cmoH$V§Ì Ho$ Am¶m‘ - kalpavriksh.org...1. ‘yc^yV nm[apñW{VH$s¶ cmoH$V§Ì-Aerf H$moR>mar 1 2. µOmnmVrñVm ñdm¶ÎmVm gmoMrc-codm-gmocmZmo 4 3. àË¶j cmoH$V§Ì-{H«$ñQ>mog

$Page 1: cmoH$V§Ì Ho$ Am¶m‘ - kalpavriksh.org...1. ‘yc^yV nm[apñW{VH$s¶ cmoH$V§Ì-Aerf H$moR>mar 1 2. µOmnmVrñVm ñdm¶ÎmVm gmoMrc-codm-gmocmZmo 4 3. àË¶j cmoH$V§Ì-{H«$ñQ>mog$
cmoH$V§Ì Ho$ Am¶m‘

cmoH$V§Ì Ho$ Am¶m‘

Ûmam àH$m{eV: H$ënd¥j, AnmQ>©‘|Q>- 5 lr XÎm H¥$nm,908 S>o $Z {O‘ImZm, nwUo 411004http://www.kalpavriksh.org/

http://www.vikalpsangam.org/ VWmbmoH$V§Ì embm, Jm±d-~S>r H$m ~mµS>r¶m, nmoñQ- WmUm, {µOëhm-^rbdmµS>m, amOñWmZ- 311 804>> www.schoolfordemocracy.org

Ûmam g‘{W©V:hoZ[aH$ ~moEb pñQ>âQw>§J - ^maVhttps://in.boell.org/en/homepage

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nmR>:¶h boI {ZåZ nwñVH$ go {b¶o J¶o h¢:

"ßbyardg©: EH$ CÎma-{dH$mgdmXr eãXH$moe' (Pluriverse: A Post-Development Dictionary)

g§nmXH$: Aerf H$moR>mar, A[a¶b gboh, AVw©amo EñH$mo~ma, ’o$S>o[aH$mo S>o‘m[aA, Aë~oQ>m} AH$moñVm

àH$meH$: Vw{bH$m d Am¡Wg© An’«$ÝQ>, ZB {Xëbr.

Ûmam AZwdmX:A{‘V e‘m© (‘µOXÿa {H$gmZ e{º$ g§JR>Z)

‘wIn¥ð> Vñdra: Z‘©Xm ~MmAmo Am§XmobZ H$m Vrgdm gmb{Jam, ~S>dmZr, ‘Ü¶ àXoe, ^maVÛmam: Aerf H$moR>mar

Ûmam {S>OmBZ Am¡a ‘w{ÐV:‘wÐm, 383, Zmam¶U noR>, nwUo

Bg H$m¶© H$mo {H«$E{Q>d H$m°‘Ýg bmBg|g EQ>rã¶yeZ-Zm°Z H$‘{e©¶b-eo¶aEbmB§Q> 4.0 BZ-B§Q>aZoeZb (cc BY-NC-SA 4.0) Ho$ VhV bmBg|g àmá h¡&http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

Amn J¡a-dm{UpÁ¶H$ à¶moOZm| Ho$ {bE gm‘{J«¶m| H$s à{V{b{n ~ZmZo, nwZ{d©V[aV H$aZo Am¡a CÝh| AZwHy${bV H$aZo Ho$ {bE ñdV§Ì h¢ AJa Amn gw{Z{üV H$a| {H$ ‘yb boIH$m| Am¡a µ’$moQ>moJ«mµ’$am| Ho$ {bE {Oå‘oXm[a¶m| Ho$ gmW, ñnï> ê$n go ~Xbo hþE ^mJm| Am¡a EH$ g‘mZ bmBg|g Ho$ VhV g§Ho$V {XE JE h¢ &

1. ‘yc yV nm[apñW{VH$s¶ cmoH$V§Ì-Aerf H$moR>mar 1

2. µOmnmVrñVm ñdm¶ÎmVm gmoMrc-codm-gmocmZmo 4

3. àË¶j cmoH$V§Ì-{H«$ñQ>mog µOmoJ«m’$mog 7

4. àmH¥${VH$ ñdamO-Agr‘ lrdmñVd 10

5. H«$m§{V-EXþAmXm} Jw{S>Zmg 13

6. B©H$mo-g‘mOdmX-‘mBH$c bmodr 16

7. gm‘m{OH$ nm[apñW{VH$s-~«m¶Z Q>moH$a 19

8. ñdm¶ÎmVm-JwñVmdmo EñVodm 22

9. Hw${X©ñVmZ H$s cmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ AW©ì¶dñWm-AµOrµO AgcmZ Am¡a ~|Jr AµH$~ycV 25

10. B©H$mo-AamOH$VmdmX-Q>oS> Q>oZa 28

Vm{bH$m n¥ð>

n[aM¶

¶h Xg {Z~§Y Omo {H$ ‘ycV: "ßbyardg©: EH$ CÎma-{dH$mgdmXr eãXH$moe' (Pluriverse:A Post-Development Dictionary) Zm‘H$ nwñVH$ go {cE JE h¢, cmoH$V§Ì Ho$ CZ {d{dY nhcwAm| H$mo {XImVo h¢ {Og Vah Xþ{Z¶m Ho$ AcJ-AcJ {hñgm| ‘| cmoH$V§Ì H$mo ~aVm OmVm h¡ Am¡a BgHo$ ~mao ‘| gmoMm OmVm h¡& BZ g^r CXmhaUm| ‘| cmoH$V§Ì (democracy) Ho$ Agc AW© (demos=OZVm;cracy=emgZ) ¶mZr OZVm Ûmam emgZ H$mo Ord§V {H$¶m J¶m h¡&

{nN>co cå~o g‘¶ go Eogo "CXma cmoH$V§Ì' (liberal democracies) ~hþV Am‘ hmo Mco h¢ {OZ‘| gÎmm-e{º$ cmoJm| ‘| {Z{hV Zm hmoH$a Xa-Agc CZHo$ Ûmam MwZo JE à{V{Z{Y¶m| ‘| {Z{hV hmoVr h¡& hmcm±{H$ Eogo V§Ì VmZmemhr ¶m µ’$m{gdmXr gaH$mam| go {ZpíMV Vm¡a na ~ohVa h¢ co{µH$Z A{YH$Va ¶o {’$a ^r cmoH$V§Ì Ho$ Agc ‘Vc~ go ~hþV Xÿa h¢& BZ‘| go Hw$N> ‘|, O¡go CZ Xoem| ‘| Ohm± emgZ H$m PwH$md Hw$N> hX VH$ X{jUn§Wr h¡ Am¡a Ohm± cmoH$V§Ì Am¡a VmZmemhr (¶m Hw$N> cmoJ {Ogo µ’$m{gdmX ^r H$h|Jo) Ho$ ~rM Omo ~hþV gmµ’$ µ’$µH©$ hmoZm Mm{hE dh ~hþV Yw±Ycm hmoVm Mcm Om ahm h¡& ¶hm± VH$ {H$ Ohm± dm‘-n§Wr Xc gÎmm ‘| aho h¢, O¡go X{jU A‘o[aH$m Ho$ Hw$N> {hñgo, J«rg Am{X, dhm± ^r Am{Xdm{g¶m| Am¡a ñWmZr¶ g‘wXm¶m| VWm n¶m©daU gå~§Yr hµH$m| na Jhao àhma {H$E JE h¢ Am¡a XmohZ-AmYm[aV, Am{W©H$ d¥{Õ Ho$ nrN>o ^mJZo dmcr AW©ì¶dñWmE± à^mdr ê$n go e{º$ H$m {dHo$§ÐrH$aU H$aZo ‘| Am‹S>o Am ahr h¢&

¶h {Z~§Y VmZmemhr Am¡a CXma, Ho$§{ÐH¥$V cmoH$V§Ì XmoZm| Ho$ ~{Zñ~V ‘yc yV {dH$ën noe H$aVo h¢& BZ‘| Hw$N> µO‘rZr nhc| h¢ Omo ~hþV N>moQ>r (ñWmZr¶) Vmo Hw$N> H$mµ’$s ~‹S>o ñVa

cmoH$V§Ì Ho$ Am¶m‘Bg g§H$cZ H$s EH$ g§{já ^y{‘H$m

H$s h¢ O¡go ^maV Am¡a c¡{Q>Z A‘o[aH$m ‘| ‘ycdm{g¶m| Ho$ ñdamO Ho$ à¶mg, ‘opŠgH$mo ‘| Omn{VñVm Am¡a {MAmnmg Am¡a Ho$§Ðr¶ E{e¶m ‘| Hw${X©e ñdm¶Îm joÌ; gmW hr (ì¶mdhm[aH$ nhcm| go Ow‹S>r hþB©) g¡Õm§{VH$ Am¡a XÿaJm‘r YmaUmE± O¡go ‘yc yV cmoH$V§Ì (radical democracy), ñdamO, B©H$mo-g‘mOdmX, B©H$mo-AamOH$VmdmX Am{X ^r em{‘c h¢&

ñdm¶ÎmVm Am¡a H«$m§{V na {Z~§Y Bg ~mV na µOmoa S>mcVo h¢ {H$ BZ {dMmam| H$mo {gµ’©$ àJ{Verc Xcm| Ûmam gÎmm na µH$m{~µO hmoZo VH$ gr{‘V Zht {H$¶m Om gH$Vm ~pëH$ amÁ¶-gÎmm H$mo hr ZE {gao go XoIZo H$s ewéAmV H$aZr hmoJr& gmW hr npíM‘r, Am¡n{Zdo{eH$ Am¡a AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s CZ AdYmaUmAm| H$mo ^r {’$a go naIZm hmoJm Omo amï>-amÁ¶ Am¡a CXma cmoH$V§Ì Ho$ {dMmam| Ho$ ‘yc ‘| h¢& amï>-amÁ¶ Ho$ nao OmVo hþE amOZ¡{VH$ gahXm| H$mo nm[apñW{VH$s-joÌr¶ (eco-regional) Am¡a O¡d-gm§ñH¥${VH$ (bio-cultural) ZµO[a¶m| go XoIZm EH$ Ah‘ XrK©-H$m{cH$ cú¶ ~Z OmVm h¡& Iwco ñWmZr¶H$aU na {Z~§Y ‘yc yV cmoH$V§Ì Am¡a Am{W©H$ OZV§ÌrH$aU Ho$ ~rM Ah‘ [aíVo H$mo aoIm§{H$V H$aVm h¡& gmW hr BZ {Z~§Ym| Ho$ µO[aE nm[apñW{VH$s¶ g‘PXmar, cMrconZ Am¡a gVVVm (sustainability) H$s ~w{Z¶mXr Ah{‘¶V na µOmoa {X¶m J¶m h¡&

"ßbyardg© : EH$ CÎma-{dH$mgdmXr eãXH$moe' (Pluriverse: A Post-Development Dictionary) Ho$ BZ {Z~§Ym| H$mo h‘ ¶hm± Bg {dMma Ho$ gmW noe H$a aho h¢ {H$ h‘mao Xoem| Am¡a BcmµH$m| ‘| cmoH$V§Ì H$mo {H$g {Xem ‘| AmJo ~‹T>Zm Mm{hE Bg {df¶ na Mc aho {d‘e© ‘| AnZm ¶moJXmZ Xo gHo$§&

1

à‘wI eãX: {dH|$ÐrH$aU, ñWmZr¶H$aU, g‘wXm¶, B©H$mo-

ñdamO

nyar Xþ{Z¶m ‘| hmo aho nm[apñW{VH$s¶ {dZme Am¡a gm‘m{OH$-Am{W©H$ AÝ¶m¶ Ho$ ~rM ~hþV gr Eogr nhb| ^r ~‹T> ahr h¢ Omo ‘mZd H$s ^bmB© Am¡a Iµwehmbr nmZo Ho$ Eogo amñVm| na Mb ahr h¢ ¶m CZHo$ ~mao ‘| gmoMZo H$s H$mo{ee H$a ahr h¢ Omo gVV Am¡a Ý¶m¶nyU© hm|& BZ‘| go Hw$N> nhbo go Mbr Am ahr OrdZ-nÚ{V¶m| Am¡a AmOr{dH$m Ho$ VarµH$m| na AmYm[aV h¢ Omo eVmpãX¶m| ¶m ghómpãX¶m| go YaVr Ho$ gmW ~ohVa gm‘§Oñ¶ ~Zm H$a Mb ahr Wt& Am¡a Xÿgar Hw$N> ZB© nhb| h¢ Omo à{VamoY Am§XmobZm| go CnOr h¢ ¶m dV©‘mZ ‘| à^mdembr amOZ¡{VH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ ì¶dñWmAm| H$s {dZmeH$ àH¥$Vr H$m gm‘Zm H$aZo go CnOr h¢& hmbm±°°{H$ ¶o nhb| Am¡a Ñ{ï>H$moU AnZr à{H«$¶mAm| Am¡a n¥ð> y{‘ ‘| ~hþV AbJ-AbJ h¢ bo{H$Z BZ‘| Hw$N> EH$ O¡gr {deofVmE± ^r h¢ Omo ì¶mnH$ T>m±Mm| ¶m à{V‘mZm| H$mo ~ZmZm ‘w‘{µH$Z H$aVr h¢&

BZ‘| go EH$ Eogm T>m±Mm Omo µO‘rZr VOw~m] go {ZH$bm h¡ bo{H$Z Omo A~ {dœ-â ‘| AnZm¶m Om ahm h¡ dh h¡-‘yb yV nm[apñW{VH$s¶ bmoH$V§Ì (RED) {Ogo ñWmZr¶ Vm¡a na "B©H$mo-ñdamO'1 ^r H$hm OmVm h¡& ¶h EH$ Eogr YmaUm h¡ Omo YaVr H$s gr‘mAm| (limitations) Am¡a {gµ’©$ ‘mZd hr Zht ~pëH$ AÝ¶ g^r àOm{V¶m| Ho$ hµH$m| H$m gå‘mZ H$aVr h¡ Am¡a gm‘m{OH$ Ý¶m¶ Am¡a {ZînjVm O¡go ‘yë¶m| H$s Amoa ~‹T>Zo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVr h¡& ¶h YmaUm bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ Am¡a g‘mZVmdmXr D$Om© go ha EH$ B§gmZ H$mo BVZm ‘µO~yV ~ZmZm MmhVr h¡ Vm{H$ dh {ZU©¶-à{H«$¶m H$m {hñgm ~Z gHo$ Am¡a ‘mZd H$s ^bmB© Am¡a Iµwehmbr H$s BgH$s gmoM ‘| emar[aH$, ^m¡{VH$, gm‘m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$, ~m¡{ÕH$ Am¡a AmÜ¶mpË‘H$ Am¶m‘ ^r em{‘b h¢2&

ñdamO H$s ¶h AdYmaUm amÁ¶ ¶m H$ån{Z¶m| H$mo Zht ~pëH$ OZ-g‘yhm| Am¡a g‘wXm¶m| H$mo àemgZ Am¡a AW©ì¶dñWm Ho$ H|$Ð ‘| aIVr h¡& ¶h YmaUm ^maVr¶

‘yb^yV nm[apñW{VH$s¶ bmoH$V§Ì (Radical Ecological Democracy)

Aerf H$moR>mar Ashish Kothari

Cn-‘hmÛrn ‘| ewê$ H$s J¶r dmñV{dH$-OrdZ H$s H$B© nhbm| na AmYm[aV h¡ {OZ‘| gVV IoVr, ‘N>br-nmbZ Am¡a new-nmbZ, ^moOZ Am¡a nmZr Ho$ ‘m‘bo ‘| g§à w hmoZm, {dH|${ÐH¥$V D$Om© CËnmXZ, àË¶j ñWmZr¶ ñdemgZ, gm‘wXm{¶H$ ñdmñÏ¶, d¡H$pënH$ {ejU Am¡a AÜ¶¶Z, g‘wXm¶-{Z¶§{ÌV ‘r{S>¶m Am¡a g§Mma, AW©ì¶dñWmAm| H$m ñWmZr¶-H$aU, qbJ Am¡a Om{V Ho$ ‘m‘bo ‘| Ý¶m¶, {deof-¶mo½¶ OZm| Am¡a H$B© Vah Ho$ ¶m¡{ZH$ éPmZ dmbo bmoJm| Ho$ hµH$ Am{X em{‘b h¢&3

‘yb^yV nm[apñW{VH$s¶ bmoH$V§Ì Ho$ {ZåZ nm±M ^mJ h¢ Omo Amng ‘| Ow‹S>o hþE h¢:

1) nm[apñW{VH$s¶ g‘PXmar Am¡a bMrbmnZ: Bg‘| àH¥${V H$m g§ajU Am¡a ~mµH$s µHw$XaV-nm[apñW{VH$s-V§Ì, àOm{V¶m±, àH$m¶© (functions), MH«$, Am{X. VWm BZH$s O{Q>bVm Am¡a nwZOudZ H$s j‘Vm ^r em{‘b h¡& ¶h Bg {dMma na AmYm[aV h¡ {H$ ‘mZd ^r Hw$XaV H$m {hñgm h¢ Am¡a ~mµH$s µHw$XaV (µJ¡a-‘mZd) H$mo ^r ’$bZo-’y$bZo H$m ‘yb yV hµH$ h¡&

2) gm‘m{OH$ ~ohVar Am¡a Ý¶m¶: BgHo$ ‘m¶Zo ¶h h¢ {H$ bmoJm| H$m OrdZ g§VmofàX Am¡a g§Vw{ï>-H$a hmo emar[aH$, gm‘m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am¡a AmÜ¶mpË‘H$ Vm¡a na; gm‘m{OH$-Am{W©H$ Am¡a amOZ¡{VH$ hµH$/bm^ Am¡a {µOå‘oXm[a¶m± g^r H$mo ({b§J, dJ©, Om{V, C‘«, Zñb, {d{^ÝZ emar[aH$/‘mZ{gH$ A~bVm ¶m g~bVm, b¢{JH$ éPmZ ¶m {H$Ýht AÝ¶ ‘m¡OyXm {d^mOZm| Ho$ {~Zm) {Zînj ê$n go {‘b|& Ohm± gm‘y{hH$ {hVm| Am¡a ì¶{º$JV AmµOmXr Ho$ ~rM EH$ g§VwbZ hmo Am¡a Ohm± em§{V Am¡a gX² md gw{ZpíMV {H$E OmE±&

3) àË¶j ¶m a¡{S>H$b amOZr{VH$ bmoH$V§Ì: Ohm± {ZU©¶ boZo H$s e{º$ ‘mZd ~pñV¶m| (Mmho ehar hm| ¶m J«m‘rU) H$s g~go N>moQ>r BH$mB© Ho$ nmg hmo Am¡a ha B§gmZ Ho$ nmg Bg‘| ^mJ boZo H$m hµH$, j‘Vm Am¡a Adga hmo& BÝht AmYma yV BH$mB¶m| go ewê$ H$aVo hþE ~‹S>o ñVa Ho$ emgZ Ho$ T>m±Mo hm| Omo AnZo go ZrMo H$s

‘yc^yV nm[apñW{VH$s¶ cmoH$V§Ì-Aerf H$moR>mar

2 cmoH$V§Ì Ho$ Am¶m‘

BH$mB¶m| Ho$ à{V Odm~Xoh hm|& Ohm± amOZr{VH$ {ZU©¶ nm[apñW{VH$s¶ Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ Ow‹S>md Am¡a gr‘mAm| H$m gå‘mZ H$aVo hþE {bE OmE±& BgH$m ‘Vb~ h¡ {H$ dV©‘mZ amOZ¡{VH$ gahXm| ({Og‘| amï>-amÁ¶m|/nation-states H$s gahX| ^r em{‘b h¢) H$mo MwZm¡Vr Xr OmE& Am¡a Ohm± A§VV: amÁ¶ H$s y{‘H$m ZJÊ¶ hmo OmE O¡go {gµ’©$ CZ H$m‘m| Ho$ {bE Ohm± ~‹S>o y-joÌm| ‘| Amng ‘| g‘Ýd¶Z H$s µOê$aV hmo Am¡a ¶m {’$a Omo ^r µOê$ar H$ë¶mUH$mar à¶mg hm| CZHo$ {bE&

4) Am{W©H$ bmoH$V§Ì: Bggo A{^àm¶ Eogo bmoH$V§Ì go h¡ Ohm± ñWmZr¶ g‘wXm¶ ({OZ‘| CËnmXH$ Am¡a Cn^moº$m XmoZm| H$mo Omo‹S> H$a ‘Prosumer’ H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡) CËnmXZ Ho$ gmYZm|, {dVaU, {d{Z‘¶ Am¡a ~mµOmam| na {Z¶§ÌU aIVo hm|& Ohm± ñWmZr¶-H$aU ñWmZr¶ joÌr¶ AW©ì¶dñWm Ho$ Ûmam ~w{Z¶mXr µOê$aV| nyar H$aZo Ho$ {bE EH$ Ah‘ {gÕm§V hmo& ì¶mnH$ ì¶mnma Am¡a {d{Z‘¶ µOê$aV Ho$ ‘wVm{~µH$ ñWmZr¶ AmË‘-{Z ©aVm H$mo ~MmE aIo& àH¥${V, àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZ Am¡a AÝ¶ µOê$ar VËd Omo AW©ì¶dñWm ‘| InVo h¢ CÝh| em‘bmV (bmoH$-gån{Îm) Ho$ Vm¡a na em{gV {H$¶m OmE& {ZOr gån{Îm H$mo ~hþV H$‘ ¶m nyar Vah IµË‘ H$a {X¶m OmE& Ohm± g‘mO ‘| EH$-Xÿgao H$s XoI^mb Am¡a {‘b-~m±Q> H$a OrZo Ho$ µJ¡a-‘m¡{ÐH$ [aíVm| H$mo {’$a go H|$Ðr¶ ñWmZ {‘bo& gm‘m{OH$ Iµwehmbr Ho$ gyMH$ A{YH$Va JwUmË‘H$ hm| Am¡a CZHo$ H|$Ð ‘| ~w{Z¶mXr µOê$aV| Am¡a g~H$s ^bmB© hmo&

5) kmZ Am¡a g§ñH¥${V H$s ~hþbVm: Eogo bmoH$V§Ì ‘| {d{dYVm EH$ Ah‘ {gÕm§V hmoVm h¡& kmZ (BgH$m CX² d, Cn¶moJ Am¡a g§Mma) gmd©O{ZH$ ¶m bmoH$-gån{Îm Ho$ ê$n ‘| hmo& Zd-àdV©Z bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ VarµHo$ go CnO| Am¡a Ohm± "{deofkVm' Ho$ T>m±Mo Zm hm|& grIZm-{gImZm OrdZ Ho$ {hñgo H$s Vah hmo Zm {H$ {H$Ýht "{deof' g§ñWmZm| VH$ hr gr{‘V hmo& Z¡{VH$ Am¡a AmÜ¶mpË‘H$ ^bmB© Ho$ ì¶{º$JV Am¡a gm‘y{hH$ amñVo g^r Ho$ {bE CnbãY hm|&

Bgo EH$ ’y$b H$s n§Iw{‹S>¶m| H$s Vah XoIm OmE Vmo VZm ¶m H$br {Oggo ¶o n§Iw{S>¶m§ {ZH$bVr h¢ do {ZåZ ‘yë¶m| ¶m {gÕm§Vm| go ~Zo hm| (Am¡a ¶o {gÕm§V ^r d¡H$pënH$ à¶mgm| Ho$ Ah‘ {hñgo Ho$ Vm¡a na Câ|)& BÝh| g‘mOm| H$s Z¡{VH$ ¶m AmÜ¶mpË‘H$ ~w{Z¶mXm| Ho$ Vm¡a na ^r XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡

¶mZr g‘mO Ho$ gXñ¶m| H$s OrdZ-Ñ{ï> ‘| ¶o em{‘b hm|:

• nm[apñW{VH$s¶ AI§S>Vm (integrity) Am¡a µHw$XaV Ho$ hµH$

• {ZînjVm, B§gmµ’$ Am¡a g‘mdoe

• gmW©H$ ^mJrXmar H$m hµH$ Am¡a {µOå‘oXmar

• {d{dYVm Am¡a ~hþbVm-dmX

• ì¶{º$JV AmµOm{X¶m| Ho$ à{V EH$OwQ>Vm Am¡a gm‘y{hH$ bmoH$-gån{Îm¶m±

• bMrbmnZ Am¡a AZwHy$bZ (adaptability)

• Subsidiarity (gpãgS>rE[aQ>r), AmË‘-{Z ©aVm Am¡a B©H$mo-joÌdmX

• gmXJr Am¡a n¶m©áVm ("n¶m©áVm' H$s g§H$ënZm)

• ‘µOXÿar Am¡a H$m‘-H$mO ‘| aMZmË‘H$Vm Am¡a J[a‘m

• Aqhgm, gX² md Am¡a em§{V&

"B©H$mo-ñdamO'Ho$ {dñV¥V ‘yë¶ Am¡a KQ>H$m| na nyao ^maV ‘| "{dH$ën g§J‘' Zm‘H$ à{H«$¶m Ho$ VhV MMm© Mb ahr h¡4& ¶h à{H«$¶m {d{^ÝZ joÌm| ‘| H$m‘ H$a aho bmoJm|, g‘wXm¶m| Am¡a ZmJ[aH$ g§ñWmZm| Am¡a AbJ-AbJ ì¶dgm¶m| ‘| {dH$ënm| na H$m‘ H$a aho bmoJm| H$mo gmW bmZo H$m H$m‘ H$aVr h¡& joÌr¶ Am¡a AbJ-AbJ àg§Jm| na "g§J‘m|' H$s 2015 ‘| ewê$ hþB© ¶h F§$Ibm à{V^m{J¶m| H$mo AnZo AZw d ~m±Q>Zo, EH$-Xÿgao go grIZo, gh¶moJ H$aZo, JR>~§YZ ~ZmZo Am¡a gmW {‘bH$a EH$ ~ohVa ^{dî¶ H$m IµmµH$m ItMZo ‘| ‘XX H$aVr h¡& H$hm{Z¶m|, {dS>rAmo, Ho$g-ñQ>S>r Am¡a AÝ¶ VarµH$m| go BZ {dH$ënm| H$m XñVmdoOrH$aU hmoZo go Bgo A{YH$m{YH$ bmoJm| VH$ nhþ±MmZo Am¡a ~Xbmd Ho$ {bE àoaUm XoZo ‘| ‘XX {‘br h¡ Am¡a Bg g~ Ho$ {bE EH$ g‘{n©V do~-gmBQ>, MbV-àXe©{Z¶m± Am¡a AÝ¶ VarµH$m| H$m BñVo‘mb {H$¶m J¶m h¡&

^maV Ho$ nao ¶h YmaUm Xþ{Z¶m Ho$ Xÿgao {hñgm| Ho$ ‘yb yV {dH$ënm| H$mo ^r gmW Omo‹S> ahr h¡& 2012 ‘| ~hþV-gr ZmJ[aH$ g‘mO g§ñWmAm| Am¡a Am§XmobZm| Zo EH$ "‘yb yV nm[apñW{VH$s¶ bmoH$V§Ì Am¡a gVVVm na EH$ OZ-g§{Y'6 na hñVmja {H$E& Am¡a BgHo$ ~mX EH$ MMm© gyMr H$s ‘XX go g§dmX ~ZmE aIZo Am¡a Ah‘ {df¶m|/YmaUmAm| Ho$ µO[aE EH$-Xÿgao go grIZo Ho$ Adga ImoOo JE h¢ O¡go-A-{dH$mg (degrowth), B©H$mo-ZmardmX, ghH$mar g§ñWmE±, ¶yamon ‘| gm‘m{OH$/EH$OwQ>Vm AW©-

3

ì¶dñWm (solidarity economy) Am¡a X{jU A‘o[aH$m Ho$ buen vivir Am¡a AÝ¶ OJhm| na BgH$s g‘H$j ì¶dñWmE± Am{X&

B©H$mo-ñdamO1 RED EH$ {dH${gV hmoVr hþB© OrdZ-Ñ{ï> h¡ H$moB© V¶ewXm ‹ImH$m Zht& BgH$s bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ Am¡a µO‘rZ go CnOZo dmbr à{H«$¶m hr Eogr h¡ {H$ Omo D$na-go-ZrMo Wmonr OmZo dmbr {dMmaYmamAm| Am¡a g§H$ënZmAm| H$m EH$ {dH$ën V¡¶ma H$aVr h¡ Am¡a gmW ‘| BZ {dMmaYmamAm| Ho$ àmg§{JH$ VËdm| H$mo ^r gmW boH$a MbVr h¡& ~Xbmd/ê$nm§VaU H$s BgH$s (A^r VH$ A{dH${gV) j‘Vm H$m ¶hr AmYma h¡&

ZmoQ>:1 ñdamO Ho$ AW© Ho$ {bE Bgr nwñVH$ Ho$ {Z~§Y "àmH¥$

{VH$ ñdamO' H$mo XoI|&

2 XoI| Kothari 2014; Shrivastava and Kothari

2012.

3 g¡H$‹S>m| CXmhaUm| Ho$ {bE XoI| - www.alternativesindia.org

4 BgH$s à{H«$¶mAm| Am¡a n[aUm‘m| H$s OmZH$mar

¶hm± CnbãY h¡. http://kalpavriksh.org/index.php/alternatives/alternatives-knowledgecenter/353-vikalpsangam-coverage.

5 {dH$ën g§J‘, www-vikalpsangam.org

6 ‘yb yV nm[apñW{VH$s¶ bmoH$V§Ì, http://radicalecologicaldemocracy.wordpress.com.

AÝ¶ g§gmYZ:Kalpavriksh Environment Action Group, http://kalpavriksh.org/index.php/alternatives/alternatives-knowledge-center/353-vikalpsangam-coverage.

Kothari, Ashish (2014), ‘Radical Ecological Democracy: A Way for India and Beyond’,

Development, 57 (1): 36–45.

Shrivastava Aseem and Ashish Kothari (2012), Churning the Earth: The Making of Global India. New Delhi: Viking/Penguin India.

boIH$ n[aM¶:Aerf H$moR>mar ^maVr¶ n¶m©daUr¶ g‘yh "H$ënd¥j' Ho$ g§ñWmnH$m| ‘| go EH$ h¢& do bmoH$ àemgZ Ho$ ^maVr¶ g§ñWmZ (IIPA) ‘| AÜ¶mnZ H$a MwHo$ h¢ Am¡a ^maV H$s amï>r¶ O¡d-{d{dYVm aUZr{V Am¡a E³eZ ßbmZ H$m g‘Ýd¶Z ^r H$a MwHo$ h¢& do J«rZ nrg B§{S>¶m Am¡a J«rZ nrg B§Q>Z£eZb Ho$ ~moS>© gXñ¶ ah MwHo$ h¢ Am¡a CÝhm|Zo d¡{œH$ ICCA Consortium H$s ewéAmV H$aZo ‘| ‘XX

H$s h¡, gmW hr do IUCN Ho$ g§a{jV joÌm| Am¡a g‘wXm¶m| Ho$ ZoQ‰>H©$ H$s AÜ¶jVm ^r H$a MwHo$ h¢& Aerf Zo Vrg go ^r µÁ¶mXm {H$Vm~m| H$m gh-gånmXZ Am¡a gh-boIZ {H$¶m h¡ {OZ‘| Birds in Our Lives ( Churning the Earth (and Alternative Futures: India

Unshackled Am{X em{‘b h¢& do '{dH$ën g§J‘' Am¡a Global Confluence of Alternatives Processes H$m g‘Ýd¶Z H$aZo ‘| ‘XX H$aVo h¢ Am¡a amoµOm bJµOo‘~J© µ’$mC§S>oeZ Ûmam ñWm{nV Permanent Group on Alternatives to Development Ho$ gXñ¶ ^r h¢&

‘yc^yV nm[apñW{VH$s¶ cmoH$V§Ì-Aerf H$moR>mar


à‘wI eãX: Zapatismo, ñdm¶Îm àWmE±, gw-emgZ, ny±OrdmX-{damoYr g§Kf©

‹‹OmnmVrñVm Am§XmocZ H$s à{VamoY Am¡a {dÐmoh H$s àWmAm| ‘| "‹OmnmVrñVm ñdm¶ÎmVm' EH$ Ho$§Ðr¶ VËd h¡& Bg‘| do g^r nÕ{V¶m±, à{H«$¶mE± VWm g§Kf©, gaH$ma Am¡a {dÐmohr OrdZ Ho$ V§Ì em{‘c h¢ Omo {‘cH$a ñWm{nV ì¶dñWmAm| Am¡a BgHo$ g§ñWmZm| H$m EH$ a¡{S>H$c {dH$ën noe H$aVo h¢& µOmnmVrñVm ñdm¶ÎmVm (AmµOmXr) g‘mO Ho$ {ZMco V~µH$m| Am¡a dm‘-{dMmam| go à^m{dV cmoJm| go CâVr h¡& BgHo$ H$B© Am¶m‘ h¢&

à{VamoY Ho$ ê$n ‘|: amï>r¶ ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ {cE µOmnmVrñVm Am‘u (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, EZLN) Ho$ cå~o à{VamoY H$mo 1 OZdar, 1994 Ho$ First Declaration of the Lacandon Forest ‘| Hw$N> ¶y± ~Vm¶m J¶m h¡: ""h‘ 500 gmc Ho$ g§Kf© H$m n[aUm‘ h¢&'' BgHo$ ~mX, EZLN Zo gaH$ma na ¶wÕ H$s KmofUm H$a Xr Am¡a ‘opŠgH$Z cmoJm| H$mo l‘, y{‘, Amdmg, ^moOZ, ñdmñÏ¶, {ejm, AmµOmXr, cmoH$V§Ì,

Ý¶m¶ Am¡a em§{V hm{gc H$aZo Ho$ Bg g§Kf© go Ow‹S>Zo H$m AmôdmZ {H$¶m& 1994 ‘| EZLN> Zo A‹S>Vrg {dÐmohr ZJanm{cH$mE± ~ZmZo H$s KmofUm ^r H$s Am¡a Bg Vah goZm H$m Koam Vmo‹S>m Am¡a gaH$ma Ûmam cmJy {dÐmohr-{damoYr aUZr{V H$m gm‘Zm {H$¶m&

J[a‘m, gwemgZ VWm {dÐmoh: AnZo ewéAmVr H$m‘m| Ho$ {cE EZLN H$mo ‘opŠgH$Z g§{dYmZ Ho$ AZwÀN>oX 39 H$m ~c ^r {‘cm Omo ¶h ñWm{nV H$aVm h¡ {H$ ""cmoJm| H$mo, h‘oem, ¶h AhaUr¶ A{YH$ma h¡ {H$ do AnZr gaH$ma Ho$ àH$ma ‘| gwYma H$ao ¶m Cgo ~Xc X|&'' O~ gaH$ma Zo EZLN> Ho$ gmW 1996 ‘| hñVmja-¶wº$ San Andres H$ama H$s eVm] H$mo nyam Zht {H$¶m Vmo Bg AZwÀN>oX H$s Amoa Anrc H$mo Am¡a ~c {‘cm& BZ g‘Pm¡Vm| H$m AmXa H$aVo hþE gaH$ma Zo Z¶m g§d¡Ym{ZH$ T>m±Mm ~ZmZo H$s Amoa µH$X‘ Zht ~‹T>mE Omo ha ñVa na Am¡a ha joÌ ‘| ‘yc{Zdm{g¶m| Ûmam ñd-emgZ Am¡a ñdm¶ÎmVm H$mo ‘w‘{H$Z ~ZmVo&

‹OmnmVrñVm ñdm¶ÎmVm (Zapatista Autonomy)

gmoMrc codm-gmocmZmo Xochitl Leyva-Solano

EH$ cå~o ¶wÕ H$m gm‘Zm H$aVo hþE {Og‘| ~ma-~ma CZ na h‘cm H$a CÝh| H$‘µOmoa H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee| hþBª, µOmnmVrñVm Am§XmocZ Zo cmoJm| H$s ~pñV¶m| go {ZH$co ñdemgr gaH$ma McmZo H$s àWmAm| Am¡a ZoQ‰>H©$ H$mo Amng ‘| Omo‹S>m {OgH$s n[a{U{V µOmnmVrñVm {dÐmohr Am¡a ñdemgr ZJanm{cH$mAm| (Municipios Autónomos Rebeldes Zapatistas] MAREZ), Am¡a µOmnmVrñVm arOZ (region) Am¡a µOm|g (zones) ‘| hþB©& BZ g^r H$mo "Amkm-nmcZ go emgZ' (governing by obeying) Ho$ {gÕm§V Ho$ VhV g§Mm{cV {H$¶m J¶m, Am¡a BgHo$ Hw$N> ~w{Z¶mXr AmYma Wo:

• godm H$aZm Zm {H$ godm H$admZm

• à{V{Z{YËd H$aZm Zm {H$ OµJh coZm

• {Z‘m©U H$aZm, {dÜd§g Zht

• Amkm-nmcZ, Zm {H$ {ZX}em| H$s ny{V©

• àñVm{dV H$aZm Zm {H$ WmonZm

• amµOr H$aZm Zm {H$ hamZm

• ZrMo OmZm, D$na Zht

BZ AmYmam| na McZo go ‘opŠgH$Z amOZ¡{VH$ ì¶dñWm H$s "ãm~ gaH$mam|' H$s ˜m{‘¶m± O¡go «ï>mMma, {h§gm, X§S>-A^md Am{X COmJa hþBª Am¡a BgZo Z¡{VH$Vm H$mo amOZr{V Ho$ Ho$§Ð ‘| cm {X¶m&

O~ "OZVm AmXoe XoVr h¡ Am¡a gaH$ma CZH$s Amkm ‘mZVr h¡' Vmo Bggo gaH$ma Am¡a OZVm XmoZm| hr Ho$ ñWm¶r "A{YH$ma' Am¡a "H$V©ì¶' ñWm{nV hmo OmVo h¢& àm{YH$aUm| H$m MwZmd AµŠga OZ-{dYmZg^mAm| go hmoVm h¡& AcJ-AcJ ñVam| na AcJ-AcJ àm{YH$aU {ZåZ h¢: ñdemgr à{V{Z{Y Am¡a H${‘gma (commissars); ZJanm{cH$m Am¡a joÌr¶ ñdemgr n[afX Ho$ gXñ¶; {d{^ÝZ H$m¶©-joÌm| Ho$ g‘Ýd¶H$, {d{^ÝZ Am¶moJm| Am¡a JwS> JdÝ‘]Q> H$mCpÝgc (Juntas de Buen Gobierno, JBG) Ho$ gXñ¶ Omo {H$ ha µOmoZ Ho$ ñVa na H$m‘ H$aVo h¢ Am¡a Caracoles Zapatistas ‘| hmoVo h¢&

5

µOmnmVrñVm ñdemgr gaH$ma H$mo H$m¶©-joÌm| Ho$ AZwgma g§J{R>V {H$¶m OmVm h¡ Omo dµŠV Ho$ gmW ~XcVo ahVo h¢ Am¡a ha ZJanm{cH$m ‘| AcJ-AcJ hmoVo h¢ co{H$Z A{YH$Va BZ‘| ¶o joÌ em{‘c hmoVo h¢: ñdmñÏ¶, {ejm, H¥${f-nm[apñW{VH$s, ‘{hcmE±, H¥${f go Ow‹S>o ‘wÔo, Ý¶m¶, g§Mma, dm{UÁ¶, ¶mVm¶mV, àemgZ Am¡a XrdmZr a{OñQ>r& BZ joÌm| ‘| Am¡a gaH$ma Ho$ AÝ¶ ñVam| na cmoJ amoQ>oeZ (¶mZr ~mar-~mar go) Am¡a gm‘y{hH$ Vm¡a na {Z¶wº$ hmoVo h¢ Am¡a ¶o nX Ad¡V{ZH$ hmoVo h¢&

ha ì¶{º$ Omo Bg‘| {hñgm coVm h¡ dh AnZo hmoZo, H$m‘ H$aZo, grIZo Am¡a "unlearn' H$aZo H$s j‘Vm Ho$ AmYma na Xÿgam| go Ow‹S>m hmoVm h¡& Eogm H$aHo$ do gm‘m{OH$ g§JR>Z Ho$ à^mdr VarµH$m| H$mo MwZm¡Vr XoVo h¢ Am¡a ì¶{º$JV Am¡a {deofrH¥$V l‘ ‘µOXÿar (specialized wage labour) na AmYm[aV e{º$ H$mo ^r&

EH$ a¡{S>H$c, g‘J« Am¡a OrdZ-Xm¶r {dH$ën (life-creating alternative) Ho$ Vm¡a na: µOmnmVrñVm H$mo Omo g‘W©Z µO‘rZr Vm¡a na {‘cVm h¡ Bg‘| ‘ycdmgr H¡$ånogrZmoµO (ñn¡{Ze ‘| {H$gmZ) em{‘c h¢ Omo AnZr Or{dH$m Am¡a àOZZ Ho$ {cE IoVr H$aVo h¢ Am¡a Bg Vah AnZo ñdemgr g§Kfm] Ho$ {cE ^m¡{VH$ n[apñW{V¶m± V¡¶ma H$aVo h¢& ‘{hcmAm| H$m ñWmZ ^r Ah‘ hmoVm h¡ R>rH$ d¡go hr O¡go OrdZ-àXm¶r y{‘ Am¡a YaVr ‘mVm hmoVr h¢& "H«$m§{VH$mar ‘{hcm H$mZyZ' (Revolutionary Women’s Law) Zo ‘{hcmAm| Ho$ amOZ¡{VH$ Am¡a gm‘m{OH$ A{YH$mam| Ho$ gmW-gmW CZH$s emar[aH$ Am¡a Z¡{VH$ AI§S>Vm na µOmoa XoZo Am¡a CZH$m ˜¶mc aI H$a ‘{hcmAm| H$mo ^r H«$m§{VH$mar g§Kf© H$m {hñgm ~Zm {c¶m&

Bg µH$mZyZ ‘| {cIr ~mV| ~o‘mZr hr hmoVt AµJa µO‘rZr ñVa na ‘{hcmE±- EZLN H$s geñÌ ‘{hcmAm| Ho$ gmW g§dmX µH$m¶‘ aIVo hþE- BZ g§Kfm] H$mo ha VarµHo$ go AnZo OrdZ H$m {hñgm Zht ~ZmVr: Mmho dh Am°Š¶wnoeZ H$s goZm Ho$ gå~§Y ‘| hmo, ¶m ñd¶§ AnZo hmWm| go µO‘rZ ‘| µ’$gc CJmZm hmo, ImoB© hþB© y{‘ H$mo {’$a go R>rH$ H$aZm hmo, ¶m AnZo ~oQ>m|-~o{Q>¶m| H$mo {’$a go socialise H$aZm hmo, Mmho ghH$mam| H$mo ~ZmZm/g§Mm{cV H$aZm hmo, ¶m ñdemgr {ejm Ho$ {ejH$ ~ZZm hmo ¶m ñdemgr CnMma ¶m aoS>rAmo ¶m {dS>rAmo ~ZmZo Ho$ H$m‘ hm|&

Bg‘| H$moB© eµH$ Zht {H$ µOmnmVrñVm g§Kf© µO‘rZr ñVa na ‘{hcmAm| Am¡a nwéfm| Ho$ ~rM AnZr O‹S>| µH$m¶‘ H$aZo

H$s dOh go hr ~‹T> nm¶m& CZHo$ gh¶moJ go µOmnmVrñVm amOZr{V dh VmµH$V hm{gc H$a nmB© Omo H$B© AÝ¶ H«$m§{VH$mar à¶mg Zht H$a nmE Š¶y±{H$ do AnZo g§Kfm] H$mo amoµO‘am© Ho$ OrdZ go Zht Omo‹S> nmE Am¡a ‘{hcmAm|, n[admam|, g‘wXm¶m|, gmYmaU OrdZ, g‘yh Am¡a Q>mÝg-Z¡eZ¡{cQ>r (amï> go nao) Am{X g^r Am¶m‘m| H$mo gmW coH$a Mc nmE&

dV©‘mZ ‘| Omar (ZrMo go D$na) d¡œrH$aU Ho$ EH$ Ho$§Ðr¶ g§X © Ho$ Vm¡a na: Zapatista Intergalactic Encounter for Humanity and Against Neoliberalism Ho$ ~rg gmc ~mX {cQ>c µOmnmVrñVm ñHy$c Ho$ EH$ ¶wdm A{^^mdH$ Alejandra Zo µOmnmVrñVm glocal planetary consciousness H$mo g§jon ‘| Hw$N> ¶y± ~Vm¶m, ""O¡gm {H$ h‘ OmZVo h¢, ny±OrdmXr ì¶dñWm dhr H$aVr h¡ Omo dh MmhVr h¡& do V¶ H$aVo h¢ {H$ emgZ H¡$go McoJm, h‘| H¡$go ahZm Mm{hE, Am¡a h‘ Eogm Zht MmhVo..... h‘ {gµ’©$ AnZo {cE g§Kf© Zht H$a aho h¢..... h‘ g^r Ho$ {cE AmµOmXr MmhVo h¢ µOmnmVrñVm Ho$ Vm¡a na h‘ h{W¶ma BñVo‘mc Zht H$a aho h¢..... h‘ AnZo eãX, AnZr amOZr{V H$m BñVo‘mc H$a aho h¢.... h‘ Bg (‘m¡OyXm) ì¶dñWm H$mo hamZm MmhVo h¢ ¶hr h‘mam ‘w»¶ cú¶ h¡&''1

ZmoQ>:1. ¶hm± CncãY h¡. Rebeldía Zapatista 1, 2014,

p. 53.

AÝ¶ g§gmYZ:EZLN, http://enlacezapatista.ezln.org.mx.

——— (2013), Cuadernos de texto de primer grado del curso. Mexico: Escuelita Zapatista-EZLN.

——— (2014), Rebeldía Zapatista:La Palabra del EZLN,1 and 3, February and September: Mexico, http://enlacezapatista.ezln.org.mx/2014/02/28/editorial-revista-rebeldia/.

——— (2016), Critical Thought in the Face of the Capitalist Hydra: I’, Contributions by the Sixth Commission of the EZLN. Durham: Duke

OmnmVrñVm ñdm¶ÎmVm gmoMrc-codm-gmocmZmo


University Press. Seminarios CIDECI-UniTierra Chiapas, http://seminarioscideci.org.

ProMedios de Comunicación Comunitaria, http://www.promediosmexico.org. Radio Zapatista, http://www.radiozapatista.org.

coIH$ n[aM¶:gmoMrc codm altermundista (d¡H$pënH$-d¡œrH$aU) Zm‘H$ g‘yh Am¡a ZoQ>dH©$ H$s gh-g§ñWmnH$ Am¡a H$m¶©H$Vm© h¢& do ‘opŠgH$mo Ho$ CIESAS Sureste (Chiapas) ‘| emoY H$aVr h¢ Am¡a CÝhm|Zo H$B© {dS>rAmo Am¡a ‘ëQ>r‘r{S>¶m àmoS>ŠQ> ^r V¡¶ma {H$E h¢& gmW hr CÝhm|Zo H$B© coI Am¡a {H$Vm~| ‘{hcmAm| Am¡a ¶wdm ‘ycdm{g¶m| Ho$ gmW {cIr h¢ Omo à{VamoY ‘| g§c¾ h¢& BÝh| EopŠQ>{dñQ>, AH$mX{‘H$ Am¡a gm‘wXm{¶H$ g§X^m] ‘| H$m‘ ‘| {c¶m OmVm h¡&

7

àË¶j cmoH$V§Ì (Direct Demoracy)

{H«$ñQ>mog µOmoJ«m’$mog Christos Zografos

à‘wI eãX: àË¶j cmoH$V§Ì, ñd-emgZ, ñdm¶ÎmVm, gm‘m{OH$-nm[apñW{VH$s¶ ~Xcmd

àË¶j cmoH$V§Ì OZVm Ûmam ñd-emgZ H$s dh nÕ{V h¡ {Og‘| ZmJ[aH$ grYo, cJmVma Am¡a {~Zm {H$gr ‘Ü¶ñWVm Ho$ gaH$ma Ho$ H$m‘-H$mO ‘| ^mJ coVo h¢& ¶h cmoH$V§Ì H$m EH$ a¡{S>H$c ñdê$n h¡ Omo {dHo$§ÐrH$aU Am¡a e{º$ Ho$ µÁ¶mXm go µÁ¶mXm {dVaU H$m njYa h¡ {Oggo emgH$ Am¡a em{gV Ho$ ~rM H$m µ’$µH©$ {‘Q> OmE& ¶h amOZ¡{VH$ g‘mZVm Ho$ {gÕm§V na AmYm[aV h¡ {OgHo$ AZwgma ¶h µOê$ar h¡ {H$ g‘mO ‘| g^r Vah H$s AmdmµO| g‘mZ Vm¡a na gwZr OmE±& BgH$s Ah‘ g§ñWm {dMma-{d‘e© Ho$ {cE OZ {dYmZg^m h¡&

BZ {dYmZg^mAm| ‘| Jmo{ð>¶m± hmoVr h¢ Ohm± ZmJ[aH$ {H$gr {df¶ na {d{^ÝZ ‘Vm| H$mo gwZH$a, CZ na {dMma-{d‘e© H$a {~Zm {H$gr X~md Ho$ EH$ gm‘y{hH$ {ZU©¶ na nhþ±MZo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVo h¢& àË¶j cmoH$V§Ì à{V{Z{Y cmoH$V§Ì go AcJ h¡ {Og‘| gaH$mar Zr{V¶m| na {ZU©¶ coZo Ho$ {cE à{V{Z{Y MwZo OmVo h¢& d¡go àË¶j cmoH$V§Ì Ho$ Hw$N> VËd O¡go OZ‘V g§J«h (referendum) Am{X ‘m¡OyXm à{V{Z{Y cmoH$V§Ìm| ‘| ^r nmE OmVo h¢&

àË¶j cmoH$V§Ì H$s àWm ~hþV nwamZr Am¡a àmMrZ h¡& nm±Mdt eVmãXr (B©gm nyd©) Ho$ EoW|µO H$mo àË¶j cmoH$V§Ì Ho$ CXmhaU Ho$ Vm¡a na AµŠga CÕ¥V {H$¶m OmVm h¡ Ohm± d¶ñH$ nwéf ZmJ[aH$ gmd©O{ZH$ {ZU©¶-à{H«$¶m ‘| grYo {hñgm coVo Wo& EoW|µO Ho$ cmoH$V§Ì H$m ¶h M[aÌ Ohm± µJwcm‘m|, ‘{hcmAm| Am¡a {dXo{e¶m| H$mo {ZU©¶-à{H«$¶m ‘| em{‘c Zht {H$¶m OmVm Wm ~VmVm h¡ {H$ ¶h ~hþV hr gr{‘V cmoH$V§Ì Wm hmcm±{H$ BgHo$ àË¶j cmoH$V§Ì H$s g§ñWmAm| Am¡a {hñgoXmar Ho$ VarµH$m| Ho$ {cE ¶h àmg§{JH$ h¡&

AµJa h‘ cmoH$V§Ì H$mo "MMm© Ûmam emgZ' Ho$ Vm¡a na gmoM| Vmo BgH$s O‹S>| EoW|µO Ho$ cJ^J g‘H$mcrZ EH$ cå~r, µJ¡a-npíM‘r àWm ‘| ^r h¢ O¡go CÎma ^maV H$m ZJa d¡emcr

Am¡a Sabarcae-Sambastai (Omo A~ nm{H$ñVmZ Am¡a Aµ’$µJm{ZñVmZ ‘| h¢) Ho$ cmoJ {OZHo$ AZw d àmMrZ ^maVr¶ Am¡a ¶yZmZr ñÌmoVm| ‘| ^r XO© h¢& ~m¡{ÕH$ ñÌmoVm| Ho$ Vm¡a na EH$ Ah‘ à^md OrZ OoH$g ê$gmo Am¡a CZHo$ à{V{Z{YËd Am¡a gaH$ma na {dMma h¢&

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H$ñQ>mo[aXr¶g Zo CZ dogmas (Eogo {gÕm§V {OZ na gdmc Zm CR>mE Om gHo$§) H$s AmcmoMZm H$s Omo ~mhar {Z¶‘ WmonH$a ñdm¶ÎmVm H$mo H$‘ H$aVo h¢ ¶m Omo g‘mO Ho$ ~mha H$s {H$gr e{º$ (O¡go B©œa, Eo{Vhm{gH$ µOê$aV, Am{X) H$m Zm‘ coH$a gm‘y{hH$ {ZU©¶m| H$mo C{MV R>hamVo h¢, CÝhm|Zo Bg pñW{V H$mo ‘heteronomy’ H$hm& g§jon ‘|, àË¶j cmoH$V§Ì ZmJ[aH$m| H$mo AnZr {µH$ñ‘V gå~§Yr {ZU©¶m| na {Z¶§ÌU aIZo Am¡a ^mJrXmar dmcr {ZU©¶-à{H«$¶m ‘| CÝh| {hñgm coZo cm¶H$ ~ZmVm h¡ ~Om¶ BgHo$ {H$ do ñdmWu amOZr{Vkm| na {Z ©a ah| Am¡a Bg Vah {H$E {ZU©¶m| H$s d¡YVm ^r Cƒ H$mo{Q> H$s hmoVr h¡ (hodwS>, 2002)&

Ohm± VH$ CÎma-{dH$mg (post-development) H$s ~mV h¡ (ahZo‘m Am¡a ~Q>r 1997), àË¶j cmoH$V§Ì H$s ~Xcmd/ê$nm§VaU H$s j‘Vm H$mo Xmo Vah go XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡: EH$ Amoa, ¶h gmoMZo Ho$ EH$-‘mÌ VarµH$m| Am¡a heteronomous H$ënZmAm| Ho$ Ûmam {X‘mµJm| na µH$ãµOm O‘mZo H$mo MwZm¡Vr XoZo ‘| ‘XX H$aVm h¡& Xÿgar Amoa, ì¶mdhm[aH$ Vm¡a na, ¶h {dH$mg Ho$ {dH$ën V¡¶ma H$aZo ‘|

àË¶j cmoH$V§Ì-{H«$ñQ>mog µOmoJ«m’$mog


‘XX H$aVm h¡& {Og Vah AmYw{ZH$ gm‘m{OH$ Am§XmocZ hr Zht ~pëH$ µJ¡a-amÁ¶ amOZ¡{VH$ ì¶dñWmE± àË¶j cmoH$V§Ì H$mo H$m‘ ‘| coVr h¢ Cggo BgH$s j‘Vm H$m ghO hr à‘mU {‘c OmVm h¡&

ñnoZ ‘|, OZ-{dYmZg^m-AmYm[aV {ZU©¶-à{H«$¶m Omo BZ{S>JZmXmog² (Indignados) Am§XmocZ go cmoH${à¶ hþB© CgZo "Amdmg Ho$ A{YH$ma' gm‘m{OH$ Am§XmocZm| H$mo ‘µO~yVr XoH$a ñn¡{Ze ny±OrdmX Ho$ ehar ny±Or g§J«h H$mo {dK{Q>V H$a {X¶m h¡ (Jma{g¶m, 2017), Am¡a gmW hr ~mÜ¶H$mar ZmJ[aH$ {dMma-{d‘e© Ho$ àmdYmZm| Ûmam ZJanm{cH$mAm| H$mo Ý¶m¶nyU© Am¡a n¶m©daUr¶ Vm¡a na gVV ‘m°S>ë‹O H$mo AnZmZo Ho$ {cE ~mÜ¶ {H$¶m h¡&

^maV ‘|, a¡{S>H$c nm[apñW{VH$s¶ cmoH$V§Ì H$s nhc| O¡go amOñWmZ Ho$ 72 ZXr-VQ> Ho$ Jm±dmo H$s Aadar ZXr g§gX CZ à¶mgm| H$s Amoa Bemam H$aVr h¡ Omo Eogm ~Xcmd cmZm MmhVo h¢ {Og‘| nm[apñW{VH$s¶ BH$mB¶m| H$s EH$ O¡d-joÌr¶ (bio-regional) gmoM hmo Am¡a ¶h BH$mB¶m± ñWmZr¶ g‘wXm¶m| Ûmam em{gV hm| Am¡a BZHo$ ‘yc ‘| gm§ñH¥${VH$ {d{dYVm, ‘mZd H$s ~ohVar Am¡a nm[apñW{VH$s¶ cMrcmnZ hmo&

Hw${X©e ñdm¶Îm H¡$§Q>m°Z (àm§V) amoOmdm H$m àemg{ZH$ T>m±Mm Omo amOZ¡{VH$ nXm| Am¡a ^mJrXmar ‘| c¢{JH$ g‘mZVm na µOmoa XoVm h¡, àË¶j cmoH$V§Ì H$mo AnZr {ZU©¶-à{H«$¶m ‘| em{‘c H$aVm h¡& BgH$m CÔoí¶ ‘ar ~yH${MZ Ho$ gm‘m{OH$ nm[apñW{VH$s (social ecology) Ho$ ‘yë¶m| Ho$ AmYma na g‘mO H$mo ~XcZm h¡ Am¡a Bg Vah ^{dî¶ Ho$ joÌr¶ emgZ H$s n[ag§Kr¶ ì¶dñWmAm| Ho$ {cE EH$ ~ohVarZ g§JR>Z ~ZZm h¡&

Am¡a nyao A‘o[aH$s ‘hmÛrn ‘| H$B© ‘ycdmgr, H¡$ånogrZmo ({H$gmZ) Am¡a Aµ’«$sH$s d§eO g‘wXm¶ ñd-emgZ Ho$ {cE OZ-{dYmZg^m-AmYm[aV {ZU©¶-à{H«$¶m H$m BñVo‘mc H$aVo h¢ Omo CZHo$ ñdemgZ Ho$ ‘yë¶m|, gm‘wXm{¶H$Vm Am¡a CZH$s d¥hX ~«÷m§S>r¶ gmoM (cosmovision) Omo OrdZ Ho$ {d{^ÝZ ê$nm| Ho$ {cE BµÁµOV aIZo Ho$ ‘yë¶m| go CnOr h¡ Cgo Ord§V H$aZo H$m à¶mg H$aVo h¢&

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1991 ‘| OmH$a ‘{hcmAm| H$mo ‘VXmZ H$m A{YH$ma {‘c nm¶m Wm Am¡a dh ^r V~ O~ dhm± Ho$ CƒV‘ Ý¶m¶mc¶ Zo CÝh| Eogm H$aZo Ho$ {cE ~mÜ¶ {H$¶m& gmW hr, Bg àm§V ‘| ‘rZmam| H$m {Z‘m©U H$aZo na amoH$ cJmZo Ho$ nj ‘| ^r g^r àm§Vm| ‘| go gdm©{YH$ ‘VXmZ hþAm Wm&

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AmcmoMH$ ZmJ[aH$m| H$s ha g‘¶ X¡{ZH$ OrdZ ‘| emgZ Ho$ {df¶m| ‘| CcPo ahZo H$s BÀN>m na ^r gdmc CR>mVo h¢ Am¡a Bgo "CXma dm‘n§{W¶m|' H$m ‘mÌ EH$ ê$‘mZr gnZm µH$ama XoVo h¢ Am¡a BgHo$ {cE do 1871 Ho$ no[ag H$m°å¶yZ H$m CXmhaU XoVo h¢ Omo µÁ¶mXm {Q>H$ Zht nm¶m Am¡a CZHo$ AZwgma BgH$s (àË¶j cmoH$V§Ì H$s) gr‘mAm| H$m ^r à‘mU h¡&

AÝ¶ AmcmoMH$ àË¶j cmoH$V§Ì Ho$ Ho$§Ðr¶ VËd ¶mZr {dMma-{d‘e© H$s à{H«$¶m H$s gr‘mAm| H$s Amoa Ü¶mZ {XcmVo h¢ ¶h H$hVo hþE {H$ BZ à{H«$¶mAm| H$s dOh go H$moB© H«$m§{VH$mar gm‘m{OH$-nm[apñW{VH$s¶ ~Xcmd cmZo H$s g§ mdZmE± H$‘ hmo OmVr h¢& ‘gcZ, AmcmoMH$ H$hVo h¢ {H$ gh‘{V Ho$ AmYma na {ZU©¶ coZo na µOmoa XoZo go BZ ~Xcmdm| H$mo cmZo ‘| AnZr y{‘H$m {Z^mZo dmco ‘V oX, Agh‘{V Am¡a AcJmd H$s ‘hÎmm H$‘ hmo OmVr h¡& do ¶h ^r H$hVo h¢ {H$ Am‘-gh‘{V dmco {ZU©¶m| na nhþ±MZo Ho$ {cE {XE JE Vm{H©$H$ dmX-{ddmX na µOmoa XoZo go ^mdZmAm|, H$ënZm, H$hm{Z¶m±, g‘mOrH$aU (socialisation) Am¡a emar[aH$ J{V{d{Y Am{X H$s ~Xcmd ‘| y{‘H$m H$mo H$‘Va Am±H$m OmVm h¡& Am¡a ¶h ^r {H$ nwamZo à‘mU Bg Amoa Bemam H$aVo h¢ {H$ ~Xcmd cmZo Ho$ {cE "geº$ ZoV¥Ëd' "g‘VcVm' (¶mZr g^r Ho$ ~am~a hmoZo) go µÁ¶mXm µOê$ar hmo gH$Vm h¡&

BZ g^r AmcmoMZmAm| Ho$ ~mdOyX ¶h V¶ cJVm h¡ {H$ àË¶j cmoH$V§Ì Ho$ AmXe© Am¡a ì¶dhma Zo B{Vhmg ‘| ^r ì¶{º$¶m| Am¡a g‘wXm¶m| H$mo AnZr Xþ{Z¶m H$mo AcJ Am¡a ~ohVa ~ZmZo Ho$ {cE ào[aV {H$¶m h¡ Am¡a AmO ^r H$a ahm h¡& Bg ñdê$n ‘|, àË¶j cmoH$V§Ì ‘| {X‘mµJm| H$mo namYrZ hmoZo go ~MmZo Am¡a gmoMZo, OrZo Am¡a H$m‘ H$aZo

9

Ho$ Am{YnË¶-dmXr (hegemonic) VarµH$m| H$mo MwZm¡Vr XoZo H$s g§ mdZmE± ZµOa AmVr h¢& AnZo ~ohVarZ ê$n ‘|, àË¶j cmoH$V§Ì, EH$ AcJ hr OrZo H$m VarµH$m ~Z OmVm h¡&

AÝ¶ g§gmYZ:Ocdm¶w n[adV©Z na EH$ Hw${X©e à{V{H«$¶m

https://www.opendemocracy.net/uk/anna-lau-erdelan-baran-melanie-sirinathsingh/kurdish-response-to-climate-change.

Centre for Indigenous Conservation and Development Alternatives (CICADA), http://cicada.world.

García, Lamarca M. (2017), ‘From Occupying Plazas to Recuperating Housing: Insurgent Practices in Spain’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. Doi:10.1111/1468-2427.12386.

Heywood, Andrew (2002), Politics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

O’Connor, Kieran (2015), ‘They Don’t Represent Us’, Summary of a discussion about democracy and representation between Jacques Rancière and Ernesto Laclau, http://www.versobooks.com/blogs/2008-don-t-they-represent-us-a-discussion-between-jacques-ranciere-and-ernesto-laclau.

Rahnema, Majid and Victoria Bawtree (eds) (1997), The Post-development Reader. London: Zed Books.

coIH$ n[aM¶:{H«$ñQ>g µOJ«mµ’$mog Pompeu Fabra {dœ{dÚmc¶ ‘| Ramóny Cajal d[að> emoY µ’o$cmo h¢. amOZr{VH$ nm[apñW{VH$s Am¡a nm[apñW{VH$s¶ AW©emñÌ ‘| CZH$m emoY amOZ¡{VH$ Û§Û Am¡a n¶m©daUr¶ ê$nm§VaU na Ho$§{ÐV h¡& do ~mgucmoZm Ho$ Ë‘o‘§V~r - Research & Degrowth Collective Ho$ gXñ¶ h¢ Am¡a MoH$ [anpãcH$ Ho$ Masaryk {dœ{dÚmc¶ ‘| {d{OµqQ>J àmoµ’o$ga h¢&

àË¶j cmoH$V§Ì-{H«$ñQ>mog µOmoJ«m’$mog


àmH¥${VH$ ñdamO

Agr‘ lrdmñVd Aseem Shrivastava

à‘wI eãX: ñdamO, ñdXoer, cmoH$V§Ì, AmµOmXr

Bg ñdamO H$mo {H$gr gnZo H$s Vah ‘V ‘mZmo - ‘mohZXmg Jm§Yr

21dt eVmãXr ‘| ñdamO Ho$ ~mao ‘| ~mV H$aVo hþE ¶h âmogm hmoVm h¡ {H$ h‘ EH$ Eogr gmoM H$mo ImoOZo Am¡a VmµH$V XoZo H$s H$mo{ee H$a aho h¢ {OgH$m [aíVm ^maVr¶ Xme©{ZH$ qMVZ, g§ñH¥${V Am¡a amOZ¡{VH$ àWmAm| H$s EH$ geº$ Kaocy/ñdXoer Ymam go ahm h¡&

AmBE "ñdamO' eãX na ‘ZZ H$aVo h¢& BgH$s empãXH$ CËn{Îm g§ñH¥$V Ho$ Xmo gac eãXm| go hþB© h¡ - ñd (AnZm) Am¡a amÁ¶ (emgZ) Vmo ñdamO H$m grYm ‘Vc~ ñd-emgZ go h¡& BgHo$ gmW ¶hm± Omo‹S>m J¶m eãX "àmH¥${VH$' AnZo BX©-{JX© Ho$ àmH¥${VH$ g§gma Ho$ gmW Vmc {‘cmH$a McZo H$s ‘mZdr¶ àH¥${V H$m BµOhma H$aVm h¡&

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¶mX aIZo cm¶H$ Ah‘ ~mV ¶h h¡ {H$ ñdamO O¡gr g§H$ënZmE±-g§ñH¥$V ¶m nm{c ‘|, {OZgo AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr¶ cmoH$V§Ì H$s Hw$N> eãXmdcr H$mo {c¶m J¶m h¡ ¶o eãX Am¡n{Zdo{eH$ Xm¡a go eVmpãX¶m| Am¡a AµŠga ghñÌmpãX¶m| nwamZo h¢ Am¡a ¶o npíM‘r Xþ{Z¶m go ^maV ‘| Am¶m{VV g§H$ënZmAm| Ho$ AZwdmX ‘mÌ Zht h¢& BgH$m AW© ¶h h¡ {H$ ¶h g§H$ënZmE± ^maVr¶ B{Vhmg Ho$ {H$gr Zm {H$gr H$mc ‘| àM{cV Wt Am¡a {’$a ¶h H$ht µJm¶~-gr hmo J¶r§ {deofV: AmYw{ZH$ H$mc ‘| Am¡n{Zdo{eH$ emgZ Ho$ AmZo Ho$ ~mX&

Vmo Jm§Yr Or Zo "J«m‘ ñdamO' Ho$ {dMma H$m gnZm H$ht hdm go Zht CR>m¶m& 1909 ‘| CÝhm|Zo AnZr g~go Ah‘ H¥${V "qhX ñdamO' {cIr& Am¡a Jm§Yr Or Zo AmµOmXr Ho$ g§Kf© ‘| nhco go BñVo‘mc hmo aho Bg {dMma H$mo AmJo ~‹T>m¶m& ~mc J§JmYa {VcH$1 Zo ^maVr¶ ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m‘ Ho$ ewéAmVr {XZm| ‘| 1890 Ho$ XeH$ ‘| Bgo BñVo‘mc {H$¶m Wm&

ñdamO Bg Vah "{c~Q>u Am¡a B§{S>n|S>oÝg' O¡gr AmYw{ZH$ npíM‘r YmaUmAm| Ho$ cJ^J g‘H$j ~Z J¶m& 1906 ‘|, ^maVr¶ amï´>r¶ H$m§J«og Ho$ AÜ¶j Ho$ Vm¡a na O~ XmXm ^mB© Zm¡amoOr Zo "ñdamO' H$mo amï´>r¶ Am§XmocZ H$m cú¶ Kmo{fV {H$¶m V~ CZHo$ ‘Z ‘| BgH$m ¶hr gr{‘V AW© Wm&

Jm§Yr Or H$s gmoM Bggo H$ht AmJo J¶r& BgH$s àmMrZ {damgV go dm{µH$µ’$ Jm§Yr Zo 1931 ‘| "¶§J B§{S>¶m' ‘| ñdamO H$mo "EH$ n{dÌ eãX, EH$ d¡{XH$ eãX' {cIm (Jm§Yr, 1931)& CZH$s Cå‘rX Wr {H$ ^maV Am¡a nyar Xþ{Z¶m EH$ {XZ ñdamO Ho$ Bg nwamZo {dMma H$mo nmEJr Am¡a Bgo hµH$sµH$V ~ZmEJr&

Jm§Yr Ho$ {cE Agcr ñdemgZ {gµ’©$ V^r ‘w‘{µH$Z hmo gH$Vm h¡ O~ ì¶{º$ ñd¶§ AnZm g§à^w hmoZo H$s j‘Vm aIVm hmo& Jm§Yr Ym{‘©H$ Wo& CZH$m ‘mZZm Wm {H$ {~Zm AmÜ¶mpË‘H$/Z¡{VH$ loð>Vm (transcendence) Ho$ ì¶{º$ Ho$ {cE AnZo OrdZ na à^wVm hm{gc H$aZm gå^d Zht h¡& CZHo$ {cE ¶h YmaUm CVZr hr AmÜ¶mpË‘H$ Wr {OVZr {H$ amOZr{VH$& co{µH$Z, Ah‘ ~mV ¶h ^r h¡ {H$ H$m¶©-H$maU {gÕm§V (causation) H$m àdmh BH$Vaµ’$m hmoVm h¡&

A§VV:, Jm§Yr Ho$ {cE ñdamO EH$ X¡dr¶ Amdí¶H$Vm Wr Omo ‘mZd Ho$ {cE AÀN>o n[aUm‘ dmcr Wr& AmÜ¶mpË‘H$ ‘hmaV Am¡a AnZo na à^wËd H$aZm ^r amOZ¡{VH$ g§à^wVm Ho$ gwn[aUm‘ EH$ gh-CËnmX Ho$ Vm¡a na Xo gH$Vm h¡ co{µH$Z BgH$m CcQ>m Zht hmo gH$Vm&

11

amOZr{VH$ Vm¡a na, ñdemgZ, O¡gm {H$ Jm§Yr Or Zo Bgo g‘Pm, dh AmYw{ZH$ g§gXr¶ ¶m à{V{Z{Y cmoH$V§Ì O¡gm µH$VB© Wm& "qhX ñdamO' ‘| CÝhm|Zo AmYw{ZH$ g§gXm| H$mo "µJwcm‘r Ho$ àVrH$' ~Vm¶m& ¶h Xþ^m©½¶nyU© h¡ {H$ ñdamO H$mo AµŠga "cmoH$V§Ì' Ho$ Vm¡a na n[a^m{fV/AZy{XV {H$¶m OmVm h¡& gM Vmo ¶h h¡ {H$ AnZo à{V{ZÜ¶mË‘H$ ñdê$n ‘| cmoH$V§Ì H$mo ~hþV go Xoem| ‘| AnZm¶m Vmo J¶m h¡ co{µH$Z BZHo$ g§kmZmË‘H$ (cognitive) AmYma ~hþV AcJ h¢&

àW‘ Vmo ñdamO AmO Ho$ cmoH$V§Ì Ho$ amoµO‘am© Ho$ VÏ¶ "gm‘y{hH$ amOZr{V' (mass politics) go ‘oc Zht ImVm& Ohm± gr{‘V, é-~-é ‘moh„m/~ñVr g^mE± Zht hmo gH$Vr dhm± ñdamO H$m‘ Zht H$a gH$Vm& ^r‹S> {H$gr cmoH$V§Ì H$s {g¶mgr nm{Q>©¶m| H$s ‘erZ H$mo Voc Xo gH$Vr h¡, ñdamO H$mo Zht& g§»¶m Am¡a CZH$s Amng ‘| VwcZm AmYw{ZH$ àOmV§Ì Ho$ {cE {OVZr Ah‘ h¡ ñdamO Ho$ {cE do CVZr hr Aàmg§{JH$ h¢&

Xÿgam, AmYw{ZH$ cmoH$V§Ì EH$ ì¶{º$ Ho$ grYo, {~Zm {H$gr ‘Ü¶ñWVm Ho$ Cg amÁ¶ go [aíVo na Ho$§{ÐV hmoVm h¡ {Oggo Cgo µH$mZyZ Ho$ VhV ZmJ[aH$Vm H$m A{YH$ma {‘cVm h¡& Bg gå~§Y Ho$ {cE Omo n[aÑí¶ gmoMm J¶m h¡ dh EH$ Eogo g‘mO H$m h¡ Ohm± ì¶{º$ "{dI§{S>V' (atomised) h¡ Am¡a ‘mZdr¶ {dcJmd (alienation) gm‘mÝ¶ hmo MwH$m h¡& BgHo$ {dnarV, AnZo nmofU Ho$ {cE ñdamO H$mo Omo Mm{hE dh h¡ EH$ Eogm g‘wXm¶ Ohm± ì¶{º$ AnZo ApñVËd H$mo AnZo nm[adm[aH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, gm‘m{OH$, amOZ¡{VH$, Am{W©H$ Am¡a nm[apñW{VH$s¶ gå~ÝYm| (Zm {gµ’©$ ‘mZd ~pëH$ AÝ¶ g^r gOrd Ordm| Ho$ gmW) Ho$ µO[aE ‘wµH$å‘c ~Zm nmE&

Vrgam, EH$ AmYw{ZH$ cmoH$V§Ì ‘|, EH$ ì¶{º$ H$mo, cJ^J CXmgrZ VarµHo$ go, Am¡a "AmµOmXr' Ho$ Zm‘ na, AnZr ng§X Am¡a A{^cmfmAm| Ho$ âmogo N>mo‹S> {X¶m OmVm h¡ - XoIm OmE Vmo nyam AmYw{ZH$ AW©emñÌ Bgr YmaUm na AmYm[aV h¡, g‘wXm¶ H$m BZ MrµOm| H$mo naIZo ‘| ì¶{º$ H$s ‘XX H$aZo H$m H$moB© gdmc hr Zht h¡& Am¡a ì¶{º$ na ¶h Xmamo‘Xma {~ëHw$c ^r Zht h¡ {H$ dh AnZr A{^cmfmAm| H$s g‘rjm H$ao V~ VH$ O~ VH$ {H$ CZ BÀN>mAm| H$mo nyam H$aZo ‘| {H$gr Am¡a H$s BÀN>m-ny{V© ‘| ~mYm Zm AmVr hmo&

dñVwV:, AmYw{ZH$ CXma cmoH$V§Ì ‘| "AmµOmXr' H$s n[a^mfm hr ¶hr h¡ {Ogo AµŠga "ZH$mamË‘H$ ñdV§ÌVm' Ho$ ê$n ‘| g‘Pm OmVm h¡& Jm§Yr Ho$ ñdamO Ho$ {dMma ‘| EH$ ì¶{º$ ¶m g‘wXm¶ H$mo ¶h ñdm¶ÎmVm hm{gc hmoVr h¡ {Oggo {H$ do AnZr ng§X "~Zm' gHo$§ ~eV} {H$ {gµ’©$ nhco go CÝh| Xr J¶r gyMr ‘| go "MwZ' c|&

Bg gmoM H$mo AµJa h‘ AnZr ~mµOma-AmYm[aV, ‘r{S>¶m-g§Mm{cV Xþ{Z¶m ‘| XoI| Vmo nhco Vmo h‘| AnZr BÀN>mAm| H$s nm[apñW{VH$s¶ Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ {Oµå‘oXmar coVo hþE XoIZm hmoJm {H$ H$hm± VH$ h‘mar BÀN>mE± {dkmnZm| go à^m{dV CÝ‘mX ‘| n¡Xm hmoVr h¢& BÀN>mAm| H$m Bg VarµHo$ H$m H$m¶©-gmYZ Ho$ {cE BñVo‘mc {Og‘| EH$ Vah go ha EH$ MrµO Xm±d na cJr hmo ¶h ñdamO Ho$ {H$gr ^r g‘W©H$ Ho$ {cE {damoYmË‘H$ h¡&

BÀN>m, Omo AmO Ho$ Cn^moº$m cmoH$V§Ì ‘| AmµOmXr Ho$ {gÕm§V Ho$ Xme©{ZH$ öX¶ ‘| h¡ Cg H$s ñdamO Ho$ VhV gyú‘ ê$n go g‘rjm H$aZr hmoJr {deofV: V~ O~ Xþ{Z¶m EH$ nm[apñW{VH$s¶ g§H$Q> go JwµOa ahr h¡& BgH$m EH$ AW© ¶h h¡ {H$ Jm§Yr H$m ñdamO H$m {dMma "ñdXoer' Ho$ {dMma go K{Zð> ê$n go Ow‹S>m h¡ Am¡a ¶h Am{W©H$ ñWmZr¶H$aU (localisation) H$s XaH$ma ^r H$aVm h¡&

A§VV:, ¶h ~VmZm µOê$ar h¡ {H$ ñdamO H$m {dMma ^maV ‘| gm‘m{OH$, amOZ¡{VH$ Am¡a nm[apñW{VH$s¶ Am§XmocZm| H$mo AmO ^r ào[aV H$a ahm h¡& {dH$mg Ho$ Zm‘ na hmo aho {dñWmnZ H$m {damoY H$aZo dmco H$B© Am§XmocZ Omo OZ-Am§XmocZm| Ho$ amï´>r¶ g‘Ýd¶ (NAPM) Ho$ VhV H$m‘ H$aVo h¢, hmc hr ‘| ~ZmB© J¶r "ñdamO B§{S>¶m' nm{Q>©> Omo µO‘rZ na cmoJm| H$mo geº$ H$aZo Ho$ CÔoí¶ go ~ZmB© J¶r h¡, ImÚ g§à^wVm Ho$ Am§XmocZ hm| ¶m Am{Xdmgr Am¡a ‘ycdm{g¶m| Ho$ ñd-emgZ Ho$ Am§XmocZ ¶o g^r ñdamO Ho$ {dMma H$mo AmO Ho$ g§X^© ‘| aMZmË‘H$ Vm¡a na T>mcZo H$s H$mo{ee| h¢&2

ZmoQ>:

1. ~mc J§JmYa {VcH$, 19dt gXr Ho$ à‘wI ñdV§ÌVm goZmZr Ed§ g‘mO gwYmaH$&

2. ñdamO B§{S>¶m Ho$ {cE XoI|- https://www.swarajabhiyan.org/; OZ-A{^¶mZm| Ho$ am{ï´>¶ g‘Ýd¶ (NAPM) Ho$ {bE XoI| https://napmindia.wordpress.com/; ¶h ^r XoI|

àmH¥${VH$ ñdamO-Agr‘ lrdmñVd


Food Sovereignty Alliance https://foodsovereigntyalliance.wordpress.com/

AÝ¶ g§gmYZ : Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (1931), Young India, March 19, Ahmedabad.

——— (2010), Hind Swaraj: A Critical Edition. Annotated, edited and translated by Suresh Sharma and Tridip Suhrud. Delhi: Orient Blackswan.

Muhlberger, Steven (2011), ‘Republics and Quasi-Democratic Institutions in Ancient India’, in Benjamin Isakhan and Stephen Stockwell, The Secret History of Democracy. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

coIH$ n[aM¶:

Agr‘ lrdmñVd EH$ {X„rdmgr coIH$ Ed§ nm[apñW{VH$s¶ AW©emñÌr h¢& do University of Massachusetts, Amherst go AW©emñÌ ‘| S>m°ŠQ>aoQ> H$s Cnm{Y hm{gc H$a MwHo$ h¢& CÝhm|Zo Amerf H$moR>mar Ho$ gmW {‘cH$a Churning the Earth: The Making of Global India (Penguin Viking, 2012) Zm‘H$ nwñVH$ H$m coIZ {H$¶m& do dV©‘mZ ‘| a{~ÝÐ ZmW Q>¡Jmoa Ho$ nm[apñW{VH$s¶ qMVZ H$m AÜ¶¶Z H$aZo H$s EH$ n[a¶moOZm ‘| g§c¾ h¢&

13

à‘wI eãX: H«$m§{V, {dH$mg, Am|Q>mocmoOr (ontology), ny±OrdmX, g‘mOdmX

dµŠV Am J¶m h¡ {H$ O~ h‘ "{dH$mg' Ho$ {dMma Ho$ nrN>o ^mJZo H$s ~Om¶ AnZm amñVm ~Xc|& AmO h‘ {Og gm‘m{OH$ Am¡a n¶m©daUr¶ g§H$Q> H$s pñW{V ‘| h¢ Eogo ‘| ¶h AË¶§V Amdí¶H$ h¡; {Og Vah VoµO J{V go n¶m©daU H$m {dZme hmo ahm h¡ Am¡a cmoJm| H$s AmOr{dH$m {N>Z ahr h¡ Eogo ‘| ¶h ~hþV µOê$ar h¡, Am¡a ¶h VmËH$m{cH$ h¡ Š¶y±{H$ Bgo AnZmZm AmO Am¡a A^r gå^d h¡&

¶h µOê$ar h¡ {H$ H«$m§{V H$m EH$ Z¶m AW© {dH$mg Ho$ d¡Mm[aH$ AmYma na gdmc CR>m gHo$ Am¡a AmYw{ZH$Vm (modernity) Ho$ nao Om gHo$& H«$m§{V H$m {dMma H$B© Ah‘ amOZ¡{VH$ Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[adV©Zm| H$m C„oI H$aVm h¡&

‹’«$m§grgr H«$m§{V H$mo OmZo-‘mZo CXmhaU Ho$ Vm¡a na c| Vmo EH$ AÝ¶m¶nyU© ì¶dñWm go Nw>Q>H$mam nmZo Am¡a amOZ¡{VH$ à{V{Z{YËd Ho$ VarµH$m| Am¡a g§ñWmAm| H$mo ~XcZo Am¡a g‘mO Ho$ Am{W©H$ Am¡a gm‘m{OH$ T>m±Mm| H$mo ~XcZo Ho$ {cE H«$m§{V An[ahm¶© h¡& hmcm±{H$ AcJ-AcJ ‘mÌm Am¡a µOmoa Ho$ gmW co{µH$Z ¶h {dMma ‘opŠgH$mo, ê$g, MrZ, Š¶y~m Am¡a AÝ¶ Xoem| ‘| hþE Am‘ycMyc ~Xcmdm| Ho$ {cE BñVo‘mc {H$¶m J¶m Wm& H«$m§{V Ho$ {dMma Zo nmaån[aH$ {dH$mg H$s àWmAm| H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZo ‘| ^r Ah‘ ^y{‘H$m {Z^mB© h¡, O¡go Am¡Úmo{JH$, àm¡Úmo{JH$s, B§Q>aZoQ> Am¡a Cn^moº$m H«$m§{V& BZ H«$m§{V¶m| Zo g‘mO Ho$ T>m±Mo ‘| Ah‘ ~Xcmd cmVo hþE {dH$mg Ho$ ‘yc {dMmam| H$mo hr ~c {X¶m&

BZgo VmµOm KQ>ZmAm| Zo Bg {dMma H$mo Hw$N> CcPm {X¶m h¡& Hw$N> BcmµH$m| ‘| AmO ^r ‘hËdnyU© gm‘m{OH$ Am§XmocZ H«$m§{V H$s nmaån[aH$ YmaUmAm| H$mo ~MmZo ‘| cJo hþE h¢ ‘gcZ ny±OrdmX H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a g‘mOdmX H$s Amoa OmZo Ho$ {cE& Ho$§Ðr¶ Am¡a nydu ¶yamon ‘|, "Agcr g‘mOdmX' (Real Socialism) H$mo N>mo‹S>Zm EH$ H«$m§{V

H«$m§{V (Revolution)

EXþAmXm} Jw{S>Zmg Eduardo Gudynas

H$s Vah noe {H$¶m J¶m, hmcm±{H$ {dnarV {Xem ‘| ¶mZr ~mµOma-AmYm[aV AW©ì¶dñWm H$s Amoa& BgHo$ {dnarV, g‘mOdmXr H«$m§{V Ho$ à¶mgm|, O¡go MrZ Am¡a {d¶VZm‘ ‘| Eogm {d‘e© (discourse) Mcm¶m J¶m co{µH$Z Agc ‘| CZH$s {dH$mg H$s aUZr{V¶m± ny±OrdmX Ho$ nj ‘| h¢& Am¡a Ohm± {dH$mg Ho$ ¶yamo-Ho$§{ÐV hmoZo na h‘cm H$aVo hþE Bñcm{‘H$ H«$m§{V¶m± hþBª do Am{W©H$ d¥{Õ H$m g‘W©Z H$aVr h¢&

21dt gXr H$s ewéAmV go, c¡{Q>Z A‘o[aH$m Zo EH$ "coµâQ >Q>Z©' {c¶m h¡ Am¡a ¶hm± H$B© gaH$mam| Zo AnZo-Amn H$mo H«$m§{VH$mar µH$ama {X¶m h¡ O¡go- doZoµOwEcm, ~mo{c{d¶m, B³dmS>moa Am¡a {ZH$mamJwAm& co{H$Z BZ Xoem| Zo Zd-{dH$mgdmXr ì¶dñWmAm| H$mo AnZm¶m h¡ {OÝhm|Zo àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| Ho$ A§YmYw±Y XmohZ go Am{W©H$ d¥{Õ àmá H$aZo H$s Amoa µH$X‘ ~‹T>mE h¢&

Bg Vah, h‘ Eogr H$B© KQ>ZmAm| go {Kao hþE h¢ {OÝh| H«$m§{VH$mar H$hm J¶m ({deofV: amOZr{VH$ ‘m¶Zm| ‘|) co{µH$Z {OZH$m g‘mO Ho$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am{W©H$ Am¡a Ym{‘©H$ joÌm| na ^r à^md n‹S>m& hmcm±{H$ BZ g^r ‘m‘cm| ‘| "{dH$mg' Ho$ ~w{Z¶mXr {hñgo ~Mo aho O¡go Am{W©H$ d¥{Õ, Cn^moº$mdmX, àH¥${V H$m XmohZ, àm¡Úmo{JH$s ‘| AmYw{ZH$Vm Am¡a H$‘µOmoa cmoH$V§Ì& ¶h H$mµ’$s {damoYm^mgr pñW{V h¡ Ohm± ê$g Am¡a MrZ H$s Šbm{gH$ H«$m§{V¶m± hm| ¶m hm{c¶m H«$m§{V¶m± O¡go X{jUr A‘o[aH$m ‘| 21dt gXr Ho$ g‘mOdmX dmcr H«$m§{V¶m±, Mmho Ym{‘©H$ hm| ¶m n§W-{Zanoj, g^r A§VV: "{dH$mg' Ho$ {dMma H$s Vaµ’$ ‘w‹S>r h¢&

BZ‘| go Hw$N> H«$m§{V¶m| Zo amOZ¡{VH$ à{V{Z{YËd Am¡a gm‘m{OH$ g‘mZVm Ho$ gå~§Y ‘| gH$mamË‘H$ n[aUm‘ {XImE co{µH$Z do amÁ¶-gÎmm hm{gc H$aZo Ho$ {cE µOê$ar ghm¶H$ cú¶m| ‘| hr CcP H$a ah JE ({deofV: co{ZZ-dmXr, Q´>moËgH$s-dmXr Am¡a ‘mAmo-dmXr)& do g^r {dH$mg Ho$ {dH$ënm| H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZo ‘| {d’$c aho&

H«$m§{V-EXþAmXm} Jw{S>Zmg


Bgo Bg ~mV go g‘Pm¶m Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ g^r AmYw{ZH$ amOZ¡{VH$ naånamAm| H$s n¥ð>-^y{‘ EH$ hr ahr h¡& dñVwV: H«$m§{V H$m {dMma AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s AÝ¶ lo{U¶m| Ho$ gmW hr n[an¹$ hþAm O¡go amÁ¶, A{YH$ma, cmoH$V§Ì, àJ{V Am¡a {dH$mg&

{dH$mgdmX Ho$ Omar ahZo Zo H$B© EopŠQ>{dñQ> Am¡a AH$mX{‘H$ cmoJm| H$m H«$m§{VH$mar à¶mgm| go {dœmg CR>m {X¶m h¡, Am¡a do ¶h VH©$ XoZo cJo h¢ {H$ H«$m§{V H$m ¶h {dMma dV©‘mZ n[apñW{V¶m| ‘| cmJy Zht hmoVm Am¡a BgHo$ ~Om¶ ñWmZr¶ à¶mgm| na Ü¶mZ XoZm Mm{hE&

co{µH$Z ¶h pñW{V EH$ Ah‘ ~mYm n¡Xm H$aVr h¡, {dH$mg Ho$ {H$gr a¡{S>H$c {dH$ën H$m ‘Vc~ h¡ Hw$N> H«$m§{VH$mar ~Xcmd& O~ {dH$mg Ho$ g^r dV©‘mZ àH$ma {Q>H$mD$ Zhr§ h¢ Vmo Eogo ‘| {H$gr a¡{S>H$c {dH$ën H$mo AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ AnZo gmPm AmYmam| na gdmc CR>mZo hr hm|Jo& Eogo {H$gr a¡{S>H$c à¶mg Ho$ {cE H«$m§{VH$mar ^mdZm Am¡a H$m‘ H$s µOê$aV h¡&

‘gcZ AmYw{ZH$ AW© ‘| H«$m§{V H$m ‘Vc~ {H$gr amÁ¶ H$s gaH$ma ~XcZm ¶m EH$ àH$ma Ho$ {dH$mg H$s ~Om¶ Xÿgao àH$ma H$m {dH$mg cmZm hmo gH$Vm h¡& Eogo ‘| ¶h µOê$ar hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ H«$m§{V Ho$ {dMma H$m EH$ Z¶m AW© ~Zm¶m OmE Omo AmYw{ZH$Vm go nao OmZo Am¡a BgH$s Am|Q>mocmoOr Ho$ EH$ {dH$ën H$s H$ënZm H$a gHo$&

H«$m§{V Ho$ Bg {gÕm§V Ho$ AZwgma AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ ~{Zñ~V EH$ {dÐmoh H$aZm hmoJm Omo BgH$s gr‘mAm| na àH$me ^r S>mco Am¡a BgHo$ {dH$ën ^r ImoOo& BgHo$ {cE µOê$aV h¡ EH$ ZdàdV©Z H$s H$ënZm H$s {Oggo BgH$s Vm{H©$H$Vm Am¡a g§doXZmAm| H$mo CHo$am Om gHo$ Am¡a BgH$s V¡¶mar H$s Om gHo$& gmW hr EH$ {dñVm[aV amOZr{V H$s ^r {Og‘| H$B© gm‘m{OH$ joÌ, àWmE± Am¡a VOw~} em{‘c hm|&

H«$m§{V H$s ¶h g‘P 'Pachacuti' Ho$ E|S>r¶Z {dMma go H$mµ’$s g‘mZVm aIVr h¡& 'Pachacuti' go VmËn¶© ‘m¡OyXm ~«÷m§S>r¶ ì¶dñWm H$mo ^§J H$a Aì¶dñWm H$s pñW{V µH$m¶‘ H$aZm h¡ {Oggo EH$ ZB© ~«÷m§S>r¶ Ñ{ï> Câ gHo$& Bg Vah, Pachacuti Ho$ AZwgma EH$ H«$m§{V AmYw{ZH$Vm H$mo V~mh H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee Zht H$aVr ~pëH$ BgHo$ T>m±Mm| Ho$ {dKQ>Z Am¡a Aì¶dñWm H$mo OJh XoZo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVr h¡ Am¡a gmW hr d¡H$pënH$ g‘P Am¡a n[aUm‘ ^r n¡Xm H$aVr h¡& Bg‘| EH$ ‘hËdnyU© Zd-{Z‘m©U ^r em{‘c h¡&

Bg àH$ma H$s H«$m§{V Ho$ H$B© nX-{MÝh h‘| B{Vhmg ‘| {‘cVo h¢& Aì¶dñWm Am¡a Zd-{Z‘m©U H$m ¶h AZw^d Vm{H©$H$ {dMmam| O¡go gm‘m{OH$ Am¡a n¶m©daUr¶ g§H$Q> Ho$ à‘mUm| Am¡a gmW hr CÎmoOH$, H$cmË‘H$, AmÜ¶mpË‘H$ Am¡a OmXþB© AZw^dm| go ^r nmo{fV hmoVm h¡& Eogr H«$m§{V EH$c-g§ñH¥${V H$mo Zht ~pëH$ A{^ì¶{º$ H$s {d{dYVm H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoVr h¡, ¶h gm‘y{hH$ hmoVr h¡ Am¡a BgHo$ {cE ì¶{º$JV ~Xcmd ^r µOê$ar hmoVm h¡& {deofV: OrdZ Ho$ ‘moc H$mo dmng cmZo Ho$ {cE --- ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr, BdmZ B{cM, zapatismo, buen vivir BË¶m{X BgHo$ Hw$N> ‘m°S>c àXmZ H$aVo h¢&

H«$m§{V Bg AW© ‘| Cn¶mo{JVm-dmXr ‘yë¶m| go AcJ hQ>H$a {H$gr H$mo VmocZo Ho$ H$B© n¡‘mZo dmng cmZo H$s OJh ~ZmVr h¡ - O¡go gm¢X¶©naH$, Ym{‘©H$ ¶m nm[apñW{VH$s¶ Am¡a gmW hr µJ¡a-‘mZd Xþ{Z¶m Ho$ "{Z{hV ‘yë¶' H$mo ^r ñdrH$maVr h¡& My±{H$ {dH$mg EH$ àXe©ZmË‘H$ aMZm (performative construct) h¡ {Ogo h‘ g^r Ho$ Ûmam amoµO‘am© H$s àWmAm| go ~Zm¶m Am¡a {’$a ~Zm¶m OmVm h¡ ¶h H«$m§{V Cg àXe©ZmË‘H$Vm H$mo amoH$Vr h¡& O¡go ¶h g‘mO Am¡a àH¥${V Ho$ dñVw-H$aU (commodification)H$mo amoH$Vr h¡& Bg Vah AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s ¶h {deofVm¶| Aì¶dpñWV hmo OmVr h¢ Am¡a EH$ An[ahm¶© Am¡a H$^r-H$^r AghO n[aUm‘ H$s Amoa co OmVr h¢ ¶mZr: EH$ Eogr H«$m§{V Omo ny±OrdmX Am¡a g‘mOdmX XmoZm| go hr {^ÝZ hmoVr h¡&

Bg H«$m§{V H$s PcH$ {XImVr àWmE± g§¶wº$-{H«$¶mAm| (synergy) Ho$ gmW Amng ‘| Ow‹S>r hmoVr h¢, Am¡a nyao g‘mO ‘| ’¡$cVo hþE, AnZo H$m‘m|, à^mdm| Am¡a amOZr{V H$s AÝ¶ e¡{c¶m| ‘| R>mog hmoVr ahVr h¢, {deofV: J[a‘m Am¡a ñdm¶ÎmVm go CnOo {dÐmoh go& ¶h EH$ Eogr H«$m§{V hmoVr h¡ Omo µJ¡a-‘mZdr¶ ¶mZr new Am¡a AÝ¶ gOrd àm{U¶m| Ho$ gh¶moJ go ~ZVr h¡& ¶h g‘mO Ho$ AW© H$mo nwZn©[a^m{fV H$aVr h¡& EH$ "new gd©hmam' (animal proletariat) H$s gå^mdZm H$mo hr c|&

Bg àH$ma H$s H«$m§{V g‘mO Am¡a µHw$XaV Ho$ ~rM Ho$ Û§Û H$mo Aì¶dpñWV H$a XoVr h¡ Am¡a Eogr g§~§YmË‘H$ OrdZ-Ñ{ï>¶m| H$m {Z‘m©U hmoZo XoVr h¡ Omo g‘mO H$mo µHw$XaV Am¡a µHw$XaV ‘| g‘mO H$mo nwZñWm©{nV (re-embed) H$aVr h¢& ¶h µJ¡a-‘mZd OJV H$mo ^r ‘subject’ ¶mZr MoVZm-¶wº$ àmUr H$m XOm© XoVr h¡& g§jon ‘|, EH$ Amoa Ohm± AmYw{ZH$Vm AnZo-Amn H$mo EH$

15

gmd©^m¡{‘H$ Am¡a AmË‘-gånyU© joÌ H$s Vah {XImVr h¡ dhr§ ¶h AnZr gr‘mAm| H$mo Nw>nm coVr h¡ Am¡a BgHo$ {dH$ënm| H$mo ImoOZo Ho$ à¶mgm| H$mo ˜Ë‘ H$a XoVr h¡& ¶h H«$m§{V AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s gr‘mAm| H$mo Aì¶dpñWV H$a CgH$m nXm©µ’$me H$aVo hþE Bgo Xÿgar ontologies Ho$ {cE ImocVr h¡& Bg Vah H«$m§{VH$mar H$m‘ H$m ‘Vc~ ZB© ontological openings H$s gå^mdZmAm| Ho$ {cE µO‘rZ V¡¶ma H$aZm h¡&

AÝ¶ g§gmYZ :Holloway, John (2003), Change the World without Taking Power: The Meaning of Revolution Today. London: Pluto Press.

Williams, Raymond (1983), ‘Revolution’, in Raymond Williams (ed.), Keywords. New York: Oxford University Press.

coIH$ n[aM¶:

EXþAmXm} JwS>Z¶g Ca½do Ho$ Latin American Center for Social Ecology (CLAES), Montevideo ‘| d[að> emoYH$Vm© h¢& H¡${cµ’$Ý¶m© {dœ{dÚmc¶ (Davis) Ho$ ‘mZdemñÌ {d^mJ ‘| Egmo{gEQ> emoYmWu h¢ Am¡a X{jUr A‘o[aH$m Ho$ H$B© µO‘rZr OZ-g§JR>Zm| Ho$ gcmhH$ma ^r h¢&

H«$m§{V-EXþAmXm} Jw{S>Zmg


à‘wI eãX: ny±OrdmX, B©H$mo-g‘mOdmX, ‘mŠg©dmX, Cn^moJ, Agc µOê$aV|, JwUmË‘H$ ê$nm§VaU

ny±OrdmXr ì¶dñWm Agr{‘V "{dH$mg', "d¥{Õ' Am¡a "’¡$cmd' Ho$ {~Zm Zht Mc gH$Vr& Am¡a Bgr{cE EH$ a¡{S>H$c CÎma-{dH$mgdmXr {dH$ën H$m CÎma-ny±OrdmXr (post-capitalist) ^r hmoZm µOê$ar h¡& B©H$mo-g‘mOdmX Eogr hr EH$ d¡H$pënH$ ì¶dñWm h¡&

¶h nm[apñW{VH$s¶ qMVZ Am¡a ì¶dhma H$s EH$ Ymam h¡ Omo ‘mŠg©dmX Ho$ AmYmam| na {Q>H$s h¡ hmcm±{H$ Bg Ho$ "CËnmXH$Vm-dmXr' (productivist) H$Mao go AnZo H$mo Xÿa H$aVo hþE& B©H$mo-g‘mOdmXr ~mµOma Ho$ VH©$ Am¡a Zm¡H$aemhr H$s VmZmemhr Ho$ VH©$ XmoZm| H$mo hr n¶m©daU H$mo ~MmZo H$s µOê$aV Ho$ gmW ~o‘oc ‘mZVo h¢&

aoMc H$mg©Z, OoåµO Amo'H$m°Za (USA), AmÝXao JmoµO© (’«$m§g), µâarS>a-AQ>mo dmoëµµâ’$ (O‘©Zr) Am¡a ñnoZ Ho$ ‘¡Ýdoc g¡{H«$ñQ>Z Am{X B©H$mo-g‘mOdmX Ho$ àUoVm h¢& Am¡a BZHo$ ~mX Omoc H$mo{dc, Om°Z ~oc‘r µ’$ñQ>a Am¡a B©¶Z E|Jg Am{X Zo B©H$mo-g‘mOdmXr VH$m] H$s Yma VoµO H$s h¡&

ny±OrdmXr g§J«h, {dñVma Am¡a {dH$mg H$s Vm{H©$H$Vm-{deofV: BgHo$ g‘gm‘{¶H$ Zd-CXmadmXr ñdê$n ‘|-cKw-H$mcrZ JUZmAm| na AmYm[aV h¡ Am¡a nm[apñW{VH$s¶ Vm{H©$H$Vm Am¡a àmH¥${VH$ MH«$m| H$s XrK©-H$mcrZ gwajm Ho$ p˜cmµ’$ h¡& {Z‘©‘ à{V¶mo{JVm, ‘wZmµ’$m˜moar H$s ‘m±J|, dñVwAm| Ho$ à{V CÝ‘mX H$s g§ñH¥${V Am¡a AW©ì¶dñWm H$m g‘mO ¶m amOZ¡{VH$ e{º$¶m| Ho$ nao EH$ ñdm¶Îm joÌ Ho$ ê$n ‘| ~XcZm ¶h g^r àH¥${V Ho$ g§VwcZ H$mo ~~m©X H$aVo h¢&

EH$ a¡{S>H$c d¡H$pënH$ Am{W©H$ Zr{V gm‘m{OH$ µOê$aVm| Am¡a nm[apñW{VH$s¶ g§VwcZ Ho$ µJ¡a-‘m¡{ÐH$ AmYmam| na {Q>H$s hmoJr& A{YH$m{YH$ ‘wZmµ’$m H$‘mZo H$s N>moQ>o (¶m ì¶{º$JV) ñVa H$s Vm{H©$H$Vm Ho$ ~Om¶ gm‘m{OH$ Am¡a nm[apñW{VH$s¶ ì¶mnH$-ñVar¶ Vm{H©$H$Vm H$mo cmZo Ho$ {cE gä¶Vm-JV à{V‘mZm| H$mo hr ~XcZm

B©H$mo-g‘mOdmX (Eco-Socialism)

‘mBH$c bmodr Michael Löwy

hmoJm Zm {gµ’©$ CËnmXZ ~pëH$ Cn^moJ, g§ñH¥${V, ‘yë¶ Am¡a OrdZ e¡{c¶m| Ho$ gå~§Y ‘|&

EH$ B©H$mo-g‘mOdmXr g‘mO ‘| CËnmXH$ àUmcr Ho$ g^r joÌm| H$m nwZJ©R>Z H$a ZE joÌ V¡¶ma H$aZo hm|Jo Vm{H$ nyU© amoµOJma {X¶m Om gHo$& co{µH$Z ¶h CËnmXZ Ho$ gmYZm| na cmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ {Z¶moOZ go gmd©O{ZH$ {Z¶§ÌU ñWm{nV {H$E {~Zm Zht hmo gH$Vm& {Zdoe Am¡a àm¡Úmo{JH$s-JV n[adV©Zm| go gå~§{YV {ZU©¶ ~¢H$m| Am¡a ny±OrdmXr CÚ‘m| Ho$ ~Om¶ gmd©O{ZH$ ^bmB© Ho$ CÔoí¶ go hmoZo Mm{hE±&

Omo AW©ì¶dñWm B©H$mo-g‘mOdmX H$s Amoa ~‹T> ahr hmo, Cgo, O¡gm {H$ H$mc© nmocmÝ¶r Zo H$hm, AnZo gm‘m{OH$ Am¡a àmH¥${VH$ n¶m©daU ‘| nwZñWm©{nV hmoZm Mm{hE& cmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ {Z¶moOZ H$m ‘Vc~ h¡ {H$ {Zdoe gå~§Yr {ZU©¶ OZVm Ûmam {cE OmE± Zm {H$ "~mµOma Ho$ {Z¶‘m| Ûmam' Am¡a Zm hr {H$gr gd©k nmo{cV-ã¶yamo Ûmam& {Za§Hw$e hmoZo Ho$ ~Om¶ Eogm {Z¶moOZ EH$ g‘mO H$s AmµOmXr H$m à¶mg h¡, {dcJmd (alienation) go AmµOmXr Am¡a "dñVw-dmXr Am{W©H$ µH$mZyZm|' (reified economic laws) go ^r&

{Z¶moOZ Am¡a ‘µOXÿar Ho$ g‘¶ ‘| H$‘r cmZm Xmo Eogo {ZUm©¶H$ µH$X‘ h¢ {OÝh| ‘mŠg© Zo "ñdV§ÌVm H$m amO' H$hm& ˜mcr g‘¶ ‘| ‘hËdnyU© ~‹T>moVar dñVwV: H$m‘-H$mOr cmoJm| Ho$ cmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ MMm©Am| Am¡a g‘mO Am¡a AW©ì¶dñWm XmoZm| Ho$ à~§YZ Ho$ {cE µOê$ar h¡&

ny±OrdmX H$s {dZmeH$ àJ{V go g‘mOdmX H$s Amoa ~‹T>Zm EH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ à{H«$¶m h¡, gmW hr g‘mO, g§ñH¥${V Am¡a gmnojVm H$m EH$ ñWm¶r Am¡a H«$m§{VH$mar ~Xcmd h¡& ¶h g§H«$‘U Zm {gµ’©$ CËnmXZ Ho$ ZE VarµHo$ Am¡a EH$ g‘mZVmdmXr g‘mO cmEJm ~pëH$ EH$ d¡H$pënH$ "OrdZ H$m VarµH$m' ^r cmEJm - EH$ Z¶r B©H$mo-g‘mOdmXr gä¶Vm Omo n¡go Ho$ amO go nao hmoJr&

gm‘m{OH$ Am¡a amOZ¡{VH$ T>m±Mm| H$m Eogm H«$m§{VH$mar ~Xcmd A{YH$V‘ OZVm Ho$ EH$ B©H$mo-g‘mOdmXr

17

H$m¶©H«$‘ Ho$ à{V g{H«$¶ gh¶moJ Ho$ {~Zm Zht ewê$ hmo gH$Vm& g‘mOdmXr MoVZm Am¡a nm[apñW{VH$s¶ OmJê$H$Vm H$m {dH$mg EH$ à{H«$¶m h¡ Ohm± cmoJm| Ho$ g§Kf© Ho$ AnZo gm‘y{hH$ AZw^d Am¡a ñWmZr¶ VWm Am§{eH$ Q>H$amd {ZUm©¶H$ VËd h¢&

Hw$N> nm[apñW{VH$s-{dXm| H$m ‘mZZm h¡ {H$ "CËnmXH$Vm-dmX' H$m EH$‘mÌ {dH$ën d¥{Õ H$mo nyar Vah amoH$ XoZm h¡ ¶m Bgo ZH$mamË‘H$ d¥{Õ go ~XcZm h¡ {Ogo ’«$m§grgr "decroissance' H$hVo h¢& ¶h Cn^moJ ‘| ^mar H$‘r cmZo na {Z^©a h¡ {Og‘| D$Om©-InV na ˜M© H$mo AmYm H$a {X¶m OmE Am¡a ì¶{º$JV ñVa na cmoJ g|Q´>c hrqQ>>J, dm°{e§J ‘erZ Am{X H$m BñVo‘mc H$aZm N>mo‹S> X|&

B©H$mo-g‘mOdmXr BgHo$ ~Om¶ CËnmXZ Am¡a Cn^moJ Ho$ EH$ "JwUmË‘H$ ~Xcmd' na µOmoa XoVo h¢& BgH$m ‘Vc~ h¡ {H$ ny±OrdmX Ûmam g§gmYZm| H$s ^mar ~~m©Xr H$mo amoH$m OmE Omo ~oH$ma Ho$ ¶m hm{ZH$maH$ CËnmXm| (O¡go {H$ h{W¶ma CÚmoJ) Ho$ ~‹S>o ñVa na CËnmXZ go hmoVm h¡&

ny±OrdmX Ûmam CËnm{XV H$B© dñVwE± Vmo ñdV: hr ~oH$ma hmoVr h¢ {OÝh| Vwa§V ~XcZo Ho$ {cE ~oH$ma hr ~Zm¶m OmVm h¡ Vm{H$ ‘wZmµ’$m H$‘m¶m Om gHo$& EH$ B©H$mo-g‘mOdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moU go ‘wÔm "AË¶{YH$ Cn^moJ' Zht h¡ ~pëH$ Cn^moJ H$m "àH$ma' h¡& ì¶mnm[aH$ {dcJmd (mercantile alienation) na AmYm[aV AW©ì¶dñWm Am¡a "µ’¡$eZ' Ho$ nrN>o ^mJVo hþE ha dµŠV ZB©-go-ZB© dñVwE± ãrXZo H$s cV nm[apñW{VH$s¶ Vm{H©$H$Vm go ‘oc Zht ImVr&

EH$ ZE g‘mO ‘| CËnmXZ ~w{Z¶mXr µOê$aVm| (O¡go nmZr, ImZm, H$n‹S>o, Amdmg, Am{X) H$mo nyam H$aZo Am¡a ‘yc^yV gmd©O{ZH$ gw{dYmE± O¡go ñdmñÏ¶, {ejm Am¡a ¶mVm¶mV Am{X CncãY H$amZo H$s Amoa ào[aV hmoJm&

Agc µOê$aVm| H$mo CZ H¥${Ì‘ ¶m H$mën{ZH$ µOê$aVm| go ~hþV AmgmZr go AcJ {H$¶m Om gH$Vm h¡ Omo N>c-nyU© {dkmnZ OJV Zo n¡Xm H$s h¢& "{dkmnZ' ny±OrdmXr ~mµOmê$ AW©ì¶dñWm H$m An[ahm¶© {hñgm h¡ co{µH$Z g‘mOdmX H$s Amoa µH$X‘ ~‹T>mVo g‘mO ‘| BgH$s H$moB© OµJh Zht h¡&

¶hm± dñVwAm| Am¡a godmAm| Ho$ ~mao ‘| cmoJm| H$mo OmZH$mar Cn^moº$m g§JR>Zm| go àmá hmoJr& Agc µOê$aVm|

H$mo ~ZmdQ>r µOê$aVm| go AcJ H$aZo H$s grYr gr narjm ¶h h¡ {H$ Š¶m do {dkmnZm| Ho$ ~§X hmoZo Ho$ ~mX ^r ~Zr ahVr h¢!

B©H$mo-g‘mOdmXr cmoJ EH$ ì¶mnH$ A§Vamï´>r¶ JR>~§YZ V¡¶ma H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee H$a aho h¢& Bg JR>~§YZ ‘| ‘µOXÿa Am§XmocZ, nm[apñW{VH$s¶, ‘ycdmgr, {H$gmZ, ZmardmXr Am¡a d¡{œH$ CÎma Am¡a X{jU Ho$ H$B© ‘ehÿa Am§XmocZ em{‘c h¢& ¶o g§Kf© em¶X EH$ g‘mOdmXr Am¡a nm[apñW{VH$s¶ {dH$ën V¡¶ma H$aZo ‘| g’$c hm| co{H$Z ny±OrdmX Ho$ Adí¶§^mdr A§V{d©amoYm| H$s dOh go Zht Am¡a Zm hr "B{Vhmg Ho$ Adí¶§^mdr µH$mZyZm|' (iron laws of history) H$s dOh go&

^{dî¶ ‘| Š¶m hmoJm Hw$N> H$hm Zht Om gH$Vm ({gµ’©$ geV© AmYmam| Ho$ Acmdm)& co{µH$Z Omo gmµ’$ h¡ dh ¶h h¡ {H$ B©H$mo-g‘mOdmXr ê$nm§VaU Ho$ {~Zm ¶mZr gä¶Vm Ho$ à{V‘mZ ‘| Am‘yc-Myc n[adV©Z Ho$ {~Zm ny±OrdmX H$m VH©$ Vmo h‘| {gµ’©$ ZmQ>H$s¶ nm[apñW{VH$s¶ Ìmg{X¶m| H$s Amoa hr co OmEJm& Aa~m| cmoJm| Ho$ ñdmñÏ¶ Am¡a ¶hm± VH$ {H$ qOX{J¶m± ˜Vao ‘| S>mcoJm Am¡a ¶hm± VH$ {H$ h‘mar àOm{V H$m ApñVËd hr g§H$Q> ‘| Am OmEJm&

AÝ¶ g§gmYZ :

Angus, Ian (2016), Facing the Anthropocene. New York: Monthly Review Press.

Bellamy Foster, John (2009), The Ecological Revolution. New York: Monthly Review Press.

Capitalism Nature Socialism, http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rcns20.

Climate and Capitalism, http://climateandcapitalism.com.

Kovel, Joel (2007), The Enemy of Nature. London: Zed Books.

Lowy, Michael (2015), Ecosocialism: A Radical Alternative to Capitalist Catastrophe. New York: Haymarket Books.

B©H$mo-g‘mOdmX-‘mBH$c bmodr


coIH$ n[aM¶:

‘mBH$c bmoB© EH$ Xme©{ZH$ h¢& CZH$m OÝ‘ 1938 ‘| ~«mµOrc ‘| hþAm Am¡a do 1969 go no[ag ‘| ah aho h¢& do dV©‘mZ ‘| dhm± d¡km{ZH$ AZwg§YmZ Ho$ amï´>r¶ g|Q>a (CNRS) ‘| E‘o[aQ>g argM© S>m¶aoŠQ>a h¢; CZH$s {H$Vm~| Am¡a AmcoI 29 ^mfmAm| ‘| AZy{XV hmo MwHo$ h¢& CÝhm|Zo 2001 ‘| A‘o[aH$m Ho$ OZ©c Capitalism Nature Socialism Ho$ gånmXH$ {Xd§JV Omoc H$mo{dc Ho$ gmW {‘cH$a "Xr B§Q>Z£eZc B©H$mo-gmoe{cñQ> ‘¡{Zµ’o$ñQ>mo' V¡¶ma {H$¶m Wm&

19

à‘wI eãX: àË¶j cmoH$V§Ì, nm[apñW{VH$s, n[ag§K (confederation), A{YH«$‘ (hierarchy), g‘wXm¶, {dYmZg^m, gm‘m{OH$ Am§XmocZ

gm‘m{OH$ nm[apñW{VH$s EH$ H«$m§{VH$mar Am¡a nwZZ‘m©U H$s amOZr{VH$ Ñ{ï> XoVm h¡& ¶h ‘mZd g‘wXm¶m| Am¡a àH¥${V OJV Ho$ ~rM Ho$ [aíVo na nmaån[aH$ {dMmam| H$mo MwZm¡Vr XoVo hþE EH$ ñdV§Ì, n[ag§{KV Am¡a àË¶j cmoH$V§Ì dmco eha, µH$ñ~m| Am¡a ~pñV¶m| H$s EH$ d¡H$pënH$ Ñ{ï> XoVm h¡ {OgH$m CÔoí¶ BZ [aíVm| H$mo nwZ: gØmdnyU© ~ZmZm h¡&

gm‘m{OH$ nm[apñW{VH$s H$s AdYmaUm Ho$ OZH$ gm‘m{OH$-{gÕm§V-doÎmm ‘ar ~yH${MZ Wo& 1960 Ho$ XeH$ go 2000 Ho$ XeH$ VH$ g§¶wº$ amÁ¶ A‘o[aH$m ‘| H$m‘ H$aVo hþE Am¡a CZHo$ gm{W¶m| Am¡a Xþ{Z¶m â ‘| H$B© Xÿgao cmoJm| Zo Bgo AmJo ~‹T>m¶m h¡& gm‘m{OH$ nm[apñW{VH$s H$m {dMma H$B© gm‘m{OH$ Am§XmocZm| ‘| à^mdr ahm h¡& Mmho 1970 Ho$ XeH$ Ho$ Zm{^H$s¶ (nuclear) D$Om© Ho$ p˜cmµ’$ A{^¶mZ hm| ¶m d¡H$pënH$-d¡œrH$aU ¶m n¶m©daU Ý¶m¶ gå~§Yr Am§XmocZ ¶m {’$a VwH$s© Am¡a gr[a¶m ‘| dV©‘mZ ‘| Mc aho Hw$X© g‘wXm¶ Ho$ cmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ ñdm¶ÎmVm Ho$ g§Kf©&

gm‘m{OH$ nm[apñW{VH$s Bg g‘P Ho$ gmW AmJo ~‹T>Vm h¡ {H$ n¶m©daU gå~§Yr g‘ñ¶mE± ‘ycV: gm‘m{OH$ Am¡a amOZ¡{VH$ g‘ñ¶mE± h¢ Am¡a BZH$s O‹S>| à wËd Am¡a gm‘m{OH$ Ag‘mZVm H$s h‘mar Eo{Vhm{gH$ {damgV ‘| h¢&

BgH$s O‹S>| AamOH$VmdmXr Am¡a ‘w{º$dmXr (libertarian) g‘mOdmX H$s Ymam ‘| h¢, ¶h ny±OrdmX Am¡a amÁ¶-gÎmm na ^r gdmc I‹S>o H$aVm h¡ Am¡a ñWmZr¶ cmoH$V§Ì Ho$ g§ñWmZm| H$mo Ho$§{ÐH¥$V amÁ¶ e{º$ H$m ~ohVarZ Cnm¶ ‘mZVm h¡& ‘ar ~yH${MZ npíM‘ Ho$ {dMmaH$m| ‘| em¶X nhco Eogo {dMmaH$ Wo {OÝhm|Zo ¶h nhMmZm {H$ ny±OrdmX V^r AmJo ~‹T> gH$Vm h¡ O~ Am{W©H$ d¥{Õ cJmVma ~‹T>Vr aho Am¡a CÝhm|Zo Bgo O¡{dH$ nm[apñW{VH$s¶-V§Ìm| Ho$ {cE ~w{Z¶mXr ˜Vam ‘mZVo hþE

gm‘m{OH$ nm[apñW{VH$s (Social Ecology)

~«m¶Z Q>moH$a Brian Tokar

H$hm {H$ gm‘m{OH$ Am¡a nm[apñW{VH$s¶ qMVmAm| H$mo EH$-Xÿgao go AcJ Zht {H$¶m Om gH$Vm&

B{Vhmg Am¡a ‘mZd-emñÌ ‘| AnZr {dñV¥V ImoO-~rZ Ho$ Ûmam ~yH${MZ Zo Bg Am‘ npíM‘r YmaUm H$mo MwZm¡Vr Xr {H$ ‘mZd AnZr A§V{Z©{hV àd¥{Îm Ho$ McVo àmH¥${VH$ OJV na à^wËd µH$m¶‘ H$aZm MmhVo h¢& BgHo$ ~Om¶ CZHo$ AZwgma àH¥${V na {Z¶§ÌU EH$ {‘WH$ h¡ {OgH$s O‹S>| ¶yamon Am¡a npíM‘r E{e¶m ‘| àmMrZ OZOm{V g‘mOm| Ho$ Qy>Q>Zo Am¡a cmoJm| Ho$ EH$-Xÿgao na à^wËd O‘mZo H$s cmcgm go CnOo [aíVm| ‘| h¢&

gm‘m{OH$ nm[apñW{VH$s-dmXr CÎmar A‘o[aH$m Ho$ ‘ycdm{g¶m| Am¡a critical social theory Ho$ AZoH$ ñHy$ëµO go ^r à^m{dV h¢, gmW hr B{Vhmg na AmYm[aV Ñ{ï>H$moU nm[apñW{VH$s¶ ZmardmX go ^r {Ogo Ynestra King Am¡a Chaia Heller Zo à{Vnm{XV {H$¶m&

BZ à^mdm| Ho$ McVo, gm‘m{OH$ nm[apñW{VH$s H$m {dMma H$B© g‘Vm-‘ycH$ gm‘m{OH$ {gÕm§Vm| na µOmoa XoVm h¡ Omo H$B© dV©‘mZ Am¡a nwamZr ‘ycdmgr g§ñH¥${V¶m| Ho$ g‘mZ ê$n go {hñgo aho h¢ Am¡a BÝh| EH$ ZB© gm‘m{OH$ ì¶dñWm Ho$ {cE ‘mJ©Xe©H$ Ho$ Vm¡a na D$±Mm CR>mVm h¡&

BZ {gÕm§Vm| H$mo AmcmoMZmË‘H$ ‘mZd-empñÌ¶m| Zo ^r Am¡a ‘ycdmgr {dMmaH$m| Zo ^r D$±Mm CR>m¶m h¡ Am¡a Bg‘| A§Va-{Z^©aVm, à{VXmZ (reciprocity), {d{dYVm ‘| EH$Vm Am¡a nyaH$Vm (complimentarity) H$s Zr{V Am{X em{‘c h¢& Bg Vah ¶h {d{^ÝZ gm‘m{OH$ joÌm| H$s ^y{‘H$m ‘| EH$ g§VwcZ n¡Xm H$aZo H$s ~mV H$aVm h¡ {deofV: ¶h Ü¶mZ aIVo hþE {H$ ì¶{º$ ^r ~hþV AcJ-AcJ àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¢&

BZ ‘mJ©Xe©H$ {gÕm§Vm| Am¡a A{YH$m{YH$ {df‘ Am¡a Ag‘mZVm dmco g‘mOm| ‘| A§V{Z©{hV Û§Xm| Zo hr EH$ VarµHo$ go AmµOmXr Am¡a à^wËd µH$m¶‘ H$aZo H$s {damoYr {damgVm| Ho$ µO[aE A{YH$Va ‘mZd B{Vhmg aMm h¡&

gm‘m{OH$ nm[apñW{VH$s H$s Xme©{ZH$ Vcme àmH¥${VH$ CØd (natural evolution) H$s à{H«$¶mAm| ‘|

gm‘m{OH$ nm[apñW{VH$s-~«m¶Z Q>moH$a


go ‘mZd MoVZm Ho$ CâZo H$s à{H«$¶m Ho$ narjU H$s hmoVr h¡& Û§ÛmË‘H$ àH¥${VdmX (dialectical naturalism) H$m Ñ{ï>H$moU CØd Ho$ B{Vhmg H$s J{Verc VmµH$Vm| H$m narjU H$aVm h¡ Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ CØd H$mo EH$ Û§ÛmË‘H$ {dH$mg Ho$ Vm¡a na XoIVm h¡ Omo àmH¥${VH$ Am¡a gm‘m{OH$ XmoZm| hr H$maH$m| go à^m{dV hmoVm h¡&

gm‘m{OH$ nm[apñW{VH$s Ho$ {dMmaH$ CZ ‘m¡OyXm {dMmam| na gdmc CR>mVo h¢ Omo àH¥${V H$mo "µOê$aV Ho$ joÌ' Ho$ Vm¡a na XoIVo h¢& {Og Vah àmH¥${VH$ CØd ‘| {d{dYVm Am¡a O{Q>cVm Ho$ CÝZV JwU hmoVo h¢ Am¡a {Og Vah BgZo ‘mZdr¶ aMZmË‘H$Vm Am¡a ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~rO ~moE h¢ h‘mao g‘mOm| Ho$ {cE ¶h µOê$ar h¡ {H$ do (CØd H$s) BZ A§V{Z©{hV àd¥{Îm¶m| H$mo nyar Vah A{^ì¶º$ H$a gHo$§ Am¡a CÝh| n[aîH¥$V H$a gHo$§&

¶o Eo{Vhm{gH$ Am¡a Xme©{ZH$ ImoO| gm‘m{OH$ nm[apñW{VH$s H$s amOZ¡{VH$ aU-Zr{V H$s Ztd h¡ Omo ‘w{º$dmXr (libertarian) ¶m confederal municipalism ¶m Am¡a ^r gac 'communalism' H$hr Om gH$Vr h¡ Am¡a {OgH$s O‹S>| 1871 Ho$ no[ag H$m°å¶yZ Ho$ Ah‘ {dMmam| H$s {damgV ‘| h¢&

gm‘m{OH$ nm[apñW{VH$s "nm°{c{Q>Šg' eãX H$s ¶yZmZr O‹S>m| H$s Amoa {’$a co OmVr h¡ Ohm± politics H$m AW© "nmo{cg' (polis) ¶mZr ZJanm{cH$m Ho$ cmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ ñd-à~§YZ go h¡& ~yH${MZ Zo ñdV§Ì eham|, µH$ñ~m| Am¡a ~pñV¶m| Ho$ {dMma H$m g‘W©Z {H$¶m Omo Iwcr OZ-{dYmZg^mAm| Ûmam em{gV hm|& Omo AmµOmXr go n[ag§K ~ZmE± Am¡a g§H$sU©Vm H$mo MwZm¡Vr X|, ñdV§ÌVm H$mo ~‹T>mdm X| Am¡a EH$ Agc à{VamoYr-e{º$ (counter-power) ~ZmE±&

CÝhm|Zo Vermont Am¡a g§¶wº$ amÁ¶ A‘o[aH$m Ho$ nyao Ý¶y B§½c¢S> joÌ ‘| Mcr Am ahr Town Meeting H$s naånam H$mo AÀN>m ~Vm¶m Am¡a ~Vm¶m {H$ A‘o[aH$Z H«$m§{V Ho$ nyd© {H$g Vah Bg BcmµHo$ H$s Town Meetings Zo Yrao-Yrao a¡{S>H$c Am¡a g‘mZVmdmXr M[aÌ AnZm {c¶m Wm&

gm‘m{OH$ nm[apñW{VH$s-{dX ‘mZVo h¢ {H$ EH$ Amoa Ohm± ny±OrdmX Am¡a amÁ¶-gÎmm H$s g§ñWmE± gm‘m{OH$ ñVarH$aU (stratification) Am¡a cmoJm| Ho$ ~rM µ’$µH©$ H$m µ’$m¶Xm CR>mVo h¢ dht d¡H$pënH$ T>m±Mo Omo àË¶j cmoH$V§Ì ‘| aMo-~go hmoVo h¢ do Am‘ gm‘m{OH$ {hVm| H$mo AmJo ~‹T>mH$a gm‘m{OH$ Am¡a nm[apñW{VH$s¶ nwZZ‘m©U H$s Amoa co Om gH$Vo h¢&

Bgr {dMma go ào[aV cmoJ g. am. A‘o[aH$m, ¶yamon Am¡a BZHo$ nao ^r H$B© gm‘m{OH$ Am§XmocZm| ‘| àË¶j cmoH$V§Ì Am¡a OZ-{dYmZg^mAm| Ho$ T>m±Mo coH$a Am¶o h¢ O¡go 1970 Ho$ XeH$ Ho$ AmpIa ‘| Zm{^H$s¶ D$Om© Ho$ pIcmµ’$ hþE direct action A{^¶mZ go coH$a hmc ‘| hþE d¡{œH$ Ý¶m¶/d¡H$pënH$-d¡œrH$aU Am¡a Am°Š¶wnmB© dm°c ñQ´>rQ> Am§XmocZ&

BZ Am§XmocZm| ‘| EH$ AmµOmX g‘mO Ho$ {d{^ÝZ VËdm| Ho$ ~mao ‘| gmoMZm Am¡a CÝh| cmJy H$aZo H$s H$mo{eem| Zo à{V^m{J¶m| H$mo ¶Wm-pñW{V H$mo MwZm¡Vr XoZo Am¡a ~Xcmd dmco ^{dî¶ H$s gmoM H$mo AmJo ~‹T>mZo ‘| ghm¶Vm H$s h¡&

gm‘m{OH$ nm[apñW{VH$s-{dXm| Zo npíM‘r {dMma H$s "¶yQ>mo{n¶m' naånam H$m ^r ZdrH$aU H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s h¡& BÝñQ>rQ>çyQ> µµ’$m°a gmoec BH$bm°Or Ho$ gh-g§ñWmnH$ Dan Chodorkoff EH$ "ì¶mdhm[aH$ ¶yQ>mo{n¶m' H$s dµH$mcV H$aVo h¢ {Og‘| gm‘m{OH$ nm[apñW{VH$s H$s g¡Õm§{VH$ JhZ OmZH$mar Am¡a amOZ¡{VH$ ì¶dhma H$mo J«rZ {~pëS>¨J Am¡a ehar ar{S>µOmBZ Ho$ CÝZV {gÕm§Vm| Am¡a ^moOZ CËnmXZ, D$Om© Am¡a AÝ¶ µOê$aVm| Ho$ {cE B©H$mo-àm¡Úmo{JH$s Ho$ gmW BñVo‘mc {H$¶m OmE&

Permaculture O¡go nm[apñW{VH$s {S>µOmBZ {gÕm§V Omo àmH¥${VH$ OJV Ho$ à{V‘mZ (patterns) H$s ~ohVa g‘P {dH${gV H$aZo na ~c XoVo h¢ do gm‘m{OH$ nm[apñW{VH$s Ho$ Bg {dMma go ‘oc ImVo h¢ {H$ ‘Zwî¶ àH¥${V ‘| Eogo aMZmË‘H$ VarµH$m| go ^mJ co gH$Vm h¡ Omo àH«${V Am¡a ‘Zwî¶ XmoZm| hr Ho$ {cE cm^H$mar hm| Am¡a gmW hr do XmohZ Am¡a {dZme H$s Eo{Vhm{gH$ {damgVm| H$mo ncQ> gHo$§&

gm‘m{OH$ nm[apñW{VH$s H$s gmoM Zo H$B© AÝVam©ï´>r¶ gm‘m{OH$ Am§XmocZm| na Jham Aga S>mcm h¡ Mmho do J«rZ n{c{Q>Šg Ho$ ewéAmVr gmc hm| ¶m ¶yamon Am¡a H$ZmS>m Ho$ eham| ‘| OZ-{dYmZg^mAm| Ûmam ñWmZr¶ ge{º$H$aU Ho$ hm{c¶m A{^¶mZ&

gm‘m{OH$ nm[apñW{VH$s-{dXm| Zo Xþ{Z¶m Ho$ H$B© {hñgm| ‘| greener urban design Am¡a ~pñV¶m| Ho$ ge{º$H$aU Ho$ à¶mgm| H$mo à^m{dV {H$¶m h¡& em¶X Bg à^md H$m g~go à^mdemcr hm{c¶m CXmhaU ‘Ü¶-nyd© Ho$ Hw$X© BcmµHo$ Ho$ c‹S>mH$m| ‘| XoIZo H$mo {‘cVm h¡ Ohm± Am¡n{Zdo{eH$ Am¡a amÁ¶gÎmm Ûmam hm{eE na YHo$co JE {d{dY OmVr¶Vm (ethnicity) dmco cmoJm| Zo Xþ{Z¶m Ho$ g~go ¶wÕ-J«ñV BcmµH$m| ‘| n[ag§Kr¶ àË¶j cmoH$V§Ì H$s g§ñWmE± I‹S>r H$s h¢&

21

cJmVma gmåàXm{¶H$ ¶wÕ Am¡a Ym{‘©H$ qhgm Ho$ ~mdOyX, VwH$s©-gr[a¶m gr‘m Ho$ nmg Ho$ Hw$X© µH$ñ~o c¢{JH$ {ZînjVm Am¡a nm[apñW{VH$s¶ nwZZ‘m©U na H$m‘ H$a aho h¢ Am¡a ¶h gm‘m{OH$ nm[apñW{VH$s Am¡a AÝ¶ AmcmoMZmË‘H$ gm‘m{OH$ gmoMm| ({OZH$s O‹S>| AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ Ñ{ï>H$moUm| ‘| h¢) Ho$ BZ na Jhao à^md Ho$ McVo hmo ahm h¡&

AÝ¶ g§gmYZ :Bookchin, Murray (1982), The Ecology of Freedom: The Emergence and Dissolution of Hierarchy. Palo Alto: Cheshire Books (and later editions).

——— (2015), The Next Revolution: Popular Assemblies and the Promise of Direct Democracy. New York: Verso Books.

Eiglad, Eirik (ed.) (2015), Social Ecology and Social Change. Porsgrunn, Norway: New Compass Press.

Institute for Social Ecology, www.social-ecology.org. New Compass Press, www.new-compass.net.

coIH$ n[aM¶:

~«m¶Z Q>moH$a Vermont {dœ{dÚmc¶ ‘| n¶m©daU emñÌ Ho$ ì¶m»¶mVm h¢& gmW hr Institute for Social Ecology, Vermont, US Ho$ hm{c¶m {ZXoeH$ Am¡a ~moS>© gXñ¶ ^r h¢& CZH$s ZdrZV‘ nwñVH$ Toward Climate Justice:Perspectives on the Climate Crisis and Social Change (Revised edition; New Compass Press, 2014) h¡&

gm‘m{OH$ nm[apñW{VH$s-~«m¶Z Q>moH$a


à‘wI eãX: ñdm¶ÎmVm, a¡{S>H$c cmoH$V§Ì, {nV¥gÎmm, AmYw{ZH$Vm

ñdm¶ÎmVm ¶m Autonomy go AmO ‘Vc~ H$B© Ñ{ï>H$moUm|, àWmAm| Am¡a nyao {dMmaYmamË‘H$ ñnoŠQ´>‘ na AcJ-AcJ ñWmZm|/q~XþAm| go h¡, g§à^w ì¶{º$¶m| Ho$ ñd-emgZ go coH$a CZ Agc Am§XmocZm| go h¡ Omo a¡{S>H$c cmoH$V§Ì H$mo ny±OrdmX, CËnmXZ H$s Am¡Úmo{JH$ ar{V, npíM‘r AmYw{ZH$Vm Am¡a {nV¥gÎmm Ho$ nao EH$ ‘w{º$Xm¶r {j{VO Ho$ ê$n ‘| XoIVo h¢&

Vmo Bg Vah autonomy Zht ~pëH$ H$B© Vah H$s “autonomies” h¢ hµH$sµH$V ‘| ^r Am¡a amOZ¡{VH$ n[a¶moOZmAm| Ho$ Vm¡a na ^r, g§J{R>V H$aZo Ho$ {‘WH$m| Ho$ Vm¡a na Am¡a {j{VOm| Ho$ Vm¡a na ^r ¶mZr Omo A^r hþAm Zht h¡&

n[aUm‘ñdê$n, Bg {Z~§Y go ‘¢ {dMma Am¡a ì¶dhma Ho$ Xmo ñHy$ëµO H$mo ~mha aI ahm hÿ± Omo ‘oao {dMma ‘| à^mdemcr emgZ Ho$ Agc {dH$ën Zht h¢:

ì¶{º$dmXr ñHy$c, {Ogo H$^r-H$^r {c~Q>}ar¶Z (‘w{º$dmXr) ^r H$hm OmVm h¡ Am¡a BgHo$ ñd¶§-ào[aV unions of egoists (Stirner), Omo àm¶: ny±OrdmXr N>X²‘ AamOH$VmdmX (pseudo-anarchism) ‘| H$m‘ H$aVo h¢&

g‘mOdmXr ñHy$c, co{ZZdmXr Am¡a VWm-H${WV ny±OrdmX {damoYr, ñdm¶ÎmVm H$mo amÁ¶ H$s e{º$¶m| Ho$ à^wËd Ho$ T>m±Mm| ‘| hr c§~dV (vertical) {dHo$§ÐrH$aU VH$ gr{‘V H$a XoVo h¢& Am¡a Bgo g‘mOdmX H$s Amoa g§H«$‘U Ho$ {cE Amdí¶H$ µH$ama {X¶m OmVm h¡& ñdm¶ÎmVm H$mo ~hþg§»¶ cmoJm| H$s ñd-J{V{d{Y (Negri, Virno) ‘mZZo dmco Bg ñHy$c ‘| AmVo h¢ Am¡a do g^r Ñ{ï>H$moU Omo OZgmYmaU (masses) go gå~Õ h¢, cmoJm| (people) go Zht&

AmBE h‘ ‘wÔo H$s O‹S> ‘| OmVo h¢ Am¡a Eogo {dH$ënm| H$s ~mV H$aVo h¢ {OZ‘| Agc g§^mdZmE± h¢&

ñdm¶ÎmVm (Autonomy)

JwñVmdmo EñVodm Gustavo Esteva

Autonomy eãX ~hþV nwamZm h¡& gÌhdt gXr ‘|, ¶yamon ‘|, Bg ¶yZmZr eãX H$m A{^àm¶ ¶hÿXr cmoJm| H$mo AnZo {Z¶‘-µH$m¶Xm| go ahZo H$s AmµOmXr go ^r hmo gH$Vm Wm Am¡a H$m§V (O‘©Z Xme©{ZH$) H$s "ì¶{º$JV BÀN>m H$s ñdm¶ÎmVm' (autonomy of the individual will) na MMm© go ^r hmo gH$Vm Wm& ¶yamon ‘| ~rgdt gXr ‘| {dMma Am¡a ì¶dhma Ho$ H$B© ñHy$ëµO Zo Bg eãX H$m BñVo‘mc AnZr YmaUmAm| Am¡a AmH$m§jmAm| H$mo ñnï> H$aZo Ho$ {cE {H$¶m&

~mµH$s Xþ{Z¶m ‘|, Eogr H$B© YmaUmE±, àWmE± Am¡a {dMma àmMrZ H$mc go ‘m¡OyX aho h¢ {OÝh| AmO “autonomic” H$hm OmEJm& hm{c¶m MMm©Am| H$mo g‘PZo Ho$ {cE, h‘ VrZ eãXm| H$mo g‘P H$a CZ‘| µ’$µH©$ H$a coVo h¢-ontonomy, ¶mZr nmaån[aH$ A§V:-{dH${gV (endogenous) ‘mZH$ Omo A^r ^r g^r OµJh Mmcy h¢, autonomy go A{^àm¶ CZ à{H«$¶mAm| go h¡ {OZgo H$moB© g‘yh ¶m g‘wXm¶ ZE ‘mZH$m| H$mo AnZmVm h¡, Am¡a, heteronomy ¶mZr O~ {Z¶‘ Xÿgam| (¶mZr ~mhar VËdm|) Ûmam Wmono OmVo h¢&

ñdm¶ÎmVm gå~§Yr Am§XmocZ ontonomy Am¡a autonomy gå~§Yr joÌm| H$mo {OVZm hmo gHo$ {dñV¥V H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVo h¢&

‘w{º$dmXr (emancipatory) gm‘m{OH$ Am¡a amOZ¡{VH$ Am§XmocZ go {ZH$co EH$ ZE semantic constellation ‘| Hw$N> hX VH$ {ZåZ VËd hmoVo h¢:

Am¡nMm[aH$ cmoH$V§Ì Ho$ nao: ¶yZmZ {OgZo 'democracy' eãX B©OmX {H$¶m Am¡a g. am. A‘o[aH$m {OgZo Bgo BgH$m AmYw{ZH$ ñdê$n {X¶m XmoZm| hr Eogo g‘mO Wo Ohm± "Xmg àWm' (slavery) ‘m¡OyX Wr& {nN>co 200 gmcm| Ho$ Xm¡amZ, Xmg àWm AnZo Za‘ àH$ma ‘| àmoËgm{hV H$s J¶r ¶m emgZ-àUm{c¶m| ‘| Nw>nr hþB© Wr {Ogo ‘hmZ AœoV ~w{ÕOrdr W.E.B. Dubois Zo cmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ VmZmemhr (democratic despotism) H$hm h¡& ^mJrXmar dmcm cmoH$V§Ì cmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ g‘mOm|

23

H$s verticality (¶mZr e{º$ Ho$ c§~dV ñVam| H$m hmoZm) H$mo Zht {‘Q>m nmVm, ¶h dñVwV: noeoda VmZmemhr hmoVr h¡ {Og‘| noeoda ha joÌ ‘| ¶mZr H$m¶©nm{cH$m, ì¶dñWm{nH$m Am¡a Ý¶m¶nm{cH$m H$s e{º$¶m± J«hU H$aVo h¢ Am¡a Am‘ cmoJm| H$s gaH$ma Ho$ H$m‘-H$mO ‘| ^mJrXmar H$mo amoH$Vo h¢&

AmO cmoH$V§Ì go ‘moh^§J nyar Xþ{Z¶m ‘| XoIZo H$mo {‘cVm h¡& 1994 ‘| µOmnmVrñVm Ho$ e§I-ZmX Zo ñdm¶ÎmVm H$mo amOZr{VH$ {d‘e© Ho$ Ho$§Ð ‘| cm {X¶m& 2001 ‘| AmO]Q>rZm Ho$ cmoJm| Zo H$hm "A~ ~g! BZ g^r cmoJm| H$mo OmZm hmoJm!' ñnoZ Ho$ Indignados Zo H$hm -"‘oao gnZo Vwåhmar ‘V-noQ>r ‘| Zht g‘mVo'& Occupy Wall Street Zo USA ‘| cmIm| cmoJm| H$mo ¶h ‘mZZo Ho$ {cE V¡¶ma {H$¶m {H$ CZH$s ì¶dñWm 1 à{VeV cmoJm| H$s godm ‘| cJr hþB© h¡& A^r ^r Bgo gwYmaZo H$s H$mo{ee| hmo ahr h¢ co{H$Z ~hþV go g§Kf© BgHo$ ~Om¶ Eogr OJhm| H$mo {dñV¥V H$aZo, ‘µO~yV H$aZo Am¡a Jham H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVo h¢ Ohm± cmoJ AnZr e{º$ H$m BñVo‘mc ñd¶§ H$a gHo$§&

do cmoH$V§Ì H$mo BgH$s qZd go I‹S>m H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee H$a aho h¢ Ohm± Am‘ cmoJ Leviathan H$s e{º$¶m± J«hU H$a gHo$§, ~mocZo, AnZr ng§X Am¡a Cgr Ho$ AZwgma H$m‘ H$aZo H$s AmµOmXr hm{gc H$a gHo$§ (Lummis, 1996)& Bg Vah Ho$ Ag§»¶ à¶mg Xþ{Z¶m â ‘| hmo aho h¢& ‘gcZ, 1 OZdar 2017 H$mo ‘opŠgH$mo H$s National Indigenous Congress Zo µOmnmVrñVm Ho$ gh¶moJ go EH$ Council of Government Ho$ àñVmd H$mo aIm Omo ‘ycdmgr Am¡a µJ¡a-‘ycdmgr XmoZm| hr ñdm¶ÎmVmAm| na AmYm[aV hmo&

amÁ¶-gÎmm H$s dh ‘erZar {Ogo {Z¶§ÌU Am¡a à wËd µH$m¶‘ H$aZo Ho$ CÔoí¶ go ~Zm¶m J¶m Am¡a H$m‘ ‘| {c¶m Om ahm h¡ Cgo AnZo µH$ãµOo ‘| H$aZo Ho$ ~Om¶ do Bgo {N>ÝZ-{^ÝZ H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee H$a aho h¢ Am¡a Eogo g§ñWmZ ~Zm aho h¢ Ohm± AmXoe go Amkm-nmcZ (commanding by obeying) H$s àWm ’$c-’y$c gHo$&

Am{W©H$ g‘mO Ho$ nao: ñdm¶ÎmVm Am§XmocZ Omo c¡{Q>Z A‘o[aH$m ‘| H$mµ’$s XoIZo H$mo {‘cVo h¢ do Zm {gµ’©$ Zd-CXmadmXr d¡œrH$aU H$mo MwZm¡Vr Xo aho h¢ ~pëH$ do {~Zm g‘mOdmXr hþE ny±OrdmX Ho$ ^r pIcmµ’$ H$m‘ H$a aho h¢&

BZ‘| go Hw$N> Zm {gµ’©$ ~mµOma ¶m amÁ¶-gÎmm na AnZr {Z^©aVm ˜Ë‘ H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee H$a aho h¢ ~pëH$ "A^md H$m {gÕm§V' (premise of scarcity) Omo Am{W©H$ g‘mO H$mo n[a^m{fV H$aVm h¡ Cggo ^r ZmVm Vmo‹S> aho h¢& Vm{H©$H$ YmaUm ¶h h¡ {H$ ‘mZd AmH$m§jmE± Vmo ~hþV µÁ¶mXm h¢ O~{H$ CgHo$ nmg gmYZ gr{‘V h¢& Eogr YmaUm EH$ ~‹S>r Am{W©H$ g‘ñ¶m I‹S>r H$a XoVr h¡. ¶m Vmo ~mµOma Ho$ µO[aE ¶m {Z¶moOZ Ûmam g§gmYZm| H$m ~±Q>dmam& ¶o Am§XmocZ, BgHo$ {dnarV, "n¶m©áVm H$m {gÕm§V' AnZmVo h¢ Am¡a Bg Vah amOZ¡{VH$ Am¡a AmWH$ XmoZm| hr ‘m¶Zm| ‘| gmYZ Am¡a gmÜ¶ Ho$ ~rM µ’$µH©$ H$mo {‘Q>m XoVo h¢& BZHo$ g§Kf© CZHo$ CZ ~Xcmdm| H$m AmH$ma co coVo h¢ Omo do hm{gc H$aZm MmhVo h¢&

npíM‘r AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ nao: A{YH$m{YH$ cmoJ AnZo-Amn H$mo CZ ‘yë¶m| Am¡a gË¶m| go Xÿa H$a aho h¢ Omo npíM‘r AmYw{ZH$Vm H$mo n[a^m{fV H$aVo h¢ Am¡a {OZ‘| CÝhm|Zo {dœmg {H$¶m Wm& BZ‘| go A{YH$Va cmoJ A^r VH$ EH$ Z¶m g§X^© Zht Ty>±T> nmE h¢&

‘yë¶m| Ho$ nVZ Am¡a {XemhrZ hmoZo H$s pñW{V ‘| BZ‘| go Hw$N> H$Å>an§Wr ~Z gH$Vo h¢& co{µH$Z Xÿgao em¶X CZHo$ {nN>co gË¶m| H$s gmnojVm H$mo ‘mZH$a AnZo Amn H$mo a¡{S>H$c ~hþcVm-dmX (pluralism) ‘| Pm|H$ gH$Vo h¢ Am¡a OmZZo Am¡a Xþ{Z¶m H$mo g‘PZo Ho$ ZE VarµHo$ AnZm gH$Vo h¢ Am¡a X~mE JE kmZ Ho$ nwZéËWmZ ‘| ^mJ co gH$Vo h¢&

Raimon Pannikar go ào[aV hmoH$a do CZ g§kmAm| H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Omo {Z^©aVm ~‹T>mVr h¢ O¡go � {ejm, ñdmñÏ¶, ^moOZ, Amdmg, Am{X; CÝh| {H«$¶mAm| Ho$ gmW ~Xc XoVo h¢ O¡go � grIZm, CnMma H$aZm, ImZm, ahZm Am{X Am¡a AnZr ñdm¶ÎmVm Am¡a agency dmng co coVo h¢& do ‘mZVo h¢ {H$ 'individual' H$s AdYmaUm EH$ AmYw{ZH$ aMZm h¡ {Oggo do AnZo-Amn H$mo Xÿa H$a coZm MmhVo h¢ Am¡a BgHo$ ~Om¶ Cg g‘P H$mo ‘mZVo h¢ {Og‘| ì¶{º$ [aíVm| Ho$ Omc ‘| Jm±R>m| H$s Vah (knots in nets of relationships) hmoVo h¢ Am¡a EH$ H¥${Ì‘ "I/‘¢' Ho$ ~Om¶ H$B© àH$ma Ho$ dmñV{dH$ "We/h‘' {‘cH$a EH$ Z¶m g‘mO n[a^m{fV H$aVo h¢&

{nV¥gÎmm Ho$ nao: H$B© ZmardmXr ñHy$ëµO Eogo ñdm¶ÎmVm Am§XmocZm| ‘| {hñgm coVo h¢ Omo nmaån[aH$ CÎma-{nV¥gÎmmË‘H$ (post-patriarchal) g‘mO H$s gmoM go nao OmVo h¢& EH$ ñnï> CXmhaU µOmnmVrñVm g‘mO h¡

ñdm¶ÎmVm-JwñVmdmo EñVodm


Ohm± AW©ì¶dñWm Zht ~pëH$ amOZr{V Am¡a Z¡{VH$Vm gm‘m{OH$ OrdZ Ho$ Ho$§Ð ‘| h¡ Am¡a OrdZ, ‘{hcmAm| Am¡a YaVr ‘mVm H$s µH$Ð H$aZo Am¡a CZH$m ˜¶mc aIZo H$mo g~go A{YH$ àmW{‘H$Vm Xr OmVr h¡&

BZ g‘mOm| ‘|, ñdm¶Îm àWmE± amoµO‘am© Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ g^r nhcwAm| ‘| XoIZo H$mo {‘cVr h¢, ¶hm± emgZ cmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ à{H«$¶mAm| go hmoVm h¡ Omo cmoJm| H$mo g‘wXm¶ Ho$ Vm¡a na gmW cmH$a Amem Am¡a J[a‘m n¡Xm H$aVm h¢&

AÝ¶ g§gmYZ : Albertani, Claudio, Guiomar Rovira and Massimo Modonesi (Coord.) (2009), La autonomía possible: Reinvención de la política y emancipación. México: Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México.

Dinerstein, Ana Cecilia (2015), The Politics of Autonomy in Latin America: The Art of Organising Hope. Hampshire, England: Palgrave MacMillan.

Enlace Zapatista, http://enlacezapatista.ezln.org.mx.

Linebaugh, Peter (2006), The Magna Carta Manifesto. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Lummis, Douglas (1996), Radical Democracy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Pannikar, Raimon (1999), El espiritu de la politica. Barcelona: Peninsula.

coIH$ n[aM¶: JwñVmdmo EñVodm EH$ gm‘m{OH$ H$m¶©H$Vm© Am¡a ~w{ÕOrdr h¢& do La Jornada Am¡a H$^r-H$^r X JmS>u>¶Z ‘| ñVå^ {cIVo h¢& do H$B© ñWmZr¶, amï´>r¶ Am¡a AÝVam©ï´>r¶ µO‘rZr OZ-g§JR>Zm| ‘| ^mJ coVo ahVo h¢ Am¡a H$B© {H$Vm~| Am¡a {Z~§Y {cI MwHo$ h¢&

25

à‘wI eãX: cmoH$V§Ì, nm[apñW{VH$s, c¢{JH$ AmµOmXr, µOê$aV|

Hw${X©e Am§XmocZ H$s dh Ymam Omo Abdullah Öcalan Ûmam {dH${gV {dMmaYmam go à^m{dV h¡ Am¡a {OgH$s ewéAmV PKK (Hw${X©ñVmZ dH©$g© nmQ>u) H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ gmW 1978 ‘| hþB©, dh EH$ ñdV§Ì Hw${X©e amÁ¶ Ho$ AnZo ewéAmVr Kmo{fV CÔoí¶ go Xÿa hQ> J¶r h¡ Am¡a A~ cmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ n[ag§KdmX (Democratic Confederalism) Am¡a cmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ ñdm¶ÎmVm H$mo AnZo àmW{‘H$ g§JR>ZmË‘H$ ‘m°S>c Ho$ Vm¡a na ‘mZVr h¡&

cmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ ñdm¶ÎmVm H$s ‘w{h‘ H$m ‘Vc~ h¡ {d{^ÝZ joÌm| ‘| g§JR>Z H$s à{H«$¶m O¡go µH$mZyZ, AmË‘-ajm, Hy$Q>Zr{V, g§ñH¥${V Am¡a nm[apñW{VH$s&

EH$ gm‘wXm{¶H$ Am¡a "cmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ AW©ì¶dñWm' ~ZmZm ^r Bg‘| em{‘c h¡ Omo c¢{JH$ AmµOmXr Am¡a nm[apñW{VH$s Ho$ {gÕm§Vm| na AmYm[aV hmo& ¶h ‘w{h‘ AW©ì¶dñWm H$mo gm‘m{OH$ à{H«$¶mAm| ‘| nwZñWm©{nV H$aVr h¡ {Oggo gm‘m{OH$ àOZZ Ho$ gmYZ g^r H$mo {‘c gHo$§-EH$ Eogr nwZa©MZm Omo µOê$aVm| Ûmam n[a^m{fV hmo&

Hw${X©e ‘w{h‘ H$m à‘wI ~m¡{ÕH$ AmYma Abdullah Öcalan H$m ny±OrdmXr AmYw{ZH$Vm na {cIm AmcmoMZmË‘H$ coIZ h¡& Öcalan ny±OrdmX Ho$ ‘mp³g©ñQ> {dícofU H$mo Am¡a Jham H$aVo hþE Am¡Úmo{JH$/g§J«h-dmXr ny±OrdmX H$s gmd©^m¡{‘H$Vm H$mo naIVo h¢&

¶h ‘w{h‘ ‘ar ~yH${MZ Ho$ gm‘m{OH$ nm[apñW{VH$s Am¡a "‘w{º$dmXr ZJanm{cH$m-dmX' (libertarian municipalism) gå~§Yr {dMmam| go ^r ào[aV h¡& BZ ~m¡{ÕH$ AmYmam| H$s Ztd na cmoH$V§Ì, c¢{JH$ AmµOmXr Am¡a nm[apñW{VH$s do {gÕm§V ‘mZo JE h¢ {OZ na g^r Am{W©H$ gå~§Y {Q>Ho$ hmoZo Mm{hE±&

cmoH$V§Ì H$m ‘Vc~ hmoVm h¡ {H$ Š¶m CËnmXZ H$aZm h¡, Š¶m ~m±Q>Zm h¡, g§gmYZm| H$m H¡$go à~§YZ Am¡a {dVaU H$aZm h¡ ¶o {ZU©¶ ^mJrXmar Am¡a ~am~ar go {cE OmE±&

Hw${X©ñVmZ H$s cmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ AW©ì¶dñWm

AµOrµO AgcmZ Am¡a ~|Jr AµH$~ycV Azize Aslan & Bengi Akbulut

gm‘m{OH$ {ZU©¶-à{H«$¶m Ho$ gmYZm| ‘| AcJ-AcJ ñVa Am¡a H$m‘ Ho$ ‘wVm{~µH$ communes Am¡a councils (n[afX) em{‘c h¢- O¡go ‘moh„m, µH$ñ~m, eha; ¶wdm, ‘{hcm, {ejm, AW©ì¶dñWm, nm[apñW{VH$s Am{X& Am¡a gmW hr D$Om© ghH$mar g§ñWmE± Am¡a Oc n[afX ^r h¢&

c¢{JH$ AmµOmXr/‘w{º$ H$m à¶mg ‘{hcmAm| Ho$ Cg Ag§~Õ (discursive) Am¡a ^m¡{VH$ X‘Z H$m ÚmoVH$ h¡ Omo CZHo$ l‘ Am¡a kmZ H$s ~oµH$Ðr H$aVm h¡ Am¡a Bgo AÑí¶ ~ZmVm h¡& Am¡a BgH$m ‘Vc~ ¶h h¡ {H$ Am{W©H$ gå~ÝYm| H$mo Bg àH$ma ~Zm¶m OmE {H$ g^r {ZU©¶-à{H«$¶mAm| ‘| ‘{hcmAm| H$s ^mJrXmar gw{ZpíMV hmo&

nm[apñW{VH$s Bg ~mV na µOmoa XoVr h¡ {H$ àmH¥${VH$ OJV ‘mZd Am¡a µJ¡a-‘mZd g^r H$s gpå‘{cV {damgV h¡ Am¡a gmar Am{W©H$ J{V{d{Y¶m± nm[apñW{VH$s Am¡a g‘mO XmoZm| Ho$ Ûmam {Z¶§{ÌV Am¡a {ZX}{eV hmoZr Mm{hE±&

EH$ cmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ AW©ì¶dñWm Eogr A-g§J«hdmXr AW©ì¶dñWm hmoVr h¡ Ohm± J{V{d{Y¶m± Am{W©H$ {dH$mg H$s EH$ {Z{d©dmX µOê$aV Ho$ nrN>o Zht ^mJVr ~pëH$ g^r H$s µOê$aV| nyar H$aZo Ho$ {cE à¶mg H$aVr h¡&

BgH$m ‘Vc~ h¡ {H$ {H$gr dñVw/g§gmYZ H$s Cn¶mo{JVm H$m ‘yë¶ µÁ¶mXm hmoVm h¡, CgHo$ {d{Z‘¶ H$m Zht; ^y{‘, Oc Am¡a AÝ¶ ñWmZr¶ g§gmYZm| na g~H$m gm‘y{hH$ Am¡a ~am~a hµH$ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a µJ¡a-‘mZdr¶ àH¥${V H$mo EH$ dñVw H$s Vah Zht ~pëH$ g^r gOrd àm{U¶m| H$s EH$ gmPm {damgV Ho$ ê$n ‘| XoIm OmVm h¡&

gm‘m{OH$ àOZZ Ho$ gmYZm| na gm‘y{hH$ Am¡a ~am~a hµH$ H$m¶©-Hw$ecVm ¶m ‘wZmµ’$m ~‹T>mZo go µÁ¶mXm µOê$ar hmoVo h¢& Bg gmoM go Ow‹S>o Hw$N> R>mog àñVmd h¢ - ^y{‘ A{YH$mam| ‘| Ý¶m¶, H¥${f CËnmXZ H$mo µOê$aV Ho$ {hgm~ go nwZgªJ{R>V H$aZm, ‘{hcmAm| Ho$ Ad¡V{ZH$ l‘ Am¡a {Oµå‘oXm[a¶m| H$mo S>o-Ho$¶a Ho$§Ð Am¡a gm‘y{hH$ agmoB©¶m± ~ZmH$a ~m±Q>m OmE Am¡a D$Om© ghH$mam| Am¡a Oc n[afXm| Ho$ µO[aE g§gmYZm| H$m ñWmZr¶ ñd-à~§YZ {H$¶m OmE&

Hw$XñVmZ H$s cmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ AW©ì¶dñWm-AµOrµO AgcmZ Am¡a ~|Jr AµH$~ycV


Bg ‘w{h‘ H$mo g§Mm{cV H$aZo Ho$ {cE CR>mE JE µH$X‘m| ‘| EH$ Ah‘ CXmhaU ^y{‘hrZ n[admam| H$mo ^y{‘ XoZo H$s ZJanm{cH$m H$s nhc h¡& eham| H$s n[a{Y ‘| µO‘rZ Ho$ ßbm°Q> ^y{‘hrZ n[admam| Ûmam gm‘y{hH$ ê$n go IoVr H$aZo Ho$ {cE Imoc {XE JE h¢ (EH$ ßbQ> ‘| 10 go 40 n[admam| VH$) Am¡a BÝh| VH$ZrH$s Am¡a CnH$aUm| gå~§Yr gh¶moJ ^r {X¶m Om ahm h¡&

¶o ßbm°Q> (^y-I§S>) ~rO/nm¡Y ^§S>mam| go Ow‹S>o hþE h¢ Ohm± Xogr ê$n go {dH${gV ~rOm| H$m g§ajU {H$¶m OmVm h¡& ¶y± Vmo BZ BH$mB¶m| ‘| CËnmXZ ‘w»¶V: AmOr{dH$m McmZo Ho$ CÔoí¶ go hr hmoVm h¡ na BÝh| eham| ‘| pñWV àË¶j CËnmXH$-Cn^moº$m ^§S>mam| go ^r Omo‹S>m J¶m h¡ Vm{H$ A{V[aº$ CËnmXZ H$mo dhm± ~oMm Om gHo$&

EH$ Am¡a CXmhaU ‘{hcmAm| Ho$ ghH$mam| H$m ZoQ²>dH©$ h¡ {OÝh| Hw${X©e ‘{hcm Am§XmocZ Zo AmJo ~‹T>m¶m& CËnmXZ Am¡a {dVaU go Ow‹S>o ¶o ghH$ma àmW{‘H$ Vm¡a na EJ«mo-àm°goqgJ Am¡a H$n‹S>m-CËnmXZ ‘| g§c¾ h¢ Am¡a do AnZo CËnmX grYo Cn^moº$mAm| H$mo AnZo ghH$mar {dVaU ^§S>ma Eko-Jin Ho$ µO[aE ~oMVo h¢&

A{YH$Va EJ«mo-àm°goqgJ ghH$ma nhco go ‘m¡OyX ehar H¥${f g‘yhm| go {ZH$co hmoVo h¢ Am¡a CZgo Ow‹S>o hmoVo h¢& ¶o ghH$ma {’$a ZJanm{cH$m H$‘©Mm[a¶m|, gm‘m{OH$ H$m¶©H$Vm©Am|, AH$mX{‘H$ cmoJm| Am¡a ZmJ[aH$ g‘mO Ho$ AÝ¶ cmoJm| Ho$ EH$ ZoQ²>dH©$ H$m {hñgm hmoVo h¢ Omo ‘{hcm Am§XmocZ Ho$ ~¡Za Vco ~Zo Free Women’s Congress

(KJA) go Ow‹S>o hmoVo h¢& KJA dmX-{ddmX Am¡a {ZU©¶ coZo H$m ñWmZ hmoVm h¡&

cmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ ñdm¶ÎmVm H$s ¶h ‘w{h‘ EH$ AmË‘-{Z^©a ñdm¶Îm AW©ì¶dñWm Ho$ g§MmcZ H$mo amOZr{VH$ ñdm¶ÎmVm Ho$ EH$ An[ahm¶© nhcy Ho$ Vm¡a na XoIVr h¡& ¶h dñVwAm| Am¡a godmAm| Ho$ CËnmXZ H$mo gm‘wXm{¶H$ Vm¡a na g§Mm{cV H$a amÁ¶-gÎmm Ho$ Bg joÌ ‘| X˜c H$mo nhco hr amoH$ XoZm MmhVr h¡&

Bg AW© ‘| ¶h ‘w{h‘ µOmnmVrñVm O¡go AÝ¶ ñdm¶ÎmVm Am§XmocZm| O¡gr hr h¡& ¶h solidarity economy Ho$ Xþ{Z¶m â ‘| Am§XmocZm| go ^r ‘oc ImVr h¡ Š¶y±{H$ ¶h ny±OrdmXr {dH$mg H$s An[ahm¶©Vm H$mo deconstruct H$aVr h¡ Am¡a ñd-à~§YZ, gm‘m{OH$ Ý¶m¶ Am¡a nm[apñW{VH$s¶ g§ajU H$mo àmW{‘H$Vm XoVr h¡&

hmcm±{H$ ¶h XoIZo H$s ~mV h¡ {H$ cmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ AW©ì¶dñWm H$s ¶h ‘w{h‘ H¡$go Am¡a ‘µO~yV ~ZVr h¡ co{H$Z H$B© MwZm¡{V¶m± ^r {XIm XoVr h¢& nhco go ‘m¡OyX Ag‘mZVm (O¡go µO‘rZ Ho$ ‘m{cH$mZm hµH$ ‘|) AW©ì¶dñWm H$mo gm‘y{hH$ Am¡a ~am~ar go g^r H$s µOê$aV| nyar H$aZo Ho$ {cE g§Mm{cV H$aZo ‘| MwZm¡Vr ~Z gH$Vr h¡&

g^r H$s µOê$aV| nyar H$aZo Ho$ {gÕm§V na McZm Am¡a cmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ ñdm¶ÎmVm Ho$ A-g§J«hdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moU Ho$ ~rM ItM-VmZ ^r EH$ MwZm¡Vr h¡&

hmcm±{H$ "µOê$aV' H$m ‘Vc~ Š¶m h¡ Bg na {dMma cmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ VarµHo$ go {H$¶m OmZm Mm{hE co{H$Z gdmc ¶h ^r h¡ {H$ AnZr µOê$aV Ho$ nao H$s µOê$aVm| H$mo nyam H$aZo Ho$ {cE {H$VZm A{V[aº$ "g§J«h' {H$¶m OmE Am¡a Š¶m BZ µOê$aVm| H$mo gm‘y{hH$ ê$n go d¡Y ‘mZm OmE& Am¡a ^r ‘hËdnyU© ~mV ¶h h¡ {H$ VwH$s© amÁ¶ gÎmm Ûmam g¡Ý¶ Am¡a amOZr{VH$ qhgm ‘| ~‹T>moVar Am¡a ny±OrdmXr gå~ÝYm| H$m BcmµHo$ ‘| Jham ’¡$cmd Ah‘ MwZm¡{V¶m± n¡Xm H$a aho h¢&

{’$a ^r, Bg ‘w{h‘ H$mo {OgZo ‘w‘{µH$Z ~Zm¶m Am¡a A^r ^r Bgo AmJo ~‹T>m ahr h¡ dh h¡ Hw$Xe cmoJm| H$s EH$OwQ>Vm Ho$ ZoQ²>dH©$& gm‘y{hH$Vm, ~m±Q>Zm Am¡a EH$OwQ>Vm h‘oem hr go ‘µO~yV gm§ñH¥${VH$ YmJo aho h¢, g§Kf© Ho$ gm‘y{hH$ B{Vhmg Zo BZ ZoQ²>dµŠg© H$mo EH$ gyÌ ‘| {namo¶m h¡& BÝht ZoQ²>dµŠg© Ho$ ~c na EH$ ñdm¶Îm cmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ AW©ì¶dñWm ~ZmZm ‘w‘{µH$Z hmo nm¶m& Bg AW© ‘|, Hw${X©e cmoJm| H$s à{V~ÕVm Am¡a EH$OwQ>Vm-AmYm[aV g§JR>Z EH$ A‘yë¶ Adga h¡&

AÝ¶ g§gmYZ :Akbulut, Bengi (2017), ‘Commons against the Tide: The Project of Democratic Economy’, in Fikret Adaman, Bengi Akbulut and Murat Arsel (eds), Neoliberal Turkey and Its Discontents: Economic Policy and the Environment under Erdoğan. London: IBTauris.

Aslan, Azize (2016), ‘Demokratiközerklikteekonomiközyönetim: Bakûrörneği’, Birikim. 325 (May): 93–8; [Economic self-governance in democratic

27

autonomy: The example of Bakûr (Turkish Kurdistan)], https://cooperativeeconomy.info/economic-self-governance-in-democratic-autonomy-the-example-of-bakur/.

Cooperative Economy, https://cooperativeeconomy.info.

Madra, Yahya M. (2016). ‘Democratic Economy Conference: An Introductory Note’. South Atlantic Quarterly. 115: 211–22.

Öcalan, Abdullah (2015), Manifesto for a Democratic Civilization, volume I: Civilization: The Age of Masked Gods and Disguised Kings. Porsgrunn: New Compass Press.

coIH$ n[aM¶:

AµOrµO AgcmZ Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Instituto Ho$ De Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades Alfonso Vélez Pliego ‘| emoY N>mÌm h¢& do µOmnmVrñVm Am¡a Hw${X©e Am§XmocZm| Ho$ EH$ VwcZmË‘H$ AÜ¶¶Z na H$m‘ H$a ahr h¢& CÝhm|Zo cmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ AW©ì¶dñWm H$s ‘w{h‘ ‘| g{H«$¶ ^mJrXmar {Z^mB© h¡ Am¡a Bg ‘wÔo na ~hþV coIZ ^r {H$¶m h¡&

~|Jr AµH$~ycV AW©emñÌ ‘| S>m°ŠQ>aoQ> H$s Cnm{Y hm{gc H$a MwH$s h¢ Am¡a H$ZmS>m Ho$ Concordia {dœ{dÚmc¶ Ho$ ^yJmoc, n¶m©daU Am¡a ¶moOZm {d^mJ ‘| ghm¶H$ àmoµ’o$ga h¢& do {dH$mg H$s amOZ¡{VH$ AW©ì¶dñWm, amOZ¡{VH$ nm[apñW{VH$s, em‘cmV/cmoH$-gån{Îm Am¡a d¡H$pënH$ AW©ì¶dñWm Am{X {df¶m| na H$m‘ H$aVr h¢&

Hw$XñVmZ H$s cmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ AW©ì¶dñWm-AµOrµO AgcmZ Am¡a ~|Jr AµH$~ycV


B©H$mo-AamOH$VmdmX (Eco-Anarchism)

Q>oS> Q´>oZa Ted Trainer

à‘wI eãX: d¥{Õ H$s gr‘mE±, gmXJr, g‘wXm¶ H$s gVVVm (sustainability), B©H$mo-AamOH$VmdmX

"{dH$mg' H$s nmaån[aH$ n[a^mfm Ho$ Vm¡a na d¥{Õ (~‹T>V) Am¡a g‘¥{Õ Ho$ {cE AÝV hrZ à¶mg H$aZm Adí¶§^mdr ê$n go nm[apñW{VH$s¶ {dZme H$aVm ^r h¡ Am¡a BgH$s J{V ^r VoµO H$aVm h¡& gmW hr ¶h Ag‘mZVm, µJar~r, gm‘m{OH$ nVZ Am¡a g§gmYZm| Am¡a ~mµOmam| na {Z¶§ÌU Ho$ {cE g¡Ý¶ g§Kf© H$s Amoa ^r co OmVm h¡&

O¡gm {H$ Abandon Affluence! (Q´>oZa, 1985) ‘| H$hm J¶m Wm Bg gå^m{dV KmVH$ ‘wpíH$c go ~MZo Ho$ {cE µOê$ar h¡ {H$ h‘ ¶h nhMmZ| {H$ {dH$mg H$m à^mdr {gÕm§V {H$VZm µJcV Am¡a {Z‘©‘ h¡ Am¡a Bgo Cg gmoM ‘| ~Xc| {Ogo Am°ñQ´>o{c¶m ‘| h‘ "The Simpler Way' H$hVo h¢&

d¡{œH$ pñW{V na ¶h Ñ{ï>H$moU Cg AZnhMmZo VÏ¶ na Ü¶mZ XoVm h¡ {H$ EH$ Ý¶m¶nyU© Am¡a {Q>H$mD$ g‘mO Ho$ {cE µOê$ar h¡ {H$ Xþ{Z¶m Ho$ A‘ra BcmµH$m| ‘| g§gmYZm| H$s à{V ì¶{º$ InV H$mo BgHo$ dV©‘mZ ñVa go KQ>mH$a 10 à{VeV na cmZm hmoJm&

"d¥{Õ H$s gr‘m' Ho$ Bg ~w{Z¶mXr VH©$ H$mo do~ gmBQ> na {dñVma go ~Vm¶m J¶m h¡&1 ¶h {dícofU A~ ~hþV geº$ hmo J¶m h¡ Am¡a BgHo$ {dH$mg Ho$ gmYZm| Am¡a gmÜ¶ na AË¶{YH$ Am¡a An[ahm¶© à^md h¢&

Mmho A‘ra Xoe hm| ¶m µJar~, CZH$m cú¶ N>moQ>r ~pñV¶m± hmoZm Mm{hE Omo AmË‘-{Z^©a hm|, ñd-em{gV hm| Am¡a gmXJr, {H$µ’$m¶V Am¡a OrdZ ‘| g§Vw{ï> Ho$ µJ¡a-^m¡{VH$ ñÌmoVm| H$s g§ñH¥${V go ào[aV hm|& {gµ’©$ Bgr Vah Ho$ g‘wXm¶ à{V ì¶{º$ g§gmYZ InV H$mo n¶m©á Vm¡a na ZrMo cmH$a Xþ{Z¶m â Ho$ cmoJm| Ho$ {cE ~ohVa JwUdÎmm dmcm OrdZ gå^d ~Zm gH$Vo h¢&

Omo VÏ¶ AµŠga ZµOa§XmµO H$a {X¶m OmVm h¡ dh ¶h h¡ {H$ Eogo B§VµOm‘m| H$m B©H$mo-AamOH$VmdmXr hmoZm µOê$ar h¡& {gµ’©$ ~ohVa ^mJrXmar dmco ñd-em{gV g‘wXm¶ hr

N>moQ>o ñVa H$s ñWmZr¶ AW©ì¶dñWm H$mo AÀN>o go Mcm gH$Vo h¢& Hw$N> Ho$§{ÐH¥$V Am¡a amÁ¶-ñVar¶ ì¶dñWmAm| H$s µOê$aV ^r ~Zr ahoJr co{H$Z amï´>r¶ AW©ì¶dñWm BgHo$ dV©‘mZ CËnmXZ, ì¶mnma Am¡a GDP H$m ‘mÌ EH$ A§e ah OmEJm&

¶h AW©ì¶dñWm "µOramo-d¥{Õ' dmcr hmoJr Am¡a BgH$m H$m‘ µH$ñ~m| Am¡a BcmµH$m| H$mo N>moQ>r ‘mÌmAm| ‘| ~w{Z¶mXr MrµO| O¡go {g‘|Q>, qgMmB© Ho$ {cE nmBn Am¡a hëH$s ‘erZ| Am{X CncãY H$amZm hmoJm& ZmJ[aH$ nhcm| (citizen initiatives) Ho$ µO[aE g‘wXm¶ AnZo ‘gcm| H$mo ˜wX {Z¶§{ÌV H$a|Jo VWm A{YH$m[a¶m| Am¡a Zm¡H$aemhr na {Z^©aVm ~hþV H$‘ hmoJr&

¶hm± ñd¶‘godr ZmJ[aH$ g{‘{V¶m± hm|Jr, working bees, AZm¡nMm[aH$ MMm©, em‘cmV/cmoH$-gån{Îm, ghO H$m‘ Am¡a µH$ñ~m g^mE± ^r hm|Jr& H$moB© A{V[aº$ g§gmYZ Zht hm|Jo {OZgo Ho$§{ÐH¥$V amÁ¶ ñWmZr¶ ì¶dñWmAm| H$mo Mcm gHo$&

Ah‘ ~mV h¡ {H$ Zm¡H$aem{h¶m| Ho$ nmg Zm Vmo ñWmZr¶ kmZ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Zm µO‘rZr ñVa na D$Om© ¶m dh EH$ gmW OwQ>Zo H$s ¶mo½¶Vm {Oggo ì¶mnH$ ~Xcmd cmE Om gHo$§& O~ VH$ amOZr{VH$ à{H«$¶mE± ~ohVa ^mJrXmar dmcr Zm hm|, ge{º$H$aU, EH$OwQ>Vm Am¡a ghr {ZU©¶ Am¡a H$ma©dmB© Zht hmo nmEJr&

g~go Ah‘, dmñV{dH$ {dH$mg gånÝZVm Ho$ nrN>o ^mJZo go Zht hmo gH$Vm; OrdZ g§Vw{ï> Ho$ µJ¡a-^m¡{VH$ ñÌmoV O~ VH$ ì¶{º$dmXr Am¡a µÁ¶mXm go µÁ¶mXm hm{gc H$aZo H$s hmo‹S> H$s OJh Zht co coVo V~ VH$ ¶h Zht hmo gH$Vm& BgH$s AÝVam©ï´>r¶ ‘mÝ¶Vm hmoZm ~hþV µOê$ar h¡ Vm{H$ {H$gmZ Am¡a Am{Xdmgr g‘mO gånÝZVm H$mo {gµ’©$ Am{W©H$ d¥{Õ go Omo‹S> H$a XoIo OmZo go ~M gHo$§&

Am¡a ¶h nmaån[aH$ g§ñH¥${V¶m| Ho$ g§ajU Am¡a CZH$m OíZ ‘ZmZo H$mo npíM‘r Cn^moº$mdmX Ho$ AmH«$‘U go ~MmZo ‘| Ah‘ ¶moJXmZ Xo gH$Vm h¡& A‘ra Xþ{Z¶m Ûmam àJ{V H$aZo Ho$ ~mdOyX ñdV:ào[aV gmXJr (Voluntary

29

Simplicity), Eco-Village, Downshifting, Transition Towns Am¡a B©H$mo-AamOH$VmdmXr H«$m§{V H$m ZoV¥Ëd {H$gmZ Am¡a Am{Xdmgr cmoJ hr H$a|Jo&

¶h µOê$ar h¡ {H$ Bg {dH$ën H$mo {H$gr Vah VWmH${WV ~ohVa Cn^moº$m-ny±OrdmX Ho$ amñVo go H$‘Va ¶m {gµ’©$ gm§ËdZmXm¶H$ Zm ‘mZm OmE& Xþ{Z¶m â ‘| ~‹S>r g§»¶m ‘| cmoJ nhco go hr H$‘mo~oe Bg amñVo na Mc n‹S>o h¢ O¡go La Via Campesina, Chikukwa Am¡a Zapatista Am§XmocZm| ‘|&

gm‘m{OH$ CÔoí¶m| H$s EH$ {deof Ñ{ï> na µOmoa XoZo Ho$ gmW-gmW The Simpler Way H$m grYm à^md gmYZm| na ^r h¡& EH$ ~ma ‘mZH$ "B©H$mo-g‘mOdmXr' g§H«$‘U {gÕm§V H$mo naIZo Ho$ ~mX ¶h {~ëHw$c gmµ’$ hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ aUZr{V H$mo B©H$mo-AamOH$VmdmXr hr hmoZm hmoJm&

B©H$mo-g‘mOdmXr Bg{cE amÁ¶ gÎmm hm{gc H$aZm MmhVo h¢ Vm{H$ do ny±OrdmXr ì¶dñWm Ho$ (˜Ë‘ hmoZo Ho$) ~mX amOZ¡{VH$ Ho$§Ð go ì¶dñWm Mcm gHo$§& {OZ {dH$ënm| na h‘Zo D$na MMm© H$s h¡ do BÝh| Zht AnZmZm MmhVo& CZH$m BamXm "Am¡Úmo{JH$ V§Ì H$mo ny±OrdmX Ho$ {damoYm^mg go ‘wº$ H$aZm h¡ Vm{H$ g^r Ho$ OrdZ H$s JwUdÎmm H$mo ~ohVa ~Zm¶m Om gHo$'&

B©H$mo-AamOH$VmdmXr aUZr{V µO‘rZr EOoÝgr Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ H«$m§{V H$mo Vd‚mmo XoVr h¡ Ohm± gmYmaU cmoJ d¡H$pënH$ {dMma, ‘yë¶m| Am¡a ì¶dñWmAm| H$mo AnZmE±& O¡gm {H$ H«$monmoQ>{H$Z Am¡a VmocñQ>mo¶ Zo ‘hgyg {H$¶m - ""amÁ¶ gÎmm hm{gc H$aZm {gµ’©$ dµŠV µOm¶m H$aZm h¡ O~ VH$ {H$ cmoJ ñd-em{gV Am¡a ^mJrXmar dmco g‘wXm¶m| H$s µOê$aV H$mo nhMmZZm ewê$ Zm H$a|&''

Bg Ñ{ï> Am¡a à{V~ÕVm H$m CâZm hr Agc ‘| H«$m§{V h¡ Am¡a ¶hr AmJo Ho$ ì¶dñWmAm| Ho$ n[adV©Z H$mo gå^d ~ZmEJm& amÁ¶ gÎmm hm{gc H$aZm ¶m Cgo ˜Ë‘ H$aZm Bgr Ho$ µO[aE hmo gH$Vo h¢& The Simpler Way ‘w{h‘2 H$s EH$ Ah‘ qMVm EH$ ì¶mdhm[aH$ Am¡a {dñV¥V ¶moOZm àXmZ H$aZm h¡ {H$ H¡$go B©H$mo-AamOH$VmdmXr {dH$mg A‘ra Am¡a µJar~ XmoZm| hr Vah Ho$ Xoem| ‘| hm{gc {H$¶m Om gH$Vm h¡&

BgHo$ gmW hr, EH$ 53 n¥ð>m| H$s [anmoQ>©3 ~VmVr h¡ {H$ H¡$go {gS²Zr O¡go gånÝZ eha Ho$ EH$ CnZJa H$mo g§gmYZ, n¡gm Am¡a nm[apñW{VH$s¶ µH$s‘V ‘| 90 µ’$sgX H$Q>m¡Vr H$a ~Zm¶m Om gH$Vm h¡& eham| Ho$ CnZJa,

J«m‘rU µH$ñ~o Am¡a Vrgar Xþ{Z¶m Ho$ Jm±d g^r ñWmZr¶ g§gmYZm| Am¡a ghH$mar B§VµOm‘m| Ho$ µO[aE AnZr ~w{Z¶mXr µOê$aV| nyar H$a gH$Vo h¢&

d¡{œH$ AW©ì¶dñWm go ãrXZo Am¡a Cggo hmo‹S> H$aZo Ho$ {cE ~mÜ¶ hmoZo Ho$ ~Om¶ ‘gcm ¶h h¡ {H$ gm‘y{hH$ OrdZ Ûmam H¡$go A{YH$V‘ ñdV§ÌVm hm{gc H$s OmE&

The Simpler Way H$s g§H«$‘U H$s aUZr{V ‘w»¶V: Transition Towns ‘| H$m‘ H$aZo, A-d¥{Õ (De-growth), Permaculture, Am¡a B©H$mo-village Am§XmocZm| na Ho$§{ÐV h¡& Am¡a {deofV: Vrgar Xþ{Z¶m Ho$ Jm±dm| ‘| Ohm± ~hþV go ‘m°S>c ñWmZr¶ Cnm¶, gm‘wXm{¶H$ ñd-emgZ Am{X H$s H$mo{ee| hmo ahr h¢&

ZmoQ>: 1. The Limits To Growth Analysis Of Our

Global Situation, www.thesimplerway.info/LIMITS.htm.

2. BgH$s ì¶mnH$ gmoM Ho$ ~mao ‘| OmZZo Ho$ {cE XoI| ttp://thesimplerway.info/THEALTERNTIVELong.htm.

3. http://thesimplerway.info/RemakingSettlements.htm.

AÝ¶ g§gmYZ : Kropotkin, Peter (1912), Fields, Factories and Workshops. London: Nelson.

Sarkar, Saral (1999), Eco-Socialism or Eco-Capitalism? A Critical Analysis of Humanity’s Fundamental Choices. London: Zed Books.

The Simplicity Institute, www.SimplicityInstitute.org.

Trainer, Ted (F.E) (1985), Abandon Affluence! London: Zed Books.

Transition Towns, www.TransitionNetwork.org.

Via Campesina, https://viacampesina.org/en/.

B©H$mo-AamOH$VmdmX-Q>oS> Q´>oZa


coIH$ n[aM¶:

Q>oS> (B©. Eµ’$.) Q´>oZa {gS²Zr Ho$ Ý¶y gmCW doëµO {dœ{dÚmc¶ Ho$ ñHy$c Am°µ’$ gmoec dH©$ go godm{Zd¥Îm ì¶m»¶mVm h¢& CÝhm|Zo d¡{œH$ g‘ñ¶mAm|, gVVVm go gå~§{YV ‘wÔm|, AW©ì¶dñWm H$s a¡{S>H$c AmcmoMZm, d¡H$pënH$ gm‘m{OH$ àH$mam| Am¡a CZH$s Vaµ’$ ~‹T>Zo O¡go H$B© {df¶m| na AZoH$ {H$Vm~| Am¡a coI {cIo h¢& do EH$ d¡H$pënH$ OrdZe¡cr H$s {ejm XoZo Ho$ CÔoí¶ go EH$ do~ gmBQ> ~Zm aho h¢ {OgH$m Zm‘ h¡-Pigface Point Am¡a AmcmoMZmË‘H$ d¡{œH$ {ejH$m| Ho$ {cE EH$ AÝ¶ do~ gmBQ> ^r do ~Zm aho h¢&

¶h àH$meZ Xg {Z~§Ym| H$m g§H$bZ h¡ Omo {H$ ‘ybV… "ßbyardg©: EH$ CÎma-{dH$mgdmXr eãXH$moe' (Pluriverse: A Post-Development Dictionary) Zm‘H$ nwñVH$ go {bE JE h¢ & ¶h Xg {Z~§Y VmZmemhr Am¡a CXma, H|${ÐH¥$V bmoH$V§Ì XmoZm| Ho$ ~{Zñ~V ‘yb yV {dH$ën noe H$aVo h¢& BZ‘| Hw$N> µO‘rZr nhb| h¢ Omo ~hþV N>moQ>r (ñWmZr¶) Vmo Hw$N> H$mµ’$s ~‹S>o ñVa H$s h¢ O¡go ^maV Am¡a b¡{Q>Z A‘o[aH$m ‘| ‘ybdm{g¶m| Ho$ ñdamO Ho$ à¶mg, ‘opŠgH$mo Ho$ {MAmnmg ‘| µOmnmVrñVm Am¡a H|$Ðr¶ E{e¶m ‘| Hw${X©e ñdm¶Îm joÌ; gmW hr (ì¶mdhm[aH$ nhbm| go Ow‹S>r hþB©) g¡Õm§{VH$ Am¡a XÿaJm‘r YmaUmE± O¡go ‘yb yV bmoH$V§Ì, ñdamO, B©H$mo-g‘mOdmX, B©H$mo-AamOH$VmdmX Am{X r em{‘b h¢&

¶h àH$meZ bmoH$V§Ì H$s {Xem na Mb aho g§dmX ‘| EH$ ¶moJXmZ h¡ &

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cmoH$V§Ì Ho$ Am¶m‘ - kalpavriksh.org...1. ‘yc^yV nm[apñW{VH$s¶ cmoH$V§Ì-Aerf H$moR>mar 1 2. µOmnmVrñVm ñdm¶ÎmVm gmoMrc-codm-gmocmZmo 4 3. àË¶j cmoH$V§Ì-{H«$ñQ>mog