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CS-334 Computer Architecture FundamentalsLecture #001

Sections 1.1 and 1.2, Computer Systems

Dr. Chuck CartledgeDr. Chuck CartledgeDr. Chuck CartledgeDr. Chuck CartledgeDr. Chuck CartledgeDr. Chuck CartledgeDr. Chuck CartledgeDr. Chuck CartledgeDr. Chuck CartledgeDr. Chuck CartledgeDr. Chuck CartledgeDr. Chuck CartledgeDr. Chuck CartledgeDr. Chuck CartledgeDr. Chuck CartledgeDr. Chuck CartledgeDr. Chuck CartledgeDr. Chuck CartledgeDr. Chuck CartledgeDr. Chuck CartledgeDr. Chuck Cartledge

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Table of contents (1 of 1)

1 1.12 1.23 Conclusion4 References

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Abstractions

There are different types, but they support the same generalpurposes of:

Suppression of detail to show the essence of the matter

An outline structure

Division of responsibility through a chain of command

Subdivision of a system into smaller subsystems

Abstractions help reduce clutter, and simplify reality.

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Thinking about abstractions

Abstractions can be thoughtabout as:

Level of detail (book,chapter, paragraph)

Nesting (book shelf, book,chapter)

Hierarchy (president,department head, manager)

Each level of abstraction assumesthe lower level will perform, orfunction correctly.

Generally, looking you look froma high level to a lower level.

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Same image.

Generally, looking you look from a high level to a lower level.

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Abstractions in this text

We will talk about abstractions.

Abstraction levels are calledby their abreviation andthier number.

Ideas and techniquesbecome more detailed thefurther down the stack.

We will start at the bottom andwork our way up.

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Abstracting hardware

Every computer has three common components:

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Main memory (sometimes call RAM, it is volatile)

Persistent memory (usually a disk drive, could be ROM, it isNOT volatile)

The components “talk” to each other over a collection of wirescalled a “bus.”

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Central Processing Unit

It is the “brains” of thecomputer.

It retrieves data andinstructions from mainmemory.

It executes instructionsbased on processingdirectives that are “hardcoded” into its silicone.

It puts (writes) results tomain memory.

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Main memory

In the von Neumann architecture(and there are others), one partof memory

Has data and instructions.

Has input data (keyboard,mouse, pens, etc.)

Has output data (persistentstorage, display, buffers.etc.)

Showing instructions beingfetched by the CPU.

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Disk drive

Because disks are 100s, or1000s of times slower than aCPU, the CPU does notwrite directly to the disk.

Disks have specializedprocessing units called directmemory access (DMA)controllers to read and writedirectly to main memory.

DMAs speed up systemprocessing time.

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What have we covered?

Abstractions are everywhere. Theymake life easier.Computer CPUMain memoryDisk drive (peripheral memory)

Next period:

Sections 1.3 through 1.5, Computer Systems

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