D-A216 479 "E"7" MNAINPG

2. N1A O IUNOION14Pr4 OING I. O PPC SM O S TRIBOUAM TION IETUMN I IT IPCODtU

4. LORNESS ie..Sfd StooMd ZIP Codes 10LADES14y SOUd Ood PUIN COM

33Krln tet Buildiric 410 OGA OaET TSW0 UT

CabigM 23-4Bollina Air Force Base, D.C. 20332-648 ILMNNO 4. O 4

ORGNIT TION ~ WOOF,,e - )~~m

12.PISNA I NDT88-001

12. YP AOPS NIPONT 35.f TIMd ZIPA I)11. SOURTE Oft APOIN ms..e. .g .AECOT

Annull AechreForte Bae, 8 D.C 103 2/489 989N No. 280 NO 3 0

TheL NoUPcog ofe Iager Nroenhlg vson akbtey12 PES 9A A itia orerttio

MFInEos COPut ue. Sond, theuosc y viinask batteryhsbe sdt xmn n ain

in dctail, and has diagnosed a subtle visual deficit that is consistent with both thclesion location and regions of hypometabolism (as measured by PET scanning).Third, additional brain-damaged patients have been tested in order to discoverwhcther the visual angle subtended by imaged objects is systematically related to thcamount of damage to the occipital lobe. Data from these three patients suggests sucha relation. Fourth, the computer 'simulation of high-level vision is fully functional.and predictions have been generated about previously unnoticed syndromes. Forexamiple, the model predicts that some patients will be able to recognize faces but notcommon objects. Some of these predictions currently are being tested. Fifth, three i n

21L 416RIOUIOWVAI^04LTY P ASSTRCT21. ASITRACT 99CUAlTV CLASSIFICATION

UNC LASS 10 6 01U 04L I MtIt 0 SAME AS AP1T. QOTIC USIGASC UNCLASSIFIED

22& NAMG OF 01I4SPONSIGLE oINOiVtOUAL 3 . 2b TSLIP0ONS NUMIDEA 22c. Off"CE SVIMOOL

Alfred R. Frealy I~~d 4IoCd

00 FORM 1473.83 APR 601TION 0P 1IJAN 72 IS OSSOLET%. UNCLASS11'IEDSOICLJIT'P CLASSI *CATION Of T'.S 04CE

Kosslyn 1989 annual rep~ortBlock 19, continued

C.6

-- subjects have been given imagery tasks while being PET scanned. The results arcconsistent "with the jTredictions. of,-thq theory. In particular, the medial occipital andfrontal activation is consistent with the claim that images arc patterns of activatiorin topographically mapped areas and that they arc built up sequentially. Finally,rcsponse time studies using divided visual field techniques have provided evidcnccfor two ways of representing spatial relations, as categories (e.g.. left/right;above/below) or prccise metric amounts; the left hemisphere is generally morceffective at computing categorical spatial relations, and the right hemisphere istccncrally more effective at computing metric spatial relations. Additionalc\pcriments have provided evidence that both types of spatial relations can be uscdto arrangc parts into a visual mental image.

Kosslyn 1989 annual report

AP .'I 89- 1 733Annual Technical Report

"The Neuropsychology of Imagery Processing" (88-0012)S. M. Kosslyn, PIDecember 1989

Research Objectives

General objectives

The research has two general objectives:

1. To characterize further the nature of the processing subsystems used inimagery.

2. To discover the realization of specific processing subsystems in the twohemispheres of the brain.

Specific objectives

To accomplish these goals, there are four specific objectives:

1. Develop a comprehensive task batteryNumerous tasks are required to garner evidence for distinct

subsystems. The theory developed in our laboratory has guided us todevelop a set of tasks which, when the results are taken together, shouldallow us to determine whether brain damage has selectively affectedindividual subsystems.

2. Test brain-damaged subjectsBrain damage can selectively affect specific aspects of processing.

Thus, we plan to test a range of patients who have selective deficits. Wehave just begun this aspect of the research, which waited on ourimplementing the task battery.

3. Computer simulation modelsThe effects of brain damage on behavior are complex. In order to

generate predictions precisely, we needed to implement a computersimulation model. The model is running, and has produced a number of , .

specific predictions. ,

-2-

Kosslyn 1989 annual report

4. e cieides w ie "s e ivith normal subjects

Both of the general objectives are served by divided visual fieldstudies of normal subjects. To the extent that there is a dissociationbetween field and task, one has evidence for distinct processingsubsystems. And the nature of the dissociation informs us as to howprocessing is implemented in the hemispheres.

Status of the Research

Progress in achieving these objectives has been made in six ways.

1. Task batteryA task battery to assess high-level visual abilities has been fully

implemented.

Theoretical underninings. Neurophysiological and neuroanatomicalstudies of nonhuman primates have documented that there are two majorcortical pathways used in identifying objects visually. One is concernedwith processing what an object (or part) is, whereas the other is concernedwith processing where it is. The pathway concerned with recognizingshape runs from the occipital lobe down to the inferior temporal lobe,whereas the pathway concerned with location runs from the occipital lobeup to the parietal lobe.

These two visual pathways must converge at an associative memory,where the two kinds of information are integrated. Associative memoryplays several critical roles in allowing one to exercise visual-spatialabilities, including helping to guide attention to critical details of a viewedobject. Although the memories themselves appear to be stored in variousplaces throughout the brain, structures in the frontal lobe have beenshown to be critically involved in actively seeking out information storedin memory.

Finally, one can manipulate stored visual information in various ways inthe course of reasoning visually. This kind of activity requires one toactivate stored visual information and then to transform it, observing theconsequences of such mental manipulations. The frontal and parietal lobesplay critical roles in such processes.

-3-

Kosslyn 1989 annual report

Structure of the battery. The battery is designed around a decisiontree. Subjects are first tested on four tasks. If there is a deficit on the firsttask, one or more component processes used in the temporal lobe shape-identification system is awry; if there is a deficit on the second task, one ormore component processes used in the parietal lobe location system isawry; if there is a deficit on the third task, one or more componentprocesses used in accessing stored information to direct attention or toform images is awry; and if there is a deficit in the fourth task, one ormore component process used to manipulate stored visual information andobserve the consequences is awry. Once scores from these four "screening"tasks are examined, the relevant branches of the tree are descended, asbriefly described below.

Processes that recognize shape. A deficit in recogni7ing shape couldreflect a number of distinct underlying deficits. The battery allows one todetermine whether the deficit is due to a problem in adjusting attention tothe size of the shape, in scanning the shape, in extracting key features ofthe shape, in storing an initial shape, or in matching a perceived shape to .1stored shape.

Processes that specify location. A deficit in specifying location alsocould be due to a number of dysfunctions. The battery allows one todetermine whether the problem is in registering two objects at once, inspecifying location relative to objects rather than the retina, in encodingmetric information, or in encoding "categorical" information (e.g., left/right:above/below).

Processes that look up stored information. A deficit in directing one'sattention to the appropriate locations or in forming mental images could bedue to processes that look up information stored in memory or toprocesses that use this information. The battery allows one to assess bothtypes of potential deficits.

Processes that manipulate stored information. A deficit in mentallymanipulating visual information could reflect a deficit in being able toretain visual information in mental images, imagine a pattern beingtransformed, or interpret the consequences of a mental transformation.The battery allows one to assess these types of potential deficits.

Use of modern chronometric tec'iniques. A score on most testsreflects the efficacy of all of the comp-,nent processes that must be used toperform the test. Thus, such scores are inherently ambiguous; they couldreflect a set of rather general factors, such as speed of processing or of

-4-

Kosslyn 1989 annual report

responding, as well as the specific factors they are designed to index. Thisproblem with most currently available tests is widely acknowledged, butlittle has been done previously to address it. The present battery is basedon a different approach, derived from the work on "additive factors" incognitive psychology. This work hinges on the observation that specificvariables can be identified with specific stages of processing; thus, byvarying the value of the variable, one can selectively tax a specific stage.The present battery is based on this idea; we include at least three levelsof a key variable within each test, and the score is a measure of increaseddifficulty over these levels. This technique allows us to assess the efficacyof specific component visual-spatial processes.

Administering and scoring the battery. The battery is implementedon a standard Macintosh Plus or Macintosh SE computer. The computerpresents all instructions and stimuli, and it records responses, errors, andresponse times. At the end of each test the computer prints out twoscores, one based on response times and one based on error rates. (A thirdscore, combining the two, is easily computed and will be available in thefinal version.) The scores are then compared against normative scores, anda deficit is defined as a test score that falls outside the .05 confidenceinterval of the normal scores. The entire battery, should it be necessary toadminister, requires about 3 hours for an otherwise healthy brain-damaged subject. The four screening tasks require about 20 minutes toadminister, and it is almost never necessary to administer the completebattery after the scores on the screening tasks are seen.

2. Using the battery to test brain-damaged patientsThe task battery has been used to examine one patient in detail, and

has diagnosed a subtle visual deficit that is consistent with both the lesionlocation and regions of hypometabolism (as assessed by PET scanning).The patient displayed only a mild deficit in naming pictures (he wasincorrect on 13% of the trials). This patient is unusual insofar as he hasBroca's aphasia with no sign of a cortical lesion on CT scan; however, thereis evidence of damage to white matter (the head of the left caudate) and ofhypometabolism in both the left frontal lobe and occipito-temporal area.Thus, it was of interest to discover that he has selective deficits for imagerotation and generation (both of which are posited by our theory to recruitprocesses implemented in the frontal lobe), but not for image scanning(which putatively does not require those structures). We also havepreliminary evidence that he has difficult extracting "nonaccidentalfeatures" during perception. We are now in the process of analyzing hisresults in detail and comparing them to those from age- and education-matched control subjects. We have established a good mechanism for

-5-

Kosslyn 1989 annual report

recruiting additional patients at the Massachusets General Hospital, andhave other patients scheduled to be tested.

3. Additional patient testingWe have tested three additional brain-damaged patients on a task

designed to assess the contribution of the occipital lobe to visual imagery.These subjects have varying amounts of damage to the occipital lobe (aswell as to other structures, unfortunately). The task required subjects todecide from memory whether a named object is higher than it is wide; theobjects were selected so that this discrimination is relatively subtle, andimagery typically is reported to be used. Subjects are seated in front of ablank white screen, and are asked to "project" their images of the objectson the screen in front of them when performing the task. Immediatelyafter each item, the subject is asked to point to where the leftmost side ofthe object would be and where the rightmost side of the object would be ifa picture of the object had been projected on the screen as it appeared inthe image. A compass is mounted under the subject's chin, and all pointingis done with a pointer mounted on the compass. Thus, we could read offboth the angle subtended by the imaged object and whether the object \\aslocated directly in front of the subject. It is of interest that all threesubjects with occipital lobe damage show visual angles at least half thoseof normal control subjects (when we correct for bias in pointing). Incontrast, subjects with parietal lobe damage or subcortical (thalamic)damage that affects vision do not exhibit smaller angles. Furthermore, wediscovered that one of these control subjects (who had damage to his leftLGN) observed imaged objects drifting into his blind field; this resultallows us to speak against the role of "tacit knowledge" of perception inproducing the results, given that the subject never actually sees anythingin his blind field. Thus, the evidence collected thus far is consistent withthe claim that images are spatial representations the are supported bystructures in the occipital lobe.

4. Computer simulationThe computer simulation rpodel was described in last year's annual

report. We have used the program to generate a series of predictions,which are being published in the next issue of Cognition. We are activelyseeking patients who show deficits that are consistent or inconsistent withpredictions. For example, the model predicts that some patients will beable to recognize faces but not common objects. It also predicts that somesubjects who have difficulty recognizing faces will also have difficultyrecognizing objects seen from unusual points of view.

5. PET scanning

-6-

Kosslyn 1989 annual report

This work was not anticipated in the original proposal. However, wewere invited to collaborate with the PET group at MGH, and have begun tomake exciting discoveries using this technique. So far, three subjects havebeen given imagery tasks while being PET scanned at the MGH (this workis in collaboration with Dr. Nat Alpert, who obtained the necessaryapproval of the human subjects committee at the MGH). The results areconsistent with the predictions of the theory. In particular, the media]occipital and frontal activation is consistent with the claim that images arepatterns of activation in topographically mapped areas and that they arebuilt up sequentially. In addition, we have begun a collaboration with theWashington University PET scanning group, and plan a study to examinethe precise correspondences in activated brain areas in imagery andperception. The study is designed to allow us to examine directly theeffects of spatial properties of imaged patterns on the patterns ofactivation in the brain (particularly in areas in extrastriate cortex that areknown to be topographically mapped in nonhuman primates).

6. Response-time experiments with normal subjectsFinally, response time studies using divided visual field techniques

have provided evidence for two ways of representing spatial relations, ascategories (e.g., left/right; above/below) or precise metric amounts; the lefthemisphere is generally more effective at computing categorical spatialrelations, and the right hemisphere is generally more effective atcomputing metric spatial relations. Additional experiments have providedevidence that both types of spatial relations can be used to arrange partsinto a visual mental image.

In addition to these studies, we have continued to develop the theoryby conducting experiments with normal subjects. Perhaps the mostintriguing result (obtained in collaboration with C. Cave) focused on thetime to identify line drawings of familiar objects. The drawings werepresented completely intact, with the parts separated slightly but theirspatial relations maintained, with the parts separated and presented inincorrect locations, with the object segmented arbitrarily but thesesegments being in the proper spatial relations, or with the objectsegmented arbitrarily and presented in incorrect locations. (Partboundaries were determined by having a separate group of subjectsindicate segments, as was done by Biederman; we, as did he, found highagreement among these subjects.) The interesting prediction hinges on adistinction between Lowe's theory of object encoding and Biederman'stheory. Lowe claims that "nonaccidental properties" (parallel lines, pointsof intersection, etc.) are extracted, and then the set is used to index astored model; this indexing process operates with the constraint that thenonaccidental properties must be consistent with seeing a single object

-7-

Kosslyn 1989 annual report

from a single point of view (the so-called viewpoint consistencyconstraint). On this theory, the critical variable should be disruptions ofthe viewpoint consistency constraint, and hence scrambling the spatialrelations should disrupt naming time. In contrast, there is no reason tothink that it is important whether the object is broken along partboundaries or is borken up arbitrarily. On the other hand, Biederman'stheory stresses the recovery of "geons" during encoding (geometric shapeprimitives), which should be disrupted when the parts are segmentedarbitrarily. Thus, it is of real interest that naming times were significantlyimpaired when parts were scrambled, but there was no effect of how theobject was broken up. This finding has been replicated, and anothervariant is currently being conducted.

Publications During Grant Period

Kosslyn, S. M., Sokolov, M. A., and Chen, J. C. (1989). The lateralization ofBRIAN: A computational theory and model of visual hemisphericspecialization. In D. Klahr and K. Kotovsky (Eds.), ComplexInformation Processing Comes of Age. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Kosslyn, S. M. (1989). Imagery. In D. Osherson, S. M. Kosslyn, and J.Hollerbach (Eds.), An Invitation to Cognitive Science. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.

Osherson, D., Kosslyn, S. M., and Hollerbach, J. (Eds.) (1989), An Invitationto Cognitive Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Cave, K. R., and Kosslyn, S. M. (1989). Varieties of size-scaling in attention.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General., 118, 148-164.

Kosslyn, S. M. (1989). The psychology of visual displays. InvestigativeRadiology, 24, 417-418.

Rueckl, J. G., Cave, K. R., and Kosslyn, S. M. (1989). Why are "what" and"where" processed by separate cortical visual systems? Acomputational investigation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 1,171-186.

Kosslyn, S. M. (1989). Understanding charts and graphs. Applied CognitivePsychology. 3, 185-225.

Van Kleeck, M. H., and Kosslyn, S. M. (1989). Gestalt laws of perceptualorganization in an embedded figures task: Evidence for hemisphericspecialization. Neuropsychologia, 27, 1179-1186.

Holtzman, J. D., and Kosslyn, S. M. (in press). Components of mentalimagery: Neuropsychological evidence. In A. Caramazza (Ed.),Advances in Cognitive Neuropsychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Kosslyn, S. M. (in press). Computational theories of imagery. Dictionary ofCognitive Science. London: Basil Blackwell.

-8-

Kosslyn 1989 annual report

Kosslyn, S. M., and Van Kleeck, M. (in press). Broken brains and normalminds: Why humpty-dumpty needs a skeleton. In E. Schwartz (Ed.).Computational Neuroscience. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Kosslyn, S. M., Cave, C. B, Arditis, A., and Gabrieli, J. D. E. (in press). Visualimagery in the blind side: a neuropsychological test of the tacitknowledge hypothesis. Brain and Cognition

Kosslyn, S. M., Flynn, R. A., and Amsterdam, J. B. (in press). Components ofhigh-level vision: A cognitive neuroscience analysis and accounts ofneurological syndromes. Cognition

Kosslyn, S. M., Van Kleeck, M. C., and Kirby, K. N. (in press). Aneurologically plausible theory of individual differences in visualmental imagery. In J. T. E. Richardson, P. Hampson, and D. Marks(Eds.), Advances in Mental Imagery. London: Routeledge.

Kosslyn, S. M., Segar, C., Pani, J., and Hillger, L. A. (in press). When isimagery used? A diary study. Journal of Mental Imagery.

Kosslyn, S. M., Koenig, 0., Barrett, A., Cave, C. B., Tang, J., and Gabrieli, J. D. E.(in press). Evidence for two types of spatial representations:hemispheric specialization for categorical and coordinate relations.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception andPeformance

Van Kleeck, M. H., and Kosslyn, S. M. (in press). The use of computermodels in the study of cerebral lateralization. In F. L. Kitterle (Ed.),Cerebral Laterality: Theory and Research. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum

Kosslyn, S. M., and Chabris, C. F. (in press). Naming pictures. Journal ofVisual Languages and Computing,

Kosslyn, S. M., Margolis, J. A., Barrett, A. M., Goldknopf, E. J., and Daly, P. (inpress). Age differences in imagery abilities. Child Development,

Kosslyn, S. M., and Park, S. (in press). Hemispheric differences in memoryfor lateral orientation. Brain and Cognition,

Participating Professionals

Jay R. Rueckl, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, HarvardUniversity (collaborator on neural network models)

Olivier Koenig, Ph.D. Visiting Scholar (now returned to the University ofGeneva)

Arlette Swift, Ed.D. Post doctoral fellow (neuropsychology)

Ph,D. Degrees Awarded

C. B. Cave. The neuropsychology of navigation. Currently a post-doctoralfellow in Larry Squire's laboratory at UCSD.

-9-

Kosslyn 1989 annual report

M. Van Kleeck. Perceptual parsing in the cerebral hemispheres. Currentlya post-doctoral fellow at M.I.T.

In addition, five graduate students work in the laboratory.

Coupling ActiviesPresentations

Presentations were delivered at the following institutions. Unlessnoted otherwise, these were colloquia summarizing the material describedin this Annual Report and were generally entitled "Components of High-Level Vision: A Cognitive Neuroscience Analysis"

Boston UniversityPrinceton UniversityMassachusetts General Hospital (Behavioral Neurology rounds)Longwood Medical Area (Harvard Medical School) Neurology grand

roundsShattuck HospitalOhio State UniversityBrown UniversityUniversity of MinnesotaUniversity of MontrealMassachusetts Neuropsychology SocietyWashington University Medical SchoolThinking Machines CorporationDartmouth UniversityUniversity of RochesterCognitive Science Society Symposium on Cognitive Neuroscience of

AttentionJames S. McDonnell Summer Institute in Cognitive Neuroscience

(Dartmouth University)The Salk InstituteAFOSR Contractors' meeting in Alexandria, VA

Honors

Federation of Social, Behavioral and Cognitive SciencesMassachusetts Neuropsychology SocietyConsultant, Naval Research Laboratories (19 January 1989)Pew Memorial Trust Northeastern Neurosciences Program, grant

preparation committee

-10-

Kosslyn 1989 annual report

National Research Council committee on Cognitive PsychophysiologySymposium Co-organizer, 1989 meetings of Cognitive Science SocietyCo-organizer, 1990 Cognitive Science Society meetings (to be held in

Boston)Editorial board: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (co-founder);

Behavioral Neuroscience; Psychological Review; Journal of VisualLanguages and Computing

External reviewer, programs in experimental psychology at SyracuseUniversity.

Patents and Copyrights

Harvard University is in the process of obtaining a copyright for the testbattery.

Additional Progress

The laboratory has also developed a general purpose neural networksimulator, which appears to be more powerful than simulators that arecommercially available. Two versions have been implemented, one for theMacintosh II and one for a UNIX VAX environment. In addition, a programcalled "quick stat" has been developed to compute statistics directly on theoutput from our tachistoscope simulator program for the Macintosh.

-1l-

Or Jonathan Baron Or Doris Aaronson10 Glenn Avenue No. 29C, 110 Bleecker StreetBerwyn PA 19312 New York NY 10012

Or Jacob Beck Or Jack A. AdamsDepartment of Psychology Department of PsychologyUniversity of Oregon University of IllinoisEugene OR 97403 Champaign IL 61820

Or Irving Biederman Or James A. AndersonDept of Psychology. Park Hall Department of PsychologySUNY at Buffalo Brown UniversityAmherst NY 14260 Providence RI 02912

Or Elizabeth B5ork Or John R AndersonDepartment of Psychology Department of PsychologyUniversity of California Carnegie-Mellon UniversityLos Angeles CA 90024 Pittsburgh PA 15213

Or Robert Bjork Or Nancy S. AndersonDepartment of Psychology Department of PsychologyUniversity of California University of MarylandLos Angeles CA 90024 College Park MD 20742

Dr Kathryn Bock Or Norman H. AndersonDepartment of Psychology, Uris Hall Psychology C-009Cornell University University of CaliforniaIthaca NY 14853 La Jolla CA 92093

Or L. E. Bourne. Jr Or Fred AttneaveODartnent of Psychology Deparment of PsychologyUniversity of Colorado - Box 345 University of OregonBoulder CO 80309 Eugene OR 91403

Or Gordon Bower Dr Lloyd L. Avant750 Mayfield Avenue Department of PsychologyStanford CA 94305 Iowa State University

Ames IA 50011Or Lila Brain*Department of Psychology Or Harry P. BahrickBarnard Colle e S Westgate Or606 w 72Otk S1.at Delaware OW- 4301SNew York 1 102

Or Donald 0~Dr Myron L IY4uastein Research SorvftSchool of Social Science VA Medical CenterUniversity of California St Cloud 1N 663O0Irvine CA 92717

Dr R. K. BanksOr Alberl . Bregman Department of PsychologyDepartment of Psychology Un'versity of Waterloo1205 Or Penfield Avenue Waterloo - OntarioMontreal Quebec CANADACANAOA

~12-

Dr 3ohn Theios Or Wayne WickelgrenDepartment of Psychology Department of PsychologyUniversity of Wisconsin University of OregonMadison W1 53706 Eugene OR 97403

Dr James T. Townsend Dr Delos D. WickensDepartment of Psychology Psychology DepartmentPurdue University Colorado State UniversityWest Lafayette IN 47907 Fort Collins CO 80525

Or Tom Trabasso Or Thomas D. WickensDepartment of Psychology Department of PsychologyUniversity of California University of CaliforniaSanta Barbara CA 93106 Los Angeles CA 90024

Or Anne N. Treisman Dr George WolfordPsychology Department Department of PsychologyUniversity of British Colunia Dartmouth CollegeVancouver BC Canada Hanover NH 03755

Or Barbara Tversky Or Keith WollenDepartment of Psychology Department of PsychologyBuilding 420 Washington State UniversityStanford University Pullman Wa 99164Stanford Ca 94305

Dr Franks YatesDr Ovid Tzeng Department of Psychology

Department of Psychology University of Mchigan

University of California Ann Arbor Mi 48104

Riverside CA 92521

O- Or Rose Zacks

LRDC-University of Pittsburgh Department of Psychology

3939 of it tu Michigan State UniversityStreet East Lansing MI 48824

Pittsburgh PA 15260

Dr Brian A. Wandell -Or Eugene B. Zechmeister

Department of Psychology Department of Psychology

Stanford University Bldg. 420 6252 N. Sheridan Road

Stanford CA 94305 Chicago IL 60626

Dr 3. .S~sNew York Un rSty. q6 Wshngto .co b 8S6New York NO, 10003

Or Robert WeberDepartment of PsychologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwater OK 74078

Or Daniel WeintraubHuman Performance CenterPerry Building330 Packard RoadAnn Arbor MI 48104

-13-

Or Wayne ShebliskeCom on Vision Or Robert SolsoNational Academy of Science Psychology Department2101 Constitution A University of Nevada. RenaWashington DC 20418 Rena MV 89557

Dr Roger N. Shepard Dr Robert SorkinPsychology Department Department of PsychologyBuilding 420 Purdue UniversityStanford University West Lafayette IN 47907Stanford CA 94305 Dr George Sperling

Or Richard N. Shiffrin Psychology DepartmentDepartment of Psychology New York UniversityIndiana University 6 Washington Place RM 980Bloomington IN 47405 New York NY 10003

Dr Edward 3. Shoben Dr Kathryn T. SpoehrPsychology Department Psychology DepartmentUniversity of Illinois Brown University603 East Daniel Street Providence RI 02912Champaign IL 61820 Dr Larry Squire

Dr Harvey Shulman Vet. Adm. Medical CenterHuman Performance Center 3350 La Jolla Village Drive404-B West 17th Ave. San Diego CA 92161Columbus OH 43210 Dr Keith Stanovich

Or Robert Siegler Department of PsychologyDepartment of Psychology Oakland UniversityCarnegie-Mellon University Rochester NI 48063Pittsburgh PA 15260 Dr Robert Sternberg

Or H. A. Simon Department of PsychologyDepartment of Psychology Box 11A Yale StationCarnegie-Mellon University New Haven CT 06520Pittsburgh PA 15260 Dr Saul Sternberg

Or Norman 3. Slamecka Department of PsychologyDepartment of Psychology University of PennslyvaniaUniversity of Toronto Philadelphia PA 19104Toronto OW N6l1A) Canada O~r 3ohn Smt9.Or Edward L!.bith C/O Bolt kefumk & NewmanBolt eranstwswan Inc 50 Poulton Street50 Poulton Street Cambridge FA 02138Cambridge MA 02139 Dr David A. Swinney

Or Linda B. Smith Psychology DepartmentDepartment of Psychology Tufts UniversityIndiana University Redford RA 02155Bloomington IN 47405 Dr Nichael Tanehaus

Psychology DepartmentUniversity of RochesterRochester NY 14726

-14-

Dr Keith Rayner Dr Dewey RundusDepartment of Psychology Department of PsychologyTobin Hall University of South Florida

University of Massachusetts Tana FL 33620Amherst MA 01003

Dr Timothy A. SalthouseDr Arthur S. Reber Department of PsychologyDepartment of Psychology University of MissouriBrooklyn College Columbia NO 65211Brooklyn NY 11210

Dr James SawauschOr Lynne Reder Department of PsychologyDepartment of Psychology State University of New York

Carnegie-Mellon University 4230 Ridge Lea Road

Pittsburgh PA 15260 Buffalo NY 14226

Dr Stephen Reed Dr Arthur SchulmanPsychology Department Department of Psychology

Florida Atlantic University University of VirginiaBoca Raton FL 33431 Charlottesville VA 22901

Dr Robert Rescorla Or Roger Schvaneveldt

Department of Psychology Department of Psychology

University of Pennsylvania New Mexico State University

3815 Walnut Street Las Cruces NM 88003

Philadelphia PA 19104Dr Barry Schwartz

Dr Lance Rips Psychology Department

Behavioral Sciences Swarthmore College

5848 S. University Avenue Swarthmore PA 19081

Chicago IL 60637Or Richard Schweickert

Or Irvin Rock Psychological Sciences

Psychology Department-Livingston Purdue UniversityRutger University West Lafayette IN 47907New Brunswick NJ 08903

Or J. G. SeamonDr Henry L. Roediger. III Department of Psychology

Department of Psychology Wesleyan UniversityPurdue University Middletown CT 06457West Lafayette 1 417V

Dr Robert SekalerOr [leanr shch " 2003 Orrtngi AvuwDepartment .fy"twisel Evanston IL 6=201University oCtr lqlrnlaBerkeley CA 012t Dr James Shanteau

Department of PsychologyDr David A. Rosenbaum Kansas State University

School of Cognitive Sc Comm. Manhatten KS 66506Hampshire CollegeAmherst MA 01002 Or Marilyn Shatz

Human Performance Center

Dr David C. Rubin 330 Packard RoadDepartment of Psychology Ann Arbor MI 48104Duke UniversityDurham NC 27706

-15-

Or Raja Parasuraman Dr Michael 1. PosnerHuman Performnce Lab Department of PsychologyCatholic UnIversity of America University of OregonWashington K 20064 Eugene OR 97403

Or James Pellegrino Or L. 3. PostmanGrad School of Education Department of PsychologyUniversity of California University of CaliforniaSanta Barbara CA 93106 Berkeley CA 94720

Dr Charles A. Perfetti Dr Mary PotterLRDC Department of PsychologyUniversity of Pittsburgh EIO-032Pittsburgh PA 15260 Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Dr Kathy Pezdek Cambridge MA 02139

Department of Psychology Or George R. PottsClaremont Graduate School Department of PsychologyClaremont CA 91711 University of Denver

Denver CO 80208Or Herbert L. Pick, JrInst of Child Development Dr Robert ProctorUniversity of Minnesota Department of PsychologyMinneapolis MN 55455 Auburn University

Auburn AL 36849Dr Steven PinkerDepartment of Psychology Dr Dennis R. ProffittE-10-018 Psychology DepartmentMassachusetts Institute of Technology Gilmer HallCambridge MA 02139 University of Virginia

Charlottesville VA 22901Dr David b. PisoniDepartment of Psychology Dr Dean G. PurcellIndiana University Department of PsychologyBloomington IN 47405 Oakland University

Rochester MI 48063Dr R. H. PollackDepartment of Psychology Dr David H. RaabUniversity of Georgia Department of PsychologyAthens GA 30602 Brooklyn CollegeDr Irin P .- Brooklyn Wl'. 11210

Mental ea1 isch rnstitute Dr Jan Rabt*itzUniversity f flichigan Stop 053 Departwnt. PchelogyAnn Arbor X1 4#104 Barnard C016V

606 W. 120th StreetOr Alexander Pollatsek New York NY 10027Department of PsychologyUniversity of Massachusetts Or Roger RatcliffAmherst NA 01003 Psychology Department

Northwestern UniversityOr James R. Pomerantz Evanston IL 60201Department of Psychology4230 Ridge Lea RoadBuffalo NY 14226

-16-

v- ' -.

.. .. .. , l II I I

Or 3ames L. McClelland Or David NavoaDepartment of Psychology Department of PsychologyCarnegie Mellon University University of altfaPittsburgh PA 15213 Haifa-31999 Israel

Or George McConkie Dr James N. NeelyCtr For Study of Reading Psychology Department51 Gerty Drive Purdue UniversityChampaign IL 61820 West Lafayette IN 47907

Or Gail McKoon Or Urlic NeisserPsychology Department Psychology DepartmentNorthwestern University Emory UniversityEvanston IL 60201 Atlanta GA 30322

Dr Douglas C. Redin Or Thomas 0. NelsonDepartment of Psychology Psychology Department (NI-25)University of Illinois University of WashingtonChampaign IL 61820 Seattle WA 98195

Or David E. Meyer Dr Raymond S. Nickerson1715 Shadford Rd Bolt Beranek and NewmanAnn Arbor MI 48104 50 Moulton Street

Cambridge MA 02138Or Glenn MeyerDepartment of Psychology Or Donald NormanLewis and Clark College Department of PsychologyPortland OR 97219 University of California

La Jolla CA 92093or George A. MillerPsychology Department Or Gregg OdenGreen Hall Department of PsychologyPrinceton University University of WisconsinPrinceton NJ 08544 Madison WI 53706

Or Jeffrey Miller Or Judith Reitman OlsonDepartment of Psychology C-oo Comp. Infor. Systems-tus. Grad. SchUniversity of California University of MichiganLa Jolla CA 92093 Ann Arbor MI 48109

Or Norris Noscevitck. Or Gary OlsonDepartment ol,(Pych l 1 . Universt ,chiganErindale Cola" Perry LwB"ississauga lT- *Canada 330 Packar6 fe

Ann Arbor NV 414Or Jerome L. MeyersDepartment of Psychology Or Andrew OrtonyUniversity of Massachusetts 174 Reading Ctr.Amherst MA 01003 51 Gerty Drive

Champaign IL 61820Or Jacob NachmaasDepartment of Psychology Or Kenneth R. Paap3815 Walnut Street Department of PsychologyPhiladelphia PA 19104 New Mexico State University

Las Cruces NM 88003

'17-

S.Or Sylvan Kornblum Or Gregory LockheadMental Health Research Institute Department of PsychologyUniversity of Nichigan Duke UniversityAnn Arbor N1 48109 Durham NC 27706

Dr Stephen N. Kosslyn Dr Elizabeth LoftusPsychology & Social Relations Department of PsychologyHarvard University University of WashingtonCambridge MA 02138 Seattle WA 98195

Or Judith Kroll Dr Gregory LoftusDepartment of Psychology & Education Department of PsychologyMount Holyoke College University of WashingtonSouth Hadley MA 01075 Seattle WA 9819S

Dr Lester E. Krueger Or Gordon D. LoganHuman Performance Center Department of Psychology4048 U. 17th Avenue University of IllinoisColumbus OH 43210 Champaign IL 61820

Or Carol L. Krumhansl Dr Jack M. LoomisDepartment of Psychology Department of PsychologyUris Hall University of CaliforniaCornell University Santa Barbara CA 9310bIthaca NY 14853

Or Lola LopesDr Michael Kubovy Department of PsychologyPsychology Department University of WisconsinT1illett Hall Madison WI 53706Rutgers UniversityNew Brunswick N3 08903 Or R. Duntan Luce

William James HallOr David Laberge Harvard UniversitySchool of Social Science Cambridge MA 02138University of CaliforniaIrvine CA 92717 Dr George Handler

Center Human Information ProcessingDr Marcy Lansman University of CaliforniaPsychology Department Davie Hall 013A La Jolla CA 92093University of North CarolinaChapel Hill K 21S14 Dr 3.an N. MI1e. * .

epartwnt 6 '-wOr 3osmel LW UniversityDepartmmt 11-yhology La 311Vanderbilt XversityNashville 11 37240 Dr Ellen N. MArN n

Psychology Building 420Or Lester Lefton Stanford UniversityDepartment of Psychology Stanford CA 94305University of South CarolinaColumbus SC 29208 Or Dominic Massaro

Program In Experimental PsychologyDr Alvin Liberman University of CaliforniaHaskins Laboratories Santa Cruz CA 95064270 Crown Street

New Haven CT 06SI0

uepertiento Psychology Dr J.A. Scott KelsoPriceton Untversity Haskins LaboratoriesPrinceton N3 08S44 270 Crown StreetNew Haven CT 06510Dr Weal Johnson

Department of Psychology - Or Geoffrey KeppelOhio State University Department of Psychology

Columbus O 43210 University of CaliforniaBerkeley CA 94720

Dr William A. JohnstonDepartment of Psychology

Dr Stephen M. KerstUniversity of Utah 35 Bayside Road PlRDSalt Lake City UT 84112 Boston MA 02215

Or John Jonldes Or oavcd KlerasPsychology Department Department Of PsychologyUniversity Of Michigan University of Arizona

Ann Arbor 41 48109 Tucson AZ 6S721or James Juola Dr John F. KihlstromDepartment of psychology

Department of PsychologyUniversity of Kansas University of Wisconsin

Lawrence KS 66045 Madison WI S3706Or Marcel Just Or Gregory A. KimbleDepartment of Psychology

Department of PsychologyCarnegie-Mellon University Duke UniversityPittsburgh PA 1S213 Durham WC 27706

Or Daniel Kahnman Dr Ron KlnchlaDepartment of Psychology Department of PsychologyUniversity of British Columbia Princeton UniversityVan Couver-B.C. Canada Princeton NJ 08S40

Or Barry Kantowitz Dr P. K. KirsnerDepartment of Psychology Psychology Department

Purdue University University of Western Australia-PerthWest Lafayette IN 47907 Nedland 6009 AustraliaDr Stuart KatL

Or avid KlahrPsycholoo 01j-t t Departnt PsUniversity " lis Car"""ie ro]l 9Unt; ,rtyaAthens - 1ttsbur. 13Or Steven W. KIele

Dr Stuart T" capPsychology Oepartrent Department of -PsychologyUniversity of Oregon California State UniversityEugene OR 97403 Hayward CA 9042

Or Frank C. Keil Or Roberta L. KlatzkyPsychology 276 Uris Hall Psychology DepartmentCornell University University of California. Santa BarbariIthaca NY 14853 Santa Barbara CA 93106

-19-

n. , i Hi-I Im l l l l l

Or Robert G. firice Or Julian HochbergDepartment of Psychology Departmnt of PsyhcologyUniversity of IkNe Mexico Columbia UniversityAlbuquerque NN 97131 New York NY 10027

Dr Steven Grossberg Dr Howard HockSO Hyde Street Department of PsychologyNewton Highland MA 02161 Florida Atlantic University

Boca Raton FL 33431Or Ralph HaberPsychology Department Dr James HoffmanUniversity of Illinois at Chicago Department of PsychologyChicago IL 60680 University of DelawareNewark DE 19711Dr Lynn HasherDepartment of Psychology. Weiss 8 Or Keith HolyoakTemple University Psychology DepartmentPhiladelphia PA 19122 University of Michigan

330 Packard RoadDr Reid Hastie Ann Arbor MI 48104Department of PsychologyNorthwestern University Or Donald HomaEvanston IL 60201 Department of Psychology

Arizona State UniversityDr Alice F. Healy Tempe AZ 65287Psychology DepartmentCampus Box 345 Or Darlene V. HowardUniversity of Colorado Department of PsychologyBoulder CO 80309 Georgetown University

Washington DC 20057Dr Richard HeldDepartment of Psychology Or James H. Howard, Jr.79 Amherst Street Department of PsychologyCambridge MA 02139 The Catholic University

Washington DC 20064Or Joseph B. HelligePsychology Department-SGM 704 O Dr Earl HuntUniversity of Southern California Department of PsychologyLos Angeles CA 90089 University of Washington NI-2S

Seattle WA 9819S- Or 3. V. HNi chs.

Department .lphcholow - Dr Janelle I &auttenlocher

Universit.y Av Department of EducationIowa City 5 S2241' 5600 S. Kimrak Avenue

*V. Chicago IL 60637- Or Douglas Hintmn

Department of Psychology Or N.J. Peterson-IntonsUniversity of Oregon Department of PsychologyEugene OR 97403 Indiana University

Bloomington IN 47405Dr Ira 3. HirshDepartment of Psychology Box 1125 - r Larry L. JacobyWashington University Department of PsychologySt. Louis MO 63130 University of Utah

Salt Lake City UT 84112

Or Michael S Gazzaniga Or Walter C GogelDepartment of Psychology

yUniversity of California1300 Yo.rkAN(MVti Santa Barbara CA 93106

Ne~f~k Y 10021Or Judith Goggin

Dr R. E. Geiselman Department of PsychologyDepartment of Psychology University of Texas-El PasoUniversity of California El Paso TX 79968Los Angeles CA 90024

Or Bruce GoldsteinOr E. Scott Geller Department of PsychologyDepartment of Psychology University of PittsburghVirginia Tech Pittsburgh PA 15260Blacksburg VA 24061

Dr Paula GoolkasianOr Rochel Gelman Department of PsychologyDepartment of Psychology University of North Carolina3813-15 Walnut Street Charlotte NC 28223Philadelphia PA 19104

Dr Daniel GopherOr Dedre Gentner Department of Indus. Engin. & Mngmt. TechUniversity of Illinois Haifa 3200Champaign IL 61820 Israel

Or Eleanor J. Gibson Or Arthur GraesserDepartment of Psychology Department of PsychologyUris Hall California State UniversityCornell University Fullerton CA 92634Ithaca NY 14853

Or Norma Graham- r Murray Glanzer 314 Schermerhorn Hall, Psychology

Department of Psychology Columbia UniversityNew York University New York NY 10027New York NY 10003

Dr Douglas S. GrantOr Arnold L. Glass Department of PsychologyPsycholoqy Department-Busch Campus The University of AlbertaRutgers University Edmonton Alta CanadaNew brunswick NJ 08903

Or David t.,Ire@Wor Henry sotM.w Departmt M,Psychouojj11. gfirtLA- Harvard3616 Walnut irf Cambridge 38University o Fel T"PvaniaPhildelphia PA 19104 Dr Iants Sreeno

University of California at Berkley- r Arthur Glenberg Berkley CA 94720

Department of PsychologyUniversity of Wisconsin Dr Anthony GreenwaldMadison WI 53706 Ohio State University

404C W 17th AvenueOr Sam Glucksburg Columbus OH 43210Department of PsychologyPrinceton UniversityPrinceton NJ 08544

-21-

UtVincent Oiloll D

Department of Psychology Ronald Alan FinkeUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton A Itj

Department of PsychologynCANAtA

S.U.N.y. at Stony BrookCA

Stony Brook My 11794Dr Emlanuel Donchin Or Baruch F schhoffDepartment of Psychology Oecson ResearchUniversity of Illinois 1201 OakChampaign IL 61820 Eugene OR 97401

Dr Ward Edwards - Or Ira Fischler

Social Science Research Inst. Department of Psychoogy

University of Southern Calif nisity of FloridaLos Angeles CA 90089 Gainsville FL 32611

Or Howard Egeth Or ohn FloersDepartment of Psychology Psychology-209 urnettJohns Hopkins University University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Baltimore MO 21218 Lincoln NE 68588Dr Peter D. Esols Or John M Foley

Department of Psychology Department of Psychology

Brown University University of California

Providence RI 02912 Santa Barbara CA 93106O Dr Henry C. Ellis Or Donald 3. Foss

Department of Psychology Department of Psychology

University of New Mexico University of Texas

Albuquerque NM 87131 Austin TX 78712" Or Randall Engle Or Robert Fox

Department of Psychology Psychology-Wesley Hall 134University of South Carolina Vanderbilt University

Columbia SC 29208 Nashville TN 37240

Or William Epstein Dr Jeffrey J. FranksPsychology Building Psychology Wesley Hall

Charter @ W Johnson Vanderbilt UniversityMadison WI 53706 Nashville TN 37240Or Jams A. Ertrjon Or John A FPreeriksenDepartment psycBou4 8olt Berafetw. i anUniversity ar.2Lus 10 MoultonArlington T1 76019 Camridge 0- 02238Or C. W. Eriksdn Or Jennifer Ffeyd

Dr9 Psychology Building Department of PsychologyUniversity of Illinois Uris Hall

603 fast Daniel Cornell University

Champaign IL 61820 Ithaca NY 14853Or W. K. Estes Or Wendell R GarnerW"1 James Hall Department of PsychologyHarvard University Yae Station 1A

Cambridge MA 02138 New Haven CT 06520

-22-

Dr Bruno Breitmeyer Or Michelene ChiDepartment of Psychology Learning Research & Development CntUniversity of Houston University of PittsburghHouston TX 77004 Pittsburgh Pk 15206

Or James Brennan Or Herbert H. ClarkDepartment of Psychology Department of PsychologyUniversity of Mass-Harbor Campus Building 420Boston MA 02125 Stanford University

Stanford CA 94305- Or William F. Brewer

Department of Psychology - r Charles CliftonUniversity of Illinois Department of Psychology603 East Daniel St University of MassachusettsChampaign IL 61820 Amherst MA 01003

Or Bruce Bridgeman Or Ronald A. ColeVision Research Lab 1445 Wightman St

University of California Pittsburgh PA 15217

Santa Cruz CA 95064Or Lynn A. Cooper

Or Lee R. Brooks 517 LRDC BuildingDepartment of Psychology 3939 O'Hara Street

M c Master University Pittsburgh PA 15206Hamilton - OntarioCANADA - r Robert G. Crowder

Department of ksychology

Or Nelson Butters Boy 1IA lale Station, 3147 Morning Way New Haven CT 06520

. La Jolla CA 92037Dr James E. Cutting

" Or Alfonso Caramazza Department of Psychology, Uris Hall

Department of Psychology Cornell UniversityJohns Hopkins University Ithaca NY 14353

* s, Baltimore MD 21228Or Joseph H. Danks

Or Patricia A. Carpenter Department of PsychologyDepartment of Psychology Kent State UniversityCarnegie-Mellon University Kent OH 44242Pittsburgh PA 15213

Dr Jams e*es*-,Dr Thoms 1K.Curr Department .tjc leV-Department jrjsychology University rgitna "Psychology ,.erch Building Charlottes , ; 22901Michigan Staie Unive'stty D l .. •East Lansing MI 48824 Or Wlltm 1.. r"

Department of PsychologyOr E. C. Carterette University of CincinnatiDepartment of Psychology Cincinnati OH 45221University of CaliforniaLos Angeles CA 90024 Or Donald V. Derosa

Department of PsychologyBowling Green State UniversityBowling Green OH 43403

-23-