this type. The hull is con-structed of mortised and tied planking' '. There are no internal rihs, hut onlycross hraces, which appear to have home the deck planking. The form of thehull is strikingly like that of the Dongolawi river hoat of the present day.

2. DECK.Many of the models (n ' hSii, hSk'j, /i85i and ^9^8) show the same color

scheme on the deck as the boats of Type II, red bars with white spaces.These have the long beam (red bar) in the long axis of the boat, and all butn /i()i 1 have a mast space in the middle or slightly forward of the middle.It may be that this feature is merely taken over blindly from Type II, for theDahshur boats have no long middle beam, and the other three models (n' ^916,^916, '^917) have the deck colored according to the structure of the Dahshurboats. That is, n ^910 shows a white deck with one red bar at each end of themidship section; n A916 the same with rail also colored red; and n A917white mid-ship deck with red rail and three white spaces at each end enclosedwith red bars. None of these three show a longitudinal deck-beam.

3. RIGGING.None of these models are represented as being paddled or rowed; and only

one bears a mast, n kc^kS. This boat has a mast with two spars and bitsof sail, and seven sailors in characteristic attitudes. The boats n ' iB^y and/85 1 have a mast space marked on the deck, but no mast-hole; and in n /iB/iythis mast space is in fact covered by the coffin. In the reliefs of this period, thefunerary barks are represented as being towed by ships of Type II. No doubtthe models of the funerary barks were also conceived as being towed, and were,in almost all cases, accompanied in the grave by models of Type II.

Owing to the form of the stern, the funerary boats were steered with tworudders tied to two rudder-posts and to a crosswise rudder- rest, as in Type IV.The rudder-posts in the Dahshur models were joined near the top with a crosspiece on which the upper ends of the rudders appear to have rested, being tiedof course as in the other cases. Normally, each rudder-post and each rudder

' So far as I was able lo learn, the greater part, if not all of the dove-tail joints, are modern.At anv rate I so understood M. Barsanli.


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bore a hawk's head on the upper eiul; but in some of the models these headswere omitted.

h. FURNITURE.In accordance with their function, the funerary l)arks hear in all cases acanopy covering a coftln or a simulacrum of the mummy. Each of the three from

Saqqarah, n' ''igiS, ^916, ^917, also has a table of offerings. In n ^91and ^91 6, there is a libation vase on the table, and a large jar (of wine or beer)on a ring-stand beside the table. So also three are figures appropriate to afuneral scene, wailing women (n ' /tSii, ^91^, ^917), priest with rollof papyrus (n ' ^9i5, ^916), priest with censor (n h


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TYPE VI. PRIVATE SUN-BAUKS.There are in the catalogue three models of sun-barks Irom private tombs,

n' ^9^9 and ^c^5% from Bersheh, and n /i86o from Meir. The two Bershehbarks are of the XII Dynasty, and the Meir bark is of unknown date, butprobably also Xil' Dynasty. This bark, without rigging or crew of any sort,bears only symbolical, or magical, objects. The characteristic mark, so far asthe form is concerned, is the hanging cover on the bow, and the traces of acurtain adjoining it.

An examination of the divine barks represented in the temple reliefs and ofthe stone models shows two distinct forms, one with recurved uprisingends, and one with curtained bow. The first of these seems to have given riseto the funeral bark, the second to the sun-bark. The division of divine barksinto two distinct forms, for which I do not venture to ofler an explanation, is,no doubl, verv early. The curtained form is apparently represented on the earlydynastic ivory tablets (see Royal Tombs, II, pi. XI, etc.), and possibly even inGreen's Tomb at Hierakonpolis'^' [HierakonpoUs, pis. LXXV-LXXIX), while theother form is that of the hieroglyphic for divine bark as early as the III Dynasty.

In spite of the antiquity of the curtained form of the divine bark, the privatesun -bark is as yet unknown previous to the Middle Empire, and probably hadits origin in the development of the cult of the dead otherwise proved for thatperiod. Even in the Middle Empire the private sun-barks are not numerous.I know of no representations on the walls of the tombs, nor of any modelsexcept those in this catalogue. Unfortunately we know nothing of the cataloguenumbers except that they were found at Bersheh and Meir.

1. HULL.The hull of the sun-bark resembles that of the funeral bark except in the

form of the bow and stern-pieces. The bow-piece in n /i86o appears to differmaterially from that of n' ^9^9 and h^b^ , but the holes on the inner edgescontained bits of string, and the holes along the top of this part of the postmay also have borne strings. I am inclined to believe that these strings carrieda sort of bead-work curtain falling along the sides of the bow-pieces, and

' Tlie Hieralconpolis boats are colored wliite tilce the Bersheh models.


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presenting a box -like appearance. In other words, the box -like cover on thebow-post in n ' '19^9 and /i95o represent a bead-work (or cloth) curtain (seealso in this connection the stone barks n ' ^^92/1 and /igSo). Thus the dilTerencebetween n 6860 and the other two would consist mainly in the presence ofthe upright round piece above the curtain. The stern -piece on n /i86o ismissing. That on the Bersheh boats rises in a square shaft and curving outwardsbecomes semi-cylindrical.

2. DECK.The deck is white in all three examples; but in the Bersheh examples it is

marked with red bars representing the framework. N Ag^g has longitudinalmiddle bar, but not n /igoB. The rail is very low in all three cases; and inn 486o, it is marked with black lines as if bound with a thong.

3. RIGGING.The divine barks, being guided by magic or the divine will, require no

other means of propulsion nor of guidance. In later representations, however,they are provided with rudders, like the funerary barks.

i. FURNITURE.All three examples present the same series of symbolic or magical objects.

These are five in number, taken from the bow backwards : (1) * board withnine wiaaf- feathers; (2) a box -like object lying on the side with four finger- likeblack posts on each side and a hawk on the end, looking up; (3) a spool-shapedobject on end with two hawks and three black sticks on the upper end (inn 6860, this is possibly square); (A) a rectangular block with a semes-sign onthe front; and (0) a box-like object on end with four black posts in the upperend. The bow cover was also decorated with upright sticks (see n AgBA), andwith other objects (see figure of Horus as child, n A96A).

5. CREW.The models of sun-barks do not have any crew nor any figures. The pictorial

representations in the Book of the Dead and elsewhere sometimes show the deadriding in the solar bark, and the divine boats have figures of the gods, insome cases with a god acting as steersman.


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6. COLORING.N /i86o has a green liiiH like the funeral barks, with white ends and a redand a white stripe along the rail. The rail is yellow wifh diagonal red lines : the

deck white : and the bow- piece variegated in color. The Bersheh examplesn ' /.9/I9 and /k)53) have white hulls, white decks with red bars, blue andwhite bow cover, and black and while stern-piece.

With the small material, it is difilcult to determine the normal coloring,although it is probably white, not green. If the green of n /1860 is not due toa mere confusion with the funerary bark, it may mark a difference in functionbetween the two kinds of sun-barks : for in all the boat models, the color issignificant either of structure or of function.

VII. DIVINE BARKS.There are six models of divine barks in the Museum. five of stone andone of wood. N 292/1 is a large granite boat; n /igBo, a large limestone boat.Both are from Mitrahineh, evidently from a temple. The small stone boats,

^ ^9^9' ^^922, /1923, /197/1, and h^-jo are of unknown provenance; butsimilar boats are found in graves of the Middle Empire and in town sites.N 6928 has an hippopotamus on the top, while n' /191 9, /,92 2 and 6976have a cabin-like object. The wooden boat, n /1929, a New Empire papyrus-form boat from the Tomb of the Priests of Amon at Thebes, has an emptywooden chapel on the deck, and is elaborately painted with udat-eyes on thebow, green and red stripes along the side, and a black keel, all on a yellowbackground.

These models, although small in number, show the two forms of divine barksmentioned above (see p. xxv), {a) that with recurved ends of papyrus-form and(b) that with curtained bow. The latter type is that of the large divine boats ofthe temples. The papyrus-form type is more especially connected with funeraryrites and the Under-World.

VIII. NEW EMPIRE BOAT MODELS.The only New Empire boat models, aside from the boat found in the Tomb

of the Priests of Amon {n lic)2^), were the models found in the royal tombsof Amenophis 11 and Thothmes III at Thebes. These are all shown by their


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r wCATALOGUE GENERALDBS

ANTIQUITES EGYPTIENNESDU MLSEE DU CAIRE.-s**-

MODELS OF SHIPS AIND BOATS.4798. Model of ship with rowers and mast.Wood. Length o m. 96 cent.

width o m. i65 mill., height amidships o m. 09 cent., height masto m. hi cent. Meir, Summer, 1892 (pi. I).

Fig. 1. Profile.

Til ' ^H [ISA __ J :^ omnnnnnnnfl Qfi^d J

Fig. Deck-plan.

Fig. 3. Stern. Fig. k. BoM-stick.HoLL (fig. 1,2): High round stern curling forward at end (fig. 3). Bow, more pointed,

with projecting stick (fig. 6). Bottom flattened to make the ship stand. The upperCaiaX. du Musee , n U-jgH. i


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CATALOGUE DU MUSEE DU CAIRE.side (deck) is hollowed out on each side from c to d, shallower near c and d, deeperin the middle, leaving a beam-like ridge along the middle of ship (fig. 5, 6). Thebeam contains slots (fig. 5) at regular intervals to receive the cross slicks (lo innumber) serving as seats (g) for rowers. Of these seats, the last two on each endare elevated on account of shallowness of hollow.

FifT. 5.

Rigging : One mast, set in hole in beam at h. Upper pari has five eyes on each side andone at top for holding ropes (fig. 7). A few small pieces of string cling to the tip ofmast. At j is a pair of holes, one on each side of ship, apparently for fastening

Fig. 7. Mast lip. Fig. 8. Rudder -rest. Fig- 9- Fig. 10.ropes. At k is also a pair of holes either for fastening ropes or for holding iherudder(?). At / is the rudder post (fig. 8). The oars (fig. 9) were held by stringsor wires through the holes (fig. 10). Tiie rudder is gone.


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MODELS OF SHIPS AND BOATS.Crew : \l p, figure of man standing with lifted hands (fig. i i). Sitting on the cross

seats, twenty oarsmen with outstretched liands, ten on each side, facing the stern(fig. 1 9). In llie stern, al s, a sitting figure, tlie steersman, with outstretched handswhich originally held the hanging handle of a rudder (fig. i3).

Fi . I Lookout. Rower. Fig. 1.3. Steersman.Coloring : Ground color of hull, dark red. At stern, how and along edge of side (rail)

hlack marks as ornamentation (fig. li). Along edge of middle beam, in stern andhow, white spaces. The rudder post is red. The mast is light yellow with red tip andtwo red rings below tip. Eyes of mast, red. Oars, unpainted. All figures have blackwigs, red skin, white skirts. Eyelashes, eyebrows, cosmetic stripes, iris, black.White of eye, white.

Fig. i4. Color plan.Technique : Hull cut out of solid block. Seats rest in slots in middle beam, and are

only held by coat of plaster which covers boat. Mast and rudder post rest in holes.The figure in bow, also stands in a hole. The other figures are held by smallwooden pegs. The arms of the figures are fastened on by small pegs. Each figure ofa rower has a number on the bottom, in red ink for the right side looking towardsthe bow, in black ink for the left side. The whole covered with thin coat of plasterand painted.

Preservation : First pair of rowers from the bow, the rudder, the sail and the spars

,

are gone. The lower part of hull is badly worm eaten.BiBL. : Journal d'eiilree du Musk, n 3o2i3 (?). Cat., iSgS, a 782. Zeit. fur agypt. Sprache,

vol. XXXIII (1896), p. 2/i-32.


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CATALOGUE DU MUSEE DU GAIRE.4799. Hull of a ship. Wood. Length i m. 76 cent., width o m. 9 1 cent.,

heifjht amidships o m. 096 mill. Meir, 1892 (pi. I).Hull : Very long, with high round stern (fig. i5). Bow more pointed. Bottom flat,

like n 6798.

Fig. i5.

The upper side is hollowed cut like n ti'jijS except at how (h) and stern (c). Crosssticks for seats like n ^798. Only the last three in stern have small blocks toelevate the rowers on account of shallowness of bottom (lig. iG).

Fi|;. .(i.

Rigging : One mast-hole at d; hole for rudder post at 0; hole for rest for rudder (orperhaps mere ornamentation) id f; a hole (beside e) for rest for mast. Holes forfastening ropes, in pairs one on each side at It. Oars fastened as on n A798 (0).

Crew : Figure of man standing, in bow, left foot advanced. Thirty rowers, fifteen oneach side. Steersman in stern. Rowers and steersman missing; positions indicatedby pegs.

Fig. 17. Color plan.CoLonim; : Ground color, red. Five black spots on the rail on each side like n Ay^S

(fig. 17). Bow (i). Stern (j). Middle beam, white and dark red, like n A798. Feelof figure in bow, red.


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\ Fig. .8. Mast-block.

MODELS OF SHIPS AND BOATS. 5Technique : Solid block like n '1798. Seals, like n ^798, hut faslencd willi wooden

peg in center to middle beam. Tlie grooves in middle beam for seals were wronglycut al first (for ho rowers); llie false grooves arenow lilied with plaster or wood. The mast rested IN ^ ' \ r-^^^in a hole and was supported by a block closed N \ ' ~TJ' ;-'^with a pin (fig. 18)' . The block was fastenedby two pegs. The rest for the mast when loweredstood at ^T. The rope holding the mast to the stern passed through the holes k andaround bottom of stern. The rowers and the steersmen were fastened by pegs. Theoutlook in thebow was set with end of each leg in a hole and the feet were of separatepieces, held in by pegs. The whole was covered with thin coat of plaster and painted.

Preservation : Plaster and coloring, gone in places. One seat gone.BiBL. : Journal d'enlree (hi Musee , n 3oai8. Cat., 1895, n 78/1. Zeit. fur (iffifpl. Sprache,

vol. XXXIII (i8f)5), p. 2 4-39 (by Clirisliaa Bolger).

4800. Model of a ship with rowers. Wood. Length m. 865 mill., widtho 111. 16 cent., height amidships o m. o85 mill.

Hull : Shaped similar to n AygS. Upper side hollowed out like n ^798.Seats, like n ^798, eleven in number, of which the last three towardsthe stern are elevated.

Rigging : Hole for mast between 6''' and 7 ' seats. Rudder post, liken 4798. Holes for fastening oars, like n ^798.

Crew : Thirteen rowers, originally a/i, similar to n /1798 (fig. 19)'^'.^'5- '9- Coloring : Like n ^798. The only difference is in the square containing

tiie mast which is red (fig. 20). The figures alsohave black side- beards.

Technique : Like n /1789.Preservation : Stern and bow destroveil and left side . . . :j^M{t^B;;^Myfes^Sfft .

up to 7 ' seat. Fig. 30. Color plan.BiBL. : Zeit. fur iigypt. Sprache, vol. XXXIll (iSgS). p. a4-32 (Cliristiaii Bclger).

4801. Model of a ship with rowers. Wood. Length 1 m. 87 cent., widthm. 2 I cent., height amidships m. 10 cent. Meir, 1899 (pi. II).Hull : Similar in form to n ^17 99. Upper side hollowed cut like n 4 7 99; bow (a) and

stern (b) slightly different.Nineteen cross sticks for seats, like n '1799.

(> See Z. dg., XXXIII {1895), p. 37.' These figures are loo largo for lliis boat and probal)ly belong to another boat.


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CATALOGUE DU MUSEE DU CAIRE.Rigging : Mast hole between 8'' and 9 ' seats from bow. Rough mast< with cross

spar at top. Hole with remains of a post between i3 ' and 1 /i seats from bow.

I'lg. 21 Seclions of bow and stern.

Hole for square rudder-post at c '-'. A pair of holes behind first seat in bow andanother pair in stern (fig. 21.29) for fastening ropes of mast. Twenty oars originally

fastened like n ^798, now tied along the side*''.Crew : Forty rowers, similar to n' /1798 and ItSoo, with outstretched

arms facing the stern'*'. In the bow, holes for fastening a lookout,a standing figure with left foot advanced '^'. In the stern , a holefor fastening a steersman. Very large rudder'*',

rig. ,2. - Stern. Co^oniNG : Ground color, light yellow (fig. 28). Middle boam andseats, red and wliite, like n /1800. Four black and red spots along oacli rail. Bow,

rig. 2 3. Color plan.stern, rudder, red and yellow. Along sides of ship, outside, opposite the end of everyseat a small red mark, like the end of a seal (fig. 26). Crew similar to n' '1798-/1800.

wyWy'/ ' 1 ^ t .. . .1 tjs^

Fig. 24.

'' Appears not to belong to ship.1 A mast-rest has been fastened in this hole with plaster. Uncertain whether this mast-rest is the one

wiiich formerly stood at c.> These oars arc from at least fonr different ships.' These rowers are from at least four ditTerent ships. The legs have been cut off slanting (in the museum)

to make them fit llie boat and the figures have tiien been glued on facing the bow (I).'*' This figure is gone. A similar figure from another ship has been made fast in the stern witli glue and by

means of a hole dug in the deck. In one of the holes for the feet of the lookout, the stock of a rudderhas been faslennd. The blade was either broken or rut off, and the end of the slock has been cut to fitthe hole. (This seems lo have misled Belgek, 7.. dg., XXXIII, p. 3o, above).

'' Uncertain whetlier it belongs.


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MODELS OF SHIPS AND BOATS. 7Technique : Like n /lyyt). A piece is set into right side of bow willi pejjs. Uudder set

together (fig. 2/1).Preservation : A piece is knocked out of side of stern. See notes 2-7

below.BiBi,. : Journal d'enlrce du Music , 11 io-i 1 '1 (?). Fig. a 5.

4802. Model of a ship. Wood. Length in. 85 cent., width in. i> 1 .5 mill.,height amidships o m. 1.'] cent. Meir, 1895? (pi. II).

Hull : High stern, curling forward; more pointed bow with projecting stick; flatbottom; like n /1798. Deck {d to/) slightly lower than rail; bow and stern liken Zi7(j8 (fig. 26, 27).

*- ^

Fl{j. 26. Deck plan with colors.Rigging : At h, one small mast, square at bottom, two small and two large holes in

tip (fig. 98). At c, rudder post like n /1798. Four boles for posts supporting smallroof (open cabin, like n /1808) (g). Two holes .r andy, possibly for fastening ropes.

Fig. 27. Fig. 28. Mast tip. Fig. 29.Crew : A steersman (h) like figure on n /i7(j8. At i and;, holes for silling figures (?).

At k, figure of man silling on chair (simple block) (fig. aq). In frontof this, a square hole for a standing figure (/). Feet of a standingfigure, right foot advanced (r). Three other figures, standing with leftfoot advanced (oo, fig. 3o). Standing figure at m, facingoutwards, right arm hanging, left doubled up (fig. 3i).Standing figure at n with small board (writing tablet?) underhis left arm and bit of linen wrapped around his waist. Atand/), squatting figures ilh outstreched hands, like steer-man. Lookout at y; right foot advanced, right arm raised,left hanging.

Coloring : Similar to n A 7 98. Red stripes where n'' /1798 haswhite where n /1798 has hollows between seats. Four black spots on each

Fig. 3..


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8 CATALOGUE DU MUSEE DU GAIRE.rail. Stern, slightly differenl (see fig. 96). Figures, red skin; black hair, side beards,evebrows, eyelashes, cosmetic stripes, iris; white shirt. While of eye, while. Seefig. 29, 3o, 3i.

Technique : Mast, rudder-post and figures, /, m and n, set in square holes. Figures, li

,

h, V, (i, j) fastened with simple small peg. Hands of figure tn, bored similar tosteersman. The other standing figures, have legs ending in peg- like projection,each fitting in a separate hole; the feet, of plaster. Covered with coat of plaster andpainted. Arms of figures, fastened with pegs.

Preservation : Bow and stern damaged. Arms of standing figures amidships lost.RiBL. : Journal d'entn'e du Mim'e , 11 .3oai5 (?). Cat., 1895, 11 780. Z. lig., vol. XXXIII, p. ai-.l-j.

4803. Model of ship. Wood. lipiigth o ni. 78 cent., width m. 1 5 cent.,height amidships ni. 10 cent. Meir, 1892 (pi. III).

Hull : Bow and slern both high, running out into a sort of cylindrical beak (fig. 89).Bottom, flat, like n A 7 98. Deck, curving higher in middle, hollowed out slightlynear rail (fig. 3/i). On each side of stern, a hollow for rudder (fig. 33).o

Fig. 33.

Fig. 3-2 Fig. 34.

Rigging : A single plain mast (d, fig. 35)' . Two rudder-posts, side by side (0 m. 0/1 c.apart), each like n 6798 (e, fig. 35).

Lrjuai-1:Jyu LjT'J1.UCFij;. 35. Deck plan with colors.

Crew : Steersman (f), s(piatling like n ^^798. In front of rudder-posts, five holes forcanopy and silting figure, like n iSoa. Five standing figures, with outstretchedarms like n A798, q (g). Scribe (?), witii tablet under his left arm (h).


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MODELS OF SHIPS AND BOATS. 9Outlook (?) (k). At /. hole lor sillinfj figure (?). The figures are like those onn /1798. The figure g^ has a bit of linen wrapped around the waist.

Coloring : Sides of l)oat and beaks at bow and stern, green. Rail, yellow. Deck, redbars (beam .and cross-pieces) and white spaces (planking). Mast, setsin white spot. See figure 35. (

Tecunique : Mast, rudder-posts and figures g, h and k, set in square holes. ^.^ ^^^Helmsman, sits in shallow hollow and is held by a peg. Rests for rud-ders (c). Arms of figures fastened on by pegs (fig. 3G). Covered with thin coat ofplaster and painted.

Preservation : Plaster scaled off in places. Beak on bow, slightly splintered.RiBL. : Cat., 1895. 11 78.3. Z. 5g., vol. XXXIll , p. ai-Sa (C. Belger). Journal d'enlrk du Musee

,

11 3o2i6 (?).

4804. Model of a ship. Wood. Length 1 m. 18 cent., width m. 1 1 cent.,height amidships o m. o^5 mill. Akhmim(?) 1889 (pi. 111).

Profile.

Hull : Bow and stern, drawn out long and slender with button on end. Deck, slightlycurving, deeper near the side. Bottom flat (fig. 87, 38, 39).

B

Fig. 38. Three sections.

Fig. 39. Deck plan.Rigging : Simple mast at a. Hole for rudder-post (d).Furniture : Originally a canopy over the sitting figure b. There is a pair of holes in

front and a pair behind him for the posts (c).Calal.du Musee, n 6798. *


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10 CATALOGUE DU MUSEE DU CAIRE.Crew : Two holes for steersman, standing, ieft foot advanced (e)( . Figure silling wilh

hands on knees, short wig and short skirt; chair is a simple block (b', fig. Ito). Infront of sitting figure, facing it, figure standing feet together, hands crossed onbreast right over left, with short skirt and without wig (f)'-'. Behind and before

Fig. io. Owner. Fig. III. Paddler g. Fig. 42. Squatting lookout.mast, four figures, in two pairs, kneeling on one knee, with outstretched arms,dressed like/, facing bow(?) (g, fig. /ii)'^'. Standing figure, left foot advanced,holding tablet in both hands (as if for the sitting figures (g) to read), facing stern,no wig, skirt longer than g (h). At i' is a hole, for lookout, possibly the squattingfigure, fig. 4 2. Total crew nine, now eight.

Coloring : Boat and mast, pinkish white. Figures, black wig, or hair, dark reddishbrown skin, white skirt. Eyebrows, eyelashes, iris, black.While of eye while. Throne and writing tablet, while.

Technique : The bow and stern pieces are of separate pieces setin by means of tongue and slot (fig. 63) and fastened with

Fig. 43.Fastening of bow-piece.

reddish plaster. All figures except steersman and scribe are fastenedon with pegs. .Steersman and scribe, fastened by peg-like prolon-gation of legs. Arms are set on by means of pegs. The hands of thefigures If andy are pierced. The writing tablet is fastened by pegs,one in each end, to hands of scribe (fig. Mi). Covered wilh plasterand painted.

Preservation : Much of plaster peeled olT. Head and fool of scribe Tablet pegged todamaged. See notes below. Left arm of one of the figures g, gone. I'a'i'l of priest.

Fig. 44.

BiBi,. : Journal iFentree du Musk, n 2f)OQ5(?). Cat, Maspero, n (ia-TT). Cat. (Grebaut), 189a,p. 59.

' Figure 42, glued over one of lliese boles.'^' Stood facing in wrong direction; peg wbitlled down to make it lit.1) Two back figures were fastened witb glue over Ibc two front holes for canopy-posts; pegs wbitlled down

lo make tbem fit. Five of llie arms on ibesc figuren are from other figures.


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MODELS OF SHIPS AND BOATS. 114805. Model of a ship with rowers. Wood. Length o in. 60 cent., width

o rn. ih cent., height amidshi[)s m. 1 1 cent. Meir, 1892 (pi. IV).

D E F

Fig. 45. Four sections.Hull : Similar to n /1802. Upper side, hollowed out siiglilly except at bow and

stern (fig. /i5). Stern curling forward. Projecting stick (mast -rest) in bow (nowlost) (fig. /iG).

Rigging : Hole for mast (fig. /17, b). Single rudder-post (c) shaped like n Zi^gS'^'.

Fig. 46. Hole for mast, section. Fig. 47. Decic plan.Crew : In stern , a steersman , sitting figure, hke on n 6798 (d). Ten square holes (e) '^'.

In the bow, a standing figure, feet together, short wig and skirt(h, fig. Z18), left arm hanging, hand open, right arm extended (?).

Coloring : Sides, yellow. Rail and stern, red with black marks. Deck,in front of rudder-post, while (planking) with red stripe down themiddle (middle beam) and red cross stripes (seats or cross beams)

(see fig. Ay). Stern post, red with black marks nearbase on all four sides (fig. 4 9). Figures, like n'AySg ;black side beards.

Fig. 49. Footof stern post.

Technique : Stern of separate piece, set on with woodenpegs. Mast (mast was also held by peg in bottom of f'S-'iS- Lookout,hole), rudder-post and all figures, except steersman, set in square

holes. Steersman held by a peg. Arms of figures fastened by pegs. Covered withplaster and painted.

f) Cf. n' 483 1.


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12 CATALOGUE DU MUSfiE DU CAIRE.Preservation : Bow piece gone. Plaster gone in places. Arms of steersman gone.BiBL. : Journal d'entree du Mtisee, n 30217 (') ^ '' '^O^, n 7S1. Z. ag., vol. XXXIII, p. ai-

3i (Cbrislian Belger).

4806. Nine rowers from model of ship. Meir, iSg-? (pi. IV).Nine rowers from model of ship, oach silling on a small block or slool

(one piece). Arms oulslretched. Black wig, red skin, while skirl;eyebrows, eyelashes, iris, side-beard, black. While of eye while.On back of slool, numbers or lellers in black ink, now illegible.Arms faslened with pegs (bul now mostly on ihe wrong figures).

^. , Stool, yellow (lig. 5o).Fig. 5o. J \


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MODELS OF SHIPS AND BOATS. 13Furniture : Just back of middle, four holes for canopy (e) *. Between lliem, a block

(as bier for a mumiuy-figure) (f).Crew : Steersman (b), squatting figure with short skirt (fig. 55). Uowers (i), six, three

on each side, very rough sitting figures with white skirts and outstretched arms(fig. 56). At /.-, two boles, probably for look out.

Fig. 54. Rower. Fig. 55. Steersman. Fig. 5C. Coloring of rail.Coloring : Hull, yellow. Red stripe along rail (fig. 56). Block /, yellow. Around stern and

bow, two black rings on each (m and n). Button on stern and bow,black and red on yellow back ground (fig. 5 7). Figures, black hair,eyelashes and iris, brown skin, white skirt. White of eyes white.

Technique : Cut out of solid block. End of stern and of bow set on withtongue and slot (fig. 58). Rudder-rest and corresponding piece inbow, fastened on with pegs. Rudder-posts and posts for canopy setin holes. Figures, block under canopy, fastened on with pegs'-'.Rudder on right fastened by pegs to rudder-post and to hull; rudder on left onlyto hull. The arms of the rowers are of linen stifTened with plaster, fastened in agroove across back of figure and painted (fig. 59). Rowers, very rudely cut. Armsof steersman, set on with pegs.

Fig. 57.Colors on end.

Fig. 58. Slot joint on bow. Fig. 59.Groove holding linen arms of figures.

Preservation : Colors, rubbed. Left rudder-post and arms of all figures, are missing.BiBL. : Journal d'entree du Muxee, n 28886 (?).' The posts and canopy which are on this sliip do not belong, see n 48og.') These pegs and the corresponding holes are modern.


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14 CATALOGUE DU MUSfiE DU CAIRE.4808. Model of ship. Wood. Length i m. Ba cent., width o m. 178 mill.,

height amidships m. io5 mill. cHaute-Egypte , 1891 (pi. IVand XXIX).

DFig. Go. Profile and sections.

Hull : Stem and bow drawn out long and slender and tcrminaling in a button. Stern

Fig. 61 Mast. Fig. 62. Crossbar behind raasl. Fig. 63. Hole g and hthrough rail.

higher than bow. Bottom, Hat. Edges of bow and stern, beveled (fig. Go, A-B).Low rail, amidships (fig. (5o, (1-D).

Rigging : Tall double mast resting in two shoes. The two piecesmeet above on an oblique surface (fig. 6 i ) and are held togetherby two crosses pieces and a peg. Through the tip, four holesfor ropes and about one third down a pair of holes (fig. 61).

Fig. 64. -Holes tl.roiigh j^^.^ ^^^^^ ^f ^^^^^ 3 g^^n ^yQ^^]^^ cross-bar (f), piercedbow and stern. 1 i / ,. p \ n i i 1 r i 1 1by two holes (iig. dq). Ijehina this, two pair ol holes slantingthrough rail (fig. 60, gaud It) (fig. 63). In bow, one hole through top (fig. fi/i left)


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MODELS OF SHIPS AND BOATS. 15

^^

and in stern, one through each side (fij;. 64 nght). A pair of rudder-posts (1) anda rest (fig. 65).

Furniture : Just back of middle, canopy supported byfour columns. Under canopy, a chair (lig. 66).

Crew : One squatting figure with short wigand outstretched iiands (fig. 67) justback of rest for rudders (0); a similarfigure in front of rudder-posts (steers-man); another just back of cross bar (f).

. ,^ A lookout stands in bow, right footrig. 60. . 'Chair. forward, arms hanging, right hand open, left closed (fig. 68).

Coloring : Hull, yellow. Canopy, yellow and black (fig. 69). Supporting posts, yenow(?)with three black bands. Mast and rudder-post, yellow (?) (traces). Figures haveblack hair, eyelashes and iris, brown' skin, white skirt. While of eye white.

Fig. 65. Rest for rudders.

Fig. 67. Steersman. Fig. 68. Lookout. Fig. 69. Roof of canopy yellow and black.Technique : Bow and stern of separate pieces, fitted on with tongue and slot and

fastened each by two pegs (fig. 60). Long piece set in on left side (looking towardsbow) with pegs (from just back of / for m. 26 cent.). Two pieces of mast held

fSl

HFig. 70. Mast-shoe , side view. Fig. 71. Mast-shoe view of bottom. Fig. 72. Mast-sboe, section.

together by peg in tip and two rectangular cross pieces, one near bottom and onenear top. Lower ends of mast, sharpened and rest in two round holes supported bytwo shoes (fig. 70-73)'^' fastened to deck by pegs. The ends of cross bar (f) rest

) Seen 6807, 4910, igii-) Z. dg., vol. XXXIII, p. 3o (1895) (Christian Relger). Not exact.


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16 CATALOGUE DU MUSfiE DU CAIRE.in holes through the rail (fig. 60). The posts of the canopy and the rudder-posts

rest in Iioles. The cover of canopy has slots, one in each corner inwhich tongue-like prolongations of columns rest (fig. 78). The threesqualling figures, and the rudder- rest, fastened with pegs. Lookout,prolongation of each foot rests in oblong hole. Arms of figures fas-tened on with pegs. Hands of three squatting figures and left handof lookout, pierced. Figures, very rudely cut.

Preservation : Colors, badly rubbed.

Fig. 73. Tongueand slot in ranopy.

BiBL. : Journal d'enlree du Musee , u agaGy. Z. tig., vol. WXIll (189a), p. 3o(Clirisliau Belger).

4809. Canopy from the model of a ship,height in. 27 cent.

Wood. Length o m. i65 mill.,Canopy from the model of a ship' . Somewhat similar to that of n Z1808 (fig. 7/1).

Supported by four posts, two of which are gone. Whitened with thin coat of plasterand painted with green spots with black outlines on front and side. Posts, white,painted with green and black rings and yellow rings between. Prolongation of postabove fits in hole in roof, below in hole in deck. Roughly made.

# Fig. 74.

a 1.Fig. 75.

4810. Two posts from a canopy from the model of a ship. Wood. Height m. 2 5 cent.Two posts from a canopy from the model of a ship '2' (fig. 75'a). Painted white with

black rings. Top, four black vertical stripes and one small ring (b). Hole in top forpeg. Bottom rested in hole.

''I Was on n /1807 but does not seem lo lielong. N 48 10 serve as back posts.'*' Were used as hack posts to n 4809 on n 4807.


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MODELS OF SHIPS AND BOATS. 174811. Model of a ship for the dead. Wood. Length o m. Gi cent., widlli

o in. 16 cent., height amidships o ni. 10 cent. (lebelen H)i885(pI.V).

Hull : Bow rises straight up. Stern recurved (fig. 76). Upper side hollowed out slightly,leaving raised surface in bow and stern. Flat bottom from d to e; the rest round.

Fig. 76.

Rigging : No mast, no rowers. Two rudder posts, each with hawk's head, joined togetherby cross piece near the top. Two rudders (one lost) and rest for two rudders (fig. 77).

Furniture : Canopy, roof on four posts (fig. 76, g). Under it a low bed, with fourshort legs; front part ornamented with lions' heads, one on each side (fig. 78). Onthe bed, a mummy figure. Holes for lions' tails on rear end of bed; tails gone.

f%- 77- Fig- 78.Grew : At head of bed, a wailing woman (fig. 79). Wig with queue; long skirt;two rosettes, one on each breast. Four small figures, standing, short wig, skirt with

fig- 79- Fig. 80. Fig. 81.

three cornered apron, extended arms (fig. 81). Another small figure in the samestyle but without three cornered apron and stooping (fig. 80). The positions of

Catal. du Mutee , n 6798. o


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MODELS OF SHIPS AND BOATS. 194812. Figure, sitting on throne, from the model of a ship. Wood. Height

ni. 1 1 f) mill. (pi. V).ijjurc, silling on llirone, from ihe model of a

ship *. Arms wrapped up in long garment. Head,shaved. Face yellow; iiead, red (?); eyebrows,eyelashes, iris, black; garment, white; throne,while and black. Hole for peg in bottom. Coveredwith thin coal of plaster which has mostly falleno(T((ig. 85);

iFig. 85.

4813, Hull of model of a ship. Wood. Lengili o m. 55 cenl., wideo m. 096 mill., height amidships m. 082 mill. (pi. V).

Hull of model of a ship. Long slender pointed bow; stern, shorter and higher. Hollowfrom end to end. Bottom, Hat. Fourteen seals, formed by cross sticks. The first fiveseals in stern and the first six in bow are formed by two cross slicks, one nearlvover the other (fig. 86).

H

Fig. 86.

Rigging : Hole for mast (a) now filled by butt of mast (sawed off?). Hole for rudder post (b).Crew : In fifth, sixth and eighth seat (lower slick) from stern, a pair of holes, one

near each end. Fifth seat has extra hole near left end; sixth,small one near middle. Bow, trace of extra-cross piece. Tip ofbow, pair of vertical holes (fig. 87).

Fig- 87. Coloring : None.Technique : Piece possibly set on stern. Ends of seats, fit in holes in sides of ship.

Mast and rudjy-posl, rested in holes. Rough, unfinished work.Preservation : Tips of stern and bow are broken off. Upper stick of first, twelfth and

fourteenth seats gone; that of second and ninth, broken. Salt deposit on bottom.' Rests on n 48i i, but on account of coloring and position, appears not to belong.


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MODELS OF SHIPS AND BOATS. 214816. Mode

Documents

Catalogue général du Musée du Caire Models of Shipboats