eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobis samarTlebrivi modelebi da … · 2020. 9. 18. · dimitri gegenava, eklesia-saxelmwifo urTierTobis samarTlebrivi modelebi da saqarTvelos konstituciuri

daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis instituti

sulxan-saba orbelianis universiteti

iuridiuli kompania `jei em ji da partniorebi~

dimitri gegenava

eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobis

samarTlebrivi modelebi da

saqarTvelos konstituciuri SeTanxmeba

dimitri gegenava, eklesia-saxelmwifo urTierTobis samarTlebrivi modelebi da

saqarTvelos konstituciuri SeTanxmeba

daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis institutis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2018

gamomcemloba ìuristebis samyaro~, Tbilisi, 2018

Dimitry Gegenava, Legal Models of Church-State Relations and Georgian Constitutional Agreement

Prince David Institute for Law Publishing, Tbilisi, 2018

Publishing “Lawyers’ World”, Tbilisi, 2018

© dimitri gegenava, 2018

ISBN 978-9941-9607-9-6

i

winaTqma

èklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobis samarTlebrivi modelebi da

saqarTvelos konstituciuri SeTanxmeba~ jer kidev ori wlis win unda gamo-

suliyo, Tumca uaRresad subieqtur mizezTan gamo, romlebic ZiriTadad gad-

atvirTul samuSao reJimsa da drois uqonlobas ukavSirdeba, misi gamocema

mxolod 2018 wels moxerxda. wignSi mocemuli faqtobrivi informacia 2017

wlamdelia da am nawilSi ar ganmiaxlebia, radganac sademonstraciod

sakmarisad miviCnie. GSevecade teqsti wasakiTxad da gasagebad martivi

yofiliyo, Tumca ar daekarga akademiuri xarisxi. ramdenad kargad SevZeli, es

ukve mkiTxvelis gadasawyvetia.

Zalze mniSvnelovania, Tu ra ganwyobiT waikiTxavs adamianis am wigns.

radikalebi, funtamendalistebi, Tu ideologiurad angaJirebuli adamianebi

aq mocemul informacias arasakmarisad mkacrad, mkveTrad Tu cxadad miiC-

neven. es wigni sxva mizniT daiwera da maqsimalurad vecade, obieqturi Sual-

edi dameWira, informacia yovelgvari Selamazebis gareSe gadmomeca da rac

mTavaria, vinmes an rames interesebs ar morgeboda. Sesabamisad, arc iqneba

gasakviri, Tu vinmes simwvave an siRrme daakldeba. teqsti mainc naSromis sa-

Tauridan gamomdinareobs da ar exeba yvela im sakiTxs, romelsac zogadad

eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebi moicavs.

am Temaze muSaoba jer kidev maSin daviwye, rodesac aRniSnuli sakiTxi

arsebuli simwavaviT namdvilad ar gamoirCeoda, Tumca ukve igrZnoboda is

`mZafri qartexili~, romelic cota xanSi religia-saxelmwifos sferos Tavs

daatydeboda. ASesabamisad, msgavs naSromze muSaoba da masTan raime Sexeba

garkveulwilad safrxis Semcvelic ki iyo.

qarTul samarTlebriv sinamdvileSi madlobis gadaxda Tu naSromis

miZRvna cota ucnauria da metad euxerxulebaT avtorebs. ar davmalav, msgavs

akademiur snobizms Tavadac xSirad Sevupyrivar da momridebia sakuTari

azris gamoxatva grZnoba-gancdebisTvis miuval akademiur garemoSi. miuxeda-

vad amisa, aucilebelia, gamovyo im ramdenime adamianis Rvawli da damsaxureba,

romelTa gareSec araTu es wigni ar Seiqmneboda, aramed me, rogorc mkvlevari,

ver Sevdgebodi. udidesi madloba minda gadavuxado profesor giorgi

kverenCxilaZes, romelsac wamiTac ar uyoymania da mxari damiWira am àkad-

emiur avantiuraSi~, wlebis manZilze mimiTiTebda gasavlel gzas. Mmisi

mxardaWera da mkacri akademiuri stili didwilad maiZulebda interdisci-

plinuri kvlevis procesSi naTlad gamomekveTa samarTlebrivi orientiri.

gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia profesori paata turava, vinac pirvelma

maziara akademiuri weris standarts jer kidev bakavriatze swavlis wlebSi,

maswavla sakuTari da sxvisi azris mniSvneloba. madloba profesor Ggiorgi xu-

buas, romelmac momca udidesi motivacia, ar Semovfargluliyavi viwro

xedviT, mecqira gacilebiT farTo horizontebisTvis, Cemi azrovneba da

msjeloba damefuZnebina ara normativizmze, aramed RirebulebiT wesrigsa da

metapozitiur faseulobebze.

ii

aqve madlobas vuxdi yvela im adamians, vinc gverdSi medga da magulianebda

mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi, gansakuTrebiT Cems mSoblebs, romlebmac swavla

Semayvares, bavSvobidanve mibiZgebdnen siaxleTa gacnoba-dauflebisken da

Cems meuRles, romelmac titanuri mUoTminebiT gauZlo namSromze muSaobis

damRlel periods da ufro metic, dRemudam maZlevs motivacias, Sevqmna gac-

ilebiT meti.

imeds vitoveb, wignSi mocemuli informacia daexmareba am sakiTxebiT

dainteresebul adamianebs da mcirediT mainc daakmayofilebs maT in-

teleqtualur wyurvils. ra Tqma unda, religia da saxelmwifos samarTle-

brivi urTierTobis kvlevas am naSromiT ar vasruleb, piriqiT, es mxolod sa-

fuZvelia gacilebiT masStaburi kvlevebisTvis.

dimitri Ggegenava

daviT batoniSvilis samarTLlis institutis direqtori

sulxan-saba orbelianis universitetis asocirebuli profesori

Tbilisi, 2018 wlis ianvari

iii

Semoklebani

ix. _ ixileT Sead. _ SeadareT msg. _Pmsgavsi a.S. _ ase Semdeg dawvr. _ dawvrilebiT dRg _ damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi wm. _ wminda Jurn. _ Jurnali a(a)ip _ arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piri ssip _ sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri prof. _ profesori wminda werili _ biblia gaero _ gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia evrosasamarTlo _ adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo evrokomisia _ adamianis uflebaTa evropuli komisia evokonvencia _ adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaT dacvis evropuli konvencia saqarTvelos eklesia _ saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlma-didebeli eklesia wminda saydari, romis eklesia _ romis kaTolike eklesia, vatikani azerbaijani _ azerbaijanis respublika angola _ angolis respublika argentina _ argentinis respublika aSS _ amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi belgia _ belgiis samefo benini _ beninis respublika bulgareTi _ bulgareTis respublika burundi _ burundis respublika gaboni _ gabonis respublika adamianis uflebaTa komiteti _ gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis adamianis uflebaTa komiteti gaerTianebuli samefo _ didi britaneTisa da CrdiloeT irlandiis gaer-Tianebuli samefo gaiana _ gaianas respublika gambia _ gambiis respublika germania, gfr _ germaniis federaciuli respublika gvinea _ gvineis respublika gvinea-bisau _ gvinea-bisaus respublika dania _ daniis samefo evrokavSiri _ evropis kavSiri evrosabWo _ evropis sabWo ekvadori _ ekvadoris respublika espaneTi _ espaneTis samefo euTo _ evropis usafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacia veneciis komisia _ evropuli komisia samarTlis meSveobiT demokratiisTvis TurqeTi _ TurqeTis respublika indoeTi _ indoeTis respublika irlandia _ irlandiis respublika israeli _ israelis saxelmwifo italia _ italiis respublika kameruni _ kamerunis respubika kviprosi _ kviprosis respublika kongo _ kongos respublika

iv

kot divuari _ kot divuaris respublika latvia _ latviis respublika madagaskari _ madagaskaris respublika mozambiki _ mozambikis respublika monako _ monakos samTavro mali _ malis respublika namibia _ namibiis respublika naw. _ nawili nepali _ nepalis federaciul-demokratiuli respublika niderlandebi _ niderlandebis samefo norvegia _ norvegiis samefo poloneTi _ poloneTis respublika portugalia _ portugaliis respublika rasobrivi diskkriminaciis winaaRmdeg brZolis komiteti _ gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis rasobrivi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg brZolis komiteti ruanda _ ruandis respublika ruseTi _ ruseTis federacia saberZneTi _ saberZneTis (eladis) respublika san tome da prinsipi _ san tomesa da principis demokratiuli respublika sabWoTa kavSiri _ sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiri safrangeTi _ safrangeTis respublika senegali _ senegalis respublika serbeTi _ serbeTis respublika slovakeTi _ slovakeTis respublika ssr _ sabWoTa socialisturi respublika sssr _ saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublika tajikeTi _ tajikeTis respublika togo _ togos respublika usd _ umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba yazaxeTi _ yazaxeTis respublika yirgizeTi _ yirgizeTis respublika SvedeTi _ SvedeTis samefo Cadi _ Cadis respublika Crd. korea _ CrdiloeT koreis saxalxo demokratiuli respublika App. - Application

Circ. - Circuit

Comm.- Communication

ECHR - European Commission of Human Rights

ECtHR - European Court of Human Rights

ed. - edition

etc. - et cetera

U.S. - United States

UN - United Nations

UNHRC - United Nations Human Rights Committee

Fed. - Federal

Iss. - Issue

No. - Number

Para. - Paragraph

v. – versus

Venice Commission - European Commission for Democracy Through Law

Vol. – Volume

Para. - Paragraph

UK - United Kingdom

Том – Т.

v

Sinaarsi

I. Sesavali 1

II. saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi

formebi 6

1. saxelmwifo da qristianuli eklesia 6

1.1. saxelmwifo 6

1.1.1. saxelmwifo, rogorc samoqalaqo instituti 6

1.1.2. saxelmwifos qristianuli koncefcia 7

1.2. eklesia 9

1.2.1. eklesia, rogorc erToba 9

1.2.2. eklesia, rogorc samarTlebrivi instituti 9

1.2.2.1. eklesia _ iuridiuli piri 11

1.2.2.1.1. kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli piri 14

1.2.2.1.2. sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri 16

1.2.2.2. araregistrirebuli erToba 17

2. eklesia-saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis istoriuli

ganviTareba 18

2.1. eklesiis warmoSoba da did sqizmamdeli urTierTobebi saxelmwifosTan 18

2.1.1. qristianobis legitimacia da eklesiis saxelmwifosadmi

daqvemdebareba 18

2.1.1.1. qristianebis devnidan qristianobis Semwynareblobamde 18

2.1.1.2. eklesia imperator konstantines Semdeg 19

2.1.2. dasavleT-aRmosavleTis eklesiebi da romis dacema 20

2.1.3. kanonikuri samarTali da saxelmwifo 21

2.2. eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebi dasavleTis eklesiebis istoriuli

ganviTarebis konteqstSi 22

2.3. eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebi aRmosavluri eklesiebis istoriuli

ganviTarebis konteqstSi 24

2.4. qristianoba sekularul msoflioSi 26

vi

3. saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis modelebi da samarTlebrivi

mowesrigeba 27

3.1. qvemdebareobis modeli 29

3.1.1. erastianizmi 29

3.1.2. Teokratia 30

3.2. saxelmwifo eklesia 31

3.2.1. saxelmwifo eklesiis koncefcia 31

3.2.2. saxelmwifo eklesiis instituciuri Sesabamisoba adamianis ZiriTad

uflebebTan 37

3.3. sekularizmi 38

3.3.1. sekularizmis koncefcia 38

3.3.1.1. sekularizmis idea 38

3.3.1.2. sekularizmi Tanamedrove msoflioSi 42

3.3.2. sekularizmis modelebi 45

3.3.2.1. sruli gamijvnis modeli 45

3.3.2.1.1. saxelmwifo sekularizmi 46

3.3.2.1.2. liberaluri sekularizmi 47

3.3.2.1.3. Laïcité 53

3.3.2.1.4. antieklesiis modeli 57

3.3.2.2. TanamSromlobis modeli 60

3.3.2.2.1. TanamSromlobis modelis koncefcia 60

3.3.2.2.2. saxelmwifosa da eklesiis TanamSromlobis samarTlebrivi

meqanizmebi 64

3.3.2.2.2.1. sakanonmdeblo modeli 65

3.3.2.2.2.1.1. sakonstitucio done 65

3.3.2.2.2.1.2. sakanonmdeblo done 66

3.3.2.2.2.2. saxelSekrulebo modeli 67

3.3.2.2.2.2.1. konkordati 67

3.3.2.2.2.2.2. SeTanxmebebi 71

vii

3.3.2.3. Sereuli (hibriduli) modeli 71

3.3.3. sekularizmis problemebi 73

III. eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierToba saqarTveloSi 77

1. eklesia-saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis ganviTareba

saqarTveloSi 77

1.1. I-V saukuneebi 77

1.2. avtokefalia da gorgaslis saeklesio reforma 78

1.3. VI-XI saukuneebi 79

1.3.1. VI-X saukuneebi 79

1.3.2. aToneli berebi da giorgi mTawmindlis saeklesio reforma 80

1.4. saeklesio reforma da aRmaSeneblis epoqa 81

1.4.1. ruis-urbnisis saeklesio kreba 81

1.4.2. mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondidlis saxelo da eklesiis saxelmwifosTvis

daqvemdebareba 83

1.5. XII-XVII saukuneebi 85

1.5.1. XII-XIV saukuneebi 85

1.5.2. erTiani saqarTvelos daSla da qarTuli eklesia 87

1.5.3. vaxtangis samarTali 89

1.5.4. XVIII saukune 90

1.6. qarTuli eklesia rusuli aneqsiis periodSi 90

1.7. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika 91

1.8. qarTuli eklesia da sabWoTa kavSiri 94

1.9. damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdgomi periodi 95

2. eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobis qarTuli modeli 98

2.1. religiis Tavisufleba 98

2.2. sakonstitucio privilegia 100

2.3. TanamSromlobis sistema 101

2.3.1. TanamSromlobis qarTuli modelis Taviseburebani 101

2.3.2. TanamSromlobis qarTuli modelis problemebi 103

viii

IV. saqarTvelos konstituciuri SeTanxmeba 105

1. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadebis motivacia da winare periodi 105

2. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis Sinaarsi 106

2.1. eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvna 106

2.2. eklesiisa da sasuliero pirTa samarTlebrivi statusi 108

2.3. safinanso-ekonomikuri TanamSromloba 109

2.3.1. kompensacia da sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi 109

2.3.2. qoneba da saeklesio saganZuri 110

2.4. religia da sajaro sivrce 111

3. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis adgili qarTul samarTalSi 113

3.1. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis samarTlebrivi statusi 113

3.2. konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, rogorc samarTlis wyaro 114

4. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis samarTlebrivi problemebi 116

4.1. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis saxelwodebis terminologiuri uzustoba 116

4.2. konstituciuri SeTanxmeba normatiuli aqtebis ierarqiaSi 117

4.3. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis hibriduli buneba 119

4.4. sekularizmis principis darRveva da eklesiis SezRudva 120

4.4.1. saidumloebis dacva 121

4.4.2. licenzia da nebarTvebi 122

4.4.3. ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis SezRudva 124

4.4.4. patriarqis xelSeuvaloba 126

5. konstituciuri SeTanxmeba da adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi 127

5.1. eklesia-saxelmwifos TanamSromloba religiisa da demokratis

Tavsebadobis konteqstSi 128

5.2. Tanasworoba 130

5.3. religiis Tavisufleba 132

V. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis aRsruleba saqarTveloSi 135

1. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis aRsrulebis mdgomareoba 135

2. jvrisweris aRiareba qarTul samarTlebriv sivrceSi 136

ix

2.1. saojaxo urTierTobebis samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba da religia 136

2.2. qorwinebis samarTlebrivi gageba 138

2.2.1. qorwinebis samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi gageba 138

2.2.2. qorwinebis kanonikursamarTlebrivi gageba 140

2.3. jvrisweris aRiareba 142

2.3.1. jvriswera, rogorc samarTlebrivi faqti da misi aRiareba 142

2.3.2. jvrisweris aRiarebis samarTlebrivi praqtika 144

2.3.2.1. jvrisweris araRiareba da samoqalaqo qorwinebis erTaderToba 145

2.3.2.2. jvrisweris aRiareba _ alternatiuli modeli 146

2.3.2.2.1. eklesiis mier Sesrulebuli jvrisweris aRiarebis

samarTlebrivi geografia 146

2.3.2.2.2. marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mier Sesrulebuli jvrisweris

aRiareba 147

2.3.2.2.3. romaul-kaTolikuri da sxva eklesiebis mier Sesrulebuli

jvrisweris aRiareba 149

2.3.3. kanonikuri qorwinebis aRiarebis qarTuli gamocdileba 150

2.4. jvrisweris aRiarebasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi 152

2.4.1. qorwinebis aRiarebis samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba 152

2.4.1.1. qarTuli samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba 152

2.4.1.2. qarTuli saeklesio kanonmdebloba 153

2.4.2. saero da saeklesio normaTa kolizia 154

2.4.2.1. asaki 154

2.4.2.2. qorwinebis damabrkolebeli garemoebebi 155

2.4.2.3. ganqorwineba 157

2.4.3. saeklesio faqtebi da maTi registracia 159

3. religiuri dResaswaulebi 160

3.1. religiur dResaswaulebze uqmoba 160

3.2. religiur dResaswaulebze uqmoba saqarTveloSi 161

3.3. konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT nakisri `valdebuleba~ 162

x

4. safinanso-ekonomikuri valdebulebebi 163

4.1. kompensacia 163

4.2. sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi 167

4.2.1. religiuri gaerTianebebisaTvis sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis dadgena 167

4.2.1.1. religiuri gaerTianebebisTvis sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis dadgena

da adamianis ZiriTad uflebebi 167

4.2.1.2. religiuri gaerTianebebisTvis sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis dadgenis

praqtika 168

4.1.1.2.1. aSS-is sakanonmdeblo mowesrigeba da praqtika 168

4.1.1.2.2. evropuli midgoma 170

4.2.2. religiuri gaerTianebebi da saqarTvelos sagadasaxado sistema 172

4.3. eklesiisTvis qonebis dabruneba da gadacema 174

4.4. kulturuli memkvidreobis movla da saeklesio saganZuri 176

5. religiis swavleba da religiuri ganaTleba 178

5.1. religiis swavlebis roli da mniSvneloba 178

5.2. eklesia-saxelmwifos instituciuri urTierTobebi da ganaTleba 180

5.2.1. ganaTlebis sistemaSi religiis integrirebis modelebi 180

5.2.2. religiis swavleba da saxelmwifos pozitiuri valdebulebebi 181

5.2.3. religiuri ganaTlebis dafinanseba 183

5.2.4. religiis swavlebaze saxelmwifo zedamxedveloba 184

5.2.5. religiuri simboloebi da ganaTleba 185

5.3. religia saswavlo kurikulumebSi 187

5.3.1. religiis gakveTilebis savaldebulooba saswavlo programebSi 187

5.3.2. `religiis swavleba~ da `religiis Sesaxeb swavleba~ 189

5.4. religiis swavleba saqarTveloSi 190

5.5. sapatriarqos daqvemdebarebuli saswavleblebi 191

5.6. sapatriarqos daqvemdebarebul saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaTa da maT

mier gacemuli diplomebis aRiareba 192

5.7. religia da qarTuli saganmanaTleblo sivrcis problemebi 194

xi

6. religia, sasjelaRsrulebisa da Tavdacvis sistemebi 195

6.1. sasjelaRsrulebisa da Tavdacvis dawesebulebebSi religiis

integrirebis praqtika 195

6.2. religia da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis sistema 196

6.2.1. samxedroTa rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba 196

6.2.2. konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT nakisri valdebulebis Sesruleba 197

6.3. religia da saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis sistema 198

6.3.1. braldebulisa da msjavrdebulis rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis

Tavisufleba 198

6.3.2. konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT nakisri valdebulebis Sesruleba 199

VI. daskvna 201

bibliografia 210

1

`mrTeli adamiani azrovnebisa da Tavisuflebisgan Sedgeba.~ wm. nikoloz kabasila1

`qristianoba Tavisufali konstituciuri saxelmwifos bebiaqalia?~2

I. Sesavali

kacobriobis istoriasa da TanamedroveobaSic Zalze iSviaTia iseTi insti-

tutebi, romlebsac sazogadoebis ganviTarebis mTel procesze aqvT gavlena.

Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis saqmianobis specifikisa da adamianis ZiriTadi

uflebebis, rogorc samarTlis Rirebulebis,3 gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis

gaTvaliswinebiT, nebismieri sxva instituti ukana planze iwevs. socialuri

da samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis simravleSi sxvaTagan gansxvavebuli

adgili ukavia religias, romelic socialuri, kulturuli, istoriuli da

raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, samarTlebrivi movlenacaa. igi erovnuli

identobis ganmsazRvreli, sazogadoebis SemakavSirebeli elementia4 da misi

mniSvneloba kacobriobis Segnebuli azrovnebis istoriis sawyisi etapebidan

moyolebuli, warmoudgenlad didia. is, erTgvarad, koleqtiuri identobis

erT-erT mTavar Camomyalibeblad iqca5.

religiam kidev ufro meti mniSvneloba mas Semdeg SeiZina, rac asparezze

msoflios dominanti religiebi gamoCndnen da daiwyo ara mxolod

saRvTismetyvelo, metafizikur sakiTxebze dogmatikis Camoyalibeba, aramed

praqtikul, saxelmwifosTan Tanayofierebasa da Tanaarsebobaze fiqri. IV

saukunidan qristianoba saxelmwifoebriv doneze gavrcelebas iwyebs da ekle-

sia maleve evropuli saxelmwifoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli erT-erTi

àtributi~ xdeba. mTelma Sua saukuneebma eklesiis mniSvnelovani dominanto-

biT Caiara da gamonaklisi arc saqarTvelo iyo, sadac saeklesio dogmatika da

samarTali saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenda.

Sua saukuneebis miwurulisken datrialebuli reformaciis qariSxlis

Semdeg, evropaSi damkvidrda azri, rom sazogadoebis stabiluroba da keTil-

dReoba swored saxelmwifosa da eklesiaze iyo damyarebuli.6 Sesabamisad, XX

saukunemde saxelmwifo cdilobda, Tavad emarTa da daemorCilebina eklesia,

rogorc xalxis kontrolis saukeTeso saSualeba. Tanamedrove epoqamde

religiaze, rogorc adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis sferoze, ra Tqma unda,

1 egnate IV, marTlmadidebloba da Tanamedroveoba: mowmobis orientiri, Jurn. `soli-daroba~, #3(12)’07, 2007, 30. 2 spikeri m., qristianoba da Tavisufali konstituciuri saxelmwifo, z. iaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #5(32), 2009, 81. 3 xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2004, 206. 4 Peyrouse S., The Relationship between Church and State in the Post-Soviet World: The Case of Christianity in

Central Asia, “Journal of Church and State”, #49, 2007, 101. 5 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century –

Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 26. 6 loqlini r.b., kedlis bevri fanjara, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #5, 2012, 91.

2

saubari arc iyo. rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba, rogorc samarTle-

brivi principi, XX saukunis mTavari monapovaria7.

religia kerZo sfero,8 `Zalze piradi, Zalze sakraluri da Zalze wmindaa~,

saero xelisuflebis nebaze rom iyos damokidebuli.9 Sesabamisad, religiis

Tavisuflebis principma saxelmwifosa da religiis erTmaneTisgan gan-

calkevebis, gamijvnis idea TavisTavad ganaviTara, vinaidan religiis Tavisu-

fleba, erTi mxriv, individualur Tavisuflebas, meore mxriv, ki Tavad

religiuri institutebis damoukideblobas gulisxmobs10.

XXI saukune faseulobaTa gadafasebis epoqaa.11 Tanamedrove samyaroSi

eklesiebma da religiurma organizaciebma dakarges gavlena da kontroli

kerZo Tu sajaro sferoebis mniSvnelovan segmentze.12 miuxedavad imisa, rom

mTeli civilizebuli samyaro saxelmwifosa da religiis erTmaneTisgan gam-

ijvnaze Tanxmdeba, es procesi yvelgan erTnairad ar mimdinareobs.

tradiciul, marTlmadidebeli qristianobis qveynebSi saxelmwifos dRemde

sWirdeba eklesia, rogorc kulturuli identobis mTavari wyaro da Sedegi.13

ufro metic, igi Tanamedrove urbanuli cxovrebis ganuyofel nawilad iqca14

da dRemde evropuli identobis mniSvnelovan komponentad rCeba15.

religia yovelTvis iyo qarTuli saxelmwifos erTiani organizaciuli qso-

vilisa da ideologiis ganuyofeli nawili. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Sua

saukuneebSi qveynis oficialuri ideologia mTlianad saeklesio midgomebs

efuZneboda16. ruseTis mier saqarTvelos aneqsiis erT-erT mTavar iaraRadac

swored qristianuli mrwamsi iqca, eklesiis meSveobiT imperiam myarad gaidga

fesvebi qveyanaSi, amitomac gasakviri araa, rom SemdgomSi rusuli eklesia

saqarTvelosTvis saimperio-caristuli manqanis asociacias iwvevda. gan-

sakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobis is

modeli, romelic demokratiuli respublikis periodSi moqmedebda. SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom damoukideblobis periodSi dawyebuli brZola religiis

winaaRmdeg zeaqtiur fazaSi sabWoTa kavSirma gadaiyvana, rac rusuli so-

cializmis tipuri niSani iyo.

7 loria v., gelaSvili b., bendeliani m., adamianis uflebebi da religia, Tbilisi, 2006, 21. 8 ix., 97 Members of the Gldani Congregation of Jehovah’s Witnesses and 4 Others v. Georgia, [ECtHR], App.

no. 71156/01, 3 May 2007, Para.150. 9 Wood J.E., Church and State in Historical Perspective: A Critical Assessment and Annotated Bibliography, Lon-

don, 2005, 68. 10 ix., izoria l., korkelia k., kublaSvili k., xubua g., saqarTvelos konstituciis komen-tarebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, Tbilisi, 2005, 111-112. 11 Nathan C.N., The Changing Face of Religion and Human Rights, A Personal Reflection, Leiden-Boston, 2013,

172-173. 12 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century –

Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 26. 13 Mungiu-Pippidi A., The Ruler and the Patriarch: The Romanian Eastern Orthodox Church in Transition, “East

European Constitutional Review”, #7, 1998, 91. 14 Turner B.S., The Religious and the Political, A Comparative Sociology of Religion, New York, 2013, 240. 15 Nathan C.N., The Changing Face of Religion and Human Rights, A Personal Reflection, Leiden-Boston, 2013,

175. 16 saginaSvili q., saeklesio sasjelebis istoria, Jurn. adamiani da konstitucia~, #3, 2002, 19.

3

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos saxelmwifo politika eklesiis mimarT

calsaxa arasdros yofila da yovelTvis mravaldonianobiT gamoirCeoda.

marTalia, saxelmwifosa da marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri

SeTanxmeba daido, riTac maTi TanamSromloba oficialurad gaformda da

eklesiam de facto privilegirebuli statusi miiRo, Tumca sakiTxi amiT ar

amowurula. piriqiT, formalur-samarTlebrivma mxarem praqtikuli dan-

iSnuleba TiTqmis ver Seasrula, ris gamoc qarTuli normatiuli sistemis

rangiT meore dokumentma araTu sruli, aramed nawilobrivi aRsrulebac ki

ver hpova. dRemde rCeba uamravi gadauWreli sakiTxi, romlebic srul uZraob-

aSia da samwuxarod, maT gadasawyvetad aucilebeli Tanmxvedri nabijebic ar

sCans. amasTan, ar SeiZleba am sakiTxis polarizacia da romelime mxarisTvis

sruli pasuxismgeblobis gadakisreba, vinaidan TanamSromlobis procesSi

uaryofiTi Sedegis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, wvlili orive mxares miuZRvis.

miuxedavad imisa, rom konstituciuri SeTanxmeba da mis aRsrulebasTan da-

kavSirebuli sakiTxebi mudam aqtualuria, qarTul samarTlebriv sivrceSi am

sakiTxebze mxolod ramdenime samecniero naSromi arsebobs, romlebic ufro

idiografiuli xasiaTisaa, vidre analitikuri. amis mizezi kvlevis procesis

sirTule da is delikaturobaa, romelic religiasTan dakavSirebul sa-

kiTxebs mudam Tan sdevs. siRrmiseuli analizisa da Seswavlis gareSe, izrdeba

sxva religiur gaerTianebaTa da aRmsarebelTa ZiriTadi uflebebis

darRvevis, diskriminaciis safrTxe. sakiTxis aqtualobas ganapirobebs sax-

elmwifos evroatlantikur organizaciebSi gaerTianebisa da Tanamedrove,

demokratiul qveynad Camoyalibebis survili, romlisTvisac sasicocxlod

mniSvnelovania religiis Tavisufleba. amasTan, sazogadoebis umravlesobis

aRmsarebloba da umciresobis religiuri uflebebi praqtikaSi mudmivad

kveTen erTmaneTs, garkveuli jgufebi ki cdiloben am sferoSi arsebuli

problemebis marginalizebiT mdgomareoba kidev ufro gaarTulon. garda

amisa, konstituciuri SeTanxmeba xSirad aRiqmeba, garkveulwilad, `burusiT

mocul~ dokumentad, romelzec yvela saubrobs, Tumca misi Sinaarsi da miT

umetes, siRrmiseuli, gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis sakiTxebi cotam Tu

uwyis. dokumentis samarTlebrivi analizi da sakonstituciosamarTlebrivi

Sefaseba saTanadod jerac ar ganxorcielebula, rac Zalian bevr dainter-

esebul jgufs SesaZleblobas aZlevs, igi sakuTari poziciidan warmoaCinos.

mniSvnelovania isic, rom evropisken swrafvis gzaze daixvewos da

gaumjobesdes konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT dadgenili samarTlebrivi

wesrigi, Tavad aqti ki SedarebiTi sakonstitucio samarTlis, zogadad, evro-

pulsamarTlebrivi gamocdilebis WrilSi gaanalizdes da Tanamedrove

standartebis Sesabamisad daixvewos.

naSromis mizania saxelmwifosa da eklesiis, rogorc urTierTobebaTa

mxareebis, mimarTebis Seswavla, maTi urTierTobebis ZiriTadi, gavrce-

lebuli modelebis analizi, am urTierTobaTa samarTlebrivi aspeqtebis

mimoxilva da ganzogadeba, ukeTesi da Sinaarsobrivad adekvaturi klas-

ifikaciis SemuSaveba, romelic ara romelime sivrceze, aramed mTlianad

eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobis samarTlebriv mxareze iqneba orien-

tirebuli; saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTmimarTebis samarTlebrivi

4

formebis Seswavla, raTa gamoiyos is ZiriTadi meqanizmebi, romelTa

recefcia da adaptacia SesaZlebeli iqneba qarTul sinamdvileSi. kvlevis mi-

zania, konstituciuri SeTanxmebis, rogorc pozitiursamarTlebrivi wyaros,

Seswavla, misi statusis, Sinaarsis ZiriTadi aspeqtebis analizi normatiuli

wesrigis WrilSi, aseve, konstituciuri SeTanxmebis aRsrulebis procesis,

etapebisa da am mizniT ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis Sefaseba, aRsrulebasTan

dakavSirebuli problemebis diferenciacia, siRrmiseuli kvleva; imple-

mentaciis sirTuleebis gadaWrisaTvis rekomendaciebisa da winadadebebis

SemuSaveba, romlebic rogorc kanonikursamarTlebriv, ise saero samarTlis

gamocdilebasa da msoflioSi aprobirebul modelebs daefuZneba.

kvleva ZiriTadad eyrdnoba SedarebiTsamarTlebriv meTodikas, anali-

tikur, istoriul-genetikur, idiografiul (deskrifciul), hermenevtikul

da sxva samecniero meTodebs. meToduri kvlevis safuZvelze moxdeba eklesia-

saxelmwifos urTierTobebis sferoSi arsebuli samecniero literaturis,

samarTlebrivi aqtebisa da sasamarTlo praqtikis Seswavla. damuSavdeba

qarTuli saerTo da sakonstitucio sasamarTloebis, evrosasamarTlos,

evrokomisiis, gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komitetis, aSS-is umaRlesi sasa-

marTlosa da sekularizmis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani ramdenime sax-

elmwifos praqtika, rac ukeTesi mowesrigebisa da saqarTveloSi arsebuli

problemebis gadawyvetis adekvaturi saSualebebis identifikaciisTvis mniS-

vnelovani wyaro iqneba.

naSromi eqvsi nawilisgan Sedgeba, romelTagan I da VI, Sesabamisad, Sesavali

da daskvnaa, xolo ZiriTadi kvleva II-V nawilebSia moqceuli. II nawilSi yur-

adReba gamaxvilebulia saxelmwifosa da eklesiis subieqtunarianobaze, maTi

TanamSromlobis samarTlebriv safuZvlebze; mocemulia eklesia-sax-

elmwifos urTierTobebis sxvadasxva klasifikacia da ganxilulia maTi

formebi, meqanizmebi da standartebi SedarebiTsamarTlebriv konteqstSi.

naSromis III nawili eTmoba eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobebis

qarTuli modelis mimoxilvasa da analizs. qarTuli gamocdileba ganxilulia

samarTlebriv konteqstSi, qristianobis gavrcelebidan Tanamedrove epoqis

CaTvliT, Sefasebulia religiis Tavisuflebisa da eklesia-saxelmwifos ur-

TierTobis qarTuli modelis Taviseburebebi da ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi.

IV nawili konstituciur SeTanxmebas, rogorc samarTlebriv dokuments,

mis Sinaarsobriv, teqnikur da samarTlebriv maxasiaTeblebs exeba. ganxilu-

lia, rogorc uSualod teqsti, ise terminologiuri, samarTlebrivi da sa-

kanonmdeblo teqnikis mxriv arsebuli problemebi. saqarTvelos konstituci-

uri SeTanxmeba gaanalizebulia normatiuli aqtebis ierarqiis, qarTul sa-

marTlebriv sivrceSi misi adgilis konteqstSi, Sedarebulia adamianis Zi-

riTadi uflebebis doqtrinas, Tanasworobis ZiriTad uflebasa da religiis

Tavisuflebas.

V nawilSi Tavmoyrilia konstituciuri SeTanxmebis aRsrulebasTan da-

kavSirebuli sakiTxebi. Sefasebulia SeTanxmebis implementaciis procesi da

am mizniT ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba

jvrisweris aRiarebis, religiuri ganaTlebis, saeklesio dResaswaulebze

uqmobisa da religiis sajaro sivrceSi, gansakuTrebiT ki sasjelaRsrulebisa

5

da Tavdacvis sferoebSi, integraciis sakiTxs. gaanalizebulia safinanso-

ekonomikuri valdebulebebis (kompensacia, qonebis dabruneba-gadacema,

sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis sistema da kulturuli memkvidreobis, saeklesio

saganZuris movla-patronoba) aRsrulebis procesi da am kuTxiT konstituci-

uri SeTanxmebis jerovani implementaciisTvis damabrkolebebi garemoebebis

aRmofxvrisa da problemaTa gadawyvetis SesaZlo gzebi.

6

II. saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi formebi

1. saxelmwifo da qristianuli eklesia

1.1. saxelmwifo

1.1.1. saxelmwifo, rogorc samoqalaqo instituti

saxelmwifos warmoSoba da ganviTareba metad saintereso istoriul pro-

cesebTanaa dakavSirebuli. saxelmwifo, rogorc adamianTa organizebuli Ta-

naarseboba, uZvelesi wesrigia.17 misi Tanamedrove arsi da maxasiaTeblebi

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi yalibdeboda da ixveweboda. Tanamedrove sax-

elmwifos idea da koncefcia srulad iziarebs warsul gamocdilebas,

mecnierTa naazrevsa da saero praqtikas. amasTan, misi Tanamedrove gaazreba

gansxvavdeba Tundac XIX saukunemde arsebuli koncefciebisgan, igi moicavs

platonisa da arasistoteles definicias, ciceronis miznobriobas, makia-

velis, bodenis, monteskies, lokis, medisonisa da jefersonis moZRvrebebs,

romlebmac, saboloo jamSi, saxelmwifos Tanamedrove saxe misces. sax-

elmwifos Tanamedrove formiT Camoyalibebis erTi, mniSvnelovani etapi

dagvirgvinda bentamis, ostinisa da pozitivistebis TeoriiT, romelmac

pozitiuri samarTlis arseboba srulad saxelmwifos suverenul neba-sur-

vils daukavSira18.

saxelmwifo, rogorc samoqalaqo instituti, is uflebamosili warmonaq-

mnia, romelsac samoqalaqo urTierTobaTa ZiriTadi aspeqtebis

mowesrigebaze aqvs eqskluzivi. xalxi mas gadascems Zalauflebas, raTa misi

saxeliT ganaxorcielos saqmianoba.19 swored es aqcevs mas adamianTa yvelaze

organizebul da sistemur, suverenitetiT aRWurvil erTobad20.

yvela sazogadoebas sWirdeba avtoritetuli instituti, Tumca sax-

elmwifo, sinamdvileSi, erT-erTi da ara erTaderTi aseTi warmonaqmnia.21 es

aris is mniSvnelovani debuleba, romelic man unda gaiTvaliswinos, raTa

mmarTveloba tiraniad ar iqces. saxelmwifos, rogorc samoqalaqo erTobas,

IV saukunidan qristianuli eklesiis saxiT mniSvnelovani konkurenti gam-

ouCnda, romelmac TandaTan saero sakiTxebSic seriozuli gavlena moipova.

yvela Tanxmdeba, rom am periodidan saxelmwifoSi erTis nacvlad ukve faqto-

brivad ori suvereni arsebobs _ xelisuflebisa da eklesiis saxiT22 (moma-

valSi swored aman ganapiroba, Tanamedrove saxelmwifos mcdeloba, ise unda

moawyos eklesiisa da misi urTierTobebi, rom Tavidan airidos `saxelmwifo

17 bumisi p.i., kanonikuri samarTali, i. garayaniZis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2007, 187. 18 ix., xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2004, 206; Corpus Juris, w.I, samarTalmcodneobis sakiTxebi, d. gegenavas redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2015, 14-23. 19 ix., Loughlin M., Foundations of Public Law, Oxford, 2010, 69-73. 20 ix., gegenava d., qanTaria b., canava l., TevzaZe T., maWaraZe z., javaxiSvili p., erqvania T., papaSvili T., saqarTvelos sakonstitucio samarTali, me-3 gamocema, Tbilisi, 2015, 8-12. 21 Mckinley P.B., Differentiating Church and State (Without Losing the Church), “Georgetown Journal of Law

and Public Policy”, Vol.7, 2009, 42. 22 Berg Th.C., Colby K.W., Esbeck C.H., Garnett R.W., Religious Freedom, Church-State Separation, and the

Ministerial Exception, “Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy”, Vol. 106, 2011, 177.

7

saxelmwifoSi~23, rac, saboloo jamSi, seriozuli problemebiTa da krizisiT

SeiZleba dasruldes24).

1.1.2. saxelmwifos qristianuli koncefcia

eklesiasa da saxelmwifos moqmedebis gansxvavebuli sfero da meqanizmebi

aqvT, Tumca, Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenadaa es yovelive erTmaneTisgan

damoukidebeli.25 313 wels imperatorma konstantinem saimperatoro ediqtiT

qristianuli da sxva religiebi Seiwynara, neba darTo emoqmedaT Tavisuflad,

ramac eklesiis Semdgom ganviTarebaze mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia.26 am

droidan iwyeba qristianuli dogmatikis sistemuri Camoyalibeba, maT Soris,

saxelmwifosTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis damuSaveba.

qristianobisTvis saxelmwifo misaRebi institutia, radganac es

ukanaskneli amqveyniuri cxovrebisa da adamianTa Soris mSvidobis uzrun-

velyofis saSualebad aRiqmeba, anarqia ki principulad miuRebelia.27 aqve

aRsaniSnavia, rom, marTalia, saxelmwifo da xelisufleba anarqiasTan

brZolis meqanizmia, Tumca, saboloo jamSi, igi mainc Zaladobis organoa, ro-

melic erTgvarad Tavisuflebis sulis qristianul gagebasTan winaaRmdego-

baSic ki modis.28 saxelmwifo da xelisufleba RmerTis mier dadgenil

mmarTvelobad miiCneva, yovel qristians ki evaleba, daemorCilos mas.29 zoga-

dad, qristianoba ùkve arsebul wesrigsa da kanonebs iRebda rogorc

pozitiur mocemulobas~30, ufro metic, xelisuflebisa da saxelmwifos

arseboba, romelic socialur da politikur uwesrigobas upirispirdeba,

qristianuli SexedulebiT, RmerTis mieraa dadgenili.31 vinaidan yvela

mmarTveli uflis gangebiT gamwesebulad moiazreba, adamiani nebismier Sem-

TxvevaSi valdebulia, daicvas saxelmwifoSi arsebuli samarTali. cudi

xelisufleba RvTaebriv sasjeladaa miCneuli, kargi ki _ wyalobad. eklesia

ar SeiZleba romelime politikuri sistemis Tu dajgufebis momxred aRiqme-

bodes, is SeZlebisdagvarad neitralur pozicias unda inarCunebdes32.

23 Habermas J., Equal Treatment of Cultures and the Limits of Postmodern Liberalism, “Journal of Political Phi-

losophy”, Vol.13, 2005, 13. 24 ix., Annicchino P., Laïcité as Civil Religion: An Italian American Perspective, “The George Washington

International Law Review”, Vol.41, No.4, 2010, 820. 25 xucurauli i., qristianuli religiisa da samarTlis urTierTdamokidebuleba sax-elmwifoSi, Jurn. `samarTali~, #9-10, 2001, 21. 26 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 29. 27 xucurauli i., qristianuli religiisa da samarTlis urTierTdamokidebuleba sax-elmwifoSi, Jurn. `samarTali~, #9-10, 2001, 22. 28 meni a., religia, `pirovnebis kulti~ da sekularuli saxelmwifo, d. TinikaSvilis Targ-mani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #6(39), 2010, 76. 29 epistole pavle mociqulisa romaelTa mimarT, 13,1; Berger B., The Limits of Belief: Freedom of

Religion, Secularism and the Liberal State, Canadian Journal of Law and Society, Vol.17, No.1, 2002, 40; Bras-

sard et al. v. Langevin, [1877] 1 S.C.R. 145 at 220-I. 30 meni a., religia, `pirovnebis kulti~ da sekularuli saxelmwifo, d. TinikaSvilis Targ-mani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #6(39), 2010, 75. 31 iqve. 32 ix., bumisi p.i., kanonikuri samarTali, i. garayaniZis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2007, 188.

8

qristianul moZRvrebaSi eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierToba

amqveyniur da imqveyniur samyaroebTan kavSiris saxed aRiqmeboda, dawyebuli

qristes cnobili postulatidan, netari avgustines `RvTaebrivi qalaqiT~

gagrZelebuli.33 amgvari mosazreba Tavad qristes mier dawesebuli gamijvni-

dan modis, romlis ganmartebiTac, RvTaebriv sakiTxebSi uzenaesia eklesia,

rogorc uflis nebis gamomxatveli, xolo saeroSi _ saxelmwifo.34 aqve unda

aRiniSnos, rom macxovriseul postulats mravali interpretacia aqvs, vinai-

dan maszea dafuZnebuli eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa mTeli qristi-

anuli sistema.

saxelmwifos qristianuli koncefciis paralelurad, qristianuli sax-

elmwifos Sesaxeb moZRvrebac Camoyalibda, romelic saukuneebis ganmav-

lobaSi icvleboda, rasac xSirad Tavad eklesiis SigniT mimdinare movlenebi

uwyobda xels.35 qristianuli saxelmwifos idea Sua sakuneebSi gansakuTrebiT

aqtualuri iyo, vinaidan eklesia lamis saxelmwifo xelisufalTa moqmedebebs

warmarTavda, Tumca misi politikuri Zalaufleba axali epoqis dadgomis

Semdeg mniSvnelovnad Sesustda, rac ZiriTadad erovnuli saxelmwifoebis

warmoSobam ganapiroba36.

erovnulma saxelmwifoebma da sxva religiebisadmi Semwynareblurma poli-

tikam saxelmwifos qristianuli koncefciis gadasxvafereba ganapiroba. aq-

tualuri gaxda eklesiisa da saxelmwifos ideuri gancalkevebis Tema. uiliam-

sis fraza eklesiasa (`walkotis~) da danarCen samyaros (`sivelures~) Soris

gammijnavi kedlis aucileblobasTan dakavSirebiT SemdgomSi aqtiurad gam-

oiyenes da praqtikaSic damkvidrda.37 saxelmwifos mier religiis Tavisu-

flebis principis aRiarebam eklesiasa da xelisuflebas Soris ur-

TierTsawinaaRmdego poziciebis arsebobis riski gazarda, Sesabamisad,

Tanamedrove sinamdvileSi saxelmwifos samarTali SeiZleba saeklesio

sjulsa da swavlebas ewinaaRmdegebodes. aseT SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobs ap-

robirebuli gamosavali, Tumca xSirad miuTiTeben wminda werilis

debulebaze, romlis mixedviTac, upirvelesad adamianebi unda emorCilebod-

nen RmerTs, Semdgom ki sxva adamianTa dadgenil wesebs.38 amas ki mniSvnelovani

disonansi Semoaqvs, Tumca, rogorc radbruxi ganmartavs, am debulebis

praqtikaSi gamoyeneba xSirad adamianis sindiszea damokidebuli, romelsac

RmerTi `mxolod iSviaT SemTxvevebSi Tu aRviZebs~39.

33 Eighmy J.L., Institutional Support in a Welfare State: The Crisis in Church-State Relations, “Journal of Church

and State”, #4(2), 1962, 167. 34 `miugo iesu da hrqua maT: `mieciT keisrisaჲ keisarsa da RmrTisaჲ RmerTsa.~, saxerabaჲ markozisi, 12,17. 35 ix., Wood J.E., Church and State in Historical Perspective: A Critical Assessment and Anntated Bibliography,

London, 2005, 31. 36 loria v., gelaSvili b., bendeliani m., adamianis uflebebi da religia, Tbilisi, 2006, 27. 37 “Wall of Separation between the Garden of the Church and the Wildness of the World”, ix., narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 39. 38 `miugo petre da mociqulTa da hrques: morCilebaჲ jer-ars RmrTisaჲ ufroჲs vidre kacTaჲ.~, saqme wmidaTa mociqulTaჲ (aRwerili luka maxarebelisaჲ), 5.29. 39 radbruxi g., samarTlis filosofiis xuTi wuTi, d. gegenavas Targmani, samarTlis Jurnali `sarCevi~, #1-2(3-4), 2012, 240.

9

1.2. eklesia

1.2.1. eklesia, rogorc erToba

Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi sityva èklesia~ ori mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba:

erTis mixedviT, es aris adgili, sadac mimdinareobs qristianuli RvTismsax-

ureba40, xolo meore mniSvnelobiT, igi qristianTa erToba, organizaciaa41.

eklesia religiuri organizaciaa, romelsac mWidro kavSiri aqvs sazoga-

doebasTan da eris Tu eTnosis sarwmunoebrivi gaerTianebaa, romlisTvisac

saxelmwifos kulturasa da tradiciebTan harmoniuli urTierTobaa damax-

asiaTebeli.42 mas saxelmwifosgan sruliad gansxvavebuli funqciebi da

miznebi aqvs. eklesiis mizania RvTis sityvis, uflis siyvarulisa da samarTli-

anobis xalxisTvis gacnoba, adamianTa sulis xsnaze zrunva, xolo sax-

elmwifos arsi sayovelTao keTildReobis, wesrigisa da Tavisuflebis,

kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofaa.43 mrwamsis mixedviT, eklesia

aris èrTi, wminda, kaTolike da samociqulo~44, igi mTel dedamiwaze erTia da

misi Tavi ieso qristea.45 qristianuli msoflmxedvelobiT, eklesia aris

rogorc erToba, sistema, ise _ erTaderTi saSualeba, romliTac misi wevrebi,

qristianebi miaRweven saboloo mizans _ cxonebas: extra ecclesiam nulla salus46.

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi qristianuli eklesia seriozul da mravaldo-

nian organizaciad iqca, romelic sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi Tu socialuri

formiT mTel msoflioSi gavrcelda. dResdReobiT ramdenime ZiriTadi da

mravali wvrili qristianuli mimdinareoba arsebobs, romelTac TavianTi or-

ganizaciul-samarTlebrivi mowyoba, struqtura da dogmatika aqvT.

1.2.2. eklesia, rogorc samarTlebrivi instituti

mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ar arsebobda erTiani xelisufleba.

saxelmwifos gverdiT yovelTvis moiazreboda eklesia, romelic xelisu-

flebis realurad SemzRudveli samoqalaqo instituti iyo.47 saxelmwifosa

da eklesiis funqciebi, marTalia, erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebulia, Tumca isini

xSirad ikveTeba,48 radganac arcerTi eklesia Tu religiuri instituti

sazogadoebisgan mowyvetilad ar arsebobs, igi ganTavsebulia sxvadasxva ad-

40 `Seiwireba msxverpli sadideblad yovladwminda samebisa.~ CikvaiZe d., saeklesio sa-marTali, Tbilisi, 2008, 8. 41 iqve, 8; bumisi p.i., kanonikuri samarTali, i. garayaniZis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2007, 74. 42 papuaSvili n., msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2002, 16. 43 National Council of Churches, Separation and Interaction of Church and State, “Journal of Church and State”,

#6, 1964, 147. 44 mrwamsi, me-10 muxli. 45 ix., bumisi p.i., kanonikuri samarTali, i. garayaniZis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2007, 73-74. 46 èklesiis gareSe ar aris cxovneba~ (wm. kvipriane), ix., iqve, 74. 47 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 30. 48 National Council of Churches, Separation and Interaction of Church and State, “Journal of Church and State”,

#6, 1964, 147.

10

ministraciul-teritoriul erTeulSi, Sesabamis kulturul garemosa da so-

ciumSi.49 marTlmadidebeli eklesia Teologiurad ar ukavSirdeba raime

politikur instituts, kulturasa da sazogadoebas, Tumca, imavdroulad,

igi valdebulia, yvela SesaZlo Rones mimarTos xalxis, nebismieri adamianis

xsnisa da siwmindisaTvis50.

eklesiis Teologiuri da samarTlebrivi aRqma erTmaneTs uaxlovdeba,

Tumca mniSvnelovnadac gansxvavdeba. Tuki rwmenis kuTxiT, eklesia misi wev-

rebis gaerTianebaa, romlis mizania sulis xsna, samarTlisaTvis igi sruliad

gansxvavebul institutad aRiqmeba. samarTlebrivad eklesia SeiZleba gan-

isazRvros, rogorc religiuri organizacia, romelic dakavSirebulia

sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan nawilTan da rogorc wesi, saxelmwifosTanac

mWidro kavSirSia,51 aqvs Sesabamisi organizaciul-samarTlebrivi forma da

moqmedebs saxelmwifoSi arsebuli marTlwesrigis Sesabamisad. eklesiis sta-

tusi aranair mniSvnelobas atarebs sulierebis kuTxiT, marTlmadide-

blobisTvis mTavaria saRmrTo wesebis aRsruleba, vinaidan RvTis winaSe

yvela Tanabaria.52 praqtikuli saqmianobis TvalsazrisiT ki, misTvis mniSvne-

lovania saxelmwifos mxridan aRiareba, radgan, miuxedavad imisa, rom sax-

elmwifo da eklesia didad gansxvavdebian, erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSiric

aqvT,53 amasTan, aRiarebis gareSe nebismieri yofiTi saqmianobis ganxor-

cieleba warmoudgenelia.

marTlmadidebeli eklesia, romaulisgan gansxvavebiT, istoriulad

biurokratiuli gaerTianeba ar iyo da yovelTvis ufro sulier sakiTxebze

hqonda orientacia.54 Tumca Tanamedrove samyaros samarTlebrivi ganvi-

Tareba bunebrivad moiTxovs eklesiaTa da sxva religiur gaerTianebaTa sa-

marTlebriv doneze uzrunvelyofas, raTa maT sazogadoebaSi normaluri

arseboba, samarTalurTierTobebSi monawileoba SeZlon. eklesiis samarTle-

briv statusTan dakavSirebiT saxelmwifoebs erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli

praqtika aqvT. TiTqmis SeuZlebelia iseTi saerTo, zogadi formis moZieba,

romelsac yvela samarTlebrivi sistema miiRebs da aRiarebs, vinaidan

yovelive es konkretuli qveynis istoriaze, kulturaze, sazogadoebasa da sa-

marTlebriv sistemazea damokidebuli.

49 Mckinley P.B., Differentiating Church and State (Without Losing the Church), “Georgetown Journal of Law

and Public Policy”, Vol.7, 2009, 32. 50 Romanides J.S., The Orthodox Churches on Church-State Relations and Religion Liberty, “Journal of Church

and State”, #6, 1964, 185. 51 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 24. 52 Romanides J.S., The Orthodox Churches on Church-State Relations and Religion Liberty, “Journal of Church

and State”, #6, 1964, 186. 53 Encyclical Letter “Deus Caritas Est” of the Supreme Pontiff Benedict XVI to the Bishops, Priests and Deacons,

Men and Women Religious and All the Lay Faithful on Christian Love, 25 December 2005, Para.28. 54 Mungiu-Pippidi A., The Ruler and the Patriarch: The Romanian Eastern Orthodox Church in Transition, “East

European Constitutional Review”, #7, 1998, 87.

11

evrokavSiri saxelmwifoebs uflebas aZlevs, Tavad gadawyviton, Tu ra sa-

marTlebrivi statusi eqnebaT religiur organizaciebs, igi aRiarebs Sesabam-

isi wesiT dafuZnebul da moqmed religiur gaerTianebebs.55 ra Tqma unda, es

yovelive kanonis winaSe Tanasworobisa da samarTlianobis principebs unda

efuZnebodes. religiuri gaerTianebebis registraciisas saxelmwifos sruli

obieqturoba da kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis principis dacva moeTxoveba.56

eklesia SeiZleba iyos rogorc registrirebuli, ise araregistrirebuli

organizaciuli erToba.57 saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs religiur gaerTianebaTa

mimarT moqmedi erTiani samarTlebrivi standarti: saxelmwifo konkretul

religiur jgufs uflebas aZlevs, Tavad airCios, daregistrirdeba Tu ara

saerTod. ra Tqma unda, registraciis Taviseburebebi, aseve, araregistri-

rebul eklesiaTa samarTlebrivi statusis gansazRvra saxelmwifos kanon-

mdeblobazea damokidebuli.

1.2.2.1. eklesia _ iuridiuli piri

registrirebuli religiuri gaerTianebebi ZiriTadad kerZo an sajaro sa-

marTlis iuridiuli pirebis saxiT arseboben.58 religiuri organizaciebis

registraciis ramdenime modeli ganirCeva da es klasifikacia damokidebulia

registraciisas saxelmwifos rolze.59 evropuli saxelmwifoebis umrav-

lesoba registraciis procesSi saxelmwifoTa aqtiur monawileobas arCevs.60

evropul saxelmwifoTa im nawilSi ki, sadac religiur organizaciebTan

mimarTebiT mkacrad Camoyalibebuli sakanonmdeblo mowesrigeba ar arsebobs,

msgavsi organizaciebis registraciisa da aRiarebis procesSi mniSvnelovan

rols xSirad sasamarTlo asrulebs61.

safrangeTSi religiur jgufad romelime gaerTianebis aRiareba sax-

elmwifo sabWos prerogativaa, romelic sakmaod mkacrad udgeba sakiTxs da

mxolod tradiciul religiaTa warmomadgenlebis mimarT avrcelebs 1905

wlis kanons.62 fineTSi `religiis Tavisuflebis aqtTan erTad~, evangelur-

55 erqvania T., saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierTmimarTebis samarTlebrivi konteqsti _ qarTuli modeli, mokle SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi mimoxilva evropuli kavSiris magaliTze, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #6, 2013, 29; ix. citireba: Treaty

of the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), art. 17. 56 ix., Jehovah’s Witnesses and Others v. Austria, [ECtHR], App. no. 40825/98, 31 July 2008. 57 mag., italiaSi religiur gaerTianebebs SeuZliaT daregistrirdnen asociaciebis saxiT an iarsebon araregistrirebuli asociaciebis statusiT, samoqalaqo kodeqsis Sesabamisad. ix., ferari s., saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 249. 58 erqvania T., saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierTmimarTebis samarTlebrivi konteqsti _ qarTuli modeli, mokle SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi mimoxilva evropuli kavSiris magaliTze, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #6, 2013, 26. 59 melaZe g., noniaSvili g., religiuri organizaciis registraciis sakiTxi qarTul kanon-mdeblobaSi, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #9, 2016, 77. 60 iqve, 78. 61 cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 30. 62 basdevan-godeme b., saxelmwifo da eklesia safrangeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 190.

12

luTeranuli da marTlmadidebeli eklesiebis samarTlebriv statuss spe-

cialuri kanonebi awesrigebs.63 rogorc wesi, religiuri gaerTianebebisa da

eklesiebisaTvis calke reestri ar arsebobs da isini sxva iuridiuli pirebis

msgavsad registrirdebian. mag., espaneTSi religiuri gaerTianebebi da ekle-

siebi iuridiuli piris statusis misaRebad registrirdebian sajaro

reestrSi, risTvisac maT unda waradginon 1980 wlis `religiis Tavisuflebis

aqtiT~ gansazRvruli dokumentacia.64 gansxvavebuli mdgomareobaa ukrainaSi,

sadac religiuri centrebi, monastrebi, Teologiuri skolebi da msgavsi xasi-

aTis organizaciebi unda daregistrirdnen religiur saqmeTa saxelmwifo

komitetSi,65 Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom religiuri organizaciebis regis-

tracia ukrainaSi sakmaod martivia, registraciisTvis sakmarisia gaerTiane-

bas 10 wevri mainc hyavdes da religiuri miznebi hqondes.66 msgavs mowesrigebas

adgens SvedeTic: religiuri organizaciis registraciisTvis aucilebeli

piroba am gaerTianebis religiuri miznebi da misi wevrTa raodenobaa67.

saxelmwifoebis mixedviT, registraciisas mniSvnelovania eklesiaTa klas-

ifikacia. italiaSi moqmedebs samsafexuriani sistema, romelic religiur

gaerTianebebs ganasxvavebs: pirveli, ra Tqma unda, romis kaTolikuri ekle-

siaa, romelsac sruliad gansxvavebuli statusi aqvs; meore, is konfesiebi,

romlebic italiaSi tradiciulad arsebobdnen da maTi Sexedulebebi italiis

kanonmdeblobas sruliad Seesabameba; mesame jgufs mcirericxovani da arc

ise popularuli gaerTianebebi ganekuTvnebian.68 1874 wlis èklesiebis aRi-

arebis Sesaxeb~ da 1998 wlis `religiuri konfesiuri erTobebis Sesaxeb~ ka-

nonebis Tanaxmad, avstriaSi religiuri organizaciebis sami saxe arsebobs:

oficialurad aRiarebuli religiuri sazogadoeba, religiur-konfesiuri

erToba da asociacia.69 religiur gaerTianebad registraciisaTvis norvegia

ganmcxadebels ramdenime moTxovnas uyenebs: gaerTianebis saxeli da

misamarTi, mrwamsi da doqtrina, organizaciuli mowyoba, saqmianoba da wev-

63 Slotte P., Freedom of Religion, Freedom of Conscience and Education: A Nordic Example, in: Law, Religion,

Constitution (Freedom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by C. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari

and D. Thayer, Ashgate Publishing, 2013, 335; The Church Act (Kirkkojärjestys 1055/1993), Act on the Orthodox

Church (Laki Ortodoksisestakirkosta 985/2006). 64 ibani i.s., saxelmwifo da eklesia espaneTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 162. 65 Yalensky V., Religion, Church, and State in the Post-Communist Era: The Case of Ukraine (with Special

References to Orthodoxy and Human Rights), “Brigham Young University Law Review”, #2, 2002, 482. 66 iqve. 67 fridneri l., saxelmwifo da eklesia SvedeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 627. 68 ferari s., saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 247. 69 Cranmer F., Olivia J.G., Church-State Relationships - An Overview, “Law and Justice”, #162, 2009, 12; 1960-iani wlebidan avstriam `tradiciul~ religiebTan mimarTebiT mizanmimarTuli politika gaatara, ris Sedegadac protestantuli da marTlmadidebluri eklesiebi oficialurad iqna aRiarebuli. ix., pozti r., saxelmwifo da eklesia avstriaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 456.

13

roba, mmarTvelobis organoebi, sulieri da administraciuli xelmZRva-

nelebis saxelwodeba da pasuxismgeblobis sfero, religiuri gaerTianebis

wesebi wevrobis, xmis micemis, momsaxurebis, wesdebaSi cvlilebebis Setanis

Sesaxeb70.

registracia da iuridiuli piris statusiT arseboba, ra Tqma unda,

savaldebulo araa (miT umetes, rom eklesia didi xnis ganmavlobaSi aRiqme-

boda, rogorc societas iuride perfecta, romelic RmerTis mier iyo dafuZnebuli

da ara kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze, Sesabamisad, igi samarTalsa da xelisu-

fleba aRar emorCileboda da saxelmwifos mxridan arc raime aRiareba

sWirdeboda71), Tumca saxelmwifos mxridan oficialuri aRiareba mainc

dadebiTi faqtoria. igi materialuri TvalsazrisiTac momgebiania. SvedeTSi

registrirebul gaerTianebebs mniSvnelovani saxelmwifo SeRavaTebi aqvT.72

registracia religiur organizaciebs praqtikuli saqmianobis ukeT ganxor-

cielebaSi, Tavisi da wevrebis uflebebis dacvasa da qonebrivi sakiTxebis

gamarTulad warmarTvaSi exmarebaT.73 daniaSi religiuri jgufis religiur

sazogadoebad aRiarebis SemTxvevaSi, igi gadasaxadebisgan Tavisufldeba.74

registraciis Semdeg sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi moqmedebs ukrainaSic75.

sxva qristianuli eklesiebisgan gansxvavdeba wminda saydris samarTle-

brivi statusi da mdgomareoba, vinaidan vatikani damoukidebeli sax-

elmwifoa, igi xSir SemTxvevaSi konkretul saxelmwifoSi religiuri gaer-

Tianebis statusis miRebas ar Tanxmdeba. mis wiaRSi moqmedebs eklesiis er-

Tianobis idea, maT Soris samarTlebrivi kuTxiTac. Sesabamisad, xSirad

problemebi warmoiSoba, Tuki saxelmwifo uars acxadebs wminda saydarTan

TanabarmniSvnelovani statusiT urTierTobaze (roca vatikans, rogorc sax-

elmwifos da romis eklesias, rogorc religiur gaerTianebas, ganasxvaveben).

mag., romis eklesia espaneTSi gansakuTrebuli statusiT sargeblobs da mas

moqmedebisTvis iuridiuli piris formiT registracia ar sWirdeba, vinaidan

wminda saydari saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqtia da xelisuflebasTan ur-

TierTobaSi isedac SeuZlia gamosvla76.

70 Årsheim H., Legal Secularism? – Differing Notions of Religion in International and Norwegian Law, in: Secular

and Sacred? The Scandinavian Model of Religion in Human Rights, Law and Public Space, Edited by R. Van Der

Breemen, J. Casanova and T. Wyller, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014, 134. 71 Fr. Gomes E.X., Church-State Relations from a Catholic Perspective: General Considerations on Nikolas Sar-

kozy’s New Concept of Laïcité Positive, “Journal of Catholic Legal Studies”, Vol.48, 2009, 205. 72 fridneri l., saxelmwifo da eklesia SvedeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 622. 73 melaZe g., noniaSvili g., religiuri organizaciis registraciis sakiTxi qarTul kanon-mdeblobaSi, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #9, 2016, 89. 74 dubeki i., saxelmwifo da eklesia daniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 71. 75 Yalensky V., Religion, Church, and State in the Post-Communist Era: The Case of Ukraine (with Special

References to Orthodoxy and Human Rights), “Brigham Young University Law Review”, #2, 2002, 482. 76 ibani i.s., saxelmwifo da eklesia espaneTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 169.

14

1.2.2.1.1. kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli piri

religiuri gaerTianebebisa da eklesiebis kerZo samarTlis iuridiul pi-

rad registracia yvelaze gavrcelebuli formaa. umetes SemTxvevaSi eklesi-

ebi aramomgebiani iuridiuli piris formas irCeven, Tumca es ar gamoricxavs

maT mogebaze orientirebul iuridiul pirebad Camoyalibebis SesaZle-

blobas. marTalia, rogorc wesi, religiur gaerTianebas sruli Tavisufleba

aqvs organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formis arCevisas, Tumca saxelmwifoTa

nawilSi sakanonmdeblo donezea gansazRvruli registraciis standartebi da

winapirobebi, romlebic moicavs, maT Soris, Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi form-

isadmi gaerTianebis mikuTvnebis safuZvlebs. es mTlianad saxelmwifos poli-

tikur-samarTlebriv gemovnebazea damokidebuli da imis mixedviT sax-

esxvaobs, Tu eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa romel models miekuTvneba

konkretuli saxelmwifos marTlwesrigi.

zogierTi saxelmwifo specialuri kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvravs

religiur gaerTianebaTa klasifikacias. daniaSi sami tipis religiuri er-

Teuli moqmedebs: aRiarebuli sazogadoeba, qorwinebis Catarebis uflebis

mqone sazogadoeba da araRiarebuli religiuri sazogadoeba.77 avstriaSi Ses-

aZlebelia religiuri mimdinareobebis registracia religiur erTobebad an

religiur asociaciebad.78 ra Tqma unda, yvela maTgani kerZo samarTlis iu-

ridiuli piria, Tumca maT mimarT gansxvavebuli samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba

da SeRavaTebi (aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) moqmedebs.

aSS-Si religiuri gaerTianebebisTvis organizaciul-samarTlebrivi

formis farTo arCevania79 da religiuri gaerTianebebis sami saxe gamoiyofa:

kongregacia, eklesia da korporacia.80 aq religiuri gaerTianebebi wminda

kerZosamarTlebriv organizaciebad, korporaciul warmonaqmnebad moiazre-

bian.81 1837 wels saqmeze, `mileri baptisturi eklesiis winaaRmdeg~, sasa-

marTlom daadgina religiuri organizaciebis klasifikacia, romlis

mixedviTac, kongregacia aris religiuri Temi, morwmuneTa gaerTianeba, ekle-

sia _ kanonikur safuZvelze arsebuli erToba, romelic eklesiis wevrobazea

dafuZnebuli, xolo rac Seexeba korporacias, igi samoqalaqo kanon-

mdeblobis safuZvelze moqmedi iuridiuli piria, romelic, marTalia, ar aris

eklesia, magram SeiZleba mis interesebs warmoadgendes82.

77 dubeki i., saxelmwifo da eklesia daniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 70. 78 pozti r., saxelmwifo da eklesia avstriaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 457-460. 79 ix., melaZe g., noniaSvili g., religiuri organizaciis registraciis sakiTxi qarTul ka-nonmdeblobaSi, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #9, 2016, 77. 80 McGrath J.J., Canon Law and American Church Law: A Comparative Study, “The Jurist”, #18, 1958, 260. 81 Zollman C., Nature of America Religious Corporations, “Michigan Law Review”, Vol.14, 1915, 38. 82 McGrath J.J., Canon Law and American Church Law: A Comparative Study, “The Jurist”, #18, 1958, 261,

ix. citireba: Miller v. Baptist Church, 16 N.J.L. 251 (1837).

15

inglisur samarTalSi ar arsebobs ssip-is cneba, Sesabamisad, igi religiur

organizaciaTa raime gansakuTrebuli statusiT aRWurvas ar iTvaliswinebs.83

gaerTianebul samefoSi, saxelmwifo eklesiebis garda, nebismieri sxva ekle-

sia TanabarmniSvnelovania.84 eklesiebis samarTlebrivi statusi moxaliseo-

brivi gaerTianebebis statuss uTanabrdeba da isini sakmao TavisuflebiT

sargebloben, gansxvavebiT inglisis eklesiisgan, romelsac, saxelmwifo

eklesiis statusis gamo gacilebiT meti SezRudva aqvs dawesebuli.85 religi-

uri gaerTianebebi kerZo samarTlis iuridiul pirebad registrirdebian

kviprosSi, xolo, Tuki maT finansur operaciebSi monawileobis miReba surT,

maSin damatebiT saxelmwifo registracias saWiroeben.86 safrangeTSi, 1905

wlis kanonis Tanaxmad, religiur gaerTianebebs SeuZliaT sakulto aso-

ciaciebad arseboba87.

saqarTveloSi, saxelmwifosTan istoriul kavSirSi myofi religiuri mim-

dinareobebisa da evrosabWos qveynebis kanomdeblobiT aRiarebuli reli-

giebis garda,88 sxva religiur gaerTianebebsa da eklesiebs ufleba aqvT, air-

Cion kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli piris sasurveli saxe (samewarmeo

(komerciuli) an arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piri). logikuria,

rom absoluturi umravlesoba a(a)ip-is formas arCevs, radganac am Sem-

TxvevaSi mniSvnelovani sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiT isargebleben (Tumca

samoqalaqo kodesis Sesabamis cvlilebebamde, religiuri gaerTianebis regis-

traciasTan dakavSirebiT uamravi problema arsebobda, rac ZiriTadad

mowesrigebis ararsebobiT iyo gamowveuli89). maTze vrceldeba saqarTvelos

samoqalaqo kodeqsis Sesabamisi normebi.90 amgvari SesaZlebloba XX saukunis

90-iani wlebidan arsebobs, Tumca ramdenime `tradiciulma~ eklesiam uari

Tqva msgasi formiT registraciaze da moiTxova gansakuTrebuli statusi,

83 maklini d., saxelmwifo da eklesia gaerTianebul samefoSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 646-647. 84 Nicholson J., The Law of Church and State Relations in the United Kingdom, “Sri Lanka Journal of Interna-

tional Law”, #12, 2000, 182. 85 maklini d., saxelmwifo da eklesia gaerTianebul samefoSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 647. 86 emilianidesi a., saxelmwifo da eklesia kviprosSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 280. 87 registraciis msgavsi forma protestantebma da ebraulma Temma karga xania gamoiyenes da mniSnelovani sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiTac isargebles. romis eklesia ki wlebis ganmav-lobaSi ar Tanxmdeboda sakulto asociaciad registracias, amitomac saxelmwifos mouwia erTgvar kompromisze wasvla da eklesiis eparqiebsa da samrevloebs SesTavaza gan-sxvavebuli samarTlebrivi forma. 1924 wels pius XI sagangebo nebarTvis safuZvelze frangma episkoposebma Seqmnes saeparqio asociaciebi, romlebic Tavisi arsiT sakulto asociaciebia. ix., basdevan-godeme b., saxelmwifo da eklesia safrangeTSi, wignSi: sax-elmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamoce-mis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 186-187. 88 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 15091-e muxlis me-4 nawili. 89 ix., melaZe g., noniaSvili g., religiuri organizaciis registraciis sakiTxi qarTul ka-nonmdeblobaSi, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #9, 2016, 78-85. 90 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 15091-e muxlis me-6 nawili.

16

rac, saboloo jamSi, miRweul iqna kidec 2011 wels sakanonmdeblo

cvlilebebis gziT91.

1.2.2.1.2. sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri

ssip-is fenomeni kontinenturevropulia da iSviaTadaa angloamerikuli

samarTlis ojaxis sistemis qveynebSi. ssip saxelisuflebo ierarqiis nawilia

da sajaro mmarTvelobiTi uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis mizniT iqmneba.

Tumca iseT saxelmwifoebSi, sadac eklesias saxelmwifos statusi aqvs an

eklesia da saxelmwifo aqtiurad TanamSromloben, igi gamoiyeneba e.w. privi-

legirebuli an dominanti, saxelmwifo eklesiis samarTlebrivi formis gan-

sasazRvrad. ssip-is saxiT registrirebuli religiuri gaerTianebebi gan-

sxvavdebian amave statusiT arsebuli sxva iuridiuli pirebisgan, vinaidan

isini sajaro uflebamosilebas ar axorcieleben da saxelisuflebo ier-

arqiaSi ar Sedian.92 mag., saberZneTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia ssip-ia da

sruli samarTlebrivi subieqtunarianobiT sargeblobs,93 msgavsi statusi

aqvT protestantul da romaul-kaTolikur eklesiebsac da mniSnelovani

SeRavaTebiTac sargebloben94.

germaniaSi religiur gaerTianebebs, romelTac sakmarisi raodenobis wev-

rebi hyavT da maTi mizani grZelvadiani saqmianobaa, SeuZliaT ssip-is statusi

miiRon95, Tumca es saxelisuflebo struqturaSi integracias ar gulisx-

mobs.96 danarCeni religiuri gaerTianebebi kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli piris

statuss iReben da registrirebul asociaciebad arseboben.97

msgavs praqtikas misdevs saqarTveloc. konstituciuri SeTanxmebisa da

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

eklesia ssip-ia, Tumca gansakuTrebuli statusiT sargeblobs.98 igi

`saqarTveloSi moqmedi sxva religiuri organizaciebisgan gansxvavebiT,

saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareT arsebuli eklesiis nawili ki ar aris, aramed

91 ix., saqarTvelos 2011 wlis 5 ivlisis kanoni `saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi cvlilebebis Setanis Sesaxeb~. 92 erqvania T., saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierTmimarTebis samarTlebrivi konteqsti _ qarTuli modeli, mokle SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi mimoxilva evropuli kavSiris magaliTze, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #6, 2013, 26. 93 papastatisi k., saxelmwifo da eklesia saberZneTSi wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, meore gamocemis Targmani, Tbi-lisi, 2011, 135. 94 iqve. 95 McConnell M.W., Garvey J.H., Berg Th.C., Religion and the Constitution, New York, 2011, 94. mag., german-iaSi sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris statuss atareben romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiis eparqiebi da protestanuli regionuli eklesiebi. ix., Listl J., Church-State Relations in Germany,

“The Jurist”, #56, 1997, 905. 96 robersi g., saxelmwifo da eklesia germaniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, meore gamocemis Targmani, Tbi-lisi, 2011, 94. 97 iqve. 98 xecuriani j., qarTuli eklesiis konstituciuri safuZvlebi, Jurn. àdamiani da kon-stitucia~, #3, 2002, 13.

17

organizaciulad dasrulebuli saxiT swored saqarTveloSia warmodge-

nili~99. Tavdapirvelad swored es iyo misTvis ssip-is statusis miniWebis

ganmsazRvreli motivi. Tumca 2011 wels saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi

ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebiT, am statusis miRebis ufleba saqarTve-

losTan istoriul kavSirSi myof religiur mimdinareobebsa da evrosabWos

qveynebis kanomdeblobiT aRiarebul religiebsac miecaT.100 marTalia, kanon-

mdeblobis Canaweri sakmaod bundovani da abstraqtulia, Tumca sajaro

reestris erovnul saagentos, am SemTxvevaSi uflebamosil organos, SeuZlia

normis Sesabamisi interpretacia da ganmcxadeblisaTvis ssip-is statusis

miniWeba101. am statusis matarebel religiur gaerTianebebze ar vrceldeba

sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris Sesaxeb kanonmdebloba102 da maTi saqmi-

anoba kvlavac kerZo samarTlis farglebSi rCeba103.

1.2.2.2. araregistrirebuli erToba

eklesiis araregistrirebul erTobad, kavSirad arsebobisaTvis mTavari

ganmapirobebeli faqtori SeiZleba Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo mowesrigeba

iyos, romelic garkveul standartebs awesebs da konkretuli jgufi maT ver

akmayofilebs. Tumca ar unda gamoiricxos principuli poziciis SesaZleblo-

bac, rodesac esa Tu is religiuri jgufi kanonmdeblobiT SeTavazebul sta-

tuss ar Tanxmdeba, rac arcTu ise iSviaTi movlena iyo uaxlesi istoriis

mTeli periodis manZilze104.

unda aRiniSnos, rom, marTalia, registracia eklesiis sruli diskreciaa,

Tumca araregistrirebuli saqmianoba praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT

gamarTlebuli araa, radganac aseT SemTxvevaSi eklesia SeiZleba mniSvnelov-

nad dazaraldes, ver isargeblos sxvadasxva SeRavaTiT105, statusis ar-

arsebobis gamo ver iTanamSromlos saxelmwifosTan da sxv.

99 ix., xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, Jurn. àdamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 2001, 13. 100 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, 15091-e muxlis me-4 nawili. 101 iqve, me-3 da me-4 nawilebi. 102 iqve, me-5 nawili. 103 iqve, me-6 nawili. 104 mag., msgavsi viTareba iyo meoce saukunis ociani wlebis Suamde safrangeTSi romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiis SemTxvevaSi, aseve, saqarTveloSi da a.S. ix., basdevan-godeme b., sax-elmwifo da eklesia safrangeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 186-187. 105 ix., fridneri l., saxelmwifo da eklesia SvedeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 622; dubeki i., saxelmwifo da eklesia daniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, meore gamocemis Targmani, Tbi-lisi, 2011, 71; Yalensky V., Religion, Church, and State in the Post-Communist Era: The Case of Ukraine (with

Special References to Orthodoxy and Human Rights), “Brigham Young University Law Review”, #2, 2002, 482.

18

2. eklesia-saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi

urTierTobebis istoriuli ganviTareba

2.1. eklesiis warmoSoba da did sqizmamdeli urTierTobebi saxelmwifosTan

2.1.1. qristianobis legitimacia da eklesiis

saxelmwifosadmi daqvemdebareba

2.1.1.1. qristianebis devnidan qristianobis Semwynareblobamde

hanTingTonis SefasebiT, qristianoba dasavluri civilizaciis erT-erT

yvelaze mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebel niSnad iqca.106 Tumca am statusis miR-

wevamde eklesiam didi gza ganvlo, romelic dasawyisSi gansakuTrebiT rTuli

da winaaRmdegobrivi iyo. romis imperia, romelic, rogorc wesi, rjulSe-

mwynareblobiT gamoirCeoda, qristianobis winaaRmdeg mkacri aRmoCnda, amis

mTavari mizezi ki Tavad qristianobis mier nebismieri mbrZaneblis, maT Soris,

imperatoris, RvTaebrivi kultis uaryofa, morCilebaze uaris Tqma iyo.107

qristianoba evropul cnobierebaSi damonebisa da damorCilebis religiad ar

Sesula, piriqiT, misi gavrceleba yovelive amis sawinaaRmdegod iyo aRqmuli.

igi, erTgvarad, dakarguli WeSmariti Tavisuflebis ganaxleba iyo.108 amis gaT-

valiswinebiT imperia mas ara rigiT religiad, aramed faqtobriv winaaRmdego-

briv moZraobad ganixilavda, romelic 8 saukunis manZilze damkvidrebul ro-

maul politikur-ideologiur sistemas Zirs uTxrida.

periodulad, imperatorebis xasiaTisa da Sexedulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

qristianobasTan damokidebulebac icvleboda, Tumca cvlilebebi sworxa-

zovani da grZelvadiani politikiT ar iyo ganpirobebuli.109 IV saukunidan

mdgomareoba radikalurad Seicvala. 311 wels romis imperiis aRmosavleT na-

wilis imperatorma galesiusma gaauqma qristianobis amkrZalavi yvela aqti,

faqtobrivad, imperatorma CaTrevas Cayola amjobina, radgan qristianobis

devnis miuxedavad, igi mTeli imperiis masStabiT swrafad vrceldeboda da am-

itomac saxelmwifo iZulebuli gaxda, am tendenciisTvis fexi aewyo.110 IV

saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, imperator konstantines mmarTvelobis xanaSi

qristianebi ukve imperiis mTeli mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 10-12%-s Seadgend-

nen.111 qristianobis devnis Sewyvetidan 2 welSi, 313 wels dasavleT-aRmosav-

106 Huntington S.H., The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking World Order, New York, 1996, 70. 107 meni a., religia, `pirovnebis kulti~ da sekularuli saxelmwifo, d. TinikaSvilis Targ-mani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #6(39), 2010, 74-75. 108 ix., dekanozi aleqsandre (Smenani), avtoriteti da Tavisufleba eklesiaSi, n. dobor-jginiZis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(22), 2008, 87. 109 mag., 202 wels imperatorma septimus severusma qristianobaze iZulebiT miqcevis amkr-Zalavi aqti gamosca, ix., narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 46-47; msgavsi gamonaTebebis miuxedavad, neronis, di-okletianes, galeriusis, liciniusisa da iulianes periodis romSi qristianobisTvis idevnebodnen ara mxolod ubralo xalxi, aramed didgvarovnebic, maT Soris, imperatorTa ojaxis wevrebi da saimperatoro karze dawinaurebuli pirebi. McGuckin J.A., The Issue of Hu-

man Rights in Byzantium and the Orthodox Christian Tradition, in: Christianity and Human Rights, An Introduc-

tion, Edited by J.Witte Jr. and F.S. Alexander, New York, 2010, 174. 110 javaxiSvili m., papobis istoria Sua saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 2015, 13. 111 iqve.

19

leT romis imperatorebma _ konstantinem da liciniusma milanis ediqti gam-

osces,112 romliTac qristianobas saxelmwifoSi Tavisuflad arsebobisa da

ganviTarebis ufleba mieca. liciniusi qristianebisadmi keTilganwyobili ar

yofila, man ediqts xeli samarTlianobis elementaruli grZnobis gamo moaw-

era xeli113.

sicocxleSive konstantine mociqulis msgavsi aRiarebiT sargeblobda, igi

axali religiiT cdilobda romis imperiis gaerTianebas.114 eklesiis mimarT

misi politikis Sedegad nikeaSi I msoflio kreba Sedga, romelsac imperatori

Tavad Tavmjdomareobda, rogorc `RmerTis zeciuri macne~.115 qristianobaze

aqcentis gakeTebis miuxedavad, konstantine Semwynareblurad eqceoda war-

marTebsac.116 igi TiTqmis mTeli sicocxle oficialurad inarCunebda war-

marTobas, rogorc saxelmwifos mosaxleobis umravlesobis aRiarebul da is-

toriul religias da mxolod 337 wels, sikvdilamde cota xniT adre moi-

naTla.117 imperator konstantines epoqaSi eklesia ganviTarebis axal safex-

urze gadavida da marTalia, mas devnis TvalsazrisiT araTu problemebi ar

Seqmnia, aramed maqsimalurad xels uwyobdnen,118 eklesia-saxelmwifos ur-

TierTobaSi balansis sakiTxi mudmivad aqtualuri iyo.119 qristianobis

Semdgomi gaZliereba da gavrceleba uSualod saxelmwifos neba-surviliT

ganxorcielda, ramac, Tavis mxriv, qristianebSi imperiuli Zalauflebis le-

gitimacia ganapiroba120.

2.1.1.2. eklesia imperator konstantines Semdeg

qristianuli romis saxelmwifo koncefciis safuZveli antikur Teokra-

tiul absolutizms daeufuZna, sadac imperatori kvlavindeburad RmerTsa

da xalxs Soris Suamavali iyo.121 romis imperia da qristianuli eklesiac er-

Tianobis ideiT iyo ganpirobebuli: erTi RmerTi, erTi imperia, erTi eklesia,

erTi episkoposi.122 axali politikisTvis warmarToba ukve mniSvnelovan

112 ix., mSvildaZe m., adeuli qristianobis istoria, Tbilisi, 2009, 113-114. 113 Смирнов Е.И., История Христианской Церкви, 2-ое Издание, Свято-Троицкая Сергиева Лавра, 2007,

207. 114 Hart D.B., The Story of Christianity, A History of 2,000 Years of the Christian Faith, London, 2013, 64-65. 115 Ware T., The Orthodox Church, 2nd Ed., London, 1997, 19. 116 Смирнов Е.И., История Христианской Церкви, 2-ое Издание, Свято-Троицкая Сергиева Лавра, 2007,

208. 117 Hart D.B., The Story of Christianity, A History of 2,000 Years of the Christian Faith, London, 2013, 65. 118 ix., fanjikiZe T., qristianoba _ warsuli da Tanamedroveoba, Tbilisi, 1984, 49. 119 McGuckin J.A., The Issue of Human Rights in Byzantium and the Orthodox Christian Tradition, in: Christi-

anity and Human Rights, An Introduction, Edited by J.Witte Jr. and F.S. Alexander, New York, 2010, 174. 120 Smith S.D., Freedom of Religion or Freedom of the Church? in: Legal Responses to Religious Practices in the

United States (Accomodation and Its Limits), Edited by A. Sarat, New York, 2012, 253. 121 Яковлев А.И., Лекции по Истории Христианской Церкви, Москва, 2011, 60. 122 Van Der Ven J.A., From Divine Law to Positive Law, A Perspective from the Science of Religion, in: Secular


Breemen, J. Casanova and T. Wyller, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014, 283.

20

winaRmdegobad aRiqmeboda.123 romis saxelmwifos mier qristianobis sax-

elmwifo religiad da ideologiad aRiarebis Semdeg, eklesia-saxelmwifos mi-

zanmimarTuli qmedebebiT antiqristianuli mimarTulebebi Seviwrovda da

TiTqmis gaqra. warmarToba qristianobasTan dapirispirebisa da sax-

elmwifosgan damoukidebeli azris idead, simbolod iqca, rasac elinuri

filosofiis mimdevrebic xels uwyobdnen.124 Sedegad, platonis legendaruli

akademia miwasTan gaaswores, neoplatonistebi da Zveli berZnuli filoso-

fiis mimdevrebi daxoces an saxelmwifodan gaasaxles125.

2.1.2. dasavleT-aRmosavleTis eklesiebi da romis dacema

qristianuli eklesiis dasavlur da aRmosavlur nawilebs Soris formis

gansxvaveba tradiciebiT, socialuri da yofiTi sakiTxebiT iyo ganpiro-

bebuli. Tumca gansxvavebebi gacilebiT TvalSisacemi romis imperiis sabo-

loo gayofis Semdeg gaxda. vinaidan eklesia imperiis erTian sistemaSi iyo in-

tegrirebuli, ori damoukidebeli imperatori, ori damoukidebeli sax-

elmwifo erT religiur gaerTianebas ver daimorCilebda da yovelTvis iarse-

bebda eklesiaze batonobis Taobaze dapirispireba.

dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis eklesiebs Soris mTavari dapirispireba 330

wels daiwyo, rodesac imperatorma konstantinem dedaqalaqi romidan kon-

stantinopolSi gadaitana, qalaqSi, romelic romisgan gansxvavebiT, èqsk-

luziurad qristesTvis Seiqmna~126. konstantines motivacia dedaqalaqis gad-

atanisas ekonomikur da politikur faqtorebTan erTad, religiuric iyo: mas

ar undoda, warmarTuli qalaqi yofiliyo momavali qristianuli imperiis

centri127.

I msoflio krebis me-9 kanoniT, saxelmwifos dedaqalaqis episkoposs

eqvemdebareba am saxelmwifos yvela qalaqis episkoposi.128 imperiis de-

daqalaqis cvlilebam konstantinopolisa da romis mRvdelmTavrebs Soris

konkurencia gamoiwvia, Tumca sawyis etapze romis upiratesobas yvela ekle-

sia aRiarebda. TandaTan konstantinopolma aRmosavleTis eklesiebs Soris

123 Смирнов Е.И., История Христианской Церкви, 2-ое Издание, Свято-Троицкая Сергиева Лавра, 2007,

209. 364 wels imperatorma valentinianem gamosca kanoni, romlis mixedviTac, romis impe-riis yvela macxovrebels hqonda aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba. 380 wels imperatorma Teo-dosiusma qristianoba romis imperiis saxelmwifo religiad gamoacxada, ris Semdegac 391-392 wlebSi warmarToba akrZala da gamosca 15 kanoni eretikosTa winaaRmdeg. ukve 423 wlis aqtSi imperatori Teodosius II mosazrebas gamoTqvams, rom warmarToba imperiaSi TiTqmis aRar iyo darCenili. ix., iqve, 215-216; Heckel M., Religious Human Rights in Germany, “Emory Interna-

tional Law Review”, Vol.10, 1996, 107; Яковлев А.И., Лекции по Истории Христианской Церкви, Москва,

2011, 60. 124 swored amitom imperatorma iustinianem neoplatonistebs, simplicinusis meTaurobiT, romlebic warmarTebi iyvnen da qristianuli ideologias ar emsaxurebodnen, brZola gam-oucxada, ix., Смирнов Е.И., История Христианской Церкви, 2-ое Издание, Свято-Троицкая Сергиева

Лавра, 2007, 216. 125 iqve. 126 Hart D.B., The Story of Christianity, A History of 2,000 years of the Christian Faith, London, 2013, 64. 127 Ware T., The Orthodox Church, 2nd Ed., London, 1997, 19. 128 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.1, uZ-velesi droidan VI saukunemde, Tbilisi, 2012, 262.

21

dawinaureba daiwyo.129 saboloo jamSi, kaTolicizmisa da marTlmadide-

blobis Camoyalibeba, ganviTareba, erTiani qristianuli eklesiis didi sqizma

romis imperiis dasavleT da aRmosavleT nawilebSi feodaluri ur-

TierTobebis ganviTarebam da pirvelobis Taobaze romi-konstantinopolis

dapirispirebam ganapiroba130.

2.1.3. kanonikuri samarTali da saxelmwifo

V saukuneSi papma gelasiusma wamoayena moZRvreba eklesiis, rogorc kanon-

mdeblis, funqciisa da eklesiis mier dadgenili wesebis saerosTan

mimarTebiT upiratesobis Taobaze.131 saeklesio samarTali romis samarTals

daefuZna da ufro maRali statusic ki miiRo, radganac ius ecclesiae, romelsac

imperatori adgenda, sxva kanonebisgan gansxvavebiT, Tavad imperatorisTvi-

sac mboWavi Zalis matarebeli iyo.132 saeklesio kanonmdeblobis RvTaebrivad

aRiarebiT eklesiam Tavisi samarTali nebismier saero kanonze maRla

daayena.133 saeklesio kanonmdebloba jer kidev 438 wlis Teodosiusis kodeqs-

Sia mocemuli.134 eklesiis samarTlebriv gagebasa da saeklesio samarTlis,

rogorc samarTlis calke mimarTulebis, Camoyalibebas didad Seuwyo xeli

imperatorma iustinianem,135 romelmac Teodosiusis mier dadgenili ka-

nonikuri wesebi gaiTvaliswina da isini ara mxolod asaxa Tavis kodeqsSi, ara-

med axleburi mowesrigebebi Seqmna mTel rig sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT impe-

ratoris novelebiT, romelTagan 123-e novela, SeiZleba iTqvas, saeklesio sa-

marTlis mcire kodeqsic ki iyo136.

129 konstantinopolis II msoflio krebaze imperatoris survilis Sesabamisad, konstantin-opoli aleqsandriasa da antioqiaze win daayenes. 476 wels dasavleT romis imperiis dacemam eklesiebs Soris lingvisturi daSorebac gamoiwvia, dasavleTis eklesiaSi laTi-nuri SenarCunda, aRmosavleTSi ki dominantoba berZnulma enam moipova. ix., javaxiSvili m., papobis istoria Sua saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 2015, 18-19; Anckar C., Religion and Democracy, A World-

wide Comparison, Abingdon, 2011, 29. 130 gegeSiZe d., saqarTvelos istoriaSi qristianobis adgilisa da rolis saRvTismetyvelo koncefciis kritika, Tbilisi, 1986, 4. 131 Fukuyama F., The Origins of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution, London, 2012,

263. 132 McGuckin J.A., The Issue of Human Rights in Byzantium and the Orthodox Christian Tradition, in: Christi-

anity and Human Rights, An Introduction, Edited by J.Witte Jr. and F.S. Alexander, New York, 2010, 177; impe-ratorze kanonTa gavrcelebasTan dakavSirebuli ganmartebis Taobaze dawvrilebiT ix., elineki g., Zveli samarTlis brZola axal samarTalTan, z. nanobaSvilis Targmani, b. zoiZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2006, 43. 133 Van Der Ven J.A., From Divine Law to Positive Law, A Perspective from the Science of Religion, in: Secular


Breemen, J. Casanova and T. Wyller, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014, 284. 134 Wagschal D., Orthodox Canon Law, The Byzantine Experience, in: The Orthodox Christian World, Edited by

A. Casiday, Routledge, 2012, 386. 135 Яковлев А.И., Лекции по Истории Христианской Церкви, Москва, 2011, 61. 136 Wagschal D., Orthodox Canon Law, The Byzantine Experience, in: The Orthodox Christian World, Edited by

A. Casiday, Routledge, 2012, 386.

22

Sua saukuneebSi romis eklesia didi moculobiT iyenebda romis sa-

marTals.137 romis eklesiisgan gansxvavebiT, romelmac srulad moaxerxa ro-

maul samarTalTan adaptacia da ufro metic, igi saTavisod gamoiyena, Semdeg

ki misi mibaZviT udidesi mniSvnelobis sjuldeba Seqmna, marTlmadidebel

eklesiaSi kanonikuri samarTali srulyofilad ver ganviTarda. marTlma-

dideblobaSi arasdros yofila gavrcelebuli kanonikuri samarTlis mcod-

neTa xeloba, am mxriv, arc akademiuri infrastruqturisa da racionalize-

buli iurisprudenciis ganviTarebaze ufiqriaT.138 amis mTavari mizezi isaa,

rom dasavluri qristianobisgan gansxvavebiT, marTlmadidebloba yovelTvis

saxelmwifosTan ufro metad iyo integrirebuli da damoukideblobis gac-

ilebiT naklebi xarisxiT sargeblobda, damoukidebeli samarTlebrivi sis-

temisa Tu marTlmsajulebis aucilebloba ubralod arc arsebobda.

2.2. eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebi dasavleTis

eklesiebis istoriuli ganviTarebis konteqstSi

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi evropul saxelmwifoebSi ara TviTmpyrobeli

monarqebi gansazRvravdnen da adgendnen wesebs umniSvnelovanesi yofiTi sa-

kiTxebisa da institutebisTvis, aramed _ romis papebi.139 jer kidev V

saukuneSi papi gelasiusi miuReblad miiCnevda saeklesio saqmeebSi saerTo

xelisuflebis Carevas.140 dasavleTis eklesiis gamorCeuli samarTlebrivi

statusi da aqtiuroba imanac ganapiroba, rom wminda saydari Sua saukuneebi-

dan feodaluri urTierTobebis aqtiuri monawile da saxelmwifo iyo, ro-

melsac papi marTavda.

romaulma eklesiam rogorc romis imperatorebi, ise SemdgomSi evropul

saxelmwifoTa monarqebi daarwmuna mis mxardaWeraSi, maT Soris sasuliero sa-

kiTxebze dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis eklesiebs Soris mimdinare diskusi-

aSic. imperator valentiniane III ediqtiT, romis episkoposi, papi mTeli da-

savleTis eklesiis patriarqad da dasavleTis episkoposebze zemdgomad gamo-

cxadda.141 VI saukunidan romis papebi samoqalaqo marTlmsajulebasac axor-

cielebdnen,142 VII saukunidan ki bizantiis imperiis samoxeleo aparatis wev-

rebad aRar ganixilebodnen.143 817 wels lui RvTismosavma da papma pasqalus I

dades xelSekruleba (Pactum Ludovicanum), romliTac papis saxelmwifo sta-

tusi damtkicda, mefem ki papis arCevis procesSi Carevaze uari Tqva.144 urban II

137 Helmholz R.H., Human Rights in the Canon Law, in: Christianity and Human Rights, An Introduction, Edited

by J.Witte Jr. and F.S. Alexander, New York, 2010, 100. 138 Wagschal D., Orthodox Canon Law, The Byzantine Experience, in: The Orthodox Christian World, Edited by

A. Casiday, Routledge, 2012, 383. 139 Fukuyama F., The Origins of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution, London, 2012,

262. 140 javaxiSvili m., papobis istoria Sua saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 2015, 24. 141 iqve, 23. 142 iqve, 29. 143 iqve, 32. 144 iqve, 39.

23

mowodebiT daiwyo jvarosnuli omebi145, romlebmac im periodis evropa

dapirispirebebsa da samoqalaqo omebs gadaarCina.

romis eklesia saxelmwifoTaTvis ideologiur safuZvels qmnida. mefe da

samefo xelisufleba RmerTTan igivdeboda. aqvinelis mosazrebiT, rogorc

RmerTi marTavda mTel msoflios, ise marTavda mefe mis miwier samflobe-

los.146 msgavs azrs aviTarebda araerTi saeklesio moRvawe.147 Tumca ideolo-

giuri mxardaWera mmarTvelobisa da politikis sakiTxebSi interesTa srul

Tanxvedras sulac ar gulisxmobda. feodalizmis epoqaSi regionul da erov-

nul doneze feodalebi da mefeebi akontrolebdnen maT teritoriaze

arsebul saeklesio centrebs da investiturebs148 sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr

gascemdnen149.

episkoposTa daniSvnaSi samefo xelisuflebis monawileoba iqca henri II da

Tomas beketis dapirispirebis erT-erT mTavar mizezad.150 hildebrandi, rome-

lic SemdegSi romis papi grigol VII gaxda, eklesiis reformis iniciativiT gam-

ovida, radgan swamda, rom eklesiis damoukideblobisTvis aucilebeli iyo es

ukanaskneli jer Tavad gamarTuliyo: man sasuliero pirTa qorwineba da

Svilebis yola akrZala.151 grigol VII reformasa da eklesiis damoukide-

blobisaTvis brZolas SeewinaRmdegnen evropuli saxelmwifoebi. Sua

saukuneebSi germaniaSi eklesiaze saero batonobam iseTi intensiuri xasiaTi

miiRo, rom saimperio eklesiis sistema (Reichskirche) Camoyalibda.152 feodalur

germaniaSi episkoposebi mTlianad saero xelisuflebas eqvemdebarebodnen.153

aman evropis kontinentze eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris pirveli serio-

zuli konfrontacia ganapiroba, romelic episkoposTa daniSvnis Taobaze pap

grigol VII da mefe hainrix IV Soris moxda154.

145 iqve, 58. 146 Van Der Ven J.A., From Divine Law to Positive Law, A Perspective from the Science of Religion, in: Secular


Breemen, J. Casanova and T. Wyller, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014, 289-290. 147 iqve, 284. 148 investitura _ kverTxi da beWedi. beWedi morwmuneebTan kavSirs, xolo kverTxi eparqiis mmarTvelobas niSnavda. ix., javaxiSvili m., papobis istoria Sua saukuneebSi, Tbi-lisi, 2015, 50. 149 Zalauflebis mTlianoba (Plenitudo Potestatis), romelze pretenziasac eklesia acxadebda, srulad saxelmwifos gavlenis qveS moeqca, ufro metic, saxelmwifom ara mxolod klasikuri sagamgeblo sferoebi, aramed is mimarTulebebic SemoierTa, romelic adre wminda sasuliero arealad ganixileboda. Van Caenegem R.C., An Historical Introduction to Western

Constitutional Law, Cambridge, 1995, 67; elineki g., Zveli samarTlis brZola axal samarTalTan, z. nanobaSvilis Targmani, b. zoiZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2006, 36-37. 150 Durham W.C. Jr., Religion and the World’s Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of Reli-

gion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013, 24. 151 Fukuyama F., The Origins of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution, London, 2012,

264. 152 Van Caenegem R.C., An Historical Introduction to Western Constitutional Law, Cambridge, 1995, 67. 153 iqve, 68. 154 Smith S.D., Freedom of Religion or Freedom of the Church? in: Legal Responses to Religious Practices in the

United States (Accomodation and Its Limits), Edited by A. Sarat, New York, 2012, 266. investiturebisTvis brZolaSi hainrix IV grigol VII eklesiidan ramdenjerme gankveTa. ix., Fukuyama F., The Origins

of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution, London, 2012, 265-266.

24

dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoTa politikurma krizisma mniSvnelovnad ga-

napiroba romis eklesiis dawinaureba.155 XIII saukunis safrangeTSi eklesiam

sisxlis da samoqalaqo samarTlis sakiTxebis gadawyvetis uflebamosileba

moipova, romelsac igi eqskluziurad, an saxelmwifosTan erTad axor-

cielebda.156 amis paralelurad, filipe IV lamazi, romis papis sawinaaRmdegod,

mizanmimarTulad acxadebda, rom RmerTma mas ori maxvili Caabara _

sasuliero da saero, Sesabamisad, sasuliero xelisufleba mis saero

mmarTvelobas srulad unda damorCileboda.157 eklesiasa da saxelmwifos So-

ris dapirispireba safrangeTis istoriis erT-erT sakvanZo elementad iqca.

XVII saukuneSic lui XIV aqtiurad ereoda eklesiis saqmeebSi, rac papis gaRi-

zianebas iwvevda.158 avstriis imperatorma ioseb II eklesias sruliad CamoarTva

ufleba, sagareo politika damoukideblad waremarTa, ramac avstriis ekle-

sia wminda saydarsa da paps mniSvnelovnad daaSora159.

romis eklesiam saxelmwifoebrioba sakuTari kanonikuri samarTliTa da

biurokratiuli aparatis SeqmniT ganaviTara.160 samarTlis mkvlevarTa azriT,

veberiseuli biurokratiuli aparati pirvelad XV saukunis saeklesio ier-

arqiaSi Seiqmna.161 XX saukunis ocian wlebSi ki wminda saydarma Tanamedrove

saxelmwifos statusic moipova. miuxedavad imisa, rom laTinuri eklesia

xSirad inkviziciasa da indulgenciebTan kavSirSi warmoudgeniaT aR-

mosavleT evropaSi, man Tanamedrove samarTlisa da saxelmwifoebriobis

gagebis CamoyalibebaSi umniSvnelovanesi roli iTamaSa. TanamedroveobaSi,

civilizebul samyaroSi aRiarebuli bevri principi, Teoria swored romis

eklesiis wiaRSi iSva. misma brZolam samarTlebrivi statusis mopovebisa da

saero xelisuflebisagan distancirebisTvis, XX saukunis samarTlisa da

eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebis fuZemdebluri mimarTulebebi gan-

sazRvra.

2.3. eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebi aRmosavluri

eklesiebis istoriuli ganviTarebis konteqstSi

marTlmadideblobis TvalTaxedviT, kaTolicizmi, protestantizmi da

qristianobis nebismieri sxva mimarTuleba, romelic marTlmadideblobisgan

155 Fukuyama F., The Origins of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution, London, 2012,

263. 156 vaCeiSvili al., narkvevebi qarTuli samarTlis istoriidan, t.II, Tbilisi, 1948, 49. 157 elineki g., Zveli samarTlis brZola axal samarTalTan, z. nanobaSvilis Targmani, b. zoiZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2006, 36. 158 Смирнов Е.И., История Христианской Церкви, 2-ое Издание, Свято-Троицкая Сергиева Лавра, 2007,

743. 159 iqve, 745. 160 Fukuyama F., The Origins of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution, London, 2012,

270. 161 iqve.

25

gansxvavdeba, monetis erTi mxarea.162 asec rom ara, eklesiebs Soris gansxvave-

bebi yovelTvis arsebobda.163 saxelmwifo da marTlmadidebeli eklesia ara

mxolod TanamSromlobdnen, aramed mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi eklesia Zi-

riTadad saxelmwifos eqvemdebareboda.164 bizantiis imperiaSi marTlma-

didebeli eklesia saxelmwifos sruli gavlenis qveS moeqca da konstantin-

opolis aRebamde arc gaTavisuflebula.165 ueari eklesia-saxelmwifos ur-

TierTobis bizantiur models urTierTdamokidebulebisa da qvemdebareobis

sistemad moisxeniebs.166 rogorc eklesia eqvemdebareboda saxelmwifos, ise,

garkveulwilad, saxelmwifo eqvemdebareboda eklesias, _ es iyo eklesia-sax-

elmwifos urTierTobis bizantiuri modeli.167 qristianuli imperiis ideam

bizantiaSi garkveulwilad eklesiis gaamqveyniureba gamoiwvia168.

1453 wels bizantiis dacemis Semdeg aRmosavluri eklesiis centri ruseTSi

gadavida.169 marTalia, qristianuli religia, sxva msoflio religiebis

msgavsad, metad konservatiulia, Tumca amis gamo mas politikuri mowyobis

axal formebTan adaptacia ar gasWirvebia.170 marTlmadideblobam warmatebu-

lad moaxerxa rogorc osmaleTis imperiaSi, ise komunistur reJimSi yofna da

fizikurad gadarCena SeZlo.171 osmaleTis imperiaSi Camoyalibebuli `mi-

leTis~ sistemiT, eklesias sakuTar Sida saqmeebSi administraciuli da

samoqalaqo uflebamosilebebi mieca, avtonomia daumkvidrda.172 bizantiis im-

periis dacemis Semdeg swored konstantinopolis sapatriarqom itvirTa os-

maleTis imperiaSi macxovrebeli yvela qristianis interesebis warmodgena173.

162 marTlmadidebluri TeologiiT, marTlmadidebeli eklesia Tavdapirveli, WeSmariti, erTaderTi sawyisi qristianuli eklesiaa. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi dasavleTisa da aR-mosavleTis eklesiebi ise daSordnen erTmaneTs, rom am ukanasknels dasavluri qristianoba àxal da ucnob samyarod~ aRiqvams. Clendenin D.B., Eastern Orthodox Christianity, A

Western Perspective, 2nd Ed., Grand Rapids, 2003, 15-17; Carlton C., The Faith, Understanding Orthodox Chris-

tianity, An Orthodox Catechism, Salisbury, 1997, 19. 163 V saukuneSi, 451 wlisTvis konstantinopolis patriarqi romis patriarqs eqvemdebare-boda, Tumca aRmosavleTis eklesiebma romis eklesiisgan daSoreba daiwyes. marTlmadide-bloba, kaTolicizmisa da protestantizmisgan gansxvavebiT, eklesiisa da saxelmwifos ur-TierTobebs yovelTvis simbiozis saxiT ganixilavda da aRmosavluri eklesiis erT-erTi mTavari mizani saxelmwifosTan arsebuli urTierTobebis, status kvos SenarCuneba iyo. Anckar C., Religion and Democracy, A Worldwide Comparison, Abingdon, 2011, 29; Pollis A., Eastern Ortho-

doxy and Human Rights, “Human Rights Quarterly”, Vol.15, 1993, 346. 164 iqve. 165 Fukuyama F., The Origins of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution, London, 2012,

263. 166 Ware T., The Orthodox Church, 2nd Ed., London, 1997, 41. 167 Яковлев А.И., Лекции по Истории Христианской Церкви, Москва, 2011, 65. 168 iqve, 61. 169 Anckar C., Religion and Democracy, A Worldwide Comparison, Abingdon, 2011, 30. 170 saginaSvili q., marTlmadideblobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi ucxo qveynebis magaliTebis fonze, Jurn. adamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 2001, 14. 171 Anckar C., Religion and Democracy, A Worldwide Comparison, Abingdon, 2011, 44. 172 Pollis A., Eastern Orthodoxy and Human Rights, “Human Rights Quarterly”, Vol.15, 1993, 347, ix. cit-ireba: Halil Inalcik, The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1973). 173 barTolomeos I, interreligiuri dialogis aucilebloba da mizani, sityva, war-moTqmuli 2006 wlis 22 ianvars, evropis sabWos saparlamento sxdomaze, Jurn. `soli-daroba~, #2(11)’07, 2007, 34.

26

romis imperiis msgavsad, revoluciamdel ruseTSic sazogadoebrivi

cxovreba qristianobis garSemo iyo Seqmnili.174 imperatorebi da `carebi~ sa-

kuTar avtonomias flobdnen da eklesiis moralur-eTikur gamgeblobas ar

ganekuTvnebodnen.175 rusuli eklesia istoriulad caristuli saxelmwifo

aparatis ganuyofeli nawili iyo176.

sabWoTa kavSirma mniSvnelovnad Seaferxa da ukan daxia marTlmadidebeli

eklesiebi. eklesia dinamikurad ver ganviTarda da axali politikuri

wesrigis pirobebSi Tanamedrove gamowvevebis adekvaturi ver gaxda. sabWoTa

totalitarizmSi Tanamedroved moazrovne samRvdeloebas ar ecala eklesiis

ganviTarebisaTvis, radgan maTi mTavari sazrunavi eklesiaSi saxelmwifos

CarevisTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva iyo.177 am da sxva mizezTa gamo marTlma-

didebloba Tanamedrove samyaroSi sakmaod Zvelmodurad gamoiyureba.178

misTvis gacilebiT mtkivneulia sekularizmis, religiis saxelmwifosgan gan-

calkevebis procesi, radganac istoriuli sinamdvilis gaTvaliswinebiT,

process, romelic Sua saukuneebis miwuruls daiwyo centralur da dasavleT

evropaSi, kontinentis aRmosavleT nawilSi jer osmalTa okupaciam, Semdeg

ruseTis imperiulma zraxvebma da bolos, sabWoTa kavSiris antireligiurma

kampaniam SeuSala xeli. aRmosavleTis eklesiebi axali gamowvevis winaSe

dganan, vinaidan maTi umravlesoba erovnulobasTan da konkretul

eTnosebTan arian gadajaWvulebi, maTTvis Znelia politikaze zemoqmedebis

berketebis daTmoba. Tumca ganviTarebisa da Tavad eklesiis keTil-

dReobisTvis, gacilebiT marTebulia saxelmwifosgan sruli damoukide-

blobisa da gamijvnis mopoveba, raTa momavalSic ar ganmeordes warsulis

magaliTebi da eklesia saxelmwifos biurokratiuli aparatis nawilad, masze

daqvemdebarebul subieqtad ar iqces, risi mcdelobac posttotalitarul

sazogadoebebSi sakmaod xSiria.

2.4. qristianoba sekularul msoflioSi

qristianobam da religiurma samarTalma istoriulad samarTlebrivi sax-

elmwifos Camoyalibebisa da zogadad, samarTlis institucionalizaciasa da

racionalizmze mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina.179 politikurma, istoriulma

Tu socialurma sferoebma mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada, TiToeulma

174 Carlton C., The Faith, Understanding Orthodox Christianity, An Orthodox Catechism, Salisbury, 1997, 265. 175 Pollis A., Eastern Orthodoxy and Human Rights, “Human Rights Quarterly”, Vol.15, 1993, 347. 176 Kedroff v. St. Nicholas Cathedral, 344 U.S. 94 (1952). 177 kekelia T., gavaSeliSvili e., ladaria k., sulxaniSvili i., marTlmadidebeli eklesiis roli qarTuli nacionaluri identobis CamoyalibebaSi (XX saukunis bolo _ XXI saukunis dasawyisi), Tbilisi, 2013, 45. 178 Ware K., The Orthodox Way, New York, 1999, 9. 179 Fukuyama F., The Origins of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution, London, 2012,

274.

27

maTganma Tavisi damoukidebeli niSa daimkvidra, amis paralelurad ki, reli-

gia TandaTan kulturis Semadgenel nawilad gadaiqca.180 rogorc hanTing-

Toni aRniSnavs, `qristianoba dasavluri civilizaciis centraluri kompo-

nentia~181.

evropaSi eklesiebsa da religiur gaerTianebebs Tavisuflad arsebobisa

da damoukideblad organizebis ufleba aqvT.182 saxelmwifoTa mixedviT maTi

socialuri roli, kulturuli integracia da sazogadoebaze gavlena gan-

sxvavdeba. am gansxvavebaTa miuxedavad, SeiZleba darwmunebiT aRiniSnos, rom

samarTlis uzenaesobisa da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos idea evropaSi uSua-

lod qristianobasTanaa gadajaWvuli.183 XX saukunis Sua wlebSi dawyebul

evropis integraciis procesSi religiis aqtiuri roli bevri mecnierisa da

komentatorisaTvis miRebuli faqtia.184 kazanovas mtkicebiT, evrokavSiri

Tavdapirvelad vatikanis mier sanqcirebuli qristian-demokratiuli proe-

qti iyo, romelic meore msoflio omis Semdgom evropasa da msoflioSi mniS-

vnelovan geopolotikur rols Seasrulebda185.

qristianobas, Tavisi istoriuli da kulturul-anTropologiuri

Rirebulebebidan gamomdinare, yovelTvis eqneba sajarodan kerZo, viwro

sferoSi gadanacvlebis problema. miuxedavad imisa, saqme dasavleTis ekle-

sias exeba, Tu aRmosavleTisas, qristianobas mudam eqneba pretenzia, aqtiuri

roli ikisros saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebisaTvis mniSvnelovani saqmeebis

ganxorcielebisa da sakiTxebis gadawyvetis procesSi.

3. saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis modelebi

da samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba

Tanamedrove epoqaSi saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobebi rTuli,

metad struqturirebuli sferoa, romelic mravali aspeqtisgan Sedgeba. am

urTierTobaTa klasifikacia ufro samarTlebriv xasiaTs atarebs, vidre

politologiursa Tu sociologiurs, vinaidan maTi urTierTierTmimarTebis

done, xarisxi da intensivoba samarTlebrivi reJimebiTaa gansazRvruli.

swored samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba, eklesiis samarTlebrivi statusi da misi

uflebrivi mdgomareoba ganapirobebs konkretuli saxelmwifos eklesia-sax-

elmwifos urTierTobaTa romelime modelisadmi mikuTvnebas.

180 barTlomeos I, evropa: sekularizaciis gamowveva, d. TinikaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `sol-idaroba~, #9(18)07, 2007, 37. 181 Brown W., Civilizational Delusions, Secularism, Tolerance, Equality, in: Reveal in Democracy, Secularism

and Religion in Liberal Democratic States, Edited by Ch. Marlle, G.M. Nielsen and D. Salde, Brussels, 2013, 38,

ix. citireba: Huntington, 1997, 305). 182 The Religious Dimension of Intercultural Dialogue, Recommendation 1962 (2011), Parliamentary Assembly

of the Council of Europe, Para. 4. 183 Fukuyama F., The Origins of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution, London, 2012,

262. 184 Madeley J.T.S., E Unum Pluribus: The Role of Religion in the Project of European Integration, in: Religion

and Politics in Europe, The Middle East and North Africa, Edited by J. Haynes, Abingdon, 2010, 116. 185 iqve, 118.

28

eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa Sefasebis mravalgvari meTodi

da modeli arsebobs, Tumca maTgan arcerTia optimaluri.186 xSir SemTxvevaSi

saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis myari klasifikacia ar arsebobs,

vinaidan, marTalia, saxelmwifo formalurad romelime sistemas SeiZleba

miekuTvnebodes, magram faqtobrivi mdgomareoba radikalurad gan-

sxvavebuli iyos.187 amis miuxedavad, mainc SesaZlebelia gamoiyos ramdenime

gavrcelebuli dayofa, romelic ase Tu ise sinamdviles SedarebiT zustad as-

axavs.

evrokavSiris qveynebSi ganasxvaveben saxelmwifosa da eklesiis samarTle-

brivi urTierTobis sam tips: saxelmwifo eklesia, anu dominanti eklesia, sax-

elmwifosa da eklesiis sruli gamijvna da sistema, romelSic saxelmwifo da

eklesia gamijnulebi arian, magram mWidrod TanamSromloben.188 am sam zogad

models gamoarCeven evropul doqtrinaSi,189 Tumca odnav gansxvavebuli

midgomaa amerikul konstitutionalizmSi. aq ori ZiriTadi mosazreba

arsebobs: erTi eklesiasa da saxelmwifos mkveTrad mijnavs, xolo meoris

Tanaxmad, am or institucias Soris TanamSromloba sruliad SesaZlebelia190.

mecnierTa nawilis azriT, eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis sami Zi-

riTadi modeli arsebobs: `mkacrad gamijnuli eklesia-saxelmwifos ur-

TierTobebis modeli~, dafuZnebuli eklesiis modeli~ da pluralistuli an

struqturirebuli pluralistuli modeli~.191 saeklesio samarTalSi

Semdegi klasifikaciac moqmedebs: `qveSevrdomobis, igive subordinaciuli~,

`paralelizmisa~ da `koordinaciuli~ sistemebi~.192 zogierTi mecnieri àn-

tieklesiis~ modelsac gamohyofs, romelSic saxelmwifo eklesiasTan

winaaRmdegobaSia da ufro metic, religias ebrZvis.193 es ZiriTadad is sis-

temebia, romlebic adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs mxolod formalurad aRiare-

186 Palomino R., Legal Dimensions of Secularism: Challenges and Problems, 17th Annual International Law and

Religion Symposium, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, October 3-5, 2010, 5. ix. citireba: Kevin

Boyle (ed.), Freedom of Religion and Beilief: World Report, London, Uk: Routledge (1997), pp. 9-10. mod-elebTan dakavSirebiT ix., Conkle D.O., Different Religions, Different Politics: Evaluating the Role of Com-

peting Religious Traditions in American Politics and Law, “Journal of Law and Religion”, Vol.10, No.1, 1994,

26; Troper M., French Secularism, or Laïcité, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.21, 2000, 1269-1270; Rosenfeld M.,

Introduction: Can Constitutionalism, Secularism and Religion Be Reconciled in an Era of Globalization and Reli-

gious Revival?, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol. 30, 2009, 2349. 187 ix., robersi g., saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targ-mani, Tbilisi, 2011, 665. 188 iqve. 189 erqvania T., saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierTmimarTebis samarTlebrivi konteqsti _ qarTuli modeli, mokle SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi mimoxilva evropuli kavSiris magaliTze, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #6, 2013, 26. 190 efsTini r., saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis gzajvaredinze. qristianuli sa-marTlebrivi sazogadoeba (CLS) martinesis winaaRmdeg, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #5, 2012, 3. 191 loqlini r. b., kedlis bevri fanjara, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #5, 2012, 91. 192 bumisi p.i., kanonikuri samarTali, i. garayaniZis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2007, 190. 193 Francis J. G., The Evolving Regulatory Structure of European Church-State Relationships, “Journal of Church

and State”, #4, 1992, 781.

29

ben, msgavs politikas atarebda sabWoTa kavSiri da bevri sxva arademokrati-

uli reJimi194. iseT sistemebSi ki, sadac saxelmwifo da religia erTmaneTisgan

gamijnuli araa, gamoiyofa cezaropapistuli da Teokratiuli modelebi195.

TiToeuli klasifikacia garkveul problemebur aspeqts moicavs, radga-

nac maTi gamoyenebiT eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa yvela sistema

srulad ver ifareba, yuradRebis miRma rCeba sagamonakliso marTlwesrigebi.

aqedan gamomdinare, umjobesia, Tu klasifikacia amomwuravi iqneba da yvela

SesaZlo saxesxvaobas maqsimalurad moicavs. eklesia-saxelmwifos ur-

TierTobaTa modelebSi SeiZleba gamoiyos Semdegi ZiriTadi saxeebi: a)

qvemdebareobis, igive subordinaciis modeli (erastianizmi, Teokratia); b)

saxelmwifo eklesiis modeli da g) sekularuli, igive urTierTgamijvnis

modeli (sruli gamijvnis, TanamSromlobisa da Sereuli sistemebi).

3.1. qvemdebareobis modeli

3.1.1. erastianizmi

antikur samyaroSi religia saxelmwifos organuli nawili iyo da mis

mTavar mizans xelisuflebis samsaxuri warmoadgenda.196 zogierTma sax-

elmwifom msgavsi istoriuli memkidreobisgan gaTavisufleba Tanamedroveo-

baSic ver moaxerxa da swored am inerciiT gaagrZela qristianul eklesiebTan

urTierToba.

erastianizmi197 saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobaTa imgvar models

gulisxmobs, romelSic eklesia srulad eqvemdebareba saxelmwifos, es

ukanaskneli gansazRvravs mis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs.198 erastianul modelSi

saero xelisufleba sasulieroze aRmatebulia, eklesia saxelmwifos emor-

Cileba.199 swored msgavsi damokidebulebis gamo erastianizms politokra-

tiul mmarTvelobas, cezaropapizmsac uwodeben200. veberis ganmartebiT,

cezaropapizmis SemTxvevaSi xelisufleba eklesias politikuri administra-

ciis erT-erT Stod ganixilavs201.

erastianizmis klasikur magaliTad miiCneoda inglisi (am SemTxvevaSi, ara

gaerTianebuli samefo) XX saukunis TiTqmis Sua wlebamde, Tumca dRes-

dReobiT mas saxelmwifo eklesiis models miakuTvneben. XVI saukuneSi in-

glisis mefesa da romis paps Soris ganxeTqileba daiwyo, rasac, saboloo

194 amgvar dayofasTan dakavSirebiT ix., iqve, 780-782. 195 Troper M., French Secularism, or Laïcité, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.21, 2000, 1269. 196 Wood J.E., Church and State in Historical Perspective: A Critical Assessment and Anntated Bibliography,

London, 2005, 4. 197 Tomas erastusi (Thomas Erastus) Sveicariul-germanuli warmoSobis Teologi iyo, rome-lic eklesiis gankveTis uflebas akritikebda da sekularuli, saero saxelmwifos mier religiis kontrols emxroboda. ix., Turner B.S., The Religious and the Political, A Comparative Sociol-

ogy of Religion, New York, 2013, 244. 198 Francis J. G., The Evolving Regulatory Structure of European Church-State Relationships, Journal of Church

and State, #4, 1992, 780. 199 Cranmer F., Olivia J.G., Church-State Relationships - An Overview, Law and Justice, #162, 2009, 5. 200 bumisi p.i., kanonikuri samarTali, i. garayaniZis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2007, 191. 201 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 91, ix. citireba: Weber,

Economy and Society, 1162.

30

jamSi, anglikanuri eklesiis Seqmna mohyva.202 inglisis eklesiis Seqmna romis

papis Zalauflebisgan gaTavisuflebis mizans atarebda da Tavdapirvel

etapze wminda politikuri xasiaTisa iyo, Tumca eduard VI mefobisas

anglikanuri eklesiis dogmatika protestantul gzas daadga da kaTolicizms

Sinaarsobrivadac daSorda.203 msgavsi praqtika evropisTvis ucxo ar iyo,

ufro metic, XVII saukunidan Zalian bevrma istoriulma saxelmwifom mibaZa in-

gliss, rasac reformaciamac didad Seuwyo xeli. skandinaviis saxelmwifoebsa

da daniaSi Camoyalibda erastianuli modeli, romelmac XX saukunemde

iarseba. dResac ki zogierTi mecnieri eklesiisa da saxelmwifos ur-

TierTobis daniur models kvazierastianulad miiCnevs.204 XIX saukunis 40-ian

wlebSi bavarieli regentis mier Camoyalibebulma eklesia-saxelmwifos ur-

TierTobebis axalma sistemam cezaropapizmis modeli daamkidra sa-

berZneTSi,205 swored aman ganapiroba momavalSi iq saxelmwifo eklesiis sis-

temis Camoyalibeba.

erastianizmis modelebi Tanamedrove epoqaSic mravlad moipoveba. leninis

mier gauqmebuli patriarqati, 1943 wels stalinma aRadgina, romelmac faqto-

brivi cezaropapizmi daamkvidra sruliad gansxvavebuli, sabWouri formiT.

igi aqtiurad iyenebda marTlmadidebel eklesias saerTaSoriso diplomati-

uri misiebisaTvis206 da faqtobrivad ganagebda kidec mas.

3.1.2. Teokratia

Teokratiuli modeli erastianizmis sruli sawinaaRmdegoa da eklesiisa

da sasuliero ierarqTa saero xelisuflebaze batonobas gulisxmobs.207 Teo-

kratiul models ierokratias, igive papocezarizmsac uwodeben da igi netari

avgustines ideebis safuZvelze ganviTarda.208 Teokratia SeiZleba daxasi-

aTdes, rogorc mmarTvelobis SezRuduli forma, romelSic siqvelis religi-

uri gagebaa miRebuli, religiuri avtoritetebi uSualod iReben monawileo-

bas saero saqmeTa gadawyvetaSi, umaRlesi suvereni ki RmerTia.209 TeokratiaSi

religiuri da saero mmarTveloba gaerTianebulia, saxelmwifo ki religiuri

202 1534 wels miiRes Act of Supremacy, romlis mixedviTac, inglisis eklesiis xelmZRvanelad mefe gamocxadda, aqti mRvdelmsaxurebs avaldebulebda mis erTgulebasa da morCilebaze daedoT fici. Jones H., The Church in Wales: A church for the Welsh Nation, “Law and Justice”, #149,

2002, 136. 203 maklini d., saxelmwifo da eklesia gaerTianebul samefoSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da ekle-sia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, meore gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 640. 204 Cranmer F., Olivia J.G., Church-State Relationships - An Overview, “Law and Justice”, #162, 2009, 5. 205 Papastathis C.K., The Hellenic Republic and the Prevailing Religion, “Brigham Young University Law Re-

view”, #4, 1996, 818. 206 Anderson P.B., The Orthodox Church in Soviet Russia, “Foreign Affairs”, #39, 1960-1961, 305-306. 207 ix., Cranmer F., Olivia J.G., Church-State Relationships - An Overview, “Law and Justice”, #162, 2009, 6-

7. 208 ix., bumisi p.i., kanonikuri samarTali, i. garayaniZis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2007, 190-191. 209 ix., Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Bar-

bara, 2009, 92.

31

interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT imarTeba,210 religiuri avtoritetebi poli-

tikur xelisufalT niSnaven, politikuri Zalaufleba ki mTlianad religias

eqvemdebareba.211 zogadad, Teokratiebi moklevadianobiT gamoirCevian212 da

xangrZlivi moqmedebis mizniT iSviaTad mkvidrdeba.

Teokratiis arsebobas xeli Seuwyo Sua saukuneebSi eklesiis mdgomareobam,

vinaidan istoriis mTeli es periodi saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebaze eklesiis

batonobis xanaa, rac eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobebis specifikidan

gamomdinareobda.213 am Teoriis gavrcelebaSi aqtiurad monawileobda wminda

saydari, romelic intensiurad ereoda evropul saxelmwifoTa Sida saqmeebSi,

amasTan, romis paps, sasulierosTan erTad, saero Zalauflebac hqonda papis

miwebsa da uSualod qalaq romze, rac jer kidev pipin moklesTan miRweuli

SeTanxmebiT daikanona214.

papocerazmis gamovlineba iyo kalvinis mmarTveloba JenevaSi, aiaTola xo-

meinis iranis islamuri respublika, Tanamedrove saudis arabeTi da sxv.215

marTalia, romis paps aRar emorCileba warsulSi mis gamgeblobaSi arsebuli

teritoriebi, vinaidan italiis gaerTianebam logikurad gamoiwvia wminda

saydrisTvis papis miwebisa da Tavad qalaq romis CamorTmeva,216 Tumca dRes-

dReobiT romis papi mainc inarCunebs saero Zalauflebas, igi damoukidebeli

saxelmwifos, vatikanis saxelmwifo meTauria.

3.2. saxelmwifo eklesia

3.2.1. saxelmwifo eklesiis koncefcia

saxelmwifo eklesia istoriuli institutia da Tanamedrove epoqamde

sruliad bunebriv movlenad miiCneoda, ufro metic, xSirad igi sax-

elmwifoebriobis erT-erT ucilobel niSansac warmoadgenda. kolonializ-

mis periodSi imperiebi sakuTar koloniebSi avrcelebdnen sxvadasxva reli-

gias da rogorc wesi, dominant eklesias saxelmwifo eklesiad acxadebdnen.217

es iyo dapyrobili teritoriebis kontrolisa da marTvis erT-erTi efeqturi

saSualeba. reformaciis periodma, sxvadasxva qristianuli mimdinareobis

Camoyalibebam mniSvnelovnad gaarTula oficialuri, saxelmwifo religiisa

da eklesiis statusis aRiarebis saqme, vinaidan qveynis mosaxleoba religiu-

rad mravalferovani iyo. amasTan, saxelmwifo religiisa da eklesiis statusi

210 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 90. 211 Troper M., French Secularism, or Laïcité, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.21, 2000, 1269. 212 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 90. 213 Wood J.E., Church and State in Historical Perspective: A Critical Assessment and Anotated Bibliography,

London, 2005, 26. 214 ix., Kuiper B.K., The Church in History, Grand Rapids, 1988, 71. 215 ix., Cranmer F., Olivia J.G., Church-State Relationships - An Overview, “Law and Justice”, #162, 2009, 6-

7; xecuriani j., konstituciuri SeTanxmeba da religiuri gaerTianebebis samarTlebrivi statusis zogierTi sakiTxi saqarTveloSi, wignSi: Ziebani qarTul samarTalmcodneobaSi, Tbilisi, 2011, 68-69. 216 ferari s., saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 243. 217 Rossouw G.J., Macamo Eu. jr., Church-State Relationship in Mozambique, “Journal of Church and State”,

#35(3), 1993, 538.

32

principul sakiTxTa kategorias ganekuTvneboda, rac xSirad omis mizezic

xdeboda. 1555 wlis ausburgis zaviT dasrulda diskusia, Tu romeli religia

iyo qveyanaSi dominanti da Camoyalibda principi _ cuius region, eius religio, rom-

lis mixedviTac, saxelmwifo religiad saxelmwifos meTauris aRmsarebloba

miiCneoda218.

mcdaria azri, rom saxelmwifo religia an saxelmwifo eklesia aucileblad

ganviTarebad an arademokratiul qveynebSia. ra Tqma unda, aseTi magaliTebic

aris, magram maT gverdze saxelmwifo eklesia arsebobs gaerTianebul same-

foSi (inglisi da Sotlandia), argentinaSi, saberZneTSi, daniaSi da aS.219 maTi

gavrcelebis areali sakmaod farToa. evropaSi saxelmwifo eklesiis modeli

klasikuri evropuli demokratiis qveynebSia gavrcelebuli.220 ra Tqma unda,

aucilebelia saxelmwifo religiis (eklesiis) sistemis demokratiulobisa da

samarTlebriobis uzrunvelyofa, winaaRmdeg SemTxevaSi, didia arademokra-

tiulobisa da adamianis ZiriTad uflebaTa darRvevis safrTxe.

saxelmwifo religiis SemTxvevaSi eklesia saxelmwifos struqturuli na-

wili, misi erT-erTi instituti xdeba: rogorc saxelmwifo ereva eklesiis saq-

meebis nawilSi, afinansebs mas, ise eklesia monawileobs saxelmwifoebrivi

mniSvnelobis sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi da sargeblobs mniSvnelovani privi-

legiebiT, sxva religiur gaerTianebebTan SedarebiT.221 qveynebSi, sadac ekle-

siebs saxelmwifo statusi aqvT, isini saxelisuflebo organoebad, adminis-

traciul erTeulebad moiazrebian.222 saxelmwifo eklesia saxelmwifos ùSu-

alo mmarTvelobis sferoSi eqceva~223. am modelis saxelmwifoTa udides na-

wilSi dominanti eklesiis samarTlebrivi statusi da masTan urTierTobis Zi-

riTadi principebi sakonstitucio donezea uzrunvelyofili, rasac, ra Tqma

unda, kanonmdeblobaSi implementaciac Tan sdevs.224 msgavs midgomas iT-

valiswineben saberZneTis, daniis, argentinis da sxv. konstituciebi225.

bizantiuri tradiciiT, marTlmadidebeli eklesia da misi patriarqi impe-

rators emorCilebodnen, msgavsi wesi gadaiRes balkaneTis mTavrebmac, rom-

lebic Tavs bizantiis sulier da uflebriv memkvidreebad miiCnevdnen.226 kul-

turuli da struqturuli transformaciis Sedegad, marTlmadidebloba bal-

218 Wood J.E., Church and State in Historical Perspective: A Critical Assessment and Anotated Bibliography,

London, 2005, 31. 219 xecuriani j., konstituciuri SeTanxmeba da religiuri gaerTianebebis samarTlebrivi statusis zogierTi sakiTxi saqarTveloSi, wignSi: Ziebani qarTul samarTalmcodneobaSi, Tbilisi, 2011, 66. 220 ix., cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 43-47. 221 ix., xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, Jurn. àdamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 2001, 10. 222 Zollman C., Nature of America Religious Corporations, “Michigan law Review”, Vol.14, 1915, 37-38. 223 cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 43. 224 xecuriani j., konstituciuri SeTanxmeba da religiuri gaerTianebebis samarTlebrivi statusis zogierTi sakiTxi saqarTveloSi, wignSi: Ziebani qarTul samarTalmcodneobaSi, Tbilisi, 2011, 66. 225 Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria, 1991, Art.13(3), Constitution of the Argentine Nation, 1853, Art.2,

Constitution of the Hellenic Republic, 1975, Art.3, Constitutional Act of Denmark, 1953, Sec.4. 226 Mungiu-Pippidi A., The Ruler and the Patriarch: The Romanian Eastern Orthodox Church in Transition, “East

European Constitutional Review”, #7, 1998, 87.

33

kaneli xalxebis erovnuli identobisa da maTi saxelmwifoebis mTlianobis ga-

nuyofel nawilad iqca.227 berZnuli eklesia elinuri erovnulobis ideasa da

marTlmadideblobas erT mTlianobad ganixilavs, ufro metic, mTavarepis-

kopos qristodulosis ganmartebiT, berZnuli geni mxolod berZnul

marTlmadideblobasTan TanaziarebiT SeiZleba gadarCes.228 saxelmwifo

eklesiis sistema saberZneTSi regentma morirma daamkvidra 1833 wels da amis

mizezi xelisuflebis daubrkolebeli moqmedebis, eklesiis mxridan mxardaW-

eris survili iyo, rac axlad gaTavisuflebuli qveynisTvis sasicocxlo mniS-

vnelobas atarebda.229 saberZneTis revoluciuri periodis konstituciebi aR-

mosavlur marTlmadideblur qristianobas upiratesi, privilegirebuli

religiis statuss aniWebdnen230.

saberZneTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia sruladaa integrirebuli sax-

elmwifo sistemaSi, gamonaklisia mxolod aTonis wminda mTa, romelic

avtonomiiTa da gansakuTrebuli statusiT sargeblobs.231 saberZneTis kon-

stitucia gansazRvravs saberZneTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis samarTle-

briv statuss, mis avtokefaliasa da msoflio eklesiisagan ganuyoflobas.232

marTlmadidebeli eklesiisTvis konstituciiT miniWebuli statusi,

garkveulwilad, mis avtonomias Semofarglavs.233 qveynis prezidenti da par-

lamentis wevrebi oficialur fics deben wminda samebis saxeliT.234 marTlma-

dideblobis upiratesi religiis statusi saberZneTSi gulisxmobs: marTlma-

dideblobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebas, marTlmadidebeli eklesiis

gansakuTrebul samoqalaqo da samarTlebriv statuss, eklesiis ssip-ad aRi-

arebas.235 saberZneTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia saxelmwifo eklesiis sta-

tusis matarebelia da marTlmadidebloba ùpiratesia~, Tumca

protestantuli da romis kaTolikuri eklesiebic mniSvnelovani statusiT

arian aRWurvili236.

227 Roudometof V., The Evolution of Greek Orthodoxy in the Context of World Historical Globalization, in:

Orthodox Christianity in 21st Century Greece, The Role of Religion in Culture, Ethnicity and Politics, Edited by

V. Roudometof and V.N. Makrides, Ashgate, 2010, 24-25. 228 ix., iqve, 32. 229 ix., papastatisi k., saxelmwifo da eklesia saberZneTSi wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 133. 230 Papastathis C.K., The Hellenic Republic and the Prevailing Religion, “Brigham Young University Law Re-

view”, #4, 1996, 816. 231 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 36. 232 Constitution of the Hellenic Republic, 1975, Art.3. 233 Minnerath R., Church Autonomy in Europe, in: Church Autonomy, A Comparative Survey, Edited by G.

Robbers, Frankfurt am Main, 2001, 384-385. 234 ix., Constitution of the Hellenic Republic, 1975, Art.33(2) and Art.59(1). 235 Papastathis C.K., The Hellenic Republic and the Prevailing Religion, “Brigham Young University Law Re-

view”, #4, 1996, 824. 236 papastatisi k., saxelmwifo da eklesia saberZneTSi wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 135.

34

marTalia, saberZneTis eklesias garkveuli avtonomia aqvs, magram

metwilad igi saxelmwifo organos statusiT moqmedebs, mag., qorwinebis, ga-

naTlebis da sxv. sferoebSi.237 religiaze saerTosaxelmwifoebriv

zedamxedvelobas saberZneTSi ganaTlebisa da sakulto sakiTxTa saministros

generaluri samdivno sakulto sakiTxebSi da sagareo saqmeTa saministro ax-

orcieleben.238 saberZneTis eklesia administraciul funqciasac asrulebs,

Sesabamisad, misi qmedebebi da aqtebi, romlebic administraciul saqmianobas

da ara doqtrinas, dogmatikas exeba, saCivrdeba saxelmwifo sabWoSi, romelic

umaRlesi administraciuli sasamarTloa.239 saxelmwifo sabWo uflebamo-

silia, ganixilos da gadawyvitos marTadidebel eklesiasTan dakavSirebuli

sakiTxebi, mas SeuZlia gaauqmos eklesiis mier miRebuli aqtebic240.

inglisis (anglikanuri) da Sotlandiis (presviterianuli) eklesiebi sax-

elmwifo eklesiebis statuss atareben da saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobis sa-

fuZvelze arian Seqmnilni.241 inglisis eklesiis daarseba mefis survils

ukavSirdeboda, swored misi mowveviT VI saukuneSi inglisSi wm. avgustine Cav-

ida, romelmac kentrberis saydari daaarsa.242 1534 wlidan inglisis eklesia

wminda saydrisgan damoukideblad arsebobs da calke, anglikanuri protes-

tantizmis mqadagebelia. mas xelmZRvanelobs gaerTianebuli samefos

monarqi243. reformaciis Semdeg eklesia saxelmwifos ganuyofel nawilad, mis

ideologiur safuZvlad da politikis ganmaxorcieleblad iqca.244 gaer-

Tianebuli samefos monarqi, romelic inglisis eklesiis ùmaRles

mmarTvelad~ da `rwmenis damcvelad~ iwodeba,245 kurTxevisas fics debs,

daicvas protestantuli reformirebuli tradicia.246 igi, aseve, debs fics,

daicvas Sotlandiis eklesia, Tumca inglisis eklesiisgan gansxvavebiT, ar

ereva eposkoposTa daniSvnasa da Tavad eklesiis administrirebaSi247.

237 Minnerath R., Church Autonomy in Europe, in: Church Autonomy, A Comparative Survey, Edited by G.

Robbers, Frankfurt am Main, 2001, 385. 238 papastatisi k., saxelmwifo da eklesia saberZneTSi wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 144-145. 239 iqve, 145. 240 Doe N., Christian Law, Contemporary Principles, New York, 2013, 358. 241 Nicholson J., The Law of Church and State Relations in the United Kingdom, “Sri Lanka Journal of Interna-

tional Law”, #12, 2000, 182. 242 Davies R., Church and State, “The Cambrian Law Review”, Vol.7, 1976, 12. 243 ix., Jones H., The Church in Wales: A church for the Welsh Nation, “Law and Justice”, #149, 2002, 136. 244 mag., matylis warmoebis gasaviTareblad inglisis parlamenti yvela meTods mimarTavda, maT Soris mis kontrols eklesiaze: 1678 wels dadgenilebiT daavaldebula anglikanuri eklesiis samRvdeloeba, gardacvlilTa dakrZalvaze Tanxmoba mxolod maSin gaecaT, Tuki isini matyliT gakeTebul sudaraSi iqnebodnen gaxveulni. ix., Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Free-

dom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 91, ix. citireba: Pfeffer, Church, State and Freedom, 27. 245 Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by T.

Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 428. 246 Cumper P., The Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – The British Experience, in: Transfor-

mation of Church and State Relations in Great Britain and Germany, Edited by C. Walter and A. Von Ungern-

Sternberg, Baden-Baden, 2013, 189. 247 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 10.

35

inglisis eklesiis pirveli kanonis mixedviT, inglisis eklesia misi

sadedoflo udidebulesobis kanonTa Sesabamisadaa dafuZnebuli da qristes

WeSmariti da samociqulo eklesiis~ nawilia.248 inglisis eklesiis kanonebi da

aqtebi unda Seesabamebodes saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobasa da dedoflis sa-

marTals.249 saxelmwifo xelisufleba eklesiis Sida saqmeebSic

monawileobs.250 kentrberis mTavarepiskoposi inglisis eklesiis sulieri

lideria, igi akurTxebs monarqs da ikavebs sapatio adgils samefo karze,

samefo ojaxsa da lord kanclers Soris.251 Tavis mxriv, inglisis TemTa pal-

atas, Zvel universitetebsa da istoriul saero dawesebulebebs hyavT

kapelanebi, romlebic inglisis eklesiis RvTismsaxurebi arian252. samefo

xelisufleba CarTulia mniSvnelovani saeklesio gadawyvetilebebis miRebis

procesSi, Tavis mxriv, anglikanuri eklesiis mTavarepiskoposi akurTxebs

monarqs, episkoposebi ki lordTa palataSi arian warmodgenilni.253 1878 wlis

saepiskoposo aqtis safuZvelze sasuliero lordebi (Lord Spiritual) aqtiurad

monawileoben parlamentis zeda palatis saqmianobaSi.254 palataSi ex officio

adgili garantirebulad aqvs anglikanuri eklesiis 26 episkoposs.255 maT niS-

navs monarqi parlamentis umravlesobis TanxmobiT.256 aqve aRsaniSnavia, mi-

uxedavad imisa, rom gaerTianebul samefoSi ori saxelmwifo eklesia

arsebobs, religiis TvalsazrisiT, igi evropis yvelaze mravalferovan sax-

elmwifodaa aRiarebuli257.

marTalia, skandinaviuri sazogadoeba ZiriTadad homogenuria da luTer-

anuli eklesia dominantia religiur gaerTianebebs Soris, mosaxleobis um-

ravlesoba mainc sekularulia.258 sekularuli ganwyobis paralelurad, evan-

gelur-luTeranuli qristianobis aRmsarebloba dRemde savaldebuloa

daniis, norvegiisa da SvedeTis monarqebisaTvis.259 skandinavielTa umrav-

lesoba ise miekuTvneba saxelmwifo eklesiebs, rom Tavadac ar ician amis

248 Davies R., Church and State, “The Cambrian Law Review”, Vol.7, 1976, 11. 249 iqve, 15. 250 mag., anglikanuri eklesiis episkoposebs niSnavs gaerTanebuli samefos monarqi premier-ministris wardginebiT, Tumca 1977 wels miRweuli SeTanxmebiT, monarqi faqtobrivad eklesiis mier SeTanxmebuli kandidatebis wridan akeTebs arCevans. maklini d., saxelmwifo da eklesia gaerTianebul samefoSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 648. 251 Davies R., Church and State, “The Cambrian Law Review”, Vol.7, 1976, 22. 252 ix., iqve. 253 Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by T.

Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 428. 254 Edge P.W., Religion and Law, An Introduction, Ashgate, 2006, 98. 255 Cumper P., The Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – The British Experience, in: Transfor-


Sternberg, Baden-Baden, 2013, 189. 256 McConnell M.W., Garvey J.H., Berg Th.C., Religion and the Constitution, New York, 2011, 90. 257 iqve. 258 Scheinen M., Secular Human Rights Perspectives, As a Challenge to Nordic Law & Religion Solutions, in: in:

Law & Religion in the 21st Century – Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen,

Copenhagen, 2010, 547. 259 Ibán I.C., God in Constitutions and Godless Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of Reli-

gion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013, 43.

36

Taobaze, radgan es ufro socialuri, kulturuli, erovnuli memkvidreobis

nawilia, vidre rwmenis sakiTxi.260 XVIII saukunemde evangelur-luTeranuli

eklesia erTaderTi nebadarTuli eklesia iyo SvedeTSi.261 2000 wels

amoqmedda eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa axali sistema, romelmac

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi damkvidrebuli modeli Secvala da marTalia, ekle-

sias mniSvnelovani Tavisufleba mieca, Tumca igi dRemde saxelmwifo sta-

tusis matareblad rCeba.262 SvedeTis samefos 1974 wlis ZiriTadi kanonis

Tanaxmad, misi statusi ganisazRvreba specialuri kanoniT.263 SvedeTis ekle-

sias mxolod XXI saukuneSi mieca SesaZlebloba, daregistrirebuliyo iu-

ridiul pirad da mieRo damoukidebeli samarTlebrivi statusi, radgan ma-

namde saxelmwifos nawilad ganixileboda.264 marTalia, SvedeTSi formalurad

yvela eklesia Tu religiuri organizacia kanonis winaSe Tanasworia, rac am

saukunis dasawyisSi dawyebulma sekularizaciis procesmac uzrunvelyo,265

Tumca SvedeTis eklesias samarTlebrivad gansxvavebuli statusi aqvs,

faqtobrivad, igi yvelaze Zlieri institutia saxelmwifoSi266.

2012 wlamde norvegiaSi luTeranuli eklesia maRali statusiT

sargeblobda, metic 1814 wlidan mefe da mTavrobis wevrTa ori mesamedi mainc

evangelur-luTeranuli eklesiis wevrebi unda yofiliyvnen.267 2012 wlis sa-

konstitucio cvlilebebiT norvegias oficialuri, formaluri religia

aRar gaaCnia, Tumca igi aRiarebs `qristianul da humanistur memkvidreo-

bas~.268 oficialur doneze `saxelmwifo~ statusis ararsebobis miuxedavad,

norvegiis saxelmwifo eklesiis episkoposebs Tanamdebobaze niSnavs samTav-

robo administraciis, reformebisa da saeklesio sakiTxTa ministri269.

260 Mair J., The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, in: The Place of Religion in Family

Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 380. 261 fridneri l., saxelmwifo da eklesia SvedeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 619. 262 iqve, 620. 263 Constitution of the Kingdom of Sweden (The Instrument of Government, 1974), Chapt.8, Art.6. 264 fridneri l., saxelmwifo da eklesia SvedeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 626. 265 iqve, 624. 266 iqve, 625. 267 Furseth I., The Ambiguity of Secular and Religious Space: The Norwegian Penitentiary System, in: Secular


Breemen, J. Casanova and T. Wyller, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014, 152. 268 iqve. 269 Årsheim H., Legal Secularism? – Differing Notions of Religion in International and Norwegian Law, in:

Secular and Sacred? The Scandinavian Model of Religion in Human Rights, Law and Public Space, Edited by R.

Van Der Breemen, J. Casanova and T. Wyller, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014, 136.

37

daniaSi, romlis mosaxleobis umravlesobac protestantia, religia kerZo,

pirad sferod ganixileba,270 Tumca qveyanaSi moqmedebs saxalxo eklesia (Folke-

kirken).271 saxalxo eklesiis statusi ganisazRvreba daniis konstituciiT, rom-

lis mixedviTac, saxelmwifo Tavis Tavze iRebs evangelur-luTeranuli

eklesiis dafinansebas, vinaidan igi saxalxo eklesiaa da saxelmwifo

valdebulia, masze izrunos.272 swored sakonstitucio statusis gamo Seu-

Zlebelia saxelmwifosa da eklesiis gamijvnis aqtiuri procesis dawyeba sa-

konstitucio cvlilebebis gareSe.273 daniis eklesia Tavisi arsiT saxelmwifo

eklesiaa da saxelmwifosTan uSualodaa dakavSirebuli,274 Tumca, amis mi-

uxedavad, saxalxo eklesia praqtikulad Zalze SezRudulia da eqvemdebareba

daniis parlamentsa da saeklesio saqmeTa ministrs, roca sxva religiuri mim-

dinareobebi kerZo gaerTianebebia.275 saxalxo eklesia saxelmwifo sistemis na-

wilia da mas sajaro samarTali awesrigebs.276 swored msgavsi mowesrigebis

gamo saxelmwifo eklesiis daniuri modeli kvazierastianulad miiCneva277.

3.2.2. saxelmwifo eklesiis instituciuri Sesabamisoba

adamianis ZiriTad uflebebTan

Tanamedrove sinamdvileSi saxelmwifo eklesiis koncefcia mniSvnelovnad

Secvlilia da igi avtomaturad saxelmwifos kontrolqveS arsebul insti-

tutad ar moiazreba. dominanti eklesiis mqone qveynebSi TandaTanobiT ufro

meti samarTlebrivi berketi gadaecema eklesiebs, rac maTTvis met Tavisu-

flebasa da saxelmwifosagan mniSvnelovnad gamocalkevebas uwyobs xels.278

swored am procesiT imijneba saxelmwifo eklesiis modeli erastianizmisagan,

romelic eklesiaze totalur kontrols, srul domonirebas gulisxmobs.

mag., bulgareTSi `tradiciul~ religiad aRmosavluri marTlmadideblobaa

gamocxadebuli,279 Tumca, imavdroulad, uzrunvelyofilia religiis Tavisu-

flebis principi, saxelmwifo da eklesia srulad emijnebian erTmaneTs,280 rac

270 Plesner I.Th., Secularism – A Quest for Privatization of Religion? in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century –

Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 298. 271 dubeki i., saxelmwifo da eklesia daniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 63. 272 ix., Constitutional Act of the Kingdom Denmark, 1953, Art.4. 273 dubeki i., saxelmwifo da eklesia daniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 66. 274 iqve, 64. 275 iqve, 68. 276 iqve, 69. 277 Cranmer F., Olivia J.G., Church-State Relationships - An Overview, Law and Justice, #162, 2009, 5. 278 ix., robersi g., saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targ-mani, Tbilisi, 2011, 666. 279 Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria, 1991, Art.13(3). 280 iqve, Art.13(1)(2).

38

eklesiis damoukideblobas uzrunvelyofs. monakos saxelmwifo religia ro-

maul-kaTolikuri qristianobaa281, Tumca religiis Tavisufleba uzrun-

velyofilia.282 saxelmwifo eklesiis statusis miuxedavad, uzrunvelyofilia

romis eklesiis avtonomiuroba283.

samwuxarod, saxelmwifo religiis instituti xSirad sxva religiuri

Sexedulebebis mqone adamianTa ZiriTadi uflebebis SezRudvasa da aRmsare-

blobis gamo adamianTa devnasTan asocirdeba, rac samarTlebrivad mcdari

Sexedulebaa.284 aseve, saxelmwifo eklesiis arseboba nebismier SemTxvevaSi ar

gulisxmobs, rom eklesiis avtonomia dakninebulia.285 saxalxo eklesiis

mxardaWera da dafinansebis sakonstitucio valdebuleba ar gamoricxavs sax-

elmwifos uflebas, gamouyos finansebi sxva religiur gaerTianebebsac.286

adamianis uflebaTa komitetis ganmartebiT, saxelmwifo religiis arseboba

avtomaturad religiis Tavisuflebas ar arRvevs, Tu es araa sxva religiur

gaerTianebaTa, aRmsarebelTa Tu aTeistTa diskriminaciis safuZveli.287 erTi

eklesiis privilegirebuloba avtomaturad ar niSnavs sxva religiur gaer-

TianebaTa diskriminacias, maT mimarT SesaZloa mniSvnelovani SeRavaTebi

moqmedebebdes da ufro metic, dominant eklesiasTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT

meti TavisuflebiT sargeblobdnen.

3.3. sekularizmi

3.3.1. sekularizmis koncefcia

3.3.1.1. sekularizmis idea

eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa evoluciis damagvirgvinebeli

faza maTi urTierTgamijvnaa, romelic Tanamedrove sistemaa, Tumca sa-

fuZveli Sua saukuneebSi eyreboda.288 evropis erTian sistemad aRqma eklesia-

281 Constitution of the Principality of Monaco, 1962, Art.9. 282 Grinda G., The Principality of Monaco (State, International Status, Institutions), 2nd Ed., Translated by J.C.

Duursma, The Hague, 2010, 146. 283 religiuri avtonomiuroba monakoSi mTavar Sarl III da romis pap leon XIII Soris 1887 wlis SeTanxmebiT iqna uzrunvelyofili, Tumca romis eklesiasa da monakos Soris ur-TierTobebis saboloo ganmsazRvreli 1981 wlis 27 ivnisis SeTanxmebaa. ix., iqve, 148-151. 284 saginaSvili q., marTlmadideblobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi ucxo qveynebis magaliTebis fonze, Jurn. adamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 2001, 15. 285 Minnerath R., Church Autonomy in Europe, in: Church Autonomy, A Comparative Survey, Edited by G.

Robbers, Frankfurt am Main, 2001, 384. 286 dubeki i., saxelmwifo da eklesia daniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 66. 287 UNHRC, General Comment 22, Article 18 (Forty-eighth session, 1993), Para.9; ix., Tulkens F., The European

Convention of Human Rights and Church-State Relations: Pluralism vs. Pluralism, Cardozo Law Review, Vol.30,

No.6, 2009, 2584, Evans C., Thomas Chr.A., Church-State Relations in the European Court of Human Rights,

Brigham Young University Law Review, No.3, 2006, 706. 288 jer kidev 496 wels papi gelasius I imperator anastasius I swerda ori xelisuflebis _ saxelmwifosa da eklesiis da maTi Zalauflebis Sesaxeb. TandaTanobiT eklesiis wiaRSi sul ufro aqtualuri xdeboda saxelmwifosagan gacalkevebisa da sruli damoukideblobis idea. eklesiis damoukideblobisaTvis mniSvnelovani nabiji gadadga grigol VII, romelmac 1075 wels Dictatus Papae (dokumentSi 27 principi iyo Camoyalibebuli da misi adresati Tavad romis papi gaxldaT) gamoaqveyna, masSi Camoyalibebuli iyo im periodisaTvis TiTqmis `revoluciuri~ postulatebi. am principebs seriozuli reaqcia mohyva evropaSi. ix., Wood

39

saxelmwifos gamijvnis procesSi mizanSewonili araa.289 TiToeul sax-

elmwifoSi gancalkevebis procesi gansxvavebuli tempiT, intensivobiTa da

individualuri maxasiaTeblebiT mimdinareobda, zogan ki dRemde mimdi-

nareobs. saboloo jamSi, eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnis idea dasavluri

azrovnebis Sedegi da Tanamedroveobis aRiarebuli principia, Tumca aR-

mosavleTis islamur da zogierT qristianuli fundamentalizmis qveyanaSi

dRemde araa aRiarebuli290.

gansxvavebuli religiis aRmsarebelTa Soris Tanasworobis kampanias didi

xnis istoria aqvs.291 politikurisa da religiuri cxovrebis erTmaneTisgan

gancalkevebas jer kidev loki moiTxovda.292 Tumca axali drois sekularizmis

mTavar warmomadgenlad mainc makiaveli miiCneva, romelic qristianobis sax-

elmwifo ideologizacias daupirispirda, ramac yvelaze didi samsaxuri

Tavad religias gauwia, vinaidan es ukanaskneli saxelmwifos batonobidan ga-

Tavisuflda293.

sekularizmi, rogorc politikuri sistema da ideologia, qristianuli

evropis pirmSoa, ufro metic, misi arseboba qristianobis gaZlierebam ga-

napiroba.294 amitom logikuricaa, evropuli sakonstitucio sekularizmi uSu-

alod dakavSirebulia ganmanaTleblobasTan.295 procesi Sua saukuneebis miwu-

ruls daiwyo, ramac Sedegad axali saxelmwifoebis, erebisa da samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis ideis Seqmna gamoiwvia.296 socialurma da politikurma

cvlilebebma eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa radikaluri

cvlileba ganapiroba.297 religiisa da saxelmwifos gancalkevebis procesi

(Kirchenaustrittsbewegung) germaniaSi XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi bismarkis mier

ganxorcielebuli antikaTolikuri kampaniiT iwyeba.298 kaTolikuri eklesiis

J.E., Church and State in Historical Perspective: A Critical Assessment and Anntated Bibliography, London, 2005,

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on Nikolas Sarkozy’s New Concept of Laïcité Positive, Journal of Catholic Legal Studies, Vol.48, 2009, 202. 289 mag., XII saukuneSi, rodesac germaniis saRvTo romis imperatorma romis eklesias epis-koposebisa da abatebis arCevaSi Caurevloba aRuTqva, inglisSi henri II da kentrberis mTa-varepiskopos Tomas bekets Soris urTierToba ise iZabeba, rom am ukanasknels saerTod klaven. Berg Th.C., Colby K.W.., Esbeck C.H., Garnett R.W., Religious Freedom, Church-State Separation, and

the Ministerial Exception, “Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy”, Vol. 106, 2011, 179-180. 290 Doerr E., The Importance of Church-State Separation, in: Toward a New Political Humanism, edited by Seid-

man B.F. & Murphy N.J., New York, 2004, 71. 291 Christoffersen L., Historical, Cultural and Social Background, in: Religion and Discrimination Law in the

European Union, Edited by M. Hill QC, Trier, 2012, 30. 292 Brown W., Civilizational Delusions, Secularism, Tolerance, Equality, in: Reveal in Democracy, Secularism

and Religion in Liberal Democratic States, Edited by Ch. Marlle, G.M. Nielsen and D. Salde, Brussels, 2013, 48. 293 meni a., religia, `pirovnebis kulti~ da sekularuli saxelmwifo, d. TinikaSvilis Targ-mani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #6(39), 2010, 77. 294 ix., Yildirim S., Expanding Secularism’s Scope: An Indian Case Study, “The American Journal of Compara-

tive Law”, Vol. 52, 2004, 903. 295 Sajó A., Preliminaries to a Concept of Constitutional Secularism, “I-Con”, Vol.6, No.3-4, 2008, 608. 296 andronikaSvili z., maisuraZe g., sekularizacia da sekularizaciis bedi saqarTveloSi, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #5(38), 2010, 105. 297 Fr. Gomes E.X., Church-State Relations from a Catholic Perspective: General Considerations on Nikolas

Sarkozy’s New Concept of Laïcité Positive, “Journal of Catholic Legal Studies”, Vol.48, 2009, 204. 298 Holt N., The Church Withdrawal Movement in Germany, “Journal of Church and State”, Vol.32, 1990, 37.

40

mimarT gamocxadebuli Kulturkampf-is miuxedavad, vaimaris respublikis 1919

wlis konstituciamde saxelmwifo da eklesia Zalze mWidrod TanamSromlob-

dnen.299 konstituciam, marTalia, es ori instituti erTmaneTisgan oficialu-

rad gamijna, Tumca igi qveynisaTvis mniSnelovan socialur-kulturul

TemebSi TanamSromlobas iTvaliswinebda300. samarTlebrivi pozitivizmis

damkvidrebam da samarTalSemoqmedad eqskluziurad saxelmwifos miCnevam

sekularizmis procesi mniSvnelovnad daaCqara, radganac saero cxovrebaSi

saeklesio samarTlisa Tu sasamarTlos moqmedeba maqsimalurad SeizRuda301.

cneba `sekularizmi~ pirvelad jorj holioukma ganmarta 1846 wels.302

Tumca misi aRiarebuli, SeTanxmebuli definicia dRemde ar arsebobs. aRsaniS-

navia isic, rom mas xSirad ganyenebulad ganixilaven, roca sinamdvileSI igi

arsebobs rogorc samarTali, rogorc yoveldRiurobis Semadgeneli nawili,

romelic yvelaze xSirad ganimarteba da gadaixedeba.303 kazanova sekularizms

sam mimarTulebad gamohyofs: sekularizmi, rogorc religiis uaryofa; seku-

larizmi, rogorc religiis privatizacia da sekularizmi, rogorc sxva sfer-

oebidan religiuri sferos gamoyofa-gansxvaveba.304 sekularizaciis mTavari

idea `saxelmwifosa da religiis instituciuri da konstituciuri ur-

TierTgamijvnaa~305. `sekularizmi~ aris Rirebuleba, romelic iZens mniS-

vnelobas mxolod im istoriul da kulturul konteqstSi, romelSic is aRmo-

cendeba. naTelia, rom is gulisxmobs saxelmwifosa da garkveul religiur

jgufebs Soris gansxvavebas, saxelmwifos neitralur damokidebulebas am

jgufebis mimarT da religiis Tavisuflebis samarTlebriv dacvas. marTalia,

msgavsi neitraliteti, rogorc wesi, ar uSvebs saxelmwifos mxridan romelime

calke aRebuli religiis mxardaWeras, mainc arsebobs gamonaklisebi, rasac

uxvad avlens germaniisa da britaneTis magaliTebi.~306 sekularizacia, misi

Tanamedrove gagebiT, sxva araferia, Tu ara Sua saukuneebis mebrZoli

eklesiis qmedebebze adekvaturi reaqcia, romelic evropelma moazrovneebma

da ganmanaTleblebma SeimuSaves da gardauval aucileblobad dainaxes307.

299 ix., Kuhelj A., Religious Freedom in European Democracies, “Tulane European and Civil Law Forum”,

Vol.20, 2005, 25. 300 ix., robersi g., saxelmwifo da eklesia germaniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 90. 301 Turner B.S., Religion and Modern Society, Citizenship, Secularism and the State, New York, 2011, 171. 302 iqve, 128. 303 Yildirim S., Expanding Secularism’s Scope: An Indian Case Study, “The American Journal of Comparative

Law”, Vol. 52, 2004, 902. 304 Chaplin J., The Place of Religious Arguments for Law Reform in a “Secular State”, “Law and Justice”,

Vol.162, 2009, 25. 305 erqvania T., saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierTmimarTebis samarTlebrivi konteqsti _ qarTuli modeli, mokle SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi mimoxilva evropuli kavSiris magaliTze, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #6, 2013, 32. 306 loqlini r. b., kedlis bevri fanjara, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #5, 2012, 98. 307 ix., erqvania T., saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierTmimarTebis samarTlebrivi konte-qsti _ qarTuli modeli, mokle SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi mimoxilva evropuli kavSiris magaliTze, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #6, 2013, 33-35.

41

sekularizmi, erTgvarad, msoflmxedvelobacaa.308 masSi jefersoni

religiur gaerTianebaTa damoukideblobis, avtonomiisa da Tavisuflebis

garantias xedavda.309 Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom jefersoniseuli `gam-

ijvna~ ufro eklesiasa da saxelmwifos exeboda, vidre zogadad, religiasa da

xelisuflebas.310 sekularuli, igive saero saxelmwifos amosavali idea sa-

kuTar moqalaqeTa da religiur gaerTianebaTa Soris maqsimaluri Ta-

nasworobis dacvaa.311 swored amitomac `sekularizmi~ xSirad ukavSirdeba

iseT cnebebs, rogoricaa `sekularuli~, `neitraluri~, `laicizmi~ da sxv.312

eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnis ramdenime modeli arsebobs: sruli

gamijvna, korporaciuli gamijvna; religiuri prioriteti da a.S.313 ra Tqma

unda, es klasifikaciac SedarebiTia da saWiroebisamebr icvleba, rasac seku-

larizaciis mimarT mometebuli interesi da gansakuTrebuli saWiroeba ga-

napirobebs. aSS-Si eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnis sakiTxi imdenad mniS-

vnelovan movlenad aRiqmeba, rom yvela mxare cdilobs damfuZnebeli mamebis

mosazrebebs daeyrdnon da xSirad mohyavT maTi gamonaTqvamebi, rac

mdgomareobis srul polarizacias axdens.314 eklesia-saxelmwifos gamijvna

maT Soris nebismieri kavSiris mospobas ar gulisxmobs. esec saxelmwifoTa ge-

movnebasa da politikur arCevnazea damokidebuli. maSin, roca amerikul da

germanul modelSi, marTalia, saxelmwifo da eklesia erTmaneTisgan sruliad

gamijnulni arian, magram aqtiurad TanamSromloben, frangulsa da

meqsikurSi saxelmwifo yvelanairad cdilobs, Sors daiWiros Tavi nebismieri

religiisgan315. Tumca modelTa saxesxvaobis miuxedavad, sekularizmis piro-

bebSi ivaraudeba, rom religiis Tavisufleba ukeTaa uzrunvelyofili,

radgan saxelmwifo neitraluria religiis mimarT.316 saboloo jamSi, nebismi-

eri tipis sekularizmis mizani unda iyos, daicvas saxelmwifo zedmeti

religiurobisgan, raTa man saero xasiaTi SeinarCunos317.

308 Palomino R., Legal Dimensions of Secularism: Challenges and Problems, 17th Annual International Law and

Religion Symposium, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, October 3-5, 2010, 4. 309 Berg Th.C., Colby K.W., Esbeck C.H., Garnett R.W., Religious Freedom, Church-State Separation, and the

Ministerial Exception, “Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy”, Vol. 106, 2011, 182. 310 Smith S.D., Freedom of Religion or Freedom of the Church? in: Legal Responses to Religious Practices in the

United States (Accomodation and Its Limits), Edited by A. Sarat, New York, 2012, 276. 311 loqlini r. b., kedlis bevri fanjara, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #5, 2012, 106. 312 Palomino R., Legal Dimensions of Secularism: Challenges and Problems, 17th Annual International Law and

Religion Symposium, “Brigham Young University”, Provo, Utah, October 3-5, 2010, 1. 313 cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 29. 314 Allen J.T., The Separation of Church and State: Myths, Mantras, Mandates, Forum on Public Policy Online,

No.3, 2007, 20. 315 Marsh C., Russian Orthodox Christians and Their Orientation toward Church and State, “Journal of Church

and State”, #47, 2005, 559. 316 Troper M., French Secularism, or Laïcité, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.21, 2000, 1268. 317 ix., Morini C., Secularism and Freedom of Religion: The Approach of the European Court of Human Rights,

“Israel Law Review”, Vol. 43, 2010, 617.

42

3.3.1.2. sekularizmi Tanamedrove msoflioSi

dResdReobiT eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvna ara mxolod dasavluri

demokratiis, aramed, zogadad demokratiis erT-erTi umTavresi principia.318

eklesia da saxelmwifos gamijvna evropis saerTo Rirebulebaa, romelic

konkretuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebs cdeba.319 dasavluri sekularizmi ara

mxolod saxelmwifos, aramed sazogadoebas, subieqtebsa da Tavad religiasac

ki gardaqmnis.320 dasavlur sekularul sazogadoebebSi religia ganixileba,

rogorc kerZo sfero, individis mier gansasazRvri da asarCevi321. swored amis

gamo sekularuli sazogadoebis Tanamedrove idea gansxvavebulia adreuli

Sexedulebebisgan, rasac saxelmwifos samarTlisa da personaluri moralis

gansxvavebuli urTierToba ganapirobebs,322 religia piradi rwmenis arsebiTi

sakiTxi gaxda~323.

religiuri gaerTianebebis mier sekularizmis normebis adekvaturad

miReba da ganxorcieleba yovelTvis mtkivneul procesebTanaa da-

kavSirebuli.324 amis gamo religiasa da samarTals Soris gamudmebuli kon-

fliqtia, romelic wesebis, principebis, Rirebulebebisa da civilizaciebis

identobis Taobaze winaaRmdegobebs moicavs.325 konfliqtis mTavari Tema Zi-

riTadad valdebulebebia.326 amitomac Tanamedrove samyaroSi aucilebelia,

religia sxva sazogadoebrivi institutebisgan gaimijnos, igi ar unda

cdilobdes saxelmwifos, ekonomikis, mecnierebis saqmis keTebas, radgan misi

mTavari daniSnuleba religiis mimdevarTa sulierebaze zrunvaa.327 rogorc

ki am sferoTa aRreva da garkveulwilad, kompetenciuri urTierTgadafarva

xdeba, Cndeba mniSvnelovani problemebi, romelTa daZlevac SemdgomSi

ubralod saqmianobis sferoTa gancalkevebiTa da zRvardadebiT ver moxdeba.

religiur institutebs ar unda hqondeT iseTi privilegiebi, romlebic sa-

konstitucio doneze miscemT SesaZleblobas, miuTiTon saxelmwifo xelisu-

flebis organoebs, Tu rogor imoqmedon.328 sekularizmi politikur sferos

318 stefani a., religiisa da demokratiis urTierTSeTavsebadobis Sesaxeb, d. TinikaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #2(29), 2009, 61. 319 State, Religion, Secularity and Human Rights, Recommendation 1804 (2007), Parliamentary Assembly of

Council of Europe, Para.4. 320 Brown W., Civilizational Delusions, Secularism, Tolerance, Equality, in: Reveal in Democracy, Secularism

and Religion in Liberal Democratic States, Edited by Ch. Marlle, G.M. Nielsen and D. Salde, Brussels, 2013, 38. 321 iqve, 45. 322 Hackett R.I.J., Rethinking the Role of Religion in Changing Public Spheres: Some Comparative Perspectives,

“Brigham Young University Law Review”, Issue 3, 2005, 674. 323 Asad T., Formations of Secular, Christianity, Islam, Modernity, Stanford University Press, 2003, 205. 324 Zucca L., Law v. Religion, in: Law, State and Religion in the New Europe, Edited by L. Zucca and C. Un-

gureanu, Cambridge, 2012, 141. 325 iqve, 138. 326 iqve, 139. 327 dekanozi emanueli (klapsisi), marTlmadidebeli eklesia pluralistul samyaroSi, d. TinikaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(28), 2009, 82. 328 stefani a., religiisa da demokratiis urTierTSeTavsebadobis Sesaxeb, d. TinikaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #2(29), 2009, 61.

43

icavs religiis mizanmimarTuli Carevisgan.329 pluralizmi da pluralisturi

sazogadoeba mTlianad gamoricxavs erTi romelime religiis srul

dominirebas msgavs sazogadoebebSi.330 demokratiulma saxelmwifom yvela

religiisaTvis ganviTarebis Tanabari pirobebi unda uzrunvelyos,331 iseTi

sistema Camoayalibos, sadac religia mikuTvnebisadmi mdgomareoba araa, sa-

marTlis winaSe Tanasworoba yvela adamians exeba da politikuri Zalaufleba

RmerTisgan ar momdinareobs.332amasTan, sekularulma saxelmwifom sakuTari

moqalaqeebi religiuri valdebulebebiT ar unda datvirTos.333 sekularuli

saxelmwifos idea emyareba rwmenas imis Taobaze, rom saxelmwifo da politika

ar daefuZneba, Sesabamisad, arc SeiboWeba romelime religiuri samarTliTa

Tu principiT.334 sekularulia saxelmwifo, romelic samarTalsa da politi-

kas sazRvravs moqalaqeTa umravlesobis legitimuri dakveTidan gamomdinare

da ar elodeba amis Taobaze religiis mxridan raime saxis Tanxmobas an nebarT-

vas.335 sekularuli konstitucionalizmi ar dauSvebs sakonstitucio normaTa

speficikur religiur tradiciebze, dogmebze dafuZnebas da mxolod sajaro

mizans an raime sxva sekularul konsensuss daeyrdnoba336.

sekularizmis Sedegi saxelmwifos gamgeblobas mikuTvnebul sakiTxebSi

religiuri institutebis ufro racionaluri, samecniero da mtkicebaze da-

fuZnebuli institutebiT Canacvlebaa,337 Tumca es sazogadoebis polarizebas

ar unda iwvevdes.338 sekularizmis mniSvneloba dRemde calsaxa da erTgva-

rovani araa.339 mas, rogorc wesi, politikuri da socialuri modernizaciis

erT-erT aspeqtad ganixilaven, romelic ganmanaTleblobis Sedegad Camoyal-

ibda.340 grinuolTi sekularizms, erTgvarad, gaugebar, aramdgrad da

329 Abilmouna R., Reconciling the Hijab within Laïcité France, “Journal of Islam Law and Culture”, Vol.13, No.2-

3, 2011, 124; Scott J.W., The Politics of the Veil, Princeton University Press, 2007, 97. 330 dekanozi emanueli (klapsisi), marTlmadidebeli eklesia pluralistul samyaroSi, d. TinikaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(28), 2009, 85. 331 Religion and Democracy, Recommendation 1396 (1999), Parliamentary Assembly of Council of Europe,

Para.6. 332 Chelini-Pont B., Is Laïcité the Civil Religion of France?, “The George Washington International Law Review”,

Vol.41, No.4, 2010, 771. 333 Religion Tolerance in a Democratic World, Recommendation 1202 (1993), Parliamentary Assembly of Coun-

cil of Europe, Para.15. 334 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Gov-

ernance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 111. 335 Chaplin J., The Place of Religious Arguments for Law Reform in a “Secular State”, “Law & Justice”, Vol.162,

2009, 22. 336 Durham W.C. Jr., Religion and the World’s Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of Reli-

gion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013, 15, ix. citireba: J. Rawls, The Law of Peoples: with ‘The Idea of Public Reason Revisited’ (Cambridge: Harvard

University Press, 1999). 337 Davies M., The Future of Secularism, A Critique, in: Law and Religion in Public Life, The Contemporary

Debate, Edited by N. Hosen and R. Mohr, Abingdon, 2011, 53. 338 Zucca L., Law v. Religion, in: Law, State and Religion in the New Europe, Edited by L. Zucca and C. Ungure-

anu, Cambridge, 2012, 143. 339 Calo Z.R., Higher Law Secularism: Religious Symbols, Contested Secularisms, and the Limits of the Estab-

lishment Clause, “Chicago-Kent Law Review”, Vol.87, 2012, 813. 340 Davies M., The Future of Secularism, A Critique, in: Law and Religion in Public Life, The Contemporary

Debate, Edited by N. Hosen and R. Mohr, Abingdon, 2011, 53.

44

cvalebad cnebad miiCnevs.341 igi piradi Tavisuflebis, demokratiisa da indi-

vidualuri uflebebis dapirispirebaa religiuri dogmebisa da am dogmebiT

marTuli sazogadoebisadmi.342

`sekularizmi, rogorc pluralizmi~343 sekularizmis misaRebi koncefciaa,

romelic Tanamedrove sazogadoebis demokratiulobas ganapirobebs. seku-

larizmis pluralisturi gageba religias sajaro pasuxismgeblobad ar ganix-

ilavs da moqalaqeTa mimarT religiuri an arareligiuri doqtrinis Tavs mox-

vevas gamoricxavs.344 misi idea mainc religiisa da sxva instituciuri sfer-

oebis, kerZosa da sajaros erTmaneTisgan gamijvnas efuZneba.345 misi

radikaluri gageba religias, maT Soris aRmsareblobas, ara mxolod kerZo

sferod miiCnevs, aramed individTa rwmenisTvis sajaro sivrcis daTmobas

gamoricxavs,346 Tumca zogadi TvalTaxedviT, religia kerZo, pirad sferos

ganekuTvneba da misi adgili sajaro sivrceSi araa347. amas isic emateba, rom

samoqalaqo sazogadoebisTvis, romelic kulturuli institutebis mTli-

anobaa348, religiis adgilis gansazRvra sazogadoebaSi erT-erTi umniSvnelo-

vanesi sakiTxia. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove samyaroSi sajaro sferoSi

religiis minimaluri CarTuloba prioritetulia, igi naklebmniSvnelovania

sazogadoebisTvis an Tundac sajaro sivrcisTvis.349 Tanamedrove pirobebSi

religiis kerZo da sajaro sferoebisaTvis mikuTvneba bevri faqtoriTaa

ganpirobebuli, maT Soris, ekonomikuri, politikuri, filosofiuri da a.S.350

religiuri sfero ara mxolod saxelmwifo CareviT inacvlebs sajaro sfer-

odan, aramed igi konkretul drosa da adgilas SesaZloa mniSvnelovnad

izRudebodes mecnierebis an Tundac bazris mier.351

sekularizmis koncefciis ganviTareba da daxvewa gamudmebiT mimdi-

nareobs. es dinamikuri procesia, romliTac politikis, saganmanaTleblo,

samecniero da sxva institutebi moipoveben religiuri institutebisgan

avtonomias sazogadoebaSi352. vinaidan religia adgens bevri adamianisa Tu

341 ix., Greenawalt K., Secularism, Religion, and Liberal Democracy in the United States, “Cardozo Law Re-

view”, Vol.30, 2009, 2383. 342 Ben-Porat G., Religion and Secularism in Israel, Between Politics and Sub-Politics, in: Religion and Politics

in Europe, The Middle East and North Africa, Edited by J. Haynes, Abingdon, 2010, 75. 343 Berger B., The Limits of Belief: Freedom of Religion, Secularism and the Liberal State, “Canadian Journal of

Law and Society”, Vol.17, No.1, 2002, 50. 344 Morini C., Secularism and Freedom of Religion: The Approach of the European Court of Human Rights, “Israel

Law Review”, Vol.43, 2010, 617. 345 Plesner I.Th., Secularism – A Quest for Privatization of Religion? in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century –

Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 306. 346 Morini C., Secularism and Freedom of Religion: The Approach of the European Court of Human Rights, “Israel

Law Review”, Vol. 43, 2010, 618. 347 ix., Sajó A., Preliminaries to a Concept of Constitutional Secularism, “I-Con”, Vol.6, No.3-4, 2008, 614. 348 Thomas G.M., Religions in Global Civil Society, Sociology of Religion, Vol.62, No.4, 2001, 519. 349 Conkle D.O., Different Religions, Different Politics: Evaluating the Role of Competing Religious Traditions

in American Politics and Law, “Journal of Law and Religion”, Vol.10, No.1, 1994, 8. 350 Hackett R.I.J., Rethinking the Role of Religion in Changing Public Spheres: Some Comparative Perspectives,

Brigham Young University Law Review, Issue 3, 2005, 662; ix., De Vries H., Religion and Violence, Philosoph-

ical Perspectives from Kant to Derrida, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001, 19. 351 Luhmann N., The Difference of Society, Columbia University Press, 1982, 225. 352 Chaves M., Secularization as Declining Religious Authority, Social Forces, Vol.72, No.3, 1994, 757.

45

sazogadoebis RirebulebaTa sistemas,353 sakmaod rTulia sistemuri da Zi-

reuli cvlilebebis swrafi gatareba. TiToeuli saxelmwifo Tavad wyvets, Tu

ra mimarTulebiT waiyvans eklesiasTan urTierTobebs da rogor specifikas

SesZens maT.354 XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi postkomunisturi banakis qveynebma

religiuri Tavisuflebis gza airCies da es principi samarTlebrivadac uz-

runvelyves,355 Tumca yvela maTganma sekularizaciis evropuli standartiT

warmarTva ver SeZlo. marTalia, konstituciis donezec bevri aRiarebs ur-

TierTgamijvnis princips, Tumca praqtikaSi sruliad gansxvavebuli

mdgomareobaa, rac sekularizaciis process xSir SemTxvevaSi formalobad

aqcevs.

3.3.2. sekularizmis modelebi

sekularizmi saxelmwifoebis mixedviT mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba, mag.,

amerikuli sekularizmis frangulisgan gansxvavebulia, orive ki srulebiT

ganirCeva indurisgan da a.S.356 swored am TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT,

SesaZlebelia sekularizmSi eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTgamijvnis,

gancalkevebis modelis ramdenime ZiriTadi sistema gamoiyos: sruli gamijvna,

romelic, Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifo da liberaluri sekularizmis, laicizmisa

da antieklesiis sistemebs aerTianebs; TanamSromlobisa da Sereuli mod-

elebi.

3.3.2.1. sruli gamijvnis modeli

sruli gamijvnis models liberalur sekularizmsac uwodeben, esaa

sistema, roca eklesia da saxelmwifo erTmaneTisgan srulad arian

gacalkevebulni.357 Tanamedrove konstitucionalizmSi arsebobs kidev ram-

denime sistema, romelic srul gamijvnas gulisxmobs, Tumca Tavisebur,

sruliad gansxvavebul mimarTulebas aviTareb. amitomac upriani iqneba, lib-

eraluri sekularizmi sruli gamijvnis erT-erT saxed iqnes miCneuli. sruli

gamijvna, aseve, gulisxmobs laicizmis franguls sistemasa da antieklesiis

353 Witte J.Jr., Law, Religion and Human Rights, “Colombia Human Rights Law Review”, Vol.28, 1996, 2. 354 mag., bolo wlebSi CrdiloeT evropis saxelmwifoebma eklesia-saxelmwifos ur-TierTobebSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi Seitanes: SvedeTma da norvegiam oficialurad uari Tqves saxelmwifo eklesiis modelze, islandiam mniSvnelovnad gaaZliera erovnuli eklesiis damoukidebloba, fineTma ki episkoposebis daniSvnis ufleba, saxelmwifo meTau-ris nacvlad, luTeranul eklesias mianiWa. ix., Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State

Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century – Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å.

Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 33. 355 mag., Tu rumineTis 1923 wlis konstituciaSi aRmosavluri marTlmadidebloba ruminul, saxelmwifo religiad iyo aRiarebuli, 1991 wlis konstituciaSi am sakiTxs gacilebiT naklebi yuradReba daeTmo. ix., Mungiu-Pippidi A., The Ruler and the Patriarch: The Romanian Eastern

Orthodox Church in Transition, “East European Constitutional Review”, #7, 1998, 86. 356 Smith S.D., Freedom of Religion or Freedom of the Church? in: Legal Responses to Religious Practices in the

United States (Accommodation and Its Limits), Edited by A. Sarat, New York, 2012, 252. 357 Francis J. G., The Evolving Regulatory Structure of European Church-State Relationships, “Journal of Church

and State”, #4, 1992, 780.

46

modelebs, romlebic gamijvnis specialuri saxea da marTalia, sruli gam-

ijvnis mizani aqvT, Tumca liberalurul koncefciaSic ver Tavsdebian.

3.3.2.1.1. saxelmwifo sekularizmi

saxelmwifo doneze sekularizmis ideis Seqmna da Semdeg praqtikaSi daner-

gva amerikul da frangul revoluciur ideologias daefuZna.358 saxelmwifo

sekularizmi gulisxmobs imas, rom saxelmwifom ar unda gaaigivos Tavi reli-

giasTan, ar unda SeiboWos religiuri principebiT da mis qmedebebs safuZvlad

religiuri motivacia ar unda daudos.359 sekularul saxelmwifoSi religia

politikuri asparezidan uCinardeba, politikosebsa da saxelmwifo

Tanamdebobis pirebs ar uwevT TavianTi mosazrebebis, poziciebis gamyareba

religiuri principebisa Tu religiuri liderebis mxardaWeriT.360 saero sax-

elmwifom religiasa da xelisuflebas Soris demarkacia unda moaxdinos.361

marTalia, ganviTarebuli da Tanamedrove saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba

religiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnis ideologias iziarebs, Tumca arseboben

mkacrad sekularuli saxelmwifoebi, romelTac aRniSnuli sakonstitucio

doneze aqvT uzrunvelyofili362.

358 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Gov-

ernance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 112. 359 iqve, 140. 360 Chaplin J., The Place of Religious Arguments for Law Reform in a “Secular State”, “Law & Justice”, Vol.162,

2009, 20. 361 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 92. 362 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Gov-

ernance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 113. eqspliciturad gacxadebuli sekularizmis idea konstitu-ciasa da kanonmdeblobaSi asaxuli aqvT Semdeg saxelmwifoebs: azerbaijani, angola, benini, burkina faso, burundi, gaboni, gaiana, gambia, gvinea, gvinea-bisau, ekvadori, TurqeTi, Tur-qmeneTi, indoeTi, kameruni, kongos demokratiuli respublika, kongos respublika, kot divuari, latvia, madagaskari, mali, mozambiki, namibia, nepali, poloneTi, portugalia, ru-anda, ruseTi, san tome da prinsipi, safrangeTi, senegali, serbeTi, slovakeTi, tajikeTi, togo, yazaxeTi, yirgizeTi, Cadi. ix., Constitution of the Azerbaijan Republic, 1995, Art.7; Constitutional

Law of the Republic of Angola, 1992, Art.8; Constitution of the Republic of Benin, 1990, Art.2; Constitution of

Burkina Faso, 1991, Art.31; Post-Transition Constitution of the Republic of Burundi, 2005, Art.1; Constitution of

the Republic of Gabon, 1991, Art.2; Constitution of the Co-Operative Republic Guyana, 1980, Art.1; Constitution

of the Co-Operative Republic Guyana, 1980, Art.1; Constitution of the Republic of the Gambia, 1997, Chapter 1; Fundamental Law of the Republic of Guinea, 1991, Art.; Fundamental Law of the Republic of Guinea, 1991, Art.1;

Constitution of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, 1990, Art.1; Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador, 2008, Art.

1; Constitution of the Republic of Turkey, 1982, Preamble and Art.2; Constitutional Law of Turkmenistan, 1992,

Art.1; Constitution of India, 1950, Preamble; Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon, 1972, Art.1; Constitution

of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2006, Art.1; New Constitution of the Republic of the Congo, 2002,

Art.1; Constitution of the Republic of Côte D’Ivoire, 2000, Art.30; Law of the Republic of Latvia on “The Reli-

gious Organizations”, 1995, Art.5(1); Constitution of the Republic of Madagascar, 2010, Art. 1; Constitution of

Mali, 1992, Art.25; Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique, 1990, Art.12; Constitution of Namibia, 1990,

Preamble and Art.1; Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007, Art.4; Law of the Republic Poland on “The Guarantees

of Freedom of Religion and Belief”, 1989, Art 12; Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda, 2003, Art.1; Consti-

tution of the Russian Federation, 1993, Art. 14; Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Prin-

cipe, 1975, Art.8; Constitution of the Republic of France, 1958, Art.1; Constitution of the Republic of Senegal,

2001, Art.1; Constitution of the Republic of Serbia, 2006, Art.11; Constitution of the Slovak Republic, 1992, Art.1;

Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan, 1994, Art.1; Constitution of Togo, 1992, Art.1; Constitution of the

Republic of Kazakhstan, 1995, Art.1; Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic, 1993, Art.1; Constitution of the Re-

public of Chad, 1996, Art.1.

47

sekularuli sakonstitucio politika TurqeTSi 1922 wlidan moqmedebs.363

osmalTa imperiis dacemis Semdeg TurqeTma uaryo islamuri kulturisa da sa-

marTlis dominantoba da sekularizmi saxelmwifos oficialur ideologiad

aqcia.364 TurqeTis konstitucia sekularizms respublikis erT-erT ZiriTad

maxasiaTeblad acxadebs365, rac siaxle araa, Turquli sekularizmi (Laiklik)

qemalisturi ideologiis erT-erTi mTavari mimarTulebaa, romlis sa-

fuZvelzec Tanamedrove TurqeTis saxelmwifo Seiqmna.366 TurqeTis sa-

konstitucio sasamarTlo sekularizmis sakonstitucio principis mTavar

damcvelad iqca.367 amis gamo sakonstitucio sasamarTlom 1998 wels `keTil-

dRReobis~ (Refah) da 2001 wels faseulobaTa~ (Fazilet) partiebi arakonstitu-

ciurad gamoacxada.368 evrosasamarTlo did mniSvnelobas aniWebs sekulariz-

mis principis dacvas, gansakuTrebiT iseT saxelmwifoebTan mimarTebiT, ro-

melTac sekularizmi saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis erT-erT mTavar principad,

safuZvlad aqvT aRiarebuli. evrosasamarTlom adamianis ZiriTadi

uflebebis darRvevad ar scno TurqeTis mier islamisturi partiis daSla,

radganac sekularizmi demokratiisaTvis saWiro Tanmdev idead miiCnia369.

msgavsi politika damaxasiaTebelia saxelmwifo sekularizmis mqone

qveynebisTvis, romlebic sakonstitucio doneze ganamtkiceben sekularizms.

mag., indoeTis umaRlesi sasamarTlo sekularizms indoeTis konstituciis Zi-

riTad struqturul nawilad ganixilavs370 da sakuTar sasamarTlo praqtika-

sac sekularizmis ganmtkicebis mimarTulebiT aviTarebs.

3.3.2.1.2. liberaluri sekularizmi

saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTgamijvna beketidan, bleqsTounidan

moyolebuli saxelmwifo xelisuflebasTan religiur erTobaTa damoukide-

bel, avtonomiur Tanaarsebobas gulisxmobda.371 eklesiisa da saxelmwifos

363 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Barbara,

2009, 53; Kuhelj A., Religious Freedom in European Democracies, Tulane European and Civil Law Forum,

Vol.20, 2005, 22. 364 Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by T.

Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 424. 365 Constitution of the Republic of Turkey, 1982, Art.2. 366 Powell R., The Study of Secularism and Religion in the Constitution and Contemporary Politics of Turkey:

The Rise of Interdisciplinarity and the Descipline of Methodology? “University of St. Thomas Law Journal”,

Vol.7, No.3, 2010, 717; ix., Constitution of the Republic of Turkey, 1982, Preamble. 367 Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by T.

Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 424. 368 iqve. 369 Refah Partisi (The Welfare Party) and others v. Turkey, [ECtHR], App. no. 41340/98, 41342/98 and 41344/98,

13 of February, 2003; Turquli sekularizmi saxelmwifos fuZemdebluri principia, romelic samarTlis uzenaesobasa da adamianis uflebebTan harmoniaSia, ix., Kuhelj A., Religious Freedom

in European Democracies, Tulane European and Civil Law Forum, Vol.20, 2005, 4; ix., Leyla Şahin v. Turkey,

[ECtHR], App. no. 44774/98, 10 November 2005 370 Yildirim S., Expanding Secularism’s Scope: An Indian Case Study, The American Journal of Comparative

Law, Vol. 52, 2004, 909; Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, AIR 1973 SC 1461. 371 Berg Th.C., Colby K.W., Esbeck C.H., Garnett R.W., Religious Freedom, Church-State Separation, and the

Ministerial Exception, “Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy”, Vol. 106, 2011, 175.

48

sruli gamijvna avtomaturad ar niSnavs maT Soris mtrul, arapartniorul

damokidebulebas372. sekularizaciis procesSi bevri dasavluri saxelmwifo

milis ideebs daeyrdno, romlis Tanaxmadac, Tavisufleba da individi

sicocxlis umTavresi elementebia, radgan cxovrebisTvis ganmsazRvreli

mniSvnelobisaa SesaZlebloba, adamianebma Tavad airCion TavianTi savali

gzebi373.

mkacri gamijvnis modelis mixedviT, eklesia da saxelmwifo srulad em-

ijnebian erTmaneTs mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis principis dacviT.374 eklesiisa

da saxelmwifos instituciuri gamijvna aSS-Si konsitituciis pirveli Ses-

worebis safuZvelze ganxorcielda, romliTac eklesia samoqalaqo

mmarTvelobis gamgeblobis sferos CamoSorda.375 pirvel Sesworebas amgvari

daniSnuleba SemdgomSi sasamarTlo praqtikam SesZina.376 evropuli tradiciis

Sesabamisad, rodesac episkoposma qerolma saxelmwifo mdivan medisons

hkiTxa, Tu vin surda daeniSna luizianas teritoriaze eklesiis war-

momadgenlad, medisonma uari ganacxada konsultaciaSi monawileobaze da

episkoposs aSS-is konstituciaze miuTiTa, romlis Tanaxmadac, saxelmwifos

Sida religiur saqmeebSi Careva ekrZaleboda.377 medisonis mtkicebiT, rome-

lic saxelmwifos mxridan religiis waxalisebisa da xelSewyobis

winaaRmdegic iyo,378 `religiuri Sexedulebebi da mrwamsi arc samoqalaqo

mmarTvelobis obieqtia da arc misi iurisdiqcia~379. amgvari Sefaseba iyo ma-

namde prezident jefersonisa da medisonis Semdgomi administraciebis ofi-

cialuri poziciac.

eklesiisa da saxelmwifos `kedliT~ gamijvnis metafora uSualod jefer-

sonis damkvidrebulia380, romelmac es sakiTxi 1802 wlis 1 ianvars baptisturi

asociaciis mimarT werilSi wamoWra.381 jefersoni aSS-is prezidentebis mier

moqalaqeTaTvis samadlobeli locvisaken mowodebasac SeewinaaRmdega.382

372 cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 29. 373 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Barbara,

2009, 70. 374 Cranmer F., Olivia J.G., Church-State Relationships - An Overview, “Law and Justice”, #162, 2009, 9. 375 Renaud R.J., Weinberger L.D., Spheres of Sovereignty: Church Autonomy Doctrine and the Theological Her-

itage of the Separation of Church and State, Northern Kentucky Law Review, Vol.35, 2008, 67. 376 Fischer J.D., Wallace C.J., God and Caesar in the Twenty-First Century: What Recent Cases Say about Church-

State Relations in England and the United States, “Florida International Law Journal”, #18, 2006, 498. 377 Berg Th.C., Colby K.W., Esbeck C.H., Garnett R.W., Religious Freedom, Church-State Separation, and the

Ministerial Exception, “Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy”, Vol. 106, 2011, 181. 378 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 261. 379 Amundson S., Separation of Church and State: How It Has Impacted Religious Diversity, SPEA Honors Paper

Series, Vol.2, #12, 2008, 1; Beydoun Kh.A., Laïcité, Liberalism, and the Headscarf, Journal of Islamic Law and

Culture, Vol.10, No.2, 2008, 196. 380 religiis jefersoniseuli gageba unikaluri iyo, igi srulad Tavisufali iyo saswaulebisgan, romelsac jefersonis racionaluri msoflmxedveloba ver egueboda. Carl-

ton C., The Faith, Understanding Orthodox Christianity, An Orthodox Catechism, Salisbury, 1997, 266. 381 Doerr E., The Importance of Church-State Separation, in: Toward a New Political Humanism, edited by Seid-

man B.F. & Murphy N.J., New York, 2004, 73. 382 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 263.

49

`gammijnavi kedlis~ metafora araerTxel gamoiyena aSS-is umaRlesma sasa-

marTlom.383 1878 wels sasamarTlom èklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris gam-

mijnavi kedlis~ Taobaze cnebas konstituciis pirveli Sesworebis `far-

glebisa da efeqtis avtoritetuli (uflebamosili) gancxadebis~ statusi mi-

aniWa.384 saqmeze, èversoni ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg~, sasamarTlom

ganmarta, rom konstituciis pirveli Sesworeba eklesiasa da saxelmwifos So-

ris kedels aRmarTavs, romelic `maRali da miuvali~ unda iyos385.

amerikuli sekularizmi organizebuli saxelmwifosa da organizebuli

eklesiis gamijvnis ideas emsaxureboda, Tumca Tavdapirvelad es koncefcia

swored iudeur-qristianuli tradiciebis mixedviT ganxorcielda, romelic

`damfuZnebeli mamebis~ dros dominanti religiuri mimarTuleba iyo.386 ekle-

sia da saxelmwifo erTmaneTisgan gamijnulia, magram aSS-is Seqmnis safuZvel-

Sive ido religiuri principebi da sasuliero wesrigi, romelic SemdgomSi

saxelmwifos organul Semadgenel nawilad iqca.387 qristianoba da Tavisu-

flebis idea kulturulad, politikurad da inteleqtualurad gadaijaWva

saxelmwifos Seqmnis periodidanve.388 religiisa da sekularizmis ur-

TierToba amerikis politikuri da samarTlebrivi yoveldRiurobis ganuy-

ofeli sakiTxia389.

aSS-is sekularul saxelmwifod Camoyalibebas imanac Seuwyo xeli, rom

qveyanaSi Tavidanve Zalze bevri religiuri jgufi arsebobda.390 saqmeze,

`gonsalesi manilas romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiis mTavarepiskoposis winaaRmdeg~, sasamarTlom aRniSna, kapelanebisa da saeklesio Tanamdebobis

pirTa daniSvna aris wminda saeklesio (kanonikuri) aqti, Sesabamisad, saero

sasamarTloebi ar arian uflebamosilni, maT kanonierebaze imsjelon.391 kon-

stituciis saxeliT, aSS-is umaRlesma sasamarTlom iTava amerikeli xalx-

isTvis iseTi sajaro sivrcis uzrunvelyofa, sadac xelisufleba religiur

sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT neitraluri iqneboda.392 wlebis ganmavlobaSi man

religiis Tavisuflebisa da sekularizmis kuTxiT aseulobiT mniSvnelovani

383 Hammet H.D., Separation of Church and State: By One Wall or Two?, “Journal of Church and State”, #7,

1965, 190. 384 Doerr E., The Importance of Church-State Separation, in: Toward a New Political Humanism, edited by Seid-

man B.F. & Murphy N.J., New York, 2004, 73; ix. citireba: Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145 at 164. 385 Hammet H.D., Separation of Church and State: By One Wall or Two?, “Journal of Church and State”, #7,

1965, 201, ix. citireba: Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1,18 (1947). 386 Wright J.J., Aggressive Secularism in America, “Catholic Lawyer”, Vol.6, 1960, 52. 387 Calo Z.R., Higher Law Secularism: Religious Symbols, Contested Secularisms, and the Limits of the Estab-

lishment Clause, “Chicago-Kent Law Review”, Vol.87, 2012, 820, ix. citireba: Orestes Brownson, The

AmeRican Republic 257 (2003). 388 iqve, 819, ix. citireba: Nathan O. Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity 8 (1989). 389 Ledewitz B., Church, State, and the Crisis in American Secularism, Bloomington, 2011, 246. 390 Wood J.E., Church and State in Historical Perspective: A Critical Assessment and Anntated Bibliography,

London, 2005, 71. 391 Berg Th.C., Colby K.W., Esbeck C.H., Garnett R.W., Religious Freedom, Church-State Separation, and the

Ministerial Exception, “Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy”, Vol.106, 2011, 185, ix. citireba: Gonzalez v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila, 280 U.S. 1,16 (1929). 392 Ledewitz B., Church, State, and the Crisis in American Secularism, Bloomington, 2011, 246.

50

zRvari, principi da mimarTuleba daadgina.393 Tuki 1892 wels amerikis

umaRlesi sasamarTlo amerikis kulturasa da samarTalze saubrisas

ganmartavda, rom amerika `qristianuli saxelmwifo~ iyo,394 naxevari saukunis

Semdeg radikalurad gansxvavebul koncefcias aviTarebda. sasamarTlom kon-

stituciis pirveli Sesworeba sekularizmis WrilSi XX saukunis ormocian

wlebSi ganmarta395, Tumca es rodi gulisxmobs, rom manamde am mimarTulebiT

gadawyvetilebebi ar miuRia.396 misi gancxadebiT, federalur da Statebis

xelisufalT ekrZalebaT religiuri organizaciebis saqmianobaSi raime

formiT Careva, aseve, gadasaxadebis arcerTi saxe ar SeiZleba mimarTuli iyos

religiuri aqtivobebis, RonisZiebebis dasafinanseblad.397 aSS-is umaRlesma

sasamarTlom 1971 wels e.w. `lemonis testi~ daadgina, romlis mixedviTac,

dawesebuli, upiratesi religiis akrZalva moiTxovs iseT kanonmdeblobas,

romelsac sekularuli miznebi aqvs, principul da pirvelad efeqts, romelic

upiratesobas ar aniWebs an piriqiT, ar zRudavs religias, ar qmnis zedmet

dabrkolebebs xelisuflebisa da religiis urTierTobebSi.398 aSS-is umaRles

sasamarTlos xSirad adanaSauleben sajaro azris ugulebelyofasa da sajaro

interesebidan izolirebaSi,399 gamonaklisi arc religiisa da sekularizaciis

sakiTxebia. miuxedavad amisa, sasamarTlo dadgenil politikas mkacrad mihy-

veba. misi ganmartebiT, samarTalSefardebisas gamoyenebul unda iqnes saqmis

Sesabamisi neitraluri da zogadi sakanonmdeblo mowesrigeba, garda im Sem-

Txvevisa, rodesac saqme religiuri jgufebisa da individebis urTierTobas

exeba.400 mosamarTle reinquisTi religiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobebs

aSS-Si orsaxovan ianuss adarebs, romlis erTi saxec ucilobeli istoriuli

faqtia, rom religiam mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa amerikis saxelmwifod

CamoyalibebaSi, xolo meore saxe saxelmwifos mier nebismieri religiis priv-

ilegirebisgan Tavis Sekavebaa401.

saboloo jamSi, amerikulma sekularizmma402 iseTi forma miiRo, rom

nebismieri faqti SeiZleba moiazrebodes eklesia-saxelmwifos gancalkevebis

393 Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by T.

Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 425. 394 Conkle D.O., Different Religions, Different Politics: Evaluating the Role of Competing Religious Traditions in

American Politics and Law, Journal of Law and Religion, Vol.10, No.1, 1994, 5; Church of the Holy Trinity v.

United States, 143 U.S. 457, 471 (1892). 395 Conkle D.O., Different Religions, Different Politics: Evaluating the Role of Competing Religious Traditions

in American Politics and Law, Journal of Law and Religion, Vol.10, No.1, 1994, 5. 396 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Gov-

ernance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 117. 397 Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947). 398 ix., Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 612 (1971); Nord W.A., Religion, the First Amendment and Public

Education, BYU Journal of Public Law, Vol. 8, 1994, 451; Stephens O.H.Jr., Scheb J.M.II, American Constitu-

tional Law, Vol.2, Civil Rights and Liberties, 4th Ed., Thomson Wadsworth, 2008, 222-223. 399 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Barbara,

2009, 66. 400 ix., Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990). 401 Van Orden v. Perry, 545 U.S. 677 (2005). 402 amerikuli sekularizmisa da religia-saxelmwifos urTIerTobebis, aseve, religiis Tavisuflebis Taobaze ix., Beydoun Kh.A., Laïcité, Liberalism, and the Headscarf, Journal of Islamic Law

51

sawinaaRmdego qmedebad. swored amis gamo aSS-is gerbze datanili fraza

`RmerTis gvwams~ (In God We Trust) dResdReobiT cxare debatebis sagania da

zogierTis azriT, arRvevs eklesiisa da saxelmwifos Soris gamijvnis prin-

cips403. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom `gammijnavi kedlis~ jefersoniseuli gageba da

religiis privatizeba ukve aRaraa mkacrad warmodgenili AaSS-is umaRlesi

sasamarTlos praqtikaSi, vinaidan bolo naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi man

uari Tqva radikalur separacionizmze.404 dResdReobiT aSS-Si saxelmwifoc

da sazogadoebac Tanxmdeba, rom religia kerZo sferoa, politika ki seku-

laruli unda iyos.405

amerikis paralelurad, gamijvnis procesi daiwyo evropaSic, Tumca

TiTqmis saukunis dagvianebiT, rac, ra Tqma unda, evropis konservatizmiTa da

saxelmwifo mowyobis sruliad gansxvavebuli formebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.

1914 wlis uelsis eklesiis aqtiT (Welsh Church Act) daiwyo sekularizaciis

procesi, saeklesio da saero samarTali gaimijna, kanonikur procesebze par-

lamentis uzenaesoba gauqmda, episkoposebs SeuwydaT lordTa palatis wev-

roba.406 es, rasakvirvelia, inglisisa da Sotlandiis eklesiebs ar Sexebia. mi-

uxedavad msgavsebebisa, sekularizmis amerikuli da evropuli gageba

sruliad gansxvavebulia,407 rac ufro socialuri faqtorebiTaa ganpiro-

bebuli. mag., amerikis mosaxleobis umravlesoba Tavs religiurad miiCnevs da

sekularizmis klasikur gagebas aniWebs upiratesobas, roca evropaSi es yvel-

aferi piriqiTaa.408 aRniSnuli gavlenas axdens saxelmwifo doneze politikis

formirebazec, rac bunebrivia.

sruli gamijvna, marTalia, sakanonmdeblo da sakonstitucio donezec uz-

runvelyofilia, Tumca, faqtobrivad, eklesia kvlavac seriozuli moTamaSea

socialur-kulturul urTierTobebSi, ris ignorirebasac saxelmwifo,

bunebrivia, ar cdilobs.409 igi iRebs pozitiur valdebulebas, uzrunvelyos

moqalaqeTa religiuri uflebebis realizaciisaTvis Sesaferisi garemo.

avstriaSi eklesia da saxelmwifo gamijnulia erTmaneTisgan, Tumca es

ukanaskneli xels uwyobs yvela moqalaqisa da religiuri gaerTianebis

uflebas, imoqmedos saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis keTildReobisaTvis.410

and Culture, Vol.10, No.2, 2008, 197; Stephens O.H.Jr., Scheb J.M.II, American Constitutional Law, Vol.2, Civil

Rights and Liberties, 4th Ed., Thomson Wadsworth, 2008, 209-235 403 Amundson S., Separation of Church and State: How It Has Impacted Religious Diversity, SPEA Honors Paper

Series, Vol.2, #12, 2008, 23. 404 Hackett R.I.J., Rethinking the Role of Religion in Changing Public Spheres: Some Comparative Perspectives,

Brigham Young University Law Review, Issue 3, 2005, 668; ix., Davis D.H., A Commentary on the Supreme

Court’s “Equal Treatment” Doctrine as the New Constitutional Paradigm for Protecting Religious Liberty, Journal

of Church and State, Vol.46, 2004, 717-738. 405 Gedicks F.M., Some Political Implications of Religious Belief, Notre Dame Journal of Ethics and Public

Policy, Vol.4, 1991, 419, 421. 406 Jones H., The Church in Wales: A church for the Welsh Nation, “Law and Justice”, #149, 2002, 140. 407 Smith S.D., Religious Symbols and Secular Government, Israel Law Review, Vol.46, Iss.2, 2013, 197. 408 iqve, 198. 409 ix., cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 30-31. 410 pozti r., saxelmwifo da eklesia avstriaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 453.

52

amasTan, saxelmwifo negatiuradac SeboWilia da valdebulia, daicvas

religiuri neitraliteti411.

liberaluri sekularizmi airCies tradiciulma marTlmadidebelma

qveynebmac. kviprosis marTlmadidebel eklesias, samarTlebrivi

TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba ukavia, radgan igi konstitu-

ciis amoqmedebamde miRebuli sakuTari wesdebis mixedviT moqmedebs da sxva

religiebis msgavsad, konstitucia masac srul Tavisuflebas aniWebs.412 amas-

Tan, kviprosis umaRlesma sasamarTlom sakmaod mkafiod gansazRvra eklesiis

statusi da miuxedavad misi socialuri rolisa, aRniSna, rom kviprosis

marTlmadidebeli eklesia saxelmwifo organo araa da ar SeiZleba ganxiluli

iqnes saxelisuflebo warmonaqmnad.413 gansxvavebuli mdgomareobaa ukrainaSi,

romelSic, marTalia, marTlmadidebloba dominantia mosaxleobis raodeno-

brivi TvalsazrisiT, Tumca misi imdenad bevri mimdinareoba arsebobs, rom

ukrainam saxelmwifo-eklesiis urTierTobis liberaluri _ amerikuli

modeli airCia da yvela religiur gaerTianebas Tanabari statusi mianiWa, yo-

velgvari upiratesobis gareSe414.

liberaluri sekularizmis Teoria wlebis ganmalobaSi ganviTarda da

bevri ganStoeba gaCnda. TiToeulma saxelmwifom Tavisi kulturis, istoriisa

da tradiciebis Sesabamisi midgoma airCia. ra Tqma unda, XIX saukunis da-

sawyisSi SemuSavebuli amerikuli doqtrina dRemde mniSvnelovan rols

asrulebs, Tumca mas bunebrivad daemata axali moTxovnebi da standartebi.

Tanamedrove midgomiT, urTierTobaTa mravalmxriobisa da specifikurobis

gaTvaliswinebiT, saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris ukve ori gammijnavi kedeli

unda arsebobdes, romlebiTac erTmaneTisgan gaimijneba eqskluziurad

eklesiis, eqskluziurad saxelmwifos da Sereuli _ eklesia-saxelmwifos

erToblivi kompetenciuri sferoebi.415 es, ra Tqma unda, eklesiis socialuri

roliTaa ganpirobebuli, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifom

srulad mainc ver itvirTa. es ukanaskneli, marTalia, sulier sferosac uz-

runvelyofs, Tumca am mimarTulebiT kvlavac religiuri urTierTobebi da

organizaciebi dominireben.

411 mag., kanadaSi 1980-iani wlebidan damkvidrebuli wesiT, saxelmwifom Tavi unda Seikavos romelime religiisaTvis upiratesobis mimniWebeli kanonebis miRebisagan, _ msgavsma midgomam sekularizaciis procesze mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia. ix., loqlini r. b., ked-lis bevri fanjara, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #5, 2012, 95. 412 emilianidesi a., saxelmwifo da eklesia kviprosSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 280. 413 iqve, ix. citireba: Autocephalous, Saint, Orthodox and Apostolic Church of Cyprus v. the House of Rep-

resentatives, (1990) 3 C.L.R 338. 414 Yalensky V., Religion, Church, and State in the Post-Communist Era: The Case of Ukraine (with Special

References to Orthodoxy and Human Rights), “Brigham Young University Law Review”, #2, 2002, 481. 415 ix., Hammet H.D., Separation of Church and State: By One Wall or Two?, “Journal of Church and State”,

#7, 1965, 203.

53

3.3.2.1.3. Laïcité

franguli sekularizmi individualuria da igi saerTovropuli midgomis-

gan mkveTrad gansxvavdeba.416 eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa fran-

guli sistema Laïcité-d moixsenieba da igi wminda franguli movlenaa,417 ro-

melsac analogi ar moepoveba.418 Laïcité politikur-samarTlebriv WrilSi

sekularizaciis yvelaze mkacr, zustad gansazRvrul formad miiCneva419 da

religia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebis klasikur tipologiaSi ver Tavsdeba,420

ufro metic, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, igi sekularizmis gagebisganac ki gan-

sxvavdeba421 (socialuri TvalsazrisiT Laïcité ara gamijvnis forma, aramed

religiis sferoSi sakmarisad Carevis saSualebaa422). doqtrina yvela reli-

gias Tanasworad aRiqvams, uaryofs saxelmwifo religiis ideas da arcerT

maTgans raime gansakuTrebul statuss ar aniWebs.423 mis Taobaze azrTa

sxvadasxvaobaa, zogi mas pozitiur, zogierTi ki negatiur sistemad miiCnevs424.

franguli laïcité moazrebulia religiuri, rasobrivi, kulturuli da poli-

tikuri sazogadoebebis gansxvavebuli Rirebulebebis Tanaarsebobis saSu-

alebad,425 igi respublikanizmTan erTad safrangeTis saxelmwifos

fuZemdebluri principia da Tavad safrangeTs ganasaxierebs426. franguli

sekularizmi SeiZleba martivad daxasiaTdes, rogorc: ganaTleba seku-

laruli swavlebiT da religiuri praqtikis (aRmsareblobis) sruli privat-

izacia427.

eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebis franguli modeli saxelmwifoze

klerikaluri da religiuri gavlenis mospobisa da universaluri, religiis-

gan Tavisufali moqalaqeobisa da erovnulobis damkvidrebis mcdelobaa.428

416 Zucca L., The Crisis of the Secular State – A Reply to Professor Sajó, “I-Con”, Vol.7, No.3, 2009, 506. 417 Torfs R., Church and State in France, Belgium, and the Netherlands: Unexpected Similarities and Hidden

Differences, “Brigham Young University Law Review”, #4, 1996, 945. 418 Troper M., French Secularism, or Laïcité, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.21, 2000, 1267; Troper M., Sovereignty

and Laïcité, Cardozo Law Review, Vol.30, 2009, 2563. 419 Palomino R., Legal Dimensions of Secularism: Challenges and Problems, 17th Annual International Law and

Religion Symposium, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, October 3-5, 2010, 1. 420 Troper M., French Secularism, or Laïcité, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.21, 2000, 1268. 421 Abilmouna R., Reconciling the Hijab within Laïcité France, Journal of Islam Law and Culture, Vol.13, No.2-

3, 2011, 124. 422 Liogier R., Laïcité on the Edge in France: Between the Theory of Church-State Separation and the Praxis of

State-Church Confusion, Macquarie Law Journal, Vol.9, 2009, 27. 423 basdevan-godeme b., saxelmwifo da eklesia safrangeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 184. 424 Torfs R., Church and State in France, Belgium, and the Netherlands: Unexpected Similarities and Hidden

Differences, “Brigham Young University Law Review”, #4, 1996, 951. 425 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century –

Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 27. 426 Annicchino P., Laïcité as Civil Religion: An Italian American Perspective, The George Washington Interna-

tional Law Review, Vol.41, No.4, 2010, 821. 427 iqve; Chelini-Pont B., Is Laïcité the Civil Religion of France?, The George Washington International Law

Review, Vol.41, No.4, 2010, 765. 428 Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by T.

Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 423.

54

marto barTlomes Ramis xsenebac sakmarisia im viTarebis aRsawerad, romelic

Sua saukuneebis bolosken safrangeTSi sufevda. 1598 wels anri IV gamosca nan-

tis ediqti, romliTac safrangeTma hugenotebi Seiwynara da neba darTo maT,

saxelmwifoSi Tavisuflad earsebaT.429 Tumca religiuri konfliqti amiT ar

Camqrala. rogorc tokvili ganmartavs, safrangeTSi religia da saxelmwifo

erTmaneTs upirispirdebodnen, roca okeans gaRma, amerikelebma warmatebiT

SeZles religiisa da Tavisuflebis suliskveTebis gaerTianeba.430 saf-

rangeTis revoluciis erT-erTi monapovari isic iyo, rom religia kerZo saq-

med iqna aRiarebuli.431 1795 wels postrevoluciur safrangeTSi daiwyo sax-

elmwifosa da eklesiis gancalkevebis procesi, Tumca es yovelive eklesiis

intensiur devnas ufro hgavda, vidre gonivrul sekularizaciaa.432 amas isic

ganapirobebda, rom ganmanaTlebloba, romlis Sedegic iyos franguli revo-

lucia, ebrZoda religias, rogorc aristokratiisa da xelisuflebis iaraRs,

swored amitomac sekularizmis popularizacia maT saxels daukavSirda.433

sekularizaciis procesi maleve, 1801 wels safrangeTsa da wminda saydars So-

ris dadebuli konkordatiT dasrulda, romelmac napoleons mniSvnelovani

politikuri Zalaufleba SesZina ara mxolod romis, aramed sxva qristianul

eklesiebzec434. konkordatiT politikuri xelisufleba niSnavda epis-

koposebs, romis paps ki mxolod sasuliero investituris gacemis

uflebamosileba hqonda435. konkordati 1804 wlis samoqalaqo kodeqsiT

gagrZelda, romelmac adre eklesiis gamgeblobas mikuTvnebuli sakiTxebis

umravlesoba samoqalaqo, saero kategorias miakuTvna.436

safrangeTis saxelmwifo sabWos ganmartebiT, Laïcité-s principis faqto-

brivi ganxorcieleba jer kidev XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi daiwyo,437 ramac,

saboloo jamSi, 1958 wlis konstituciaSi safrangeTis sekularul (`laikur~)

saxelmwifod gamocxadeba gamoiwvia438 (es yovelive sakonstitucio doneze

pirvelad me-4 respublikis konstituciebma ganamtkica439). eklesiisa da sax-

elmwifos gamijvnis mkacri procesi, romelic XIX saukunis me-2 naxevarSi

429 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 37. 430 Annicchino P., Laïcité as Civil Religion: An Italian American Perspective, The George Washington Interna-

tional Law Review, Vol.41, No.4, 2010, 821; De Tocqueville A., Democracy in America, University of Chicago

Press, 2002, 274. 431 braWuli i., dura n., zaqaraiZe a., religiis filosofia, Tbilisi, 2015, 229. 432 basdevan-godeme b., saxelmwifo da eklesia safrangeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, meore gamocemis Targmani, Tbi-lisi, 2011, 180. 433 ix, McCauliff C.M.A., Dreyfus, Laïcité and the Burqa, Connecticut Journal of International Law, Vol.28, 2012,

119. 434 Géraud A., The Lateran Treaties: A Step in Vatican Policy, Foreign Affairs, #7, 1928-1929, 572. 435 Troper M., French Secularism, or Laïcité, Cardozo Law Review, Vol.21, 2000, 1275. 436 McCauliff C.M.A., Dreyfus, Laïcité and the Burqa, Connecticut Journal of International Law, Vol.28, 2012,

124. 437 ix., Opinion No.346.893 of the General Assembly of the French Council of State, November 27, 1989. 438 Constitution of the French Republic, 1958, Art.2; Kuhelj A., Religious Freedom in European Democracies,

Tulane European and Civil Law Forum, Vol.20, 2005, 16. 439 ix., McCauliff C.M.A., Dreyfus, Laïcité and the Burqa, Connecticut Journal of International Law, Vol.28,

2012, 139.

55

xelmeored, amjerad ukve srulad daiwyo safrangeTSi, 1905 wlis kanonis440

miRebiT dagvirgvinda, romelic dRemde ZalaSia, ra Tqma unda, Sesabamisi

cvlilebebiTa da damatebebiT. 1904 wels safrangeTma diplomatiuri ur-

TierTobebi gawyvita wminda saydarTan.441 1905 wlis kanonma gaauqma konkor-

dati da saxelmwifo xelisufleba nebismieri religiisgan gamijna, Tumca,

imavdroulad, franguli laicizmis doqtrinam daavaldebula saxelmwifo

pozitiurad, uzrunveleyo moqalaqeTa religiis Tavisuflebis realiza-

cia.442 rasakvirvelia, kanons romis eklesiis mZafri protesti mohyva, papma

pius X franguli laicizmi da 1905 wlis kanoni mkacrad gaakritika,443 Tumca

sinamdvileSi konkordatis gauqmebiT eklesiam ufro ixeira, radgan daibruna

mniSvnelovani uflebamosilebebi, maT Soris, episkoposebis daniSvnis

ufleba, romelic manamde saxelmwifos kompetenciaSi Sedioda444. am kanoniT

SemoTavazebuli separacia niSnavda tradiciuli sistemis dasrulebas, ro-

melsac 1801 wlis konkordati qmnida,445 amasTan, manve daasrula politizebul

kaTolikeebsa da sekularist nacionalistebs Soris arsebuli TiTqmis

saukunovani dava.446 SeiZleba iTqvas, Laïcité franguli kaTolikuri eklesiisa

da saxelmwifos gansakuTrebuli urTierTobis Sedegia.447

sakonstitucio rangSi ayvanili principi iseTi mniSvnelovania sax-

elmwifosTvis, rom saxelmwifo sabWos ganmartebiT, piris religiuri

mrwamsis SeuTavsebloba saxelmwifos oficialur sekularul politikasTan

sakmarisi safuZvelia misTvis moqalaqeobis miniWebaze uaris TqmisTvis.448

ufro metic, garkveul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, franguli sasamarTloebi

mas suverenitetis konteqstSic ki ganmartaven da maT pirdapir ukavSireben

440 dawvrilebiT ix., McCauliff C.M.A., Dreyfus, Laïcité and the Burqa, Connecticut Journal of International

Law, Vol.28, 2012, 124; Liogier R., Laïcité on the Edge in France: Between the Theory of Church-State Separation

and the Praxis of State-Church Confusion, Macquarie Law Journal, Vol.9, 2009, 26. 441 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 24. 442 basdevan-godeme b., saxelmwifo da eklesia safrangeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, meore gamocemis Targmani, Tbi-lisi, 2011, 183. 443 ix., Encyclical “Vehementer Nos” of Pope Pius X to To Our Well-beloved Sons, Francois Marie Richard,

Cardinal Archbishop of Paris; Victor Lucien Lecot, Cardinal Archbishop of Bordeaux; Pierre Hector Couillie,

Cardinal Archbishop of Lyons; Joseph Guillaume Laboure, Cardinal Archbishop of Rennes; and to all Our Ven-

erable Brethren, the Archbishops and Bishops, and to all the Clergy and People of France, 11 February, 1906. 444 Costigan R.F., State Appointment of Bishops, “Journal of Church and State”, #8(1), 1966, 90. 445 Well P., Why the French Laïcité is Liberal, Cardozo Law Review, Vol.30, 2009, 2705. 446 Beydoun Kh.A., Laïcité, Liberalism, and the Headscarf, Journal of Islamic Law and Culture, Vol.10, No.2,

2008, 191. 447 Rosenfeld M., Introduction: Can Constitutionalism, Secularism and Religion Be Reconciled in an Era of Glob-

alization and Religious Revival?, Cardozo Law Review, Vol. 30, 2009, 2352; Troper M., Sovereignty and Laïcité,

Cardozo Law Review, Vol.30, 2009, 2561. 448 Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by T.

Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 423.

56

erTmaneTs.449 xSirad mas safrangeTis revoluciis sam RirebulebasTan erTa-

dac ki moixsenieben.450

Laïcité iseTi universaluri da abstraqtuli Rirebulebebis erTobliobaa,

rogoricaa: Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, Semwynarebloba da a.S.451 faqto-

brivad, igi moqalaqeebisTvis, saerTo keTildReobisa da Rirebulebebis

garSemo gaerTianebuli xalxisTvis, samoqalaqo `religiad~ iqca452. Tuki

amerikuli gagebiT sekularizmi religiis Tavisuflebis saxelmwifosgan

dacvaa, franguli gagebiT, piriqiT, igi moqalaqeebs icavs `religiis gam-

ovlinebebisgan~.453

swored msgavsi politikis gamo safrangeTis SemTxvevaSi evrosasamarTlo

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs saxelmwifos sekularul bunebasa da

am principis sakonstitucio dozeneze uzrunvelyofaze.454 xSir SemTxvevaSi

safrangeTTan dakavSirebiT miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi religiis Tavisu-

flebis sferoSi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba evrosasamarTlos praqtikisgan,

rac SemTxvevis individualizmiTaa ganpirobebuli.

sekularizmis franguli modeli, romelic neitralitets unda icavdes,

saxelmwifos CareviT xSirad ara neitralurad, aramed antireligiurad

moqmedebs.455 igi, wesiT, neitraluri politikaa religiiis mimarT456, Tumca es

neitraliteti xSirad fizikurad miuRweveli ideaa. Laïcité areligiurobidan

antireligiurobamde cvalebadi sakmaod myife sistemaa.457 Tanamedrove fran-

guli sekularizacia Semdeg principebs moicavs: 1. oficialuri religiis ar-

arseboba; 2. rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis individualuri Tavisufleba; 3. sax-

elmwifos aqsiomaturi Tavisufleba da eklesiebisa da religiebis organi-

zaciuli avtonomia; 4. individualuri da koleqtiuri rwmenisa da religiebis

Tanasworoba.458

2004 wels prezidentma Sirakma Tavsaburavebi da Cadrebi àgresiuli pro-

zelitizmis~ niSnebad gamoacxada da sajaro skolebSi religiuri sim-

boloebis akrZalvis Taobaze sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis inicireba

449 ix., Troper M., Sovereignty and Laïcité, Cardozo Law Review, Vol.30, 2009, 2564-2565. 450 Choudhury N., From the Stasi Commission to the European Court of Human Rights: L’Affaire du Foulard and

the Challenge of Protecting the Rights of Muslim Girls, Columbia Journal of Gender and Law Vol.16, No.1, 2007,

252. 451 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century –

Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 27. 452 Ungureanu C., Europe and Religion: An Ambivalent Nexus, in: Law, State and Religion in the New Europe,

Edited by L. Zucca and C. Ungureanu, Cambridge, 2012, 315. 453 Gedicks F.M., Religious Exemptions, Formal Neutrality, and Laïcité, Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies,

Vol.13, Issue 2, 2006, 476. 454 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2013, 264; ix., Dogru v. France,

[ECtHR], App. no. 27058/05, 4 December, 2008; S.A.S. v. France, [ECtHR], App. no. 43835/11, 1 July, 2014. 455 Liogier R., Laïcité on the Edge in France: Between the Theory of Church-State Separation and the Praxis of

State-Church Confusion, Macquarie Law Journal, Vol.9, 2009, 27. 456 Gedicks F.M., Religious Exemptions, Formal Neutrality, and Laïcité, Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies,

Vol.13, Issue 2, 2006, 475. 457 Rosenfeld M., Introduction: Can Constitutionalism, Secularism and Religion Be Reconciled in an Era of Glob-

alization and Religious Revival?, Cardozo Law Review, Vol. 30, 2009, 2352. 458 Chelini-Pont B., Is Laïcité the Civil Religion of France?, The George Washington International Law Review,

Vol.41, No.4, 2010, 769.

57

moaxdina.459 2004 wlis kanoni yvela religiur simboloze gavrcelda.460 saf-

rangeTis mier muslimuri Tavsaburavebis akrZalvis mTavari mizani `Tavisu-

flebisa da Tanasworobis franguli respublikuri ideis xazgasma iyo~461,

Tavsaburavebis tarebis akrZalviT safrangeTs surda, dasavluri samyarosT-

vis eCvenebina, rom igi seqsualuri Tanasworobis, qalTa emansipaciasa da

Tanamedroveobas uwyobda xels.462 2010 wels reigiuri simboloebis tareba ai-

krZala zogadad sajaro sivrceSi.463

franguli sekularizmi gansakuTrebiT Zlieri maSin iyo, roca misi sa-

marTlebrivi da ideologiuri elementebi unisonSi iyvnen.464 Tumca sa-

marTlebrivi urTierTobebis mravalferovnebam, eklesiis sazogadoebriv-

politikuri rolis dakninebam met-naklebad Caacxro religia-saxelmwifos

Soris arsebuli mudmivi konfliqtebi da didwilad gaaneitrala franguli

politika. safrangeTi srulad emijneba nebismier religiur organizacias da

cdilobs mkacrad daicvas eklesia-saxelmwifos `gammijnavi kedeli~, Tumca

religiuri politika ar vrceldeba mis ramdenime zRvis gaRma departamentsa

da regionze.465 aRsaniSnavia, rom safrangeTSi arsebuli sekularuli politi-

kis miuxedavad, saxelmwifo afinansebs rogorc saxelmwifo, ise kaTolikur

skolebs466.

3.3.2.1.4. antieklesiis modeli

Tanamedrove samarTalSi eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebSi calke

aRiniSneba àntieklesiis~ modeli, romelSic, marTalia, es ori instituti

erTmaneTisgan gacalkevebulia, Tumca saxelmwifo araTu religiur nei-

tralitets inarCunebs, aramed, piriqiT, religias ebrZvis.467 msgavsi sistemis

klasikuri warmomadgeneli sabWoTa kavSiri iyo.

459 Hackett R.I.J., Rethinking the Role of Religion in Changing Public Spheres: Some Comparative Perspectives,

Brigham Young University Law Review, Issue 3, 2005, 679. 460 Beydoun Kh.A., Laïcité, Liberalism, and the Headscarf, Journal of Islamic Law and Culture, Vol.10, No.2,

2008, 188. 461 Kuhelj A., Religious Freedom in European Democracies, Tulane European and Civil Law Forum, Vol.20,

2005, 3. 462 iqve. 463 McCauliff C.M.A., Dreyfus, Laïcité and the Burqa, Connecticut Journal of International Law, Vol.28, 2012,

120. 464 Zucca L., The Crisis of the Secular State – A Reply to Professor Sajó, “I-Con”, Vol.7, No.3, 2009, 500. 465 mag., safrangeTis gvineaSi 1828 wlis 27 agvistos samefo brZanebulebis Sesabamisad, kaTolikuri eklesia finansdeba saxelmwifo fondidan da mxolod 1939 wlidan sxva religiur gaerTianebebsac miecaT ufleba, dafinanseba mieRoT adgilobrivi munici-paluri erTeulebisgan. ix., basdevan-godeme b., saxelmwifo da eklesia safrangeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamo-cemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 194. 466 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Barbara,

2009, 53. 467 Francis J. G., The Evolving Regulatory Structure of European Church-State Relationships, “Journal of Church

and State”, #4, 1992, 781.

58

sabWoTa kavSiri antireligiur politikas atarebda, nebismier religias

devnida,468 misi antireligiuri kampania religiis marqsiseul gagebas efuZne-

boda.469 eklesiebsa da religiebs komunisturi sazogadoeba rogorc

aucilebel borotebas, ise ganixilavda.470 sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmnidan or

aTeulze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi xelisuflebis politika marTlmadidebeli

eklesiisa da nebismieri sxva religiis mimarT Seuwynarebeli da agresiuli

iyo.471 stalinuri periodis Sua wlebSi eJovma da beriam srulad ganaxor-

cieles genocidi religiis msaxurTa da aRmsarebelTa mimarT.472 leninisa da

komunisturi partiis gacxadebuli mizani iyo RmerTis ideis sruli gandevna

sazogadoebidan, rasac yvela meTodis gamoyenebiT axorcielebdnen 1941

wlamde, roca stalinma sakuTari saWiroebisTvis ruseTis marTlmadidebeli

eklesiis sapatriarqo aRadgina, eklesiamac Semrigebluri politika airCia da

stalinis, rogorc RmerTis mier movlenili zeadamianis, kultis Seqmnas mxari

aSkarad dauWira.473 marTalia, am nabijiT saxelmwifom neba darTo eklesias

earseba mis teritoriaze, Tumca masze zewola, ra Tqma unda, ar Sewyetila474.

samecniero aTeizmi, faqtobrivad, sabWoTa kavSiris oficialuri religia

iyo475, _ msoflmxedveloba, romelic iswavleboda skolebSi, vrceldeboda

mediiT, aqtiurad eweoda propaganda literaturasa da zogadad, xelovnebis

yvela dargSi.476 1929 wlis 8 aprilis kanoni krZalavda nebismieri eklesiis

dafinansebas, materialur daxmarebas, aseve, religiuri gaerTianebebis mier

qonebrivi sakiTxebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT raime fondis, kooperativis an

kavSiris dafuZnebas.477 marTalia, sabWoTa kavSiris konstituciebiT, forma-

lurad saxelmwifo da eklesia erTmaneTisgan gamijnuli iyo, saxelmwifo ki

religiis Tavisuflebas aRiarebda, Tumca praqtikulad es nebismieri

religiis winaaRmdeg brZolas niSnavda.478 sabWoTa kavSirSi saxelmwifo

akontrolebda eklesiis finansur da ideologiur saqmianobas, xolo

468 cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 49. 469 Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by T.

Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 423. 470 Földesi T., Religious Human Rights in Eastern Europe, “Emory International Law Review”, Vol.10, 1996,

129. 471 Bociurkiv B.R., Church and State in the Soviet Union, “International Law Journal”, Vol.14, 1958-1959, 183. 472 Földesi T., Religious Human Rights in Eastern Europe, “Emory International Law Review”, Vol.10, 1996,

130. 473 Bociurkiv B.R., Church and State in the Soviet Union, International Law Journal, Vol.14, 1958-1959, 184-

185; Anderson P.B., The Orthodox Church in Soviet Russia, Foreign Affairs, #39, 1960-1961, 304. 474 iqve, 303-304. eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobebis axali era daiwyo, roca kalininma gaaJRera saxelmwifos axali politika: moskovi msoflios sulieri centri unda gamxdariyo. Bennet E.M., The Russian Orthodox Church and the Soviet State, 1946-1956: A Decade of the

New Orthodoxy, Journal of Church and State, Vol.7, No.3, 1963, 425. 475 maisuraZe g., marTlmadidebluri eTika da araTavisufali suli, Tbilisi, 2013, 41. 476 Froese P., Forced Secularization in Soviet Russia: Why an Atheistic Monopoly Failed, Journal for the Scien-

tific Study of Religion, Vol.43, #1, 2004, 35; saxelmwifo aTeizmi, rogorc politika, formalur doneze mainc ZiriTadad warsulSi e.w. `socialisturi dajgufebis~ qveynebSi arsebobda. ix., Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Gov-

ernance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 141. 477 Anderson P.B., The Orthodox Church in Soviet Russia, Foreign Affairs, #39, 1960-1961, 302. 478 iqve.

59

konkretul periodSi gansazRvravda kidec sasuliero Tanamdebobebze pirTa

daniSvnis sakiTxebs.479 sabWoTa kavSiris religiuri politika mTel social-

istur banakze vrceldeboda. aRmosavleT germaniaSi saeklesio proeqtTa um-

ravlesoba, eklesiis mier stumrebis mowveva, konferenciebze gamgzavreba da

a.S. saxelmwifos mkacri zedamxedvelobiTa da misi winaswari Tanxmobis sa-

fuZvelze xorcieldeboda480.

antireligiuri politika Tanamedrove msoflioSic aqtualuria.

Tanamedrove CineTi faqtobrivad aTeisturi qveyanaa saxelmwifoebriv

doneze, Tumca es konstituciaSi eqspliciturad araa aRniSnuli, aramed gam-

omdinareobs Tavad saxelmwifos politikuri organizaciidan da ideologi-

idan.481 saintereso fsevdoaTeisturi modeli moqmedebs Crd. koreaSi, sadac

religiuri sakiTxebi komunizmis modificirebuli ideologiis _ CuCxes, principebis Tanaxmadaa mowesrigebuli.482

SeiZleba iTqvas, antieklesiis modeli arademokratiuli, franguli lai-

cizmis damaxinjebiT miRebuli sistemaa, romelic nebismier religias sax-

elmwifo mtrad acxadebs. marTalia, formalurad es sekularizmia, magram

faqtobrivad igi ewinaaRmdegeba sekularizmis mTavar princips: sax-

elmwifosa da religis damoukidebel, sruliad avtonomiur, mSvidobian Ta-

naarsebobas483. marTalia, sekularizmis gageba religiisa da saxelmwifos in-

stituciur gancalkevebas gulisxmobs,484 Tumca man ar unda miiRos iseTi

forma da saxe, rom mebrZol aTeizms an antireligiur kampanias daemsgavsos.485

sekularizmi ar unda iqnes gagebuli, rogorc romelime religiis

sawinaaRmdego movlena, romlis mizani religiur RirebulebaTa sistemis

dakninebaa, rasac zogierTi marginaluri jgufi mimarTavs xolme.486 sax-

elmwifom ara mxolod ar unda Seuwyos xeli religias da waaxalisos igi, ara-

med ar unda daamkvidros e.w. `sekularizmis religia~, romelic ara-

religiurobas mianiWebs upiratesobas.487

479 Földesi T., Religious Human Rights in Eastern Europe, Emory International Law Review, Vol.10, 1996, 130. 480 Burgess J.P., Church-State Relations in East Germany: The Church as a “Religious” and “Political” Force,

Journal of Church and State, Vol.32, No.1, 1991, 19. 481 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Gov-

ernance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 141. 482 ix., iqve, 143-144. 483 Berg Th.C., Colby K.W., Esbeck C.H., Garnett R.W., Religious Freedom, Church-State Separation, and the

Ministerial Exception, “Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy”, Vol. 106, 2011, 182. 484 Abilmouna R., Reconciling the Hijab within Laïcité France, Journal of Islam Law and Culture, Vol.13, No.2-

3, 2011, 124. 485 ix., begaZe m., sekularizmi: saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris urTierTobis CarCo, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #10, 2016, 110-111. 486 Calo Z.R., Pluralism, Secularism and the European Court of Human Rights, Journal of Law and Religion, Vol.

26, Iss. 1, 2010, 269; Ratzinger J., Pera M., Without Roots: The West, Relativism, Christianity, Islam, Basic Books,

2006, 128; Carle R., Pope Benedict XVI Confronts Religious Relativism, Culture and Society, Vol. 45, Iss. 6,

2008, 40. 487 Nord W.A., Religion, the First Amendment and Public Education, “BYU Journal of Public Law”, Vol. 8, 1994,

449; ix., School District of Abington Township v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203 (1963).

60

3.3.2.2. TanamSromlobis modeli

3.3.2.2.1. TanamSromlobis modelis koncefcia

saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobebis Tanamedrove ganviTarebam axal

sivrceebs miaRwia da bevri gansakuTrebuli, Zalze saintereso saxesxvaoba Se-

qmna. am ori institutis urTierTgamijvna, ra Tqma unda, maT sruliad gaucx-

oebasa da yovelgvari kavSiris gawyvetas ar gulisxmobs. amis mcdeloba

yovlad xelovnuri da racionalur safuZvels moklebuli iqneboda, radgan

socialur movlenebs socialurad is faqti aqcevs, rom isini mudmiv sazoga-

doebriv urTierTobaSi monawileoben. religiis hegemoniuri roli karga

xania Seicvala, Tumca mas kvlavac darCa mniSvnelovani gavlena sazoga-

doebaze.488 religiis sruli gandevna sajaro sferodan warmoudgenelia, igi

mudmivad iqneba mowadinebuli, Seasrulos sajaro misia.489 miT umetes qristi-

anuli eklesia, romelsac saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi sazogadoebis

ganmsazRvreli roli ekava, fizikurad ver Seegueba sajarodan kerZo sferoSi

gadatanas, mas mudam eqneba pretenzia, iyos samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganuy-

ofeli nawili da aqtiuri moTamaSe490.

sekularizmis amosavali idea sasuliero da saero saqmeTa gancalkevebaa,

rac, ra Tqma unda, neitralitetsac gulisxmobs, Tumca religiuri neitral-

itetis farglebTan dakavSirebiT erTiani pozicia ar arsebobs491. es sruliad

bunebrivicaa, radgan bevri eris ganviTarebis istoriaSi saxelmwifo da ekle-

sia imdenad iyo gadajaWvuli, rom am faqtoris argaTvaliswineba warmoudg-

enelia. amitomac sekularizmis evropuli midgoma (franguli laicizmis

gamoklebiT) mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba amerikulisgan da saxelmwifosa da

eklesiis mniSvnelovani TanamSromlobis SesaZleblobas gulisxmobs. aRsaniS-

navia isic, rom jefersonis dros eklesiac da saxelmwifoc sakmaod

SezRudulebi iyvnen SesaZleblobebis mxriv, Sesabamisad, maT Soris `gam-

mijnavi kedelic~ sxva, dRevandelisgan sruliad gansxvavebul datvirTvas

atarebda492.

sekularizmis evropuli tradicia, amerikulisgan gansxvavebiT, eklesiisa

da saxelmwifos gamijvnis ideaSi maT Soris e.w. `gammijnavi kedlis~ aRmarTvas

488 dekanozi emanueli (klapsisi), marTlmadidebeli eklesia pluralistul samyaroSi, d. TinikaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(28), 2009, 82. 489 noli r., religiisa da religiis Tavisuflebis roli Tanamedrove konfliqtur situa-ciebSi, m. pakacoSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1, 2006, 28. 490 ix., dekanozi emanueli (klapsisi), marTlmadidebeli eklesia pluralistul samyaroSi, d. TinikaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(28), 2009, 82. 491 erqvania T., saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierTmimarTebis samarTlebrivi konteqsti _ qarTuli modeli, mokle SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi mimoxilva evropuli kavSiris magaliTze, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #6, 2013, 31; ix. citireba: Walter

Ch., Religions- und Gewissensfreiheit, In: Grote R., Marauhn Th. (Hrsg.), Konkordanzkommentar zum

europäischen und deutschen Grundrechtsschutz, Tübingen, 2006, S.891 ff. 492 Eighmy J.L., Institutional Support in a Welfare State: The Crisis in Church-State Relations, “Journal of Church

and State”, #4(2), 1962, 169.

61

ar gulisxmobs, igi am ori institutis urTierTTavsebadobis ideas avi-

Tarebs.493 saxelmwifosa da eklesiis gamijvnis evropuli modeli, istoriuli

Taviseburebebis gamo, iTvaliswinebs tradiciuli religiuri gaerTianebebis

prioritetis princips, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom konkretuli saxelmwifo

socialur-istoriuli, kulturuli faqtorebidan gamomdinare, ama Tu im

religiur organizacias garkveul upiratesobas aniWebs.494 sekularizmis am

formis upiratesoba evropaSi imanac ganapiroba, rom èvropis rwmena saxare-

baSi iyo fesvgadgmuli, misi mecniereba da politikuri struqtura ki _ anti-

kurobaSi~495. sekularizmis evropuli, igive TanamSromlobis _ plural-

istur-kooperaciuli modelis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo da eklesia erTmaneTs

emijnebian, magram mniSvnelovnad TanamSromloben, ZiriTadad sxvadasxva

xelSekrulebis, SeTanxmebis dadebisa da sakanonmdeblo SeRavaTebis uzrun-

velyofis gziT.496 msgavs urTierTobas proteqcionizmsac uwodeben, radgan

saxelmwifo konkretul eklesias an eklesiebs gansakuTrebul samarTlebriv

statuss aniWebs,497 rac maT gansakuTrebul, privilegirebul mdgomareobas

gulisxmobs. romaulma eklesiam mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula saxelmwifo da

eklesiis TanamSromlobis (kooperaciis) sistemis CamoyalibebaSi498. eklesiisa

da saxelmwifos TanamSromloba urTierTpativiscemas, kvalifikaciasa da

kompetenturobas unda emyarebodes499.

am sistemis mTavari ganmapirobebeli faqtori is garemoebaa, rom sax-

elmwifo eklesias xSirad iyenebda da dRemde iyenebs sxvadasxva humanita-

ruli Tu saxelmwifoebrivi mizniT.500 Tumca es TanamSromloba arasdros

yofila calmxrivi, _ Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifoc seriozul daxmarebas uwevda

da uwevs eklesias.501

saxelmwifos mier romelime religiisadmi upiratesobis miniWeba yovel-

Tvis maRali riskis Semcvelia, radgan `politika, romelic gamoarCevs ama Tu

493 stefani a., religiisa da demokratiis urTierTSeTavsebadobis Sesaxeb, d. TinikaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #2(29), 2009, 62. 494 cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 37. 495 meni a., religia, `pirovnebis kulti~ da sekularuli saxelmwifo, d. TinikaSvilis Targ-mani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #6(39), 2010, 78. 496 ix., Cranmer F., Olivia J.G., Church-State Relationships - An Overview, Law and Justice, #162, 2009, 10-

11. 497 saginaSvili q., marTlmadideblobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi ucxo qveynebis magaliTebis fonze, Jurn. adamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 2001, 15. 498 Palomino R., The Role of Concordats Promoting Religious Freedom with Special Reference to Agreements in

the Middle East, in: Ius Ecclesiarum Vehiculum Caritatis, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2004, 897. 499 iRumeni petre (meSCerinovi), eklesiisa da saxelmwifos TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb, d. Tini-kaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(28), 2009, 94. 500 ix., Rossouw G.J., Macamo Eu. jr., Church-State Relationship in Mozambique, Journal of Church and State,

#35(3), 1993, 544-546. mag., normanebis mier britaneTis dapyrobis Semdeg, monarqebi Zalze mWidrod TanamSromlobdnen kentrberis mTavarepiskoposTan, gansakuTrebiT, perifer-iebisa da dapyrobili teritoriebis eklesiis kontrolis saqmeSi. Jones H., The Church in

Wales: A church for the Welsh Nation, Law and Justice, #149, 2002, 135. 501 maT Soris normaluri urTierTobebis arsebobisas, saxelmwifo xSirad exmareba ekle-sias (saeklesio marTlmsajulebis aRsrulebaSic ki). ix., saginaSvili q., saeklesio sas-jelebis istoria, Jurn. àdamiani da konstitucia~, #3, 2002, 21.

62

im mxares misi mrwamsisa da aRmsareblobis mixedviT, saxifaToa am mxaris indi-

vidualuri Tu institucionaluri avtonomiisaTvis~502. miuxedavad amisa,

tradiciuli evropuli demokratiis qveynebi TanamSromlobis models xSirad

mimarTaven. religiuri organizaciebis statusis mixedviT diferenciacia

arsebobs italiaSi, germaniaSi, espaneTSi, belgiaSi da a.S.503 mag., romis

kaTolikur eklesias Zalian bevr saxelmwifoSi ukavia privilegirebuli

mdgomareoba504. adamianis uflebaTa komitetis ganmartebiT, saxelmwifosTan

mimarTebiT yvela religiis Tanasworobis principi ar gulisxmobs, rom yvela

religiam aucileblad Tanabari statusiT unda isargeblos: sruliad Sesa-

Zlebelia konkretul religiasa Tu religiur jgufs gansakuTrebuli sta-

tusi hqondes, mTavaria, am yovelivem sxvaTa religiuri uflebebi ar Se-

laxos.505 sajaro xelisuflebas ar evaleba, yvela religiur gaerTianebas

identuri samarTlebrivi statusi mianiWos.506 mas SeuZlia iTanamSromlos

calkeul religiur gaerTianebasTan da misi gansakuTrebuli pricilegiebi

uzrunvelyos507.

Slaiermaxeri aRniSnavda, rom religia germaniis saxelmwifosa da ger-

maneli eris istoriis ganuyofeli nawilia.508 albaT, amanac ganapiroba, rom

eklesia-saxelmwifos gamijvnis TvasazrisiT, germaniam proreligiuri,

TanamSromlobis modeli daamkvidra.509 igi saxelmwifosa da eklesiis ur-

TierTobaTa modelSi Sualedur pozicias ikavebs: xelisufleba da eklesia

erTmaneTisgan gamijnulia, Tumca maT Soris mWidro TanamSromlobaa.510

meore msoflio omis Semdeg britanelebisa da amerikelebis gansakuTrebuli

yuradRebis qveS moeqca religiis socialuri roli nacizmis periodSi da mi-

uxedavad mravali winaaRmdegobrivi aspeqtisa, gadawyda, rom saxelmwifosa da

eklesiis `tradiciuli~ urTierTobebis aRdgena sasurveli iyo.511 amitomac

502 efsTini r., saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis gzajvaredinze. qristianuli sa-marTlebrivi sazogadoeba (CLS) martinesis winaaRmdeg, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #5, 2012, 8. 503 ix., saginaSvili q., marTlmadideblobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis samarTle-brivi aspeqtebi ucxo qveynebis magaliTebis fonze, Jurn. àdamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 2001, 16. 504 ix., iqve, 15. 505 noli r., religiisa da religiis Tavisuflebis roli Tanamedrove konfliqtur situa-ciebSi, m. pakacoSvilis Targmani, Jurn. solidaroba~, #1, 2006, 28, ix. citireba: religiasa an rwmenaze dafuZnebuli Seuwynareblobisa da diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb deklaraciis danergva; sagangebo momxseneblis, abdelfatah amoris mier momzadebuli angariSi adamianis uflebebis aRsrulebis komisiasTan SeTanxmebiT 1995/23, UN doc. E.CN.4/1996/95/Add.1, para.82 (1996). 506 Canea Catholic Church v. Greece, [ECtHR], App. no. 143/1996/762/963, 16 December 1997, Para.47. 507 Iglesia Bautista ‘El Salvador’ and Jose Aquilino Ortega Maratilla v. Spain, [ECHR], App. no. 17522/90, 11

January 1992. 508 Dawson J.F., Friedrich Schleiermacher and the Separation of Church and State, “Journal of Church and State”,

Vol.7, No.2, 1965, 217. 509 Heckel M., Religious Human Rights in Germany, “Emory International Law Review”, Vol.10, 1996, 108. 510 robersi g., saxelmwifo da eklesia germaniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 92. 511 Ramet S.P., Religion and Politics in Germany since 1945: The Evangelical and Catholic Churches, “Journal

of Church and State”, #42, 2000, 117.

63

germaniam racionaluri gza airCia, ZalaSi datova konkordati wminda saydar-

Tan da federaciis subieqtebs sruli diskrecia mianiWa, Tavad gadawyviton

religiuri prioritetisa da eklesiebTan TanamSromlobis sakiTxi. amasTan,

saxelmwifom gansazRvra saerTo, zogadi standarti, romelic yvelam unda

daicvas religiur gaerTianebebTan urTierTobaSi. germaniaSi saxelmwifosa

da eklesiis TanamSromloba sam princips emyareba: neitraliteti (ar arsebobs

saxelmwifo eklesia), tolerantoba (saxelmwifo ara mxolod ar unda Caerios

religiur gaerTianebaTa Sida saqmeebSi, aramed gagebiT moekidos maT moTx-

ovnebs, pozitiurad imoqmedos) da pariteti (saxelmwifo Tanabrad unda

moepyras yvela religias, Tumca klasificirebuli paritetis principi, amav-

droulad, socialuri, kulturuli da istoriuli gamocdilebis gaT-

valiswinebas gulisxmobs).512 germania religiur gaerTianebebTan TanamSrom-

lobs rogorc federalur, ise miwebis doneze da es TanamSromloba Seexeba

religiur ganaTlebas skolebSi, saRvTismetyvelo fakultetebs universite-

tebSi, saeklesio gadasaxadebs, uZravi qonebis sekularizaciis kompensacias,

ZeglTa dacvas, religiur uqmeebs, msjavrdebulTa da samxedroTa sulze

zrunvas da a.S.513

espaneTi saxelmwifosa da eklesiis gamijvnis momxrea, Tumca konstituci-

aSi mainc calkea gamoyofili espanelTa umravlesobisTvis mTavari _

kaTolikuri eklesia da sxva denominaciebi, saxelmwifo orive maTganTan sax-

elmwifo aqtiurad TanamSomlobs.514 formaluri sekularizmis miuxedavad,

irlandia srulad sekularul saxelmwifod ar miiCneva, samarTlebriv da so-

cialur donezec kaTolikuri eklesia gansakuTrebuli statusiT

sargeblobs.515 romis eklesias gansakuTrebuli statusi aqvs miniWebuli pol-

oneTSi SeTanxmebiT, xolo peruSi konstituciis mixedviT.516 belgiaSi

religiaTa nawili saxelmwifos mier oficialuradaa aRiarebuli, rac

religiis socialuri roliT, misi sazogadoebrivi RirebulebiTa da mo-

saxleobisadmi samsaxuris gaweviTaa gamarTlebuli.517 rumineTis kanon-

mdebloba rumineTis marTlmadidebel eklesias erovnul eklesiad acxadebs

da marTalia, eqspliciturad ar ganmartavs am statusis mniSvnelobas, Tumca

mas garkveul privilegiebs aniWebs518.

512 ix., robersi g., saxelmwifo da eklesia germaniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 92-93. 513 ix., Heckel M., Religious Human Rights in Germany, “Emory International Law Review”, Vol.10, 1996, 108. 514 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Gov-

ernance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 101; Constitution of the Kingdom of Spain, 1987, Art.16(3). 515 iqve, 67. 516 iqve, 69. 517 Van Haegendoren G., Alen A., The Constitutional Relationship Between Church and State, in: Treatise on

Belgian Constitutional Law, Edited by A. Alen, Boston, 1992, 266. belgiaSi aRiarebuli religiebi iReben ufaso tele-radio samauwyeblo dros, niSnaven kapelanebs SeiaraRebul Zalebsa da sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebebSi, romelTa anazRaurebasac saxelmwifo uzrun-velyofs. ix., iqve, 267. 518 Morée P., Identity, Religion and Human Rights in the Balkans, The Macedonian Case of Archbishop Jovan in

Its Broader Context, “Helsinki Monitor”, Vol.16, 2005, 292.

64

sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis miwuruls eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris ur-

TierTobebi SedarebiT gamosworda, gorbaCovis mowveviT ruseTis patriarqi

ukve oficialur RonisZiebebs eswreboda. es praqtika SemdgomSi postsabWoTa

qveynebSic gavrcelda.519 amiT faqtobrivad eklesia-saxelmwifos TanamSrom-

lobis axali etapi daiwyo komunisturi banakisaTvis, ramac Sesabamisi

praqtikuli asaxva sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg hpova. postkomunisturi

banakis qveynebma, marTalia, aRiares eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis

demokratiuli, evropul-amerikuli modelebi, Tumca, vinaidan am qveynebis

umravlesoba istoriuli, Zlieri eklesiebiT gamoirCeva, sekularizaciis

process dRemde Tan sdevs seriozuli winaaRmdegobebi.520 am qveynebSi faqto-

brivi da formalur-samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba xSirad gansxvavdeba, gan-

sakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme eklesiasTan urTierTobas exeba.

saboloo jamSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom religiisa da saxelmwifos ur-

TierToba dadebiTadaa Sefasebuli, Tuki konstitucia: uzrunvelyofs adami-

anis ZiriTad uflebebs, adgens Tanabar midgomas (Tanabari da araTanabari

midgoma proporciulobis TvalsazrisiT ganisazRvreba), krZalavs demokra-

tiul politikur procesebSi nebismieri religiis monawileobas, aRiarebs

religiuri arsebobis, yofis gansakuTrebul statuss, uzrunvelyofs qveynis

kulturuli tradiciis pativiscemas.521

3.3.2.2.2. saxelmwifosa da eklesiis TanamSromlobis

samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi

religiis sakiTxebi imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom evrokavSiric ki Tavs

ikavebs wevri qveynebisTvis raime miTiTebisa Tu mowesrigebis dawesebisagan,

ufro metic, evrokavSiris sadamfuZneblo xelSekrulebiT saxelmwifoebs

sruli diskrecia aqvT, Tavad gansazRvron religiis Tavisuflebis uzrun-

velyofis meqanizmebi.522 amis mizezi naTelia, _ religia saxelmwifos kul-

turis, identobisa da istoriis ganuyofeli nawilia da masTan dakavSirebuli

sakiTxebi TiToeulma saxelmwifom am elementebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda

moawesrigon.

eklesiasa da saxelmwifos TanamSromloba SeiZleba samarTlebrivad sami

mimarTulebiT ganviTardes: a) konkordatebi, b) SeTanxmebebi da g) kanon-

mdebloba.523 TanamSromlobis samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi SeiZleba daiyos sa-

kanonmdeblo da saxelSekrulebo modelebad. sakanonmdeblo modeli gulisx-

mobs TanamSromlobis normatiul mowesrigebas eqskluziurad saxelmwifos

519 Peyrouse S., The Relationship between Church and State in the Post-Soviet World: The Case of Christianity

in Central Asia, “Journal of Church and State”, #49, 2007, 101. 520 cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 50. 521 ix., Robbers G., Church and State Relations in the Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of

Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013, 62. 522 erqvania T., saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierTmimarTebis samarTlebrivi konteqsti _ qarTuli modeli, mokle SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi mimoxilva evropuli kavSiris magaliTze, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #6, 2013, 28. 523 cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 37.

65

samarTlebrivi formebiT, rac ZiriTadad or doneze xorcieldeba: mo-

metebuli interesisa da gansakuTrebuli statusis SemTxvevaSi TanamSrom-

lobis sakiTxebi mowesrigebulia konstituciiT, xolo konstituciaSi gan-

sazRvruli debulebebis praqtikuli implementaciisaTvis, aseve, ZiriTadi

kanonis mowesrigebis ararsebobisas _ kanonmdeblobiT. saxelSekrulebo

modeli sakanonmdeblos analogiiTaa struqturirebuli da konkordatsa

(maRali saxelmwifoebrivi done) da SeTanxmebebs (konkretul sferoSi sax-

elmwifoebrivi an uwyebrivi done) gulisxmobs.

3.3.2.2.2.1. sakanonmdeblo modeli

3.3.2.2.2.1.1. sakonstitucio done

saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba religiis Tavisuflebis principebs sa-

konstitucio doneze adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis WrilSi gansazRvravs.

Tumca mxolod maT garkveul nawils aqvs konstituciaSi konkretuli

religiis an eklesiis Taobaze Sesabamisi debulebebi. es ZiriTadad is

qveynebia, romlebic saxelmwifo eklesiis an TanamSromlobis sistemebs

miekuTvnebian, vinaidan swored es modelebi gulisxmobs eklesiis imgvar sa-

marTlebriv statuss, romelic umaRles saxelmwifo doneze unda iyos gan-

sazRvruli.

saxelmwifo eklesiis modelis qveynebis konstituciebi saxelmwifo

eklesiisa da religiis Taobaze normas konstituciis Sesaval nawilSi, zogad

debulebebSi iTvaliswineben. msgavs praqtikas misdevs mag., argentina, dania.524

SesaZlebelia saxelmwifo eklesiis an `tradiciuli~ religiis Sesaxeb

normebi ZiriTadi uflebebis WrilSi iyos ganxiluli religiur Tavisu-

flebasTan erTad, rogorc es bulgareTis konstituciis SemTxvevaSia.525 sa-

berZneTis konstitutia saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobebs calke Tavs

uTmobs526.

TanamSromlobis modelis saxelmwifoTa didi nawili, aseve, sakonstitu-

cio doneze gansazRvravs privilegirebul eklesiasTan dakavSirebiT zogad

debulebas, mag., italia527, espaneTi528, saqarTvelo da sxv. saqarTvelos

moqmedma konstituciam srulad uaryo saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo religiis

arsebobis idea da am sakiTxSi religiis Tavisuflebas mianiWa upiratesoba,529

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis statusi da masTan urTierToba ki calke muxliT

moawesriga530.

524 Constitution of the Argentine Nation, 1853, Art.2, Constitutional Act of the Kingdom of Denmark, 1953,

Sec.4. 525 Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria, 1991, Art.13 526 Constitution of the Hellenic Republic, 1975, Section II. 527 Constitution of the Italian Republic, 1947, Art.7, Art.8. 528 Constitution of the Kingdom of Spain, 1978, sec.16(3) 529 ix., xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, Jurn. àdamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 2001, 10. 530 ix., saqarTvelos konstitucia, me-9 muxlis pirveli da me-2 punqtebi.

66

liberaluri sekularizmis, sruli gamijvnis modelis qveynebi ZiriTadad

mxolod adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis kuTxiT adgenen religiis sakonstitu-

cio standartebs, Tumca gamonaklisebic arsebobs, rac konkretuli sax-

elmwifos socialuri da politikuri faqtorebiTaa ganpirobebuli531.

3.3.2.2.2.1.2. sakanonmdeblo done

saxelmwifosa da eklesiis TanamSromloba, aseve, maTi urTierTobebis

sxvadasxva aspeqti xSirad kanonmdeblobiT ganisazRvreba. msgavsi normati-

uli mowesrigeba sakonstitucio debulebebis an konkordatiT gaT-

valiswinebuli saxelmwifo valdebulebis implementaciis mizniT iqmneba. ka-

nonmdeblobiT ganisazRvreba eklesiis samarTlebrivi statusi, sakorpo-

raciosamarTlebrivi, sagadasaxado, SromissamarTlebrivi, kulturuli

memkvidreobis, ZeglTa dacvis, sagareo warmomadgenlobis uzrunvelyofis

sakiTxebi. xSir SemTxvevaSi Sida struqturis, saeklesio marTlmsajulebis

ganxorcielebis mxriv eklesias sruli Tavisufleba aqvs miniWebuli. misi

miznebi da principebi saeklesio samarTliT ganisazRvreba, xolo praqtikuli

saqmianoba, kanonikurTan erTad, saerosamarTlebriv mowesrigebasTan unda

iyos SesabamisobaSi532.

saxelmwifoTa nawilSi saxelmwifo-eklesiis urTierTobisa da TanamSrom-

lobis sakiTxebi specialuri kanonmdeblobiT wesrigdeba. mag., religiuri

organizaciebis saqmianoba SvedeTSi mowesrigebulia `konfesiebisa~ da `Sve-

deTis eklesiis~ aqtebiT,533 Tumca am ukanasknelis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo

SvedeTis eklesiis Sida mowyobasa da saqmianobasac gansazRvravs. msgavsi

mdgomareoba saxelmwifo eklesiis modelis qveynebisTvis, gansakuTrebiT,

tradiciul evropul saxelmwifoebSi (mag., inglisi, Sotlandia, dania da sxv.),

tipuria. religiasTan dakavSirebiT saxelmwifo politika ukrainaSi `sin-

disis Tavisuflebisa da religiuri gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb~ specialuri ka-

noniTaa gansazRvruli.534 wminda saydris garda, yvela religiuri gaerTiane-

bis samarTlebrivi statusi italiaSi ganisazRvreba 1929 wlis 24 ivnisis

531 mag., kviprosSi ar arsebobs saxelmwifo eklesia da marTalia, mosaxleobis umravlesoba marTlmadidebelia, magram muslimebic seriozul jgufs Seadgenen, amitomac konstitu-ciis donezea gansazRvruli am ori religiuri mimdinareobis warmomadgenelTa uflebebi. ix., emilianidesi a., saxelmwifo da eklesia kviprosSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 271; Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus, 1960, Art. 23(9)(10), Art.87, Art.110. 532 xecuriani j., qarTuli eklesiis konstituciuri safuZvlebi, Jurn. àdamiani da kon-stitucia~, #3, 2002, 13. 533 fridneri l., saxelmwifo da eklesia SvedeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 622. 534 Yalensky V., Religion, Church, and State in the Post-Communist Era: The Case of Ukraine (with Special

References to Orthodoxy and Human Rights), “Brigham Young University Law Review”, #2, 2002, 480.

67

#1159 kanonisa da asociaciebis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad.535 spe-

cialuri kanonebi moqmedebs avstriaSi, safrangeTSi, norvegiaSi, espaneTSi da

a.S.

3.3.2.2.2.2. saxelSekrulebo modeli

saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris urTierTobaTa saxelSekrulebo formiT

gansazRvra miRebuli praqtikaa da msgavsi meqanizmi, sakanonmdeblo

mowesrigebasTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT myarad miiCneva, vinaidan aseT Sem-

TxvevaSi saxelmwifo xelisufleba izRudeba saxelSekrulebo valdebulebiT

da mas calmxrivad ver gaauqmebs.536 swored esaa imis mizezi, rom avstriasa da

wminda saydars Soris dRemde moqmedebs avstriis mier dadebuli konkordati.

marTalia, 1950-ian wlebSi kanclerma mimarTa romis pap pius XII konkordatis

gauqmebis TxovniT, magram papisgan uari miiRo, ris gamoc xelSekruleba

dRemde ZalaSia, Tumca masSi Semdgomi SeTanxmebiT garkveuli cvlilebebi

ganxorcielda537.

germaniaSi saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris urTierTobebi federalur da

federaciis subieqtebis doneze gaformebuli konkordatiTa da SeTanx-

mebebiT wesrigdeba.538 eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris TanamSromloba,

xelSekrulebebis dadeba da dafinanseba ZiriTadad federaciis subieqtebis

donezea mowesrigebuli, federalur miwebs sruli Tavisufleba aqvT, Tavi-

anTi urTierToba ama Tu im religiur organizaciasTan samarTlebrivad

gaaformon, rasac aqtiurad iyeneben kidec praqtikaSi539.

saxelSekrulebo modelSi ori mTavari samarTlebrivi meqanizmi gam-

oirCeva. upirveles yovlisa, es aris wminda saydris mier kargad aprobi-

rebuli konkordati (konstituciuri SeTanxmeba), romelic saukuneebis

ganmavlobaSi gamocdili da gamoyenebadi saSualebaa da sxva qristianulma

eklesiebmac gadaiRes. konkordatis garda, SesaZlebelia saxelmwifosa da

eklesiis TanamSromloba ganisazRvrebodes Cveulebrivi xelSekrulebebiT,

memorandumebiT, SeTanxmebebiT, romlebic ZiriTadad urTierTobaTa

konkretul sferos exeba.

3.3.2.2.2.2.1. konkordati

konkordati, Tavisi arsiT, SeTanxmebaa, romelic religiur sakiTxebTan

dakavSirebiT ideba da igi ZiriTadad wminda saydarTan asocirdeba, romelic

535 ferari s., saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, meore gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 247. 536 ix., xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, Jurn. àdamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 2001, 11. 537 avstriis saxelmwifosa da wminda saydars Soris urTierToba 1933 wlis konkordatiTa da 1996 wlis CaTvliT ramdenime damatebiTi oqmisa da SeTanxmebebis safuZvelzea mowesrigebuli. ix., pozti r., saxelmwifo da eklesia avstriaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da ekle-sia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbi-lisi, 2011, 455. 538 Listl J., Church-State Relations in Germany, “The Jurist”, #56, 1997, 907. 539 robersi g., saxelmwifo da eklesia germaniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 91.

68

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifosTan urTierTobebisTvis msgavs sa-

marTlebriv meqanizms gamoiyenebda. zogadad, konkordati ormxrivi

xelSekrulebaa, romelsac saxelmwifo da wminda saydari deben da romelic

qveyanaSi romis kaTolikuri eklesiis statuss, mis safinanso, religiur, sa-

kuTrebasTan da religiis swavlebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs awesrigebs540.

misi Sinaarsi mravalferovania, maTi saSualebiT SesaZlebelia religiis

Tavisuflebis gansxvavebuli gageba iyos SeTavazebuli, eklesiisa da sax-

elmwifos urTierTobebis romelime gavrcelebuli modelis damkvidrebis ga-

reSec541.

Tavdapirveli konkordatebi sasuliero da saero xelisuflebaTa Soris

mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis uzrunvelyofas emsaxureboda, Tumca SemdgomSi

maT romis papebis saero ZalauflebiT aRWurvac gaiTvaliswines.542 eklesiis

mniSvnelovani Zalauflebis gamo xSirad iZabeboda urTierToba evropaSi.543

damoukidebeli religiuri gaerTianebebis arsebobam mmarTvelebs daanaxa,

rom isini samarTlis upirobo wyaros ar warmoadgendnen.544 eklesiasTan

dapirispirebis mTavari mizezi ara sasuliero sakiTxebi, aramed batonobis

stabilurobisa da simyaris survili iyo, romelic ukve mxolod saero

xelisuflebaze aRar iyo damokidebuli. saero da sasuliero Zalauflebis

gamijvnisa da dabalansebis mcdeloba iyo inglisis mefe henri I da anselm ken-

terberiels Soris dadebuli 1107 wlis konkordati.545 1122 wels daido

vormsis konkordati imperator hainrix V da pap kaliqstus II Soris.546 Tumca

vormsis konkordati maleve daarRvies hofenStaufenis dinastiis imperato-

rebma _ fridrix I barbarosam da fridrix II547.

marTalia, sityva `konkordatiT~ xsenebuli SeTanxmebebi moixsenieboda da

Sua saukuneebSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli movlena iyo, Tumca klasikuri

konkordatis instituti, rogoradac igi Tanamedrove saeklesio samarTalsa

540 Ryngaert C., The Legal Status of the Holy See, “Goettingen Journal of International Law”, #3, 2011, 844. 541 Petkoff P., Legal Perspectives and Religious Rights Under International Law in the Vatican Concordats (1963-

2004), “Law & Justice - Christian Law Review”, Vol.158, 2007, 40. 542 Palomino R., The Role of Concordats Promoting Religious Freedom with Special Reference to Agreements in

the Middle East, in: Ius Ecclesiarum Vehiculum Caritatis, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2004, 893. 543 hainrix IV da grigol VII Soris imdenad rTuli damokidebuleba iyo, rom mas ramdenjerme omic ki mohyva, rac, sabolood saRvTo romis imperiasa da romis paps Soris 1122 wlis vormsis konkordatiT dasrulda. safrangeTis mefe francisk I da romis pap leo X Soris dadebuli boloniis konkordatiT mefem miiRo eparqiebSi Tanamdebobis pirebis pirdapir, kanonikuri wesebis gverdis avliT daniSvnis ufleba _ es yovelive eklesiis mimarT Sua-saukuneobrivi saxelmwifo politikis Sedegi iyo. ix., narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 31; spikeri m., qristianoba da Tavisufali konstituciuri saxelmwifo, z. iaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `sol-idaroba~, #5(32), 2009, 82; Costigan R.F., State Appointment of Bishops, “Journal of Church and State”,

#8(1), 1966, 88-89; McCauliff C.M.A., Dreyfus, Laïcité and the Burqa, Connecticut Journal of International Law,

Vol.28, 2012, 123. 544 Fukuyama F., The Origins of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution, London, 2012,

273. 545 Van Caenegem R.C., An Historical Introduction to Western Constitutional Law, Cambridge, 1995, 70. 546 iqve. 547 iqve.

69

da konstitucionalizmSi aRiqmeba, napoleonis saxels ukavSirdeba.548 bona-

partesa da romis eklesias Soris konkordati 1801 wels daido da man napole-

ons eklesiaze seriozuli politikuri Zalaufleba SesZina549.

arsebobda mosazreba, rom konkordati samarTlebrivad aranair

Rirebulebas ar warmoadgenda, Tumca Tanamedrove samarTalSi aRiarebulia,

rom igi Tanabari statusis mqone mxareebis mier dadebul saerTaSoriso

xelSekrulebaa, vinaidan wminda saydari saerTaSoriso samarTlis

subieqtia.550 ra Tqma unda, igive ar iTqmis im konkordatebze, romlebsac sax-

elmwifoebi sxva qristianul eklesiebTan deben. Tanamedrove konkordatebma

Zalze gaafarToves religiuri Tavisuflebis cnebis farglebi, rac sxva

religiuri gaerTianebebisa da zogadad, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTare-

bisTvis sasargebloa.551 Tumca XX saukuneSi konkordatebis roli sakmaod

orazrovnad aRiqmeba diqtatorul reJimebTan vatikanis urTierTobis

gamo552.

romis papsa da italias Soris daZabuloba da mudmivi konfliqti lateranis

xelSekrulebiT dasrulda, romlis safuZvelzec italiam aRiara wminda

saydari, misi suvereniteti da eklesiis faqtobrivi gavlena samarTlebrivad

gaaforma.553 lateranis xelSekrulebamde arcerTi konkordatis Sinaarsi ase

Sors ar wasula: italiam xelSekrulebiT ara marto wminda saydris su-

vereniteti scno, aramed kaTolicizmi mTel saxelmwifoSi erTaderT sax-

elmwifo religiad gamoacxada.554 1984 wels italiis saxelmwifosa da eklesias

Soris daido vila madamas xelSekruleba, romelmac sruliad gansxvavebuli

mowesrigeba daadgina da lateranis xelSekrulebis principebi Caanacvla.555

548 gegenava d., qanTaria b., canava l., TevzaZe T., maWaraZe z., javaxiSvili p., erqvania T., pa-paSvili T., saqarTvelos sakonstitucio samarTali, Tbilisi, 2013, 45. 549 Géraud A., The Lateran Treaties: A Step in Vatican Policy, “Foreign Affairs”, #7, 1928-1929, 572. 550 Ryngaert C., The Legal Status of the Holy See, “Goettingen Journal of International Law”, #3, 2011, 844. 551 Palomino R., The Role of Concordats Promoting Religious Freedom with Special Reference to Agreements in

the Middle East, in: Ius Ecclesiarum Vehiculum Caritatis, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2004, 894. 552 mag., wminda saydari kritikis qarcecxlSi gaexva hitlerTan dadebuli konkordatis gamo, mas nacizmTan Semrigeblur damokidebulebaSi adanaSaulebdnen. amis pasuxad, vatikans xSirad moaqvs pap pius XII 1939 wlis enciklikuri werili, romelSic wminda saydari mosalodneli safrTxeebis Sesaxeb iuwyeba. da adamianTa rasebis erTianobis ideis winaaRmdeg mimarTul Teoriebs gmobs. amasTan, 1930-31 wlebSi romis eklesiis episkoposebi nacional-socialistur midgomebs Riad upirspirdebodnen. wminda saydars konkordatebi gaformebuli aqvs frankosTan da salazarTanac, rac dRemde, nacistebTan urTierTobis faqtTan erTad, vatikanis mowinaaRmdegeTa erT-erTi mTavari argumentia. ix., Ramet S.P.,

Religion and Politics in Germany since 1945: The Evangelical and Catholic Churches, “Journal of Church and

State”, #42, 2000, 119; Encyclical “Summi Pontificatus” of His Holiness Pope Pius XII to Our Venerable Breth-

ren: The Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops, Bishops, and Other Ordinaries in Peace and Communion with the

Apostolic See on the Unity of Human Society, 20 October, 1939, Para.71; Gurian W., Hitler’s Undeclared War on

the Catholic Church, “Foreign Affairs”, #16, 1937-1938, 260. 553 ferari s., saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 243. xelSekrulebis Taobaze musolinisa da pius XI Soris molaparakebebi 1926 wlis agvistoSi daiwyo da TiTqmis or weliwad-naxevari gastana. O’brien A.C., Benito Mussolini, Catholic Youth, and

the Origins of the Lateran Treaties, “Journal of Church and State”, #23, 1981, 117. 554 Géraud A., The Lateran Treaties: A Step in Vatican Policy, “Foreign Affairs”, #7, 1928-1929, 578. 555 ferari s., saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 246.

70

konkordatis cvlilebebTan erTad, ganqorwinebis SemoRebam da abortebis da-

kanonebam radikalurad Secvala wminda saydris poziciebi da mTlianad

italiuri sazogadoeba.556 Tuki wminda saydarsa da italias Soris laterantis

xelSekrulebis dadeba, italiis gaerTianebis periodidan moyolebuli, ga-

fuWebuli urTierTobebis aRdgenis pirveli mcdeloba iyos, vila madamas

SeTanxmeba ukve Tanamedroveobis gamoZaxils warmoadgenda557.

wminda saydarsa da espaneTs Soris konkordati 1953 wels daido, Tumca im-

denad cudi formiT, rom 1976 wels igi axali SeTanxmebiT Caanacvles, rom-

liTac espaneTSi eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis sruliad axali

sistema Camoyalibda.558 amas mohyva 1978 wlis demokratiuli konstituciis

miReba da Sedegad, eklesia-saxelmwifos TanamSromlobis `naklebad

agresiuli sistema~ damkvidrda, Tumca kaTolicizmi dRemde espanuri

TviTmyofadobis, kulturisa da sazogadoebis ganuyofel nawilad rCeba559.

demokratiuli procesebis Sedegad Tanamedrove espaneTi TanamSromlobs

sxva qristianul eklesiebTanac (da aramarto) Sesabamisi SeTanxmebebis sa-

fuZvelze560.

romis eklesiasTan TanamSromlobis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi germaniaSi dRemde

1933 wlis konkordatiT ganisazRvreba, Tumca federaciis subieqtebs

damatebiT wminda saydarTan da qristianul eklesiebTan sxva

xelSekrulebebic aqvT dadebuli. romis eklesiasa da germanias Soris

konkordatebiTaa mowesrigebuli ara mxolod TanamSromloba, aramed epis-

koposebis daniSvna da mTeli rigi proceduruli sakiTxebi.561 1933 wlis

konkordati, marTalia, nacional-socialistebis mmarTvelobis periodSi

daido, Tumca misi realuri aRsruleba mxolod meore msoflio omis

dasrulebis Semdeg daiwyo, radgan konkordatis dadebis Semdegac ki, SeTanx-

mebis arsebobis miuxedavad, nacistur germaniaSi miRebuli kanonebi pirdapir

ewinaaRmdegeboda wminda saydris oficialur poziciebs, maT Soris, qorwine-

basTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs,562 romlebic pius XI enciklikaSi iyo moce-

muli563. vatikanis mier konkordatebis dadeba Tavdapirvelad tradiciuli

556 iqve, 244. 557 Francis J. G., The Evolving Regulatory Structure of European Church-State Relationships, “Journal of Church

and State”, #4, 1992,785. 558 ibani i.s., saxelmwifo da eklesia espaneTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 167. 559 Morán G.M., The Spanish System of Church and State, “Brigham Young University Law Review”, #2, 1995,

537. 560 iqve, 538. ix., ibani i.s., saxelmwifo da eklesia espaneTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 168-169. 561 Reichskonkordat (germaniis raixTan) da Preußishes Konkordat (prusiis imperiasTan). ix., Listl J.,

Church-State Relations in Germany, “The Jurist”, #56, 1997, 908. 562 Gurian W., Hitler’s Undeclared War on the Catholic Church, “Foreign Affairs”, #16, 1937-1938, 261. 563 gansakuTrebuli winaaRmdegoba warmoSva `sterilizaciis Sesaxeb~ kanonma da germaniis mTavrobis damokidebulebam. wminda saydris pozicia ix., Encyclical “Casti Connubi” of Pope Pius

XI to the Venerable Brethren: The Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops, Bishops, and Other Ordinaries Enjoying

Peace and Communion with the Apostolic See on Christian Marriage, 31 December, 1930.

71

kaTolikuri qveynebiT daiwyo, Tumca Semdeg gagrZelda postkomunisturi,

aseve, araqristianuli saxelmwifoebiT564.

3.3.2.2.2.2.2. SeTanxmebebi

konkordatis garda, saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris TanamSromloba

xSirad Cveulebrivi SeTanxmebebiTa da memorandumebiTac formdeba. SeTanx-

meba ufro moqnili da efeqturi samarTlebrivi meqanizmia, romelic, ZiriTa-

dad, eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris ukve arsebul konkordats efuZneba.565

Tumca es ar aris aucilebeli da sruliad SesaZlebelia SeTanxmebebi konkor-

datis ararsebobis pirobebSic daidos. msgavs samarTlebriv praqtikas Zalian

bevri saxelmwifo mimarTavs.

saxelmwifo xelisufleba Tavisufalia eklesiasTan SeTanxmebis dadebis

sakiTxSi, Tu specialuri kanonmdeblobiT sxva ram araa gansazRvruli. Sesa-

Zlebelia sakonstitucio doneze saxelmwifo valdebulebas iRebdes,

iTanamSromlos eklesiasTan. mag., italiis saxelmwifos sruli diskrecia

aqvs, Tavad gadawyvitos, dadebs Tu ara raime saxis xelSekrulebas romelime

religiur gaerTianebasTan.566 es, erTi mxriv, dadebiTi movlenaa, radgan sax-

elmwifos lavirebis saSualebas aZlevs socialuri mdgomareobidan gamomdi-

nare, airCios, visTan iTanamSromlos, Tumca, meore mxriv, Zalian didia

religiur gaerTianebaTa diskriminaciis safrTxe.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom erT eklesiasTan SeTanxmeba an Tundac, konkor-

dati, ar zRudavs saxelmwifos, dados SeTanxmebebi sxva eklesiebTan Tu

religiur gaerTianebebTan. mag., wlebis ganmavlobaSi espaneTis xelisu-

flebam sxvadasxva religiur gaerTianebasTan sxvadasxva Sinaarsis

xelSekruleba dado, Sesabamisad, Zalze bevri religiuri organizacia

sxvadasxva privilegiiTa da SeRavaTiT sargeblobs567.

3.3.2.3. Sereuli (hibriduli) modeli

saxelmwifoTa nawili Tanxmdeba, rom samarTali religiisgan avtonomiuri

unda iyos da Sesabamisad, sekularuli safuZvlebic unda hqondes.568 miuxeda-

vad, amitsa, Tanamedrove msoflioSi arsebobs e.w. Sereuli sistemebi, rom-

lebic, marTalia, formalurad eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnis princips

564 Petkoff P., Legal Perspectives and Religious Rights Under International Law in the Vatican Concordats (1963-

2004), “Law & Justice - Christian Law Review”, Vol.158, 2007, 39. 565 Palomino R., The Role of Concordats Promoting Religious Freedom with Special Reference to Agreements in

the Middle East, in: Ius Ecclesiarum Vehiculum Caritatis, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2004, 897. 566 ferari s., saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 248. 567 ibani i.s., saxelmwifo da eklesia espaneTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 168-169. 568 Calo Z.R., Pluralism, Secularism and the European Court of Human Rights, “Journal of Law and Religion”,

Vol. 26, Iss. 1, 2010, 279; Modak-Truman M. C., Beyond Theocracy and Secularism (Part I): Toward a New

Paradigm for Law and Religion, “Mississippi College Law Review”, Vol. 27, 2007, 201.

72

adgenen, Tumca faqtobrivi mdgomareoba sruliad gansxvavebulia.569 amis gam-

omwvevi mTavari mizezi isaa, rom sazogadoebebSi, sadac individualuri seku-

larizmis dabali donea, religiuri avtoritetebi gansazRvraven individebis

moqmedebebis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs.570 swored amitom religiisa da sax-

elmwifos de facto urTierTobebi SesaZloa srulebiT ar Seesabamebodes

religia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebis de jure mowesrigebas.571 mag., irlandia

sruli urTierTgamijvnis models warmoadgens da kaTolicizmis Taobaze

debulebebi konstituciidan 1973 wels amoiRes,572 Tumca romis kaTolikuri

eklesiis faqtobrivi gavlena xelisuflebaze gacilebiT didia, vidre, mag,,

saberZneTSi, sadac saxelmwifo eklesia arsebobs.573 Sveduri paradoqsis~ sax-

eliTaa cnobili SemTxveva, rodesac mosaxleobis didi nawili morwmune araa,

Tumca dominanti eklesiis wevria574 da maT cxovrebaSi es ukanaskneli mniSvne-

lovnadaa integrirebuli.575 miuxedavad msgavsi mdgomareobisa, SvedeTi erT-

erTi yvelaze sekularuli saxelmwifoa da eklesia mis politikaze faqtobriv

zegavlenas ver axdens. saxelmwifo politikiT, religiis adgili piradi

cxovrebis sferoSi ganisazRvreba576.

Sereul models miekuTvnebian iseTi qveynebi, romlebsac, rogorc wesi,

SeTanxmebebis donezec ki ara aqvT TanamSromloba eklesiasTan Tu religiur

organizaciebTan. Sereuli sistemis warmomadgenelia ruseTi, sadac marTlma-

didebel eklesiasa da xelisuflebas Soris Zalian `Txeli gammijnavi

kedelia~, maTi qmedebebi xSirad erTmaneTs Tanxvdeba.577 Tanamedrove rusuli

eklesia faqtobrivi upiratesi eklesiis statusiTaa da dResdReobiT gac-

ilebiT metad eqvemdebareba saxelmwifosa da xelisuflebas, vidre adrindel

epoqaSi, igi `putinis reJimisa~ da antidasavluri ganwyobis seriozul

mxardaWerad aRiqmeba.578 marTlmadidebeli qristianebi ganapirobeben

ruseTis politikas kulturuli, religiuri, samoqalaqo da sxva mimar-

TulebebiT, Sesabamisad, marTlmadidebeli eklesia ar SeiZleba erT-erT

rigiT religiur organizaciad iqnes miCneuli579.

569 ix., Cranmer F., Olivia J.G., Church-State Relationships - An Overview, “Law and Justice”, #162, 2009, 14. 570 ix., Chaves M., Secularization as Declining Religious Authority, “Social Forces”, Vol.72, No.3, 1994, 760. 571 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 88. 572 ix., Constitution of the Republic of Ireland, 1937, Fifth Amendment of the Constitution Act of the Republic

of Ireland, 1972. 573 ix., robersi g., saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, meore gamocemis Targ-mani, Tbilisi, 2011, 665. 574 1996 wlamde SvedeTi yoveli axaldabadebuli moqalaqe SvedeTis eklesiis wevri avto-maturad xdeboda. Jänterä-Jareborg M., The Legal Scope for Religious Identity in Family Matters - The Par-

adoxes of the Swedish Approach, in: The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J.

Mair and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 78. 575 iqve, 77. 576 iqve, 76. 577 ix., Marsh C., Russian Orthodox Christians and Their Orientation toward Church and State, “Journal of Church

and State”, #47, 2005, 558-559. 578 Blitt R.C., One New President, One New Patriarch, and a Generous Disregard for the Constitution: A Recipe

for the Constinuing Decline of Secular Russia, “Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law”, Vol.43, 2010, 1340. 579 Marsh C., Russian Orthodox Christians and Their Orientation toward Church and State, “Journal of Church

and State”, #47, 2005, 560.

73

Sereuli modeli avtomaturad arademokratiuls ar gulisxmobs, Tumca

sinamdvilisa da samarTlebrivi mowesrigebis araTanxvedra, maT Soris mniS-

vnelovani cdomilebiT, namdvilad arcerTi saxelmwifosTvis araa sasur-

veli. Tuki qveyana tradiciuli demokratiis sistemis maxasiaTeblebiT araa

aRWurvili, sxva religiuri organizaciebis mimarT erTi eklesiisaTvis

aSkara de facto upiratesobebis miniWebis gziT faqtobrivad diskriminaciuli

garemo iqmneba.

3.3.3. sekularizmis problemebi

klasikur sekularul saxelmwifoebSi, romelTac eklesia-saxelmwifos

urTierTobebis samarTlebrivi mowesrigebis mravalwliani gamocdileba

aqvT, religiisa da saxelmwifos distancireba arc iseTi martivia, rogorc es

normatiuladaa dadgenili. sekularizaciis paralelurad, Tanamedrove

msoflio e.w. `desekularizaciis~ procesis mowmea, romelic aqtiurad mimdi-

nareobs: religia axal saxelmwifoTa konstituciebSi adgils hpovebs.580 kon-

stituciaTa umravlesobaSi moxseniebulia RmerTi,581 maT nawilSi ki pirdapir

xazgasmulia RmerTis uzenaesobis Taobaze.582 romis kaTolikuri eklesia ki

yvelaze xSirad moxseniebuli eklesiaa msoflio konstituciebSi.583 heberles

ganmartebiT, konstitucia xalxis `kulturuli avtoportretia, misi kultu-

ruli memkvidreobis sarke da misi imedebis safuZveli~584. konstituciis

msgavsi statusi imas mowmobs, rom mosaxleobis ganwyoba maqsimalurad unda

aisaxos ZiriTad kanonSi, Sesabamisad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom religiis am doziT

warmodgena konstituciaSi sekularizmis aSkara winaaRmdegobasa da faqto-

briv-fiqtiuris dapirispirebas usvams xazs.

XXI saukuneSi, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, sekularizmi krizisSia, vinaidan

sekularizmis idealuri arseboba àreligiuri~ sazogadoebis praqtikul

SeuZleblobasTanaa dakavSirebuli.585 amas isic emateba, rom man gan-

manaTleblobiseulma gonisa da rwmenis koncefciam radikaluri postmod-

ernistuli Seteva miiRo.586 Tanamedrove msoflios mniSvnelovani gardaq-

mnebis Sedegad e.w. `postsekularuli~ garemo Camoyalibda. `postseku-

larulad~ habermasi iseT sekularul sazogadoebebs moixseniebs, sadac

religiis xelaxali aRorZinebis niSnebia.587 msgavsi tipis saxelmwifoebSi

580 Robbers G., Church and State Relations in the Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of

Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013, 57. 581 Ibán I.C., God in Constitutions and Godless Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of Reli-

gion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013, 37. 582 iqve, 38. 583 ix., iqve, 41. 584 Robbers G., Church and State Relations in the Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of

Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013, 59,

ix. citireba: M. Kotzur and L. Michael (eds.), Peter Häberle, Vefassungsvergleichung in Europa- und

weltbürgerlicher Absicht: Späte Schriften (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2009), Vorwort at vii. 585 Rosenfeld M., Introduction: Can Constitutionalism, Secularism and Religion Be Reconciled in an Era of Glob-

alization and Religious Revival?, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol. 30, 2009, 2351. 586 iqve, 2335. 587 Habermas J., Notes on a Post-Secular Society, “New Perspectives Quarterly”, Vol.25, No.4, 2008

74

gadian evropis ganviTarebuli sazogadoebebi, kanada, avstralia, axali

zelandia da a.S.588

axali zelandiis umaRlesma sasamarTlom jer kidev XX saukunis dasawyisSi

mkafiod ganmarta, rom qveyanaSi saxelmwifo eklesia ar arsebobs.589 msgavsi

praqtika damkvidrda mTeli saukunis ganmavlobaSi. sasamarTlos azriT, in-

glisisa da Sotlandiisgan gansxvavebiT, romelTac axali zelandia poli-

tikuri warsuliT hgavs, axal zelandiaSi erovnuli, saxelmwifo statusiT

arcerTi religiuri gaerTianeba ar sargeblobs.590 saxelmwifos sekularuli

statusis miuxedavad, rogorc wesi, saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis dakavebis win

sazeimo fics Zvel an axal aRTqmaze deben, ufro metic, 1854 wlidan (ofi-

cialurad damtkicda 1962 wlis dadgenilebiT) warmomadgenelTa palatis se-

sia `yovlisSemZle uflis~ mimarT palatis spikeris warmoTqmuli locviT

iwyeba.591 misi saxelmwifos meTauri _ elisabed II ki oficialurad iwodeba,

rogorc `RmerTis wyalobiT axali zelandiisa da sxva samefoTa da terito-

riebis dedofali, xelmZRvaneli Tanamegobrobisa da rwmenis damcveli~592.

aSS, miuxedavad imisa, rom mtkice sakonstitucio respublikaa eklesiisa da

saxelmwifos mkacri gamijvniT, misi mosaxleobis religiurobis gamo, xSirad

hibriduli sekularizmis niSan-Tvisebebis matarebelicaa.593 religia istori-

ulad da axlac ki Zalian did rols TamaSobs amerikis politikur

cxovrebaSi.594 konstituciis pirvel Sesworebas xSirad religiisgan sruli

distancirebis ideiT ganmartaven, rac mcdari mimarTulebaa, radgan kon-

stituciis arcerTi debuleba adgens, rom `religiis Tavisufleba unda iyos

religiisgan Tavisufleba~595. bergeris SefasebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom ekle-

sia-saxelmwifos gamijvnis politika aSS-Si saxelmwifos Seqmnis dRidan

moqmedebs, Tanamedrove angloamerikul samyaroSi religiis gavlena

garkveul sferoebze araTu Semcirda, aramed piriqiT _ mniSvnelovnad

gaizarda kidec.596 aSS-is sami udidesi _ monobis, `mSrali kanonisa~ da

samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobebi religiuri perspeqtiviTa da organiza-

ciaTa aqtiuri religiuri SexedulebebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.597 bevri

588 iqve; Dillon M., Can Post-Secular Society Tolerate Religious Differences?, Sociology of Religion, Vol.71,

No.2, 2010, 142. 589 Carrigan v. Renwood, 1910, 30 N.Z.L.R. 244, 252. 590 Mabon v. Conference of the Methodist Church of New Zealand, 1998, 3 N.Z.L.R. 513,523. 591 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Gov-

ernance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 106. 592 “...by the Grace of God Queen of New Zealand and Her other Realms and Territories, Head of Commonwealth,

Defneder of the Faith.” Art. 2 of the Royal Titles Act of New Zealand, 1974. 593 ix., Dillon M., Can Post-Secular Society Tolerate Religious Differences?, “Sociology of Religion”, Vol.71,

No.2, 2010, 142. 594 ix., Conkle D.O., Different Religions, Different Politics: Evaluating the Role of Competing Religious Tradi-

tions in American Politics and Law, “Journal of Law and Religion”, Vol.10, No.1, 1994, 26. 595 Horn C. III, Secularism and Pluralism in Public Education, “Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy”, Vol.1,

No.1, 1984, 177. 596 cxadaia g., religiisa da politikis urTierTobis axali formebi, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(34), 2010, 77. 597 Greenawalt K., Religion and the Constitution, Vol.2: Establishment and Fairness, Princeton, 2008, 123.

75

amerikeli eyrdnoba biblias da iTvaliswinebs religiuri avtoritetebis

Sexedulebebs moraluri sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas598.

religiisadmi saxelisuflebo favoritizmi amerikuli saxelmwifos Se-

qmnis periodSi sakmaod aqtualuri iyo, rac ramdenime StatSi dResdReobiTac

SemorCa.599 miuxedavad imisa, rom qveyana liberaluri sekularizmis samSob-

lod miiCneva, Statebis mixedviT konkretuli religiuri mimdinareobebi

gamorCeuli sazogadoebrivi statusiT sargebloben, rasac Statis

mmarTvelTa mxridan aSkara, daufaravi proteqcionizmic Tan sdevs. 1954 wels

kongresma erTgulebis fics (Pledge of Allegiance) daumata sityvebi `RmerTis

winaSe~, romelic warmomadgenlobiTi sabWos moxsenebis Tanaxmad, sax-

elmwifoebriv saqmeebSi RmerTis Semweobas usvams xazs.600 1956 wels aSS-is

oficialuri devizi gaxda `RmerTis gvwams~ (In God We Trust, romelic 1865 wli-

dan monetebze gamoisaxeboda), rac maleve iqca ganxilvis sagnad, Tumca

saolqo federalurma sasamarTloebma ar daadgines konstituciis pirveli

muxliT uzrunvelyofili religiis Tavisuflebis Selaxva601 da aRiniSna, rom

devizis sityvebi ufro ceremoniuli da patriotuli xasiaTisaa, Sesabamisad,

konstituciuria.602 simboluria 11 seqtembris teraqtis adgilze aRmarTuli

jvari (Ground Zero Memorial) da sasamarTlo SenobaTa kedlebze gamosaxuli aTi

mcneba.603 es yovelive sekularuli aSS-Tvis ubralo simbolika araa, miT

umetes, mxolod saero datvirTvas ar atarebs.

marTalia, nebismieri prezidenti an prezidentobis kandidati maqsimalu-

rad gaurbis eklesia-saxelmwifos gamijvnis principze aqtiur saubars da mas

oficialurad aRiarebs, Tumca gavleniani eklesiebi yovelTvis cdiloben fa-

voriti kandidatis mxardaWeras.604 paradoqsia, magram faqtia, rom aSS-is

umaRlesi sasamarTlo, romelic sekularizmis standarts adgens da am mimar-

TulebiT Tavad qmnis precedentul samarTals, marSalis droidan dRemde yo-

veldRiur sxdomebs iwyebs sityvebiT: `RmerTo, daifare SeerTebuli Statebi

da pativsacemi sasamarTlo~605.

598 iqve, 153. 599 Hoff T., Religion’s Accommodation to American Law and Culture, in: Legal Responses to Religious Practices

in the United States (Accommodation and Its Limits), Edited by A. Sarat, New York, 2012, 62. 600 Horn C. III, Secularism and Pluralism in Public Education, “Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy”, Vol.1,

No.1, 1984, 180. 601 Hoff T., Religion’s Accomodation to American Law and Culture, in: Legal Responses to Religious Practices

in the United States (Accommodation and Its Limits), Edited by A. Sarat, New York, 2012, 65. 602 ix., Aranow v. United States, 432 F.2d 242,243 (9th Cir. 1970); O’Hair v. Blumenthal, 588 F.2d 1144 (5th Cir.

1979). 603 Smith S.D., Freedom of Religion or Freedom of the Church? in: Legal Responses to Religious Practices in the

United States (Accomodation and Its Limits), Edited by A. Sarat, New York, 2012. 259. 604 mag., romis kaTolikuri eklesia da kenedis SemTxveva. Baker R.A., The Presidency and the Roman

Catholic Church, Journal of Church and State, Vol.2, No.2, 1960, 114. religiuri uflebebis aqtualiza-ciam da am mxriv, konservatiuli politikis gatarebam mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobes rei-ganisa da buSis prezidentebad arCeva. ix., narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 271. 605 Horn C. III, Secularism and Pluralism in Public Education, “Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy”, Vol.1,

No.1, 1984, 180.

76

miuxedavad imisa, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi religiisa da erovnulobis

erTmaneTisgan gamijvna moxda, dRemde sakmaodaa marginalizebuli sazoga-

doebebi, sadac oficialurad an faqtobrivad, konkretuli dominanti

religia gadajaWvulia erovnul cnobierebasTan.606 miuxedavad imisa, rom sax-

elmwifoebi sekularizmis princips aRiareben, saxelmwifosa da religias

maqsimalurad mijnaven erTmaneTisgan, xSirad gauazreblad, sakonstitucio

Tu zogadsamarTlebrivi Cveulebebis saxiT religia saxelmwifos

gamgeblobas mikuTvnebul sferoSi mainc iWreba. religiisgan sruli abstra-

hireba da misi sajaro sivrcidan gandevna araTu liberaluri sekularizmis,

aramed franguli Laïcité-s pirobebSic ki utopiur amocanad rCeba. qrislovis

ganmartebiT, èklesiisa da saxelmwifos `gamijvna~ xelovnuri koncefciaa,

romelic advilad ganxorcielebadi an logikurad miRwevadi araa~607. sazoga-

doebis religiuri motivacia, ganwyoba da damokidebuleba, gansakuTrebiT

maSin, Tuki mosaxleobaSi dominanti religia moculobiTadaa warmodgenili,

yovelTvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani, xSir SemTxvevaSi ki erTaderTi faqtori

iqneba mTeli rigi saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas.

idealur mdgomareobaSi, `sajaro sfero arc religiuri unda iyos da arc an-

tireligiuri, aramed _ areligiuri~608. Tumca vinaidan areligiuri sazoga-

doeba utopia Tu ara uiSviaTesi gamonaklisia, nebismier xelisuflebas

mouwevs, angariSi gauwios dominanti religiuri umravlesobis azrs, rac

eklesia-saxelmwifos gamijvnis samarTlebriv meqanizmSi seriozuli disonan-

sis gamomwvevia.

606 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Barbara,

2009, 69. 607 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 92, ix. citireba: Ben-

son, ‘Notes Towards a (Re)Definition of the ‘Secular’ (2000) 33 UBCL Rev. 519. 608 Rosenfeld M., Introduction: Can Constitutionalism, Secularism and Religion Be Reconciled in an Era of Glob-

alization and Religious Revival?, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol. 30, 2009, 2334.

77

III. eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierToba saqarTveloSi

1. eklesia-saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis ganviTareba

saqarTveloSi

1.1. I-V saukuneebi

aRmosavleT evropaSi marTlmadidebloba kulturis Camoyalibebis

TiTqmis erTaderTi faqtori iyo.609 amitomac gasakviri arcaa, rom man

mravalsaukunovani qarTuli kulturisa da erovnuli identobis Camoyal-

ibebaSi umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula.610 bolo ori aTasi wlis manZilze

arcerT sazogadoebriv instituts saqarTveloze imxela gavlena ar

mouxdenia, rogorc eklesias, miT ufro, rom saqarTvelos samociqulo ekle-

sia instituciurad sakmaod Zlieri da organizebuli iyo. istoriuli wy-

aroebiT dasabuTebulia iberiasa da egrisSi, gansakuTrebiT ki am

ukanasknelSi, qristianobis mociqulTa droidan gavrcelebis faqti.611

biWvinTis episkoposi nikeis I msoflio krebaSic ki monawileobda.612

saqarTvelo msoflioSi qronologiurad meore saxelmwifoa, romelmac

qristianoba saxelmwifo religiad gamoacxada.613 Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebel eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierToba jer kidev ibe-

riis, qarTlis samefos droidan arsebobs614.

zogadad, miRebulia, rom qarTlis samefoSi qristianoba saxelmwifo

religiad IV saukunis 30-ian wlebSi gamocxadda, Tumca TariRis garSemo er-

Tiani azri ar arsebobs.615 qarTlis gaqristianebis zeda TariRad 337 welia

miCneuli.616 qarTuli eklesia ki, eyrdnoba ra misTvis misaReb `moqcevaჲ

qarTlisaჲs~ cnobebs, qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis

TariRad 326 wels aRiqvams.617 rogorc janaSia aRniSnavs, qristianobis sax-

elmwifo religiad gamocxadeba qarTlSi ara mxolod saSinao politikur-so-

cialuri faqtorebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, aramed sagareo, geopolitikuri

kuTxiTac mniSvnelovani movlena iyo, gansakuTrebiT iran-bizantiis

dapirispirebis fonze.618 qarTlis mier qristianobis aRiareba, faqtobrivad,

bizantiis mxaris arCevasa da iranis sawinaaRmdego moqmedebas niSnavda.619

609 Clendenin D.B., Eastern Orthodox Christianity, A Western Perspective, 2nd Ed., Grand Rapids, 2003, 20. 610 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 6. 611 ix., iqve, 108-127. 612 iqve, 188. 613 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Gov-

ernance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 74. 614 iqve. 615 lomouri n., narkvevebi qarTlis (iberiis) samefos istoriidan, Tbilisi, 1975, 45. 616 iqve, 80. 617 lomouri n., qristianobis gavrceleba da damkvidreba saqarTveloSi, me-2 gamocema, Tbi-lisi, 2009, 17. 618 istoriul wyaroTa umravlesobis Tanaxmad, es movlena imperator konstantines zeobisas moxda, es ukanaskneli ki 337 wels gardaicvala. ix., lomouri n., narkvevebi qarTlis (iberiis) samefos istoriidan, Tbilisi, 1975, 84. 619 iqve, 87.

78

qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad aRiarebiT eklesia saxelmwifos organi-

zaciuli meqanizmis umniSvnelovanes institutad gadaiqca. eklesiasa da sax-

elmwifos Soris sruli urTierTgageba _ simfonia620, sufevda, rasac, zoga-

dad aRmosavleTis qristianTa dogmatikac amyarebda. sxvaTa msgavsad,

qarTlis eklesiac qristian xelmwifes, rogorc saxelmwifos meTaurs, gan-

sakuTrebuli uflebebiT aRWuravda: mas, rogorc orgzis mironcxebuls, sa-

kurTxevelSi Sesvlis uflebac ki hqonda.621 mefis gansakuTrebuli statusis

maniSnebelia is garemoebac, rom igi aqtiurad ereoda eklesiis Sida saqmeebSi.

jer kidev mirianis mefobidan episkoposebi irCevdnen eklesiis meTaurs,

Tumca misi legitimaciisTvis mefis mier damtkiceba, `dasma~ iyo

aucilebeli622.

1.2. avtokefalia da gorgaslis saeklesio reforma

qarTuli eklesiisa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobebisTvis gardamtexi

etapi V saukuneSi, vaxtang gorgaslis mefobis periodSi dadga. pirvelad

qarTlis istoriaSi eklesia da samefo xelisufleba erTmaneTs seriozulad

daupirispirdnen.623 dapirispireba am ukanasknelis gamarjvebiT, qarTuli

eklesiis avtokefaliis mopovebiTa da umaRles sasuliero ierarqTa

cvlilebiT dasrulda. ra Tqma unda, dapirispirebis mizezebi gacilebiT Rrma

da pragmatulia. gorgaslis mier samociqulo eklesiis mcxeTaSi Seqmna da misi

antioqiis iurisdiqciidan gamoyofa, ramac sabolood mcxeTis saydars

avtokefalia moutana,624 upirveles yovlisa, politikuri nabiji iyo,

naklebad ganpirobebuli religiur-dogmaturi mizezebiT.

saeklesio reformis Sedegad qarTlis sarwmunoebrivi cxovreba, savarau-

dod, radikalurad Secvala. 480-490-ian wlebSi vaxtang gorgasalma impera-

tor zenonsa da konstantinopolis patriarq akakis mimarTa, raTa mcxeTi-

saTvis kaTalikosi moevlinaT.625 gorgaslis iniciativiT, mcxeTis eklesiis

620 Ferrari S., Proselytism and Human Rights, in: Christianity and Human Rights, An Introduction, Edited by J.

Witte Jr. and F.S. Alexander, New York, 2010, 257. 621 papuaSvili n., wm. episkoposi gabrieli sarwmunoebisa da moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb, anu: ityoda Tu ara igi uars ekumenizmze?, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #3(36), 2010, 30. 622 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.1, uZ-velesi droidan VI saukunemde, Tbilisi, 2012, 255. 623 vaxtang gorgaslis sparseTSi yofnisas Wori gavrcelda, TiTqos man sarwmunoeba Seicvala, ramac mTavarepiskopos miqaelis mxridan mefis sawinaaRmdego qmedebebi gam-oiwvia. mTavarepiskoposma SeaCvena mefe, xolo roca es ukanaskneli mosananieblad da gare-moebaTa gasamartad mivida, daCoqil monarqs mTavarepiskoposma saxeSi wixli uTavaza da mefes kbilebi Caumtvria. vaxtang gorgasalma miqaelis saqcieli mis winaaRmdeg gamoiyena da eklesiis reformirebis miseuli gegmis gansaxorcieleblad gza gaexsna. man mowinaaRmdege mRvdelmTavari konstantinopols gagzavna gasasamarTleblad, amiT rogorc gaaTavisufla eklesiis meTauris adgili, ise misi momxre pirebi akurTxebina kon-stantinopolis patriarqs kaTalikosad da episkoposebad. ix., javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.I, Tbilisi, 2012, 291, 307, 312, 315. 624 Grdzelidze T., The Georgian Tradition, in: The Orthodox Christian World, Edited by A. Casiday, Routledge,

2012, 60. 625 iqve, 61.

79

episkoposTa ricxvi gaizarda.626 mefem 14 axali, misdami loialurad ganwyo-

bili mRvdelmTavari627, maT Soris, kaTalikosi da qarTuli eklesiis avtoke-

falia miiRo.628 aRsaniSnavia isic, rom gorgaslis reformam eklesiis mimarT

saxelmwifos poziciebis gaZliereba da yvela mniSvnelovan sakiTxSi samefo

xelisuflebis primati ganapiroba.629

dagegmili da mizanmimarTuli kampaniis Sedegad, qarTlis eklesiam

TviTmwyemsobis pativi moipova, saxelmwifo kidev ufro dauaxlovda bizan-

tias, eklesiaSi ki gadawyvetilebis mimReb mRvdelmTavrebad samefo xelisu-

flebis mier mowonebuli da misi interesebis gamtarebeli pirebi dainiSnen,

amasTan, es yvelaferi mefem ara uSualod Tavad, aramed konstantinopolis pa-

triarqis saSualebiT ganaxorciela.

1.3. VI-XI saukuneebi

1.3.1. VI-X saukuneebi

VI saukuneSi saero cxovrebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi da tendenciebi

saeklesio cxovrebaSic aisaxa, kaTalikosobis pativi ZiriTadad or

dawinaurebul mcxeTelTa gvars hqonda da faqtobrivad, mwyemsmTavrobis

memkvidreobiT gadasvlis mcdelobac iyo, Tumca praqtikaSi es ver ganxor-

cielda.630 qveyanaSi arsebuli daZabuli viTareba qarTlis samefoSi eklesi-

azec aisaxeboda, romelic sparselTa mxridan gamZafrebul devnas ganicdida.

qristianobisa da qarTuli saxelmwifos urTierToba axal fazaSi bagra-

tionTa samefo dinastiis aRzevebis Semdeg gadavida. axla ukve eklesia uSu-

alod samefo xelisuflebis ideologiur safuZvlebs qmnida da bagratovanTa

RvTiuri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb warmodgenas legitimacias aZlevda.631

qristianoba saboloo damkvidrebis Sedegad qarTuli samarTlis safuZvla-

dac iqca632.

rac Seexeba, dasavleT saqarTvelos, egrisi IX saukunemde konstantin-

opolis sapatriarqos daqvemdebarebaSi Sedioda.633 masze didi iyo bizantiis

gavlena, Tumca saqarTvelos gaerTianebis procesis paralelurad, igi bizan-

tiuri gavlenisgan TandaTan Tavisufldeba. saqarTvelos gaerTianebamde

qarTul samefo-samTavroebs faqtobrivad qarTuli eklesia aerTianebda.634

626 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.1, uZvel-esi droidan VI saukunemde, Tbilisi, 2012, 256. 627 miqaeli qalkedonistebis mTavari dasayrdeli da moTave iyo kavkasiaSi, Sesabamisad, misTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva mefisTvisac ki rTuli saqme iyo, amitomac, logikuria, rom vaxtangma mTavarepiskoposis momxre mRvdelmTavrebis mTlianad Secvla moindoma. ix., ja-vaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.I, Tbilisi, 2012, 315. 628 iqve, 312 629 ix., RaRaniZe m., saqarTvelos sekularizaciis gzaze, wignSi: saqarTvelos konstitucia 20 wlis Semdeg, v. nacvliSvilisa da d. zedelaSvilis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2016, 147. 630 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.I, Tbilisi, 2012, 274. 631 metreveli v., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2009, 190-191. 632 iqve, 192. 633 lomouri n., qristianobis gavrceleba da damkvidreba saqarTveloSi, me-2 gamocema, Tbi-lisi, 2009, 34. 634 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.3, XII-XVI saukuneebi, Tbilisi, 2012, 170.

80

amitomac, logikuria, saqarTvelos srulad gaerTianebasa da axali, Zlieri

saxelmwifos Seqmnas qarTuli eklesiis gaerTianeba uZRoda win. antioqiisgan

sruli gamoyofa da saSinao Tu sagareo urTierTobebSi sruli damoukide-

blobis mopoveba melqisedek I dros moxerxda, romelmac `kaTalikosTan~ er-

Tad ukve `patriarqis~ titulic miiRo.635 es qarTuli eklesiisa da saqarTve-

los saxelmwifos diplomatiis gamarjveba iyo, romelic pirdapir

saqarTvelo-bizantiis urTierTobebzec zemoqmedebda. tituli `kaTalikos-

patriarqi~ saqarTvelos gaerTianebis aRmniSvnelic unda iyos: mcxeTis

kaTalikosi afxazeTis mwyemsmTavaric gaxda636.

X-XI saukuneebSi qarTul eklesias gansakuTrebiT maRali avtoriteti

hqonda da saero saqmeebSic aqtiurad ereoda.637 qarTul eklesias hyavda jari,

hqonda droSa, qoneba, mkacri ierarqiuli struqtura.638 saqarTvelos gaer-

Tianebamde kaxeTis samTavros saerTod qorepiskoposebi marTavdnen, isini

laSqris mTavarsardlebadac miiCneodnen.639 mTis Temebis mmarTveli xevis-

berebi da dekanozebic saeklesio pirebi iyvnen.640 eklesiis gaZlierebis par-

alelurad, feodalebma miznad daisaxes mis instituciaSi integracia, radga-

nac eklesiis saSualebiT gacilebiT stabiluri, gavleniani da rac mTavaria,

uzrunvelyofili statusi eqnebodaT. Sedegad, XI saukunis saero cxovreba

eklesiaSi Zalze SeiWra, saxelmwifosac da eklesiasac didi feodalebi ga-

nagebdnen.641 amas axalisebda bagrat IV, romelic aqtiurad ereoda eklesiis

marTva-gamgeobis sakiTxebSi, ufro metic, igi Tavad uwyobda xels simonias da

episkoposTa Tanamdebobebs yidda, ris Sedegadac qarTuli eklesia mTlianad

Tavad-aznaurTa garkveuli kategoriis gavlenis qveS moeqca642.

1.3.2. aToneli berebi da giorgi mTawmindlis saeklesio reforma

saqarTvelos gaerTianebis paralelurad, farTovdeba qarTuli eklesiis

gavlenac. saxelmwifo kargad xvdeboda eklesiis, rogorc saxelmwifos

damxmare institutis, socialur rols, Sesabamisad, maqsimalurad cdilobda,

igi saerTaSoriso asparezzec gamoeyenebina. amis naTeli dadasturebaa aTo-

nis mTaze iverTa samonastro kompleqsis daarseba, romelic saqarTvelos

farglebs gareT, qarTul eklesias daqvemdebarebuli da imavdroulad, bi-

zantiis imperiis gavlenis qveS mdebare teritoriaze arsebuli, mniSvnelo-

vani religiur-kulturuli da politikuri aqtivobebis kera iyo.643 aTonis

635 Grdzelidze T., The Georgian Tradition, in: The Orthodox Christian World, Edited by A. Casiday, Routledge,

2012, 61. 636 lomouri n., qristianobis gavrceleba da damkvidreba saqarTveloSi, meore gamocema, Tbilisi, 2009, 46. 637 doliZe i., Zveli qarTuli samarTali, Tbilisi, 1953, 120. 638 surgulaZe iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevebi, w.I, Tbilisi, 2000, 21. 639 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.3, XII-XVI saukuneebi, Tbilisi, 2012, 169. 640 iqve. 641 javaxiSvili iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, w.II, n.II, tfilisi, 1929, 72. 642 ix., javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.II, Tbilisi, 2012, 184. 643 Gabashvili M., Place and Role of Athonite Monks in the Georgian Politics of Medieval Centuries, in: Georgian

Athonites and Christian Civilization, Edited by D. Muskhelishvili, New York, 2013, 91.

81

monastris daarsebiT daviT kurapalati dasavluri politikis mimarTulebis

gaZlierebas isaxavda miznad, rac, TavisTavad, trapizonze sazRvao inter-

essac gulisxmobda644.

aTonelma mamebma gansakuTrebuli wvlili Seitanes saqarTvelos gaer-

Tianebisa da qarTuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi.645 isini Zalian aq-

tiurad monawileobdnen saqarTvelos, bizantiisa da axlo aRmosavleTis

politikur cxovrebaSi.646 saberZneTSi moyvawe qarTvelTa wyalobiT ara mxo-

lod qarTuli saeklesio cxovreba ganviTarda da saeklesio wesebi daixvewa,

aramed yovelive aman seriozuli daxmareba gauwia qarTuli saxelmwifos

poziciebis gaZlierebas, erovnuli TviTSemecnebisa da TviTmyofadobis

winsvlas.647

qarTuli eklesiis, maT Soris eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis erT-

erTi pirveli reformac aTonis mTas ukavSirdeba. aTonis mTidan

saqarTveloSi dabrunebulma giorgi mTawmindelma saqarTveloSi aRmoaCina

qristianuli eklesia, romelic sruliad moSorebuli iyo im ideals, rasac

qristianoba qadagebs.648 man saeklesio reforma wamoiwyo da Seecada eklesia

ukeTurebisgan gaewmina, igi Riad mouwodebda sasuliero pirebs eklesiaTa

Semkoba-gamSvenierebaze fuli daezogaT da gaWirvebulTaTvis miecaT, ro-

melTac daxmareba gacilebiT metad sWirdebodaT.649 mTawmindeli Seecada,

qarTuli eklesia gaewminda saero elementebisgan, Seemcirebina samefo

xelisuflebis gavlena saeklesio sakiTxebze da eklesiisTvis, SeZlebis-

dagvarad, ufro demokratiuli mimarTuleba mieca.650 saeklesio reformam da

RonisZiebebma, romlebic man ganaxorciela, eklesiis institucionalizaciaSi

gansakuTrebuli wvlili Seitana, Tumca mis Zalisxmevas gansakuTrebuli

efeqti ar mohyolia.651 amis mizezi imdroindeli socialuri, politikuri da

ekonomikuri yofa iyo, romelSic mniSvnelovani da Zireuli reformebis ga-

tareba faqtobrivad warmoudgenelic ki iyo652.

1.4. saeklesio reforma da aRmaSeneblis epoqa

1.4.1. ruis-urbnisis saeklesio kreba

daviT aRmaSeneblis gegmis gansaxorcieleblad, romlis saboloo mizanic

saqarTvelos gaerTianeba da Zlieri saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba iyo, mefis

mowinaaRmdege pirebisgan eklesiis gawmenda da misi saimedo kadrebiT

644 iqve, 92. 645 ix., badriZe S., saqarTvelos urTierTobebi bizantiasa da dasavleT evropasTan (X-XIII ss.), Tbilisi, 1984, 18. 646 Gabashvili M., Place and Role of Athonite Monks in the Georgian Politics of Medieval Centuries, in: Georgian

Athonites and Christian Civilization, Edited by D. Muskhelishvili, New York, 2013, 92. 647 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.II, Tbilisi, 2012, 180. 648 Surguladze M., Georgian Church from Giorgi Mtatsmindeli (George the Hagiorite) to David the Builder, in:

Georgian Athonites and Christian Civilization, Edited by D. Muskhelishvili, New York, 2013, 86. 649 ix., javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.II, Tbilisi, 2012, 185. 650 ix., iqve, 186-187. 651 Surguladze M., Georgian Church from Giorgi Mtatsmindeli (George the Hagiorite) to David the Builder, in:

Georgian Athonites and Christian Civilization, Edited by D. Muskhelishvili, New York, 2013, 87. 652 iqve.

82

Canacvleba aucileblobas wamoadgenda.653 marTalia, saxelmwifo xelisu-

flebasa da Zlieri mefis Zalauflebas feodalebi ebrZodnen, Tumca eklesi-

asTan mimarTebiT maTi damokidebuleba sruliad loialuri iyo (mag., baR-

vaSebi).654 amitomac eklesia, garkveulwilad, antisaxelmwifoebriv ganwyobas

amJRavnebda da feodalebs uWerda mxars. igi saxelmwifosgan damoukidebeli

subieqti iyo da marTalia, saxelmwifo cdilobda saeklesio saqmeebSi Carevas,

Tumca es yovelTvis mniSvnelovani garTulebebiT sruldeboda.655 sasuliero

sakiTxebi da saeklesio dogmatika yovelTvis kaTalikosisa da saeklesio

krebis eqskluzivs warmoadgenda da masSi Carevas vercerTi xelisufali be-

davda656.

daviT IV saeklesio reformis gatareba ganizraxa. misi ganzraxva XI saukunis

bagrat IV da giorgi mTawmindlis mcdelobis logikuri gagrZeleba iyo.657

mefes formalurad ar SeeZlo eklesiis saqmianobaSi Careva, sasuliero sa-

kiTxebis gadawyveta.658 amitomac XII saukunis dasawyisSi ruis-urbnisis teri-

toriaze saeklesio kreba moiwvia. aRniSnuli faqti eklesiaze mefis gavlenas

mianiSnebs, Tumca aRmaSeneblisTvis ubralod gavlena sakmarisi ar iyo, mas

eklesiis saxelmwifos samsaxurSi Cayeneba da damorCileba surda.659 ruis-

urbnisis krebis mizani ara mxolod sarwmunoebriv-aRmsareblobiTi sa-

kiTxebis, aramed èklesiaTa da samRvdeloTa~ saqmeebis gadawyveta iyo.660

marTalia, saeklesio krebam araerTi sasuliero sakiTxi gadawyvita da

moawesriga, Tumca, imavdroulad, swored krebis saxeliT mefem samefo taxtis

siZlieris mowinaaRmdegeebi gaanadgura,661 eklesias ZirZveli da Zlevamosili

feodalebi CamoaSora.662 javaxiSvilis azriT, saqarTvelos socialuri war-

matebis erT-erTi sakvanZo elementi aRmaSeneblis mier saeklesio reformis

gatareba da eklesiis uRirs pirTagan gawmenda iyo, ramac xeli Seuwyo ara gva-

riT, aramed pirovnulad gamorCeuli adamianebis dawinaurebasa da saeklesio

ierarqiaSi daniSvnas663.

saeklesio krebis mier miRebuli aqti, romelic ruis-urbnisis Zeglisweris

saxeliTaa cnobili, saqarTvelos eklesiis uZvelesi sjuldebaa, romelic

Tavisi epoqis udidesma qarTvelma moazrovneebma Seadgines.664 Zeglisweram

daakanona da daadgina is, risi mcdelobac krebamde naxevari saukuniT adre

653 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.II, Tbilisi, 2012, 191. 654 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.3, XII-XVI saukuneebi, Tbilisi, 2012, 169. 655 stefnaZe j., saqarTvelo XII saukunesa da XIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi, Tbilisi, 1985, 167. 656 iqve. 657 ix., iqve, 52. 658 xizanaSvili (urbneli) n., rCeuli iuridiuli Canawerebi, Tbilisi, 1982, 278. 659 stefnaZe j., saqarTvelo XII saukunesa da XIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi, Tbilisi, 1985, 66; metreveli v., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2009, 24. 660 surgulaZe iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevebi, w.I, Tbilisi, 2000, 117. 661 xizanaSvili (urbneli) n., rCeuli iuridiuli Canawerebi, Tbilisi, 1982, 273. 662 surgulaZe iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevebi, w.I, Tbilisi, 2000, 21. 663 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.II, Tbilisi, 2012, 206-207. 664 xizanaSvili (urbneli) n., rCeuli iuridiuli Canawerebi, Tbilisi, 1982, 271.

83

giorgi mTawmindels hqonda.665 eklesiis reformirebam mefes moqmedebis

Tavisufleba misca da gza gauxsna, analogiuri cvlilebebi sajaro xelisu-

flebis sistemaSic ganexorcielebina666.

eklesia ruis-urbnisis krebas ara eklesiis damorCilebis, aramed eklesia-

saxelmwifos Soris mmarTvelobiTi kavSiris faqtad miiCnevs.667 sinamdvileSi,

es ar yofila Semrigebluri an TanamSromlobiTi aqti, krebis mier miRebuli

gadawyvetilebebiT aRmaSenebelma saxelmwifo da eklesia ara mxolod

daukavSira erTmaneTs, aramed eklesia saxelmwifos dauqvemdebara,668

mRvdelmTavrebad sakuTari momxre pirebis gamwesebiT ki, taxtis

mowinaaRmdege didgvarovnebs eklesiis mxridan arsebuli seriozuli materi-

aluri Tu moraluri mxardaWera mouspo, ramac sabolood xelisuflebis

gaZliereba ganapiroba. daviT IV mcdelobis Sedegad saxelmwifo da Tavad

mefis institutma gansxvavebul masStabebs miaRwia: xalxis TvalSi monarqia da

samefo xelisufleba RviT kurTxeulad miiCneoda669.

1.4.2. mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondidlis saxelo

da eklesiis saxelmwifosTvis daqvemdebareba

daviT aRmaSenebelma seriozuli dartyma miayena eklesiis avtonomias

Wyondidlisa da mwignobarTuxucesis saxeloebis gaerTianebiT. mefis gad-

awyvetilebam saero xelisuflebas sasulieroze sruli hegemonia dau-

mkvidra, miT umetes Wyondideli mRvdelmTavris iurisdiqcia xSirad sxva

eparqiasac moicavda, rac sasuliero ierarqebze mefis srul batonobas ga-

napirobebda.670

mwignobarTuxucesi saxelos reformirebamdec monawileobda saeklesio

saqmeebSi, Tumca mniSvnelovani gavleniT ar sargeblobda.671 igi saxelmwifo

politikis mTavari aRmasrulebeli, sazogadoebrivi keTildReobisa da sax-

elmwifos erTianobis uzrunvelyofaze zedamxedveli iyo.672 ivaraudeba, rom

mwignobarTuxucesebi Wyondidlis saxelosTan SeerTebamdec saeklesio

pirebi iyvnen.673 mwignobarTuxucesisa da Wyondidlis saxeloebis gaerTiane-

665 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.II, Tbilisi, 2012, 208. 666 iqve, 209. 667 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.3, XII-XVI saukuneebi, Tbilisi, 2012, 149. 668 xizanaSvili (urbneli) n., rCeuli iuridiuli Canawerebi, Tbilisi, 1982, 282; am TvalsazrisiT, aRmaSeneblis mier Camoyalibebuli eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebis modeli ufro metad erastianizmisken ixreba, vidre bizantiuri `simfoniisken~. ix., Ra-RaniZe m., saqarTvelos sekularizaciis gzaze, wignSi: saqarTvelos konstitucia 20 wlis Semdeg, v. nacvliSvilisa da d. zedelaSvilis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2016, 149. 669 avaliSvili z., jvarosanTa droidan, Tbilisi, 1989, 27. 670 ix., Surguladze M., Georgian Church from Giorgi Mtatsmindeli (George the Hagiorite) to David the Builder,

in: Georgian Athonites and Christian Civilization, Edited by D. Muskhelishvili, New York, 2013, 88. 671 stefnaZe j., saqarTvelo XII saukunesa da XIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi, Tbilisi, 1985, 66. 672 javaxiSvili iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, w.II, n.II, tfilisi, 1929, 129. 673 anTelava il., saqarTvelos centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTveloba XI-XIII sau-kuneebSi, Tbilisi, 1983, 101.

84

bis Semdeg, mas rogorc saero, ise saeklesio saqmeebze miuwvdeboda xeli, sax-

elmwifosa da eklesiaSi mimdinare procesebze uzarmazari gavlena hqonda da

faqtobrivad, mefis Semdeg pirvel Tanamdebobis pirad miiCneoda.674 reformis

Sedegad mefe ganagebda Sidasaeklesio sakiTxebs, mwignobarTuxuces-Wyon-

didlis saxelos wyalobiT ki eklesiis umaRles ierarqebsa da mmarTvelobas

akontrolebda.675 Wyondideli ukve ara mxolod eklesiis Tanamdebobis piri,

aramed saxelmwifo moRvawe da mefis `vaziri~ iyo676 da mas erTdroulad ram-

denime eparqiac emorCileboda677.

`xelmwifis karis garigebis~ mixedviT, Wyondideli `mama ars mefisa~.678 igi

`qristes sworad~ moixsenieboda.679. miuxedavad vazirTa Soris upirvelesis

maRali statusisa da uflebamosilebebisa, mTeli misi Zalaufleba mefisgan

iyo delegirebuli.680 mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondidels farTo uflebamo-

silebebi hqonda da samxedro, safinanso, administraciul da saeklesio sfer-

oebs moicavda.681 mas, rogorc mefis Semdeg upirveless, ara romelime

konkretuli, aramed yvela dargi erTad ebara.682 mis gareSe arcerTi mniSvne-

lovani sakiTxi ar wydeboda.683 uSualod mwignobarTuxucesis gamgeblobis

qveS iyvnen samefo monastrebi, romlebic kaTalikosis zogad iurisdiqcias ar

emorCilebodnen.684 igi saTaveSi edga saajo kars,685 romelic, javaxiSvilis

azriT, umaRlesi sasamarTlos funqciebs asrulebda686.

axalma saxelom mefis molodini srulad gaamarTla.687 mwignobarTuxuces-

Wyondidlis Tanamdeboba Zlieri saqarTvelos arsebobis periods emTxveva,

roca samefo xelisuflebas eklesiasa da sazogadoebaSi saxelmwifos er-

TianobisTvis Zlieri dasayrdeni sWirdeboda.688 eklesiisa da saxelmwifos

urTierTobebis gadaxedvam da saeklesio reformam mniSvnelovanwilad ga-

napiroba daviT IV politikis warmateba. swored gamarTuli ideologiuri sa-

fuZvlisa da udidesi gavlenis mqone socialuri institutis mentaluri

674 stefnaZe j., saqarTvelo XII saukunesa da XIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi, Tbilisi, 1985, 67. 675 ix., RaRaniZe m., saqarTvelos sekularizaciis gzaze, wignSi: saqarTvelos konstitucia 20 wlis Semdeg, v. nacvliSvilisa da d. zedelaSvilis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2016, 148-149. 676 mesxia S., Zlevaჲ sakvirveli, Tbilisi, 1972, 33. 677 anTelava il., saqarTvelos centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTveloba XI-XIII sau-kuneebSi, Tbilisi, 1983, 113. 678 surgulaZe iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevebi, w.I, Tbilisi, 2000, 59. 679 Tumca mefis aRmatebis xazgasasmelad, am ukanasknels `RvTisswors~ uwodebdnen ix., an-Telava il., saqarTvelos centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTveloba XI-XIII saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 1983, 112-113. 680 iqve, 116. 681 metreveli v., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2009, 200-201. 682 surgulaZe iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevebi, w.I, Tbilisi, 2000, 246. 683 metreveli v., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2009, 24. 684 anTelava il., saqarTvelos centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTveloba XI-XIII sau-kuneebSi, Tbilisi, 1983, 117. 685 stefnaZe j., saqarTvelo XII saukunesa da XIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi, Tbilisi, 1985, 164. 686 javaxiSvili iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, w.II, n.I, tfilisi, 1929, 24. 687 surgulaZe iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevebi, w.I, Tbilisi, 2000, 247. 688 iqve, 57.

85

mxardaWeris gamo saxelmwifos aRmaSenebliseuli gageba da koncefcia mon-

RolTa batonobamde moqmedebda689.

1.5. XII-XVII saukuneebi

1.5.1. XII-XIV saukuneebi

feodalur saqarTveloSi eklesia ara mxolod Zlieri sazogadoebrivi in-

stituti, aramed mniSvnelovani politikuri, finansuri da ideologiuri

meqanizmi iyo.690 mas swiravdnen qonebas, udgendnen sagadasaxado da sxvagvar

saxelmwifo SeRavaTebs.691 eklesias, rogorc safeodalos, sakuTari ymebis

gasamarTlebis uflebac hqonda.692 mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondidlebi mniSvne-

lovan Zalauflebas flobdnen giorgi III da Tamaris mefobis xanaSic.693 am pe-

riodis eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebisa da eklesiis saero aqtiurobis

magaliTad erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtis moxmoba SeiZleba: XII saukunis bo-

los miqael kaTalikoss Tavad ekava mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondidlis

Tanamdeboba694.

eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebSi gamorCeulia monRolTa batonobis

periodi. miuxedavad imisa, rom xalxsa da qveyanas mZime begara hqondaT mon-

RolTa sasargeblod gadasaxdeli, qarTuli eklesia sakmaod karg pirobebSi

agrZelebda arsebobas. monRolTa politikiT, eklesia da nebismieri sxva

religiuri gaerTianeba mniSvnelovani SeRavaTiT sargeblobda, igi

Tavisufldeboda yalanis moxdisganac.695 monRoluri SeRavaTebis parale-

lurad, eklesia saqarTvelos mTavrobisganac SeuvalobiT sargeblobda da

sxva religiur organizaciebTan SedarebiT, upiratesi iyo696.

eklesiis sawinaaRmdegod moqmedeba daiwyo daviT VII mwignobarTuxucesma

basili ujarmel-Wyondidelma, romelmac miwis reforma ganaxorciela.

reforma gaWirvebulTaTvis im miwebis darigebas isaxavda miznad, romlebic

eklesias saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi wina mefeebisgan hqonda naboZebi.697 ujar-

mel-Wyondidlis gadawyvetilebam eklesiis ukmayofileba gamoiwvia da mas

mniSvnelovani winaaRmdegoba gauwia, xolo rodesac Cveulebrivma

winaaRmdegobam ar gaWra, ukanasknel gzas mimarTa da qarTuli eklesiis erT-

erTi umaRlesi ierarqi SeaCvena.698 eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris

689 avaliSvili z., jvarosanTa droidan, Tbilisi, 1989, 27. 690 vaCeiSvili al., narkvevebi qarTuli samarTlis istoriidan, t.II, Tbilisi, 1948, 49. 691 doliZe i., Zveli qarTuli samarTali, Tbilisi, 1953, 60. 692 surgulaZe iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevebi, w.I, Tbilisi, 2000, 21. 693 anTelava il., saqarTvelos centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTveloba XI-XIII sau-kuneebSi, Tbilisi, 1983, 109. 694 stefnaZe j., saqarTvelo XII saukunesa da XIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi, Tbilisi, 1985, 168. miqael kaTalikosis mier damatebiTi saxelos `mitaceba~ mis politikur interesebTan da moRvaweobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. ix., anTelava il., saqarTvelos centraluri da adgi-lobrivi mmarTveloba XI-XIII saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 1983, 111. 695 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.III, Tbilisi, 2012, 99. 696 iqve. 697 iqve, 100. 698 Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saeklesio samarTliT, eklesiis mier dakrulvili saxelmwifos mxridanac unda dasjiliyo, Serisxuliyo, rac mis samoqalaqo uflebaTa damcrobasa da pativis ayras gulisxmobda. ix., iqve, 100-101.

86

dapirispireba iqamde mivida, rom kaTalikos-patriarqma 1263 wels saeklesio

kreba moiwvia, romelmac mefes ultimatumi wauyena: Tuki saeklesio miwebis

CamorTmeva ar SeCerdeboda, yvela eklesia daiketeboda da saeklesio ritu-

alebis aRsruleba SeCerdeboda.699 rodesac ujarmel-Wyondidels samarTle-

brivi gzebiTa da muqariT veraferi daakles, misma mowinaaRmdegeebma daviT VII

ulus sisustiT isargebles da mwignobarTuxucess dedofalTan sqesobrivi

kavSiris daswames, ris gamoc mefem vazirTuxucesi gausamarTleblad sik-

vdiliT dasaja _ `brZana Zelsa damokideba~700.

monRolTa batonobis xanaSi, samcxe-saaTabagos avtonomiis pirobebSi,

mawyvereli episkoposi gansakuTrebul statusis matarebeli iyo da igi

faqtobrivad, saero xelisuflebasac iTavsebda.701 beqa-aRbuRas samarTlis

wignSi CamoTvlilia mis mier gadasawyvet sakiTxTa wre.702 karstis azriT,

samcxe-saaTabagoSi mawyvereli episkoposi ara mxolod sasuliero, aramed

saero Tanamdebobasac flobda da aTabagTan erTad sasamarTlo funqciebs

inawilebda.703

marTalia, monRolTa batonobis periodSi eklesia ekonomikuri da fi-

nansuri kuTxiT gamarTulad funqcionirebda da mniSvnelovan Zalau-

flebasac flobda, Tumca, socialur procesebze gavlenis TvalsazrisiT,

misi avtoriteti sakmaod dakninda, sazogadoebriv procesebsa da sax-

elmwifoze igi ukve aqtiurad veRar zemoqmedebda.704 demetre II TiTqmis ar iT-

valiswinebda eklesiis miTiTebebs, gansakuTrebiT uyuradRebod tovebda

eklesiis gaRizianebas mravalcolianobis gamo705.

giorgi V mmarTvelobis xanaSi, monRolebisgan gaTavisuflebul

saqarTveloSi eklesia absoluturi samefo xelisuflebis gavlenis qveS

moeqca. `xelmwifis karis garigebis~ mixedviT, XIV saukuneSi mefe eklesiis me-

Tauria da igi saeklesio ritualebSic gansakuTrebuli pativiT

sargeblobs.706 qristianoba saero xelisuflebis centralizaciasa da mis

mxardaWeras uzrunvelyofda, rasac saqarTvelos mTianeTSi klasikuri

sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis SenarCunebis momxreTa mxridan mniSvnelo-

vani winaaRmdegoba xvdeboda707.

Sua saukuneebis qarTuli eklesiis mowyoba da saeklesio samarTali ufro

dasavleTis eklesiasa da Corpus Juris Canonici-s hgavda, vidre aRmosavlur,

berZnuls an slavurs.708 saeklesio samarTalma faqtobrivad saero samarTlis

ganviTarebis mimarTulebebi gansazRvra.709 saeklesio samarTlis Zeglebi

699 iqve, 102. 700 iqve, 104. 701 ix., doliZe i., Zveli qarTuli samarTali, Tbilisi, 1953, 116-117. 702 ix., vaCeiSvili al., narkvevebi qarTuli samarTlis istoriidan, t.II, Tbilisi, 1948, 54-55. 703 iqve, 54. 704 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.III, Tbilisi, 2012, 133. 705 amis gamo kaTalikosi nikolozi Tanamdebobidan gadadga da Tavisive xeliT patriarqad mefis jvarismtvirTveli abraami akurTxa im imediT, rom mefesTan daaxloebuli piri iyo da misgan rCevebi demetres yuradeRo. ix., iqve. 706 surgulaZe iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevebi, w.I, Tbilisi, 2000, 54. 707 doliZe i., Zveli qarTuli samarTali, Tbilisi, 1953, 62. 708 iqve, 115. 709 iqve, 114.

87

saqarTveloSi samarTlis wyaro iyo. mag., `didi sjuliskanoni~ saqarTveloSi

uSualod moqmedebda, misi gamoyenebiT samoqalaqo, saojaxo, memkvidreobiTi

da sisxlissamarTlebrivi sakiTxebi wydeboda.710 vinaidan qristianoba sax-

elmwifo religiis statusiT sargeblobda, religiuri wesebi yvelasTvis

savaldebulo iyo, Tumca, imavdroulad, saxelmwifo rjulSemwynareblobis

politikas atarebda, ramac aRmaSeneblis xanaSi im epoqisTvis saocar

masStabebs miaRwia.

1.5.2. erTiani saqarTvelos daSla da qarTuli eklesia

XV saukunis qarTuli eklesia, faqtobrivad, aRmosavleT evropis ukidu-

resi qristianuli bastioni iyo, romelsac seriozuli avtoriteti da gavlena

dasavleT evropaSic hqonda. am periodis konstantinopolis eklesiis ekle-

siarxi qarTlis kaTalikoss sruliad aRmosavleTis patriarqs uwodebs.711

saqarTvelos eklesia ferara-florenciis saeklesio krebazec iyo warmodge-

nili da papis protonotariusis mier diptiqSi me-5 adgilzea dayenebuli712.

1453 wels konstantinopolis dacemam aRmosavleTis qristianobis cen-

tralizacias wertili dausva, _ centris mospobam erovnuli eklesiebis

Camoyalibeba ganapiroba.713 bizantiis imperiis politikuri sivrcidan

gaqrobis Semdeg adgilobrivma samefoebma da imperiebma aqtiurad daiwyes

bibliis mTargmnelobiTi saqmianoba, rac sazogadoebis damoukideblobasa da

qristianobis nacionalizacias, eklesiis erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi saqmis

samsaxurSi Cadgomas iwvevda.714 aRniSnuli etapi qarTul eklesias gacilebiT

adre, TiTqmis 10 saukunis win hqonda gavlili da bizantiuri eklesiis

gavlenisgan srulad Tavisufali iyo, Tumca hqonda sxva, bevrad seriozuli

problema, radgan saqarTvelos erTiani samefo, sadac marTlmadidebeli

eklesia srulad iyo integrirebuli da saxelmwifo aparatis ganuyofel na-

wils warmoadgenda, iSleboda. XV saukuneSi erTiani saqarTvelos samefos

daSlis procesSi samcxis aTabagebi mawyvereli da sxva samcxeli epis-

koposebis gadabirebas cdilobdnen, rasac kaTalikos-patriarq daviTis

swrafma reaqciam SeuSala xeli: saqarTvelos erTianobis mowinaaRmdege da

urCi episkoposebi SeaCvena ise, rom ùjuaro da Seundobelni iyunes safarisa

Tavzeda~.715 qarTuli eklesia saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis SesanarCu-

710 metreveli v., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2009, 22. 711 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.2, VI-XI saukuneebi, Tbilisi, 2012, 314. 712 iqve, 315. 713 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Barbara,

2009, 23. 714 iqve. 715 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.IV, Tbilisi, 2012, 44.

88

neblad ibrZoda da samcxis yvela mRvdelmTavari da sasuliero piri kaTali-

kosisa da saqarTvelos mefis morCilebaze savaldebulo wesiT716 daafica.717

sabolood, aRniSnuli meqanizmi grZelvadiani moqmedebisa ar aRmoCnda,

mzeWabuk aTabagma antioqiis patriarq dosiTeoss saeklesio kanonebis sruli

darRveviT mawyvereli episkoposi mTeli samcxis eklesiebis ufrosad

gamoacxadebina, riTac faqtobrivad, samcxe qarTlis kaTalikosis iu-

risdiqcias CamoaSora.718 mesxeTis eklesiebisaTvis ukanono damoukideblobis

miniWebiT mesxeTis mTavarma saboloo damoukideblobas miaRwia, mefe kon-

stantines mcdelobis miuxedavad, samcxe qarTlis samefos Camoscilda719.

imereTis mefe bagrat VI saero damoukideblobis mopovebis paralelurad,

dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesia erTian saqarTvelos CamoaSora da antioqiis

patriarq mixeils, yovelgvari kanonikis darRveviT afxazTa kaTalikosad

ioane akurTxebina, riTac ramdenime saukuniT daasamara erTiani qarTuli

eklesiis idea, romelic saqarTvelos damoukideblobisa da erTianobis erT-

erTi winapiroba da ideologiuri sayrdeni iyo.720 saqarTvelos daSlas

qarTuli eklesiis dayofac mohyva, rac sruliad bunebrivia, radgan eklesia

yovelTvis cdilobda erTianobis SenarCunebas, amitomac separatistulad

ganwyobili mefe-mTavrebisTvis misi dasusteba upirvelesi amocana iyo. ram-

denime eklesiis warmoqmnis Semdeg ki TiToeulma mTavarma Tavisi samTavros

eklesia daimorCila da saxelmwifo nebas srulad dauqvemdebara.

miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTuli saxelmwifo da eklesia erTiani aRar iyo, es

ukanaskneli kvlavac aqtiurad cdilobda, saxelmwifo funqciebi eTava da sa-

dac xelisufleba problemebs ver wyvetda, Tavad Seesrulebina aqtiuri

roli. sasuliero da saero problemebis gadasawyvetad XVI saukunis Sua

wlebSi saeklesio kreba iqna mowveuli.721 kreba qarTlis kaTalikos malaqiasa

da afxazeTis kaTalikos evdemonis iniciativiT Sedga da man mniSvnelovani sa-

marTlebrivi dokumenti miiRo, romelic `kaTalikozTa samarTlis~ saxeli-

Taa cnobili.722 dokumenti saero da sasuliero cxovrebis problemur da aq-

tualur sakiTxebs awesrigebda. masSi kvlavac SenarCunebulia saxelmwifosa

da eklesiis statusobrivi Tanasworobisa da eklesiis mniSvnelovan rolze

xazgasmis tradicia.723 marTalia, dokumenti saero sakiTxebsac awesrigebda,

Tumca xelisufalTa sisustisa da mobilizebis arqonis gamo man mainc ufro

sasuliero funqcia Seasrula, saero cxovrebaze ki mxolod sazogadoebrivi

zegavleniT Semoifargla.

716 javaxiSvilis SefasebiT, rogorc romis papebi iyenebdnen episkoposebis kandi-datebisTvis Juramentum Oboedientiae-s meqanizms, ise saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqebs gamouyenebiaT morCilebis fici da `TavianTi sjuliskanonze damyarebuli ufleba ficsa da xelSekrulebaze damyarebuli uflebiT gaumyarebiaT~. ix., iqve, 162-163. 717 iqve, 49. 718 iqve, 226. 719 iqve, 227. 720 iqve, 103. 721 surgulaZe iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevebi, w.I, Tbilisi, 2000, 217. 722 ix., iqve, 214-215. 723 mag., `kaTalikozTa samarTali~ episkoposisa da qorepiskoposis saqmianobisTvis xelis SeSlas krZalavs da msgavs qmedebas mefis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebul urCobad da dana-Saulad adgens. ix., iqve, 246.

89

1.5.3. vaxtangis samarTali

istoriulad, saqarTveloSi mefesa da kaTalikoss Soris Tanasworuflebi-

ani damokidebuleba iyo, maTi kompetenciuri sfero ki _ gamijnuli.724

saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqebi aqtiurad monawileobdnen saqarTvelos

saSinao da sagareo politikis warmarTvaSi, xSir SemTxvevaSi isini marTva-

gamgeobis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebsac wyvetdnen.725 kaTalikosi sasuliero

wodebis sxva warmomadgenlebTan erTad mniSvnelovan avtonomias flobda,

faqtobrivad, eklesia warmoadgenda `calke samefos saxelmwifoSi~.726 vax-

tangis samarTliT mefe da kaTalikosi Tanabari samarTlebrivi statusiT

sargeblobdnen.727 samarTlis wigni kaTalikosis iurisdiqcias gankuTvnil sa-

kiTxebs calke gansazRvravda 728.

romis samarTali qristianobis daTmobas danaSaulis kategoriad ganixi-

lavda,729 rac srulebiT araa gasakviri, radganac qristianul romSi eklesia

da religia did rols asrulebda, SeiZleba iTqvas saxelmwifos erT-erT

mTavar dasayrdens warmoadgenda.730 analogiuri midgoma iyo saqarTveloSic,

vaxtangis samarTalic qveynisa da rjulis orgulobas erT kategoriaSi

aqcevs.731 igi eklesiis mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg danaSauls saxelmwifos

winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebul umarTlobas uTanabrebda732.

samwuxarod, unda aRiniSnos, rom iran-osmaleTis gamudmebulma

Semotevebma da maTma kulturulma eqspansiam mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina

qarTul eklesiaze. es ukanaskneli Tavis istoriul wiaRs, evropul kultu-

rasa da qristianobas mowyda, bizantiis dacemam ki ukasanaskneli

damakavSirebeli sivrciTi zRvaric moSala. am da sxva praqtikul mizezTa

gamo XVIII saukuneSi qarTuli eklesiis sasuliero pirTa ganaTlebis done im-

denad dabali iyo, rom es mniSvnelovnad aferxebda vaxtan VI mier wamowyebul

reformebs, _ aman kidev ufro daaCqara TbilisSi stambis gaxsna.733 Tbilisis

724 xizanaSvili (urbneli) n., rCeuli iuridiuli Canawerebi, Tbilisi, 1982, 278. 725 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.4, XVII-XX saukuneebi, Tbilisi, 2012, 138. 726 xizanaSvili (urbneli) n., rCeuli iuridiuli Canawerebi, Tbilisi, 1982, 278. 727 doliZe i., qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, samarTali batoniSvilis vaxtangisa, 222-e muxli, Tbilisi, 1963, 932; `mefe da kaTalikozis saqme... orive swori aris, imitom rom erTi xorcis xelmwife aris da meore sulisa, kurTxeva da pativic RvTisgan da kacTaganac swore aqvsT.~ ix., xizanaSvili (urbneli) n., rCeuli iuridiuli Canawerebi, Tbilisi, 1982, 278, ix. citireba: vaxtangis samarTali, muxli `ke~. 728 saeklesio sasamarTlosa da kaTalikosis (rogorc damoukideblad, ise saxelmwifosTan erTad) gansaxilvel SemTxvevebs exeboda vaxtangis samarTlis 24-e, 61-e, 62-e, 64-e, 65-e, 66-e, 78-e, 79-e, 81-e, 82-e, 95-e, 96-e, 97-e, 155-e da 262-e muxlebi. ix., vaCeiSvili al., narkvevebi qarTuli samarTlis istoriidan, t.II, Tbilisi, 1948, 52. 729 ivaniZe m., religiisa da sisxlis samarTlis urTierTobis zogierTi istoriuli aspeqti, Jurn. `samarTali~, #2-3, 1998, 60, ix. citireba: Codex Teodosianes, Helnel, 8,8,5,819. 730 ix., iqve, 61. 731 doliZe i., qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, samarTali batoniSvilis vaxtangisa, 222-e muxli, Tbilisi, 1963, 539. 732 metreveli v., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2009, 31. 733 xizanaSvili (urbneli) n., rCeuli iuridiuli Canawerebi, Tbilisi, 1982, 291.

90

stambaSi pirvelad swored saeklesio wignebi daibeWda, raTa rac SeiZleba

male gaevrcelebinaT isini sasuliero pirebSi734.

1.5.4. XVIII saukune

XVIII saukuneSi eklesiis reformirebas anton kaTalikosi Seecada.735 24 wlis

asakSi ukve patriarqad xeldasmuli antoni qarTlis bagrationTa memkvidre

iyo, rac Teimuraz II SiSis safuZvels aZlevda, miT ufro qarTlis samefos tax-

tze misi susti uflebebis fonze.736 swored amis gamo mefe maqsimalurad

cdilobda antonis politikuri, saero da sasuliero cxovrebidan Camo-

Sorebas. sabolood, mefis iniciativiT, qarTlis eklesiam `gakaTolikebis~

braldebiT, kaTalikosi gankveTa. saeklesio krebis ganaCenze Teimuraz meo-

rem ereklec daafica, Tumca mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg ereklem antoni

ruseTidan daabruna da sapatriarqo taxtzec aRadgina.737 mamisgan gansxvave-

biT, erekle antons endoboda, igi misi Tanamoazre da megobari iyo,738 romelic

samefos reformirebisa da ganviTarebis saqmeSi didad waadgeboda.

anton I erekle II vaxtangiseuli stamba aRadgenina, romelic am ukanasknelis

emigraciaSi wasvlis Semdeg ar muSaobda, aseve, kaTalikosis mxardaWeriT Tbi-

lisSi filosofiuri seminaria Seiqmna.739 kaTalikosi aqtiurad monawileobda

politikur movlenebSic, igi georgievskis traqtatis dadebis erT-erTi ini-

ciatori iyo740.

1.6. qarTuli eklesia rusuli aneqsiis periodSi

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebis Semdeg, 1802 wlidan daiwyo qarTlis

kaTalikosis, anton II uflebebis Selaxva da ruseTis imperiis warmomadgen-

lebis mier eklesiis sakiTxebSi aqtiuri Careva.741 jer kidev georgievskis

traqtatSi gamJRavnda ruseTis interesebi qarTul eklesiasTan da-

kavSirebiT, roca qarTlis kaTalikosi ruseTis sinodis rigiT wevrs gau-

Tanabrda.742 qarTuli eklesiis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi mTeli caristuli man-

qana CaerTo, radganac eklesia qarTuli identobisa da saxelmwifoebriobis

erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli niSani iyo, rac ruseTis saxelmwifo interesebs

734 iqve, 292. 735 qiqoZe g., erekle meore, Tbilisi, 1958, 91. 736 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.4, XVII-XX saukuneebi, Tbilisi, 2012, 135. 737 iqve, 140. 738 qiqoZe g., erekle meore, Tbilisi, 1958, 95. 739 iqve, 92. 740 iqve, 96. 741 ix., tyeSelaSvili l., saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis istoriis ZiriTadi sa-kiTxebi, quTaisi, 2014, 230-231; 742 abaSiZe z., TadumaZe m., saqarTveloSi ruseTis saeklesio politikis istoriidan (XIX s-is pirveli naxevari), wignSi: religiis istoriis sakiTxebi, t.I, z. abaSiZis redaqtorobiT, Tbi-lisi, 2011, 197.

91

ewinaaRmdegeboda.743 mizanmimarTuli da agresiuli kampaniis Sedegad 1811-

1814 wlebSi mcxeTisa da afxazeTis sapatriarqoebi, qarTuli eklesiis

avtokefalia gauqmda, es ukanaskneli ki ruseTis ùwmidesi sinodis~ rigiT

saegzarqosod iqca744.

XIX saukuneSi ruseTis imperiis mecadineobiT ramdenime aseuli eklesia

daixura da qarTuli istoriuli saepiskoposoebi gaauqmes.745 ruseTma qarTul

eklesias qoneba CamoarTva da sasuliero pirebs saxazino jamagiri dauniSna.746

dampyroblebis mier gatarebuli saeklesio reformis mizani saqarTvelos

eklesiis ekonomikuri damoukideblobis ganadgureba iyo,747 miT umetes, rom

es ukanaskneli imperiisTvis mxolod Semosavlis wyarod ganixileboda.748

eklesiis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedebebis Sedegad, 1818 wels ajanyda

samegrelo da imereTi, ajanyeba TiTqmis 2 welze meti xani sxvadasxva inten-

sivobiT mimdinareobda da igi ruseTis armiam sisxlSi CaaxSo749.

mTeli XIX saukune ruseTi qarTuli eklesiis materialur Tu aramateri-

alur sikeTes anadgurebda da Zarcvavda.750 dampyrobluri da mavnebluri

qmedebebis Sedegad udidesi ziani miadga qarTul kulturasa da eklesias,

rogorc instituts, Seirya da dakninda eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebis

qarTuli gageba, ris gamoc eklesiam avtoriteti da sazogadoebaze gavlena

TiTqmis dakarga. swored XIX saukunis meore naxevridan SeiniSneba qarTul

sazogadoebaSi sekularizmis pirveli niSnebi751, romelmac asaxva demokrati-

uli respublikis periodSi hpova.

1.7. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika

qarTvel avtokefalistTa gamosvlebi TviTmwyemsobis gauqmebis dRidanve

daiwyo, Tumca gansakuTebul intensivobas XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis

743 kekelia T., gavaSeliSvili e., ladaria k., sulxaniSvili i., marTlmadidebeli eklesiis roli qarTuli nacionaluri identobis CamoyalibebaSi (XX saukunis bolo _ XXI saukunis dasawyisi), Tbilisi, 2013, 16. 744 surgulaZe a., surgulaZe p., saqarTvelos istoria, 1783-1990, Tbilisi, 1991, 17. 745 kekelia T., gavaSeliSvili e., ladaria k., sulxaniSvili i., marTlmadidebeli eklesiis roli qarTuli nacionaluri identobis CamoyalibebaSi (XX saukunis bolo _ XXI saukunis dasawyisi), Tbilisi, 2013, 17. 746 surgulaZe a., surgulaZe p., saqarTvelos istoria, 1783-1990, Tbilisi, 1991, 18. 747 abaSiZe z., TadumaZe m., saqarTveloSi ruseTis saeklesio politikis istoriidan (XIX s-is pirveli naxevari), wignSi: religiis istoriis sakiTxebi, t.I, z. abaSiZis redaqtorobiT, Tbi-lisi, 210. 748 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.4, XVII-XX saukuneebi, Tbilisi, 2012, 190. 749 1820 wels gaenaTeli episkoposebis, eqvTimesa da dosiTeozis dapatimrebam mniSvnelo-vani winaaRmdegoba gamoiwvia: imave wlis 21 maiss gelaTis monasters daqvemdebarebuli ajanyebuli sofel futieTSi saimperio jarebma ori aTasi qarTveli daxoces. ix., iqve, 191-192. 750 surgulaZe a., surgulaZe p., saqarTvelos istoria, 1783-1990, Tbilisi, 1991, 184; tyeSe-laSvili l., saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis istoriis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, quTaisi, 2014, 249. 751 ix., RaRaniZe m., saqarTvelos sekularizaciis gzaze, wignSi: saqarTvelos konstitucia 20 wlis Semdeg, v. nacvliSvilisa da d. zedelaSvilis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2016, 154.

92

dasawyisSi miaRwia.752 avtokefalistebis azriT, qarTul eklesias avtoke-

falia ar daukargavs, radgan es de jure ar ganxorcielebula, ubralod mas

avtokefaliis faqtobrivi aRsrulebis SesaZlebloba SeezRuda.753 ruseTis

imperiis daSlis Semdeg es procesi kidev ufro gaaqtiurda, radganac

qarTuli eklesiisTvis TviTmwyemsobis aRdgena saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukideblobisTvis aucilebel RonisZiebad iyo miCneuli.754 Sedegad, 1917

wlis 12(25) marts saqarTvelos marTlmadidebelma eklesiam avtokefalia

aRidgina, rac sasuliero da saero pirebis erToblivi mecadineobiT

moxerxda755.

patriarqma kirionma oficialurad gaacxada eklesia-saxelmwifos ur-

TierTobebis axali mimarTuleba, eklesiam qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis

xelmSewyobisa da daxmarebis funqcia itvirTa.756 sasuliero pirebi

monawileobdnen 1918 wlis 26 maiss gamarTul sxdomaSi,757 aseve, damfuZnebeli

krebis mowvevasa da sxva mniSvnelovan saero RonisZiebebSi.758 damoukide-

blobis gamocxadebidan or dReSi, 28 maiss sakaTalikoso sabWom damoukide-

blobis dRe `sazeimo movlenad~ gamoacxada759 da SemuSavda `damoukidebeli

saqarTvelos saxelmwifos mimarT morwmune moqalaqeTa ficis furceli~, ro-

melic mTeli samRvdeloebisaTvis savaldebulo iyo760.

eklesiis mxridan saxelmwifosadmi mxardaWerasa da loialobas xelisu-

flebis mxridan sruliad sapirispiro ganwyoba xvdeboda. social-demokrati-

uli mTavroba, romlis sekularuli politika mmarTveli politikuri elitis

ideologias, reformirebul marqsizms, eyrdnoboda,761 ara mxolod ar en-

doboda eklesias, aramed yvela formiT cdilobda, Seeviwroebina nebismieri

religia. aman, saboloo jamSi, sazogadoebriv da saxelmwifoebriv

752 ix., tyeSelaSvili l., saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis istoriis ZiriTadi sa-kiTxebi, quTaisi, 2014, 250-302. 753 iqve, 225. 754 pavliaSvili q., saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia 1917-1921 wlebSi, Tbilisi, 2000, 145. 755 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 7. 756 `ganmtkiceba axlad aRdgenili eklesiisa mis istoriul uflebebSi _ ai, pirveli sazru-navi. dRes valad aZevs eklesias emsaxuros imave ideas da medgrad gaaxsenos kacobriobas saxeli qarTveli erisa. man xeli unda Seuwyos Cvens ganmtkiceba gaerTianebas, raTa kaco-briobis ferxulSi Cvenc vpovoT Sesafari da damsaxurebuli adgili. ai, meore sazrunavi Cveni.~ ix., Jurn. `jvari vazisa~, #1, 1987, 10. 757 vardosaniZe s., saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia 1917-1952 wlebSi, Tbilisi, 2001, 30. 758 `saqarTvelos respublikisaTvis didmniSvnelovania es dRe, rogorc dRe damfuZnebeli krebis mowvevis da am gziT Cveni Tavisuflebis gamagrebisa da kanonierebis gzaze dadgo-misa. didi bednierebaa, udidesi monapovaria xalxis keTildReobisTvis.~ ix., cxum-afxaze-Tis mitropolit ambrosis sityva damfuZnebeli krebis mowvevis wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT (1920 28/02), sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqebi 1917-1927 ww.Si, werilebi, Tbi-lisi, 2010, 34. 759 pavliaSvili q., saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia 1917-1921 wlebSi, Tbilisi, 2000, 146. 760 ix., iqve, 147-148. 761 RaRaniZe m., saqarTvelos sekularizaciis gzaze, wignSi: saqarTvelos konstitucia 20 wlis Semdeg, v. nacvliSvilisa da d. zedelaSvilis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2016, 157.

93

cnobierebas seriozuli dartyma miayena da upirveles yovlisa, Tavad sax-

elmwifo daazarala.762 saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba ar-

afrad agdebda eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebis klasikur qarTul

sistemas, misTvis uintereso iyo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis momavali, am

ukanasknelis problemebs ki saerTod ugulebelyofda.763 saxelmwifos

religiuri politikis Sedegad daixura religiuri saswavleblebi, usaxsrod

darCa aTasobiT adamiani764. eklesias CamoerTva qoneba, miwebi da saeklesio sa-

ganZuri765, sasuliero saswavleblebi ganaTlebis saministros gadaeca766, gau-

qmda saRvTo sjulis swavleba767, eklesias CamoerTva samoqalaqo registra-

ciis ufleba768, saeklesio dResaswaulebis xarjze Semcirda uqme dReebi769 da

a.S. saxelmwifo aqtiurad ereoda eklesiis Sida saqmeebSi da arc malavda

Tavis interess, misTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze eklesiis saxeliTac Tavad

mieRo gadawyvetileba.770 saqarTvelos mTavrobam 1920 wlis seqtember-noem-

berSi SeimuSava eklesiis saxelmwifosagan gamoyofis kanonproeqti,771 marTa-

lia, misi miReba ver moeswro, Tumca kanonis ZiriTadi principebi 1921 wlis

konstituciaSi aisaxa772.

saxelmwifosa da eklesiis Sesaxeb Tavi sakonstitucio komisiam jer kidev

1919 wlis 24 Tebervals ganixila.773 komisias saxelmwifosa da eklesiis Sesaxeb

762 ix., iqve, 165. 763 kakabaZe s., qarTveli xalxis istoria, Tbilisi, 1997, 249. 764 pavliaSvili q., saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia 1917-1921 wlebSi, Tbilisi, 2000, 180. 765 RaRaniZe m., saqarTvelos sekularizaciis gzaze, wignSi: saqarTvelos konstitucia 20 wlis Semdeg, v. nacvliSvilisa da d. zedelaSvilis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2016, 158; mi-tropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos saeklesio kanonebis krebuli, Tbilisi, 2010, 593. 766 ix., saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos da saqarTvelos respublikis 1918 wlis 13 seqtembris kanoni `samaswavleblo institutis da seminariebis gaerovnebisa~; mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos saeklesio kanonebis krebuli, Tbilisi, 2010, 593. 767 ix., saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos da saqarTvelos respublikis 1918 wlis 26 noembris kanoni `saRvTo sjulis swavlebis gauqmebisa~, pirveli punqti. 768 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos saeklesio kanonebis krebuli, Tbilisi, 2010, 593. 769 ix., saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis da saqarTvelos respublikis 1919 wlis 17 ivnisis kanoni ùqme dReebis ricxvis Semcirebisa~. 770 `magaliTad, Sinagan saqmeTa komisaris brZanebulebis safuZvelze, afxazeTis marTlma-didebeli eklesiebis mmarTvelad SerCeul iqna xelisuflebisaTvis sasurveli kandida-tura da ara qarTuli eklesiis mier daniSnuli sasuliero piri.~ ix., pavliaSvili q., saqarT-velos marTlmadidebeli eklesia 1917-1921 wlebSi, Tbilisi, 2000, 171. 771 iqve, 171. 772 gegenava d., eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi (1917-1921) da saqarTvelos pirveli konstitucia, wignSi: saqarTvelos demokratiuli res-publika da 1921 wlis konstitucia, d. gegenavasa da p. javaxiSvilis redaqtorobiT, Tbi-lisi, 2013, 179-189. 773 macaberiZe m., saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstituciis SemuSaveba da miReba, qarTuli kons-titucionalizmis saTaveebTan – saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstituciis 90 wlisTavi, ba-Tumi, 2011, 21.

94

ori proeqti warudgines giorgi naneiSvilma da raJden arseniZem, Tumca sabo-

lood mainc naneiSvilis proeqti gavida.774 saqarTvelos pirvelma konstitu-

ciam franguli Laïcité-s modeli airCia da religia-saxelmwifos ur-

TierTobebi calke TaviT moawesriga.775 konstituciam urTierTCaurevlobisa

da damoukideblobis principi daadgina776, yvela religias Tanabari statusi

mieniWa777, aikrZala religiis dafinanseba mmarTvelobis nebismier doneze778.

samwuxarod, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis gauazrebelma seku-

larulma politikam qarTul eklesiasa da sxva religiur organizaciebs gam-

ousworebeli dartyma miayena. sabWoTa aneqsiis Semdeg okupaciur Zalebs

faqtobrivad miwasTan gasworebuli religiuri garemo daxvdaT, romelTanac

ukve ara samarTlebrivi da ekonomikuri, aramed ideologiuri brZola da xor-

cieli ganadgurebaRa iyo saWiro.

1.8. qarTuli eklesia da sabWoTa kavSiri

saxelmwifoSi Zalauflebis mqone jgufis religiuri mrwamsi zogjer mo-

saxleobis umravlesobis religiuri Sexedulebebisgan gansxvavdeba.779 es

yovelive arsad iseTi doziT ar gacxadebula, rogorc sabWoTa kavSirSi, sa-

dac mmarTveli partia da partiuli elita antieklesiis models avi-

Tarebdnen, idevneboda nebismieri religia. sabWoTa kavSiris gavleniT, aR-

mosavleT evropaSi eklesiebma totalitaruli reJimebisgan mZime represiebi

gadaitanes780.

stalinuri konstituciebi eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnis Sesaxeb

formalur debulebebs moicavda, Tumca saxelmwifo politika demokratiuli

sekularizmisgan Sors idga.781 marTlmadidebel eklesiasa da nebismier

religiur gaerTianebas sabWoTa kavSirSi ekrZaleboda sakuTrebis qona da

isini iuridiuli piris statusiT ar sargeblobdnen.782 komunistebis periodSi

eklesia idevneboda da es yovelive ara mxolod faqtobrivad, aramed forma-

lurad iyo dasabuTebuli da sabWouri samarTlis safuZvelze, samarTle-

brivi aqtebis saSualebiT xorcieldeboda783.

774 macaberiZe m., saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstitucia: SemuSaveba da miReba, Tbilisi, 2008, 78. 775 ix., saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis 1921 wlis konstituciis XVI Tavi. 776 iqve, 142-e muxli. 777 iqve, 143-e muxli. 778 iqve, 144-e muxli. 779 Anckar C., Religion and Democracy, A Worldwide Comparison, Abingdon, 2011, 166. 780 Gautier M.L., Church Elites and the Restoration of Civil Society in the Communist Societies of Central Europe,

“Journal of Church and State”, Vol.40, No.2, 1998, 293. 781 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 70. 782 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 8, ix. citireba: dekreti 21 saqarTvelos ssr revoluciuri komitetisa `sax-elmwifosagan eklesiisa da eklesiisagan skolis gamoyofis Sesaxeb~. saqarTvelos ssr kon-stituciuri aqtebis krebuli (1921-1978), Semdgeneli gr. ermakovi, Tbilisis universi-tetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1983 w., gv. 31-33. 783 iqve, 16.

95

sabWouri okupaciis xana eklesiis SeviwroebiT, taZrebisa da sasuliero

pirTa ganadgurebiT xasiaTdeba, Tumca 40-iani wlebis bolodan eklesiis

mimarT aqtiurma agresiulma politikam mniSvnelovnad icvala saxe da gac-

ilebiT Semwynarebluri gaxda, ra Tqma unda, sabWouri standartiT (1943 wels

sabWoTa kavSirisa da marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gaerTianebam saerTo mtris

winaaRmdeg, omis dasrulebis Semdeg eklesias SedarebiT meti Tavisufleba da

marTalia, SezRudulad, Tumca mainc, moqmedebis meti sivrce misca784).

marTlmadideblobam SeZlo rogorc dampyroblebTan, ise avtoritarul da

totalitarul reJimebTan Tanaarseboba.785 am periodSi erTaderTi

dadebiTad dasamaxsovrebeli faqti qarTuli eklesiisTvis is iyo, rom meoce

saukunis 40-ian wlebSi aRdgenilma ruseTi sapatriarqom scno saqarTvelos

samociqulo eklesiis avtokefalia, xolo 1990 wels msoflio patriarqma da

konstantinopolis wmida sinodma aRiares qarTuli eklesiis uZvelesi sta-

tusi da avtokefalia786.

1990 wlis 9 oqtombers sabWoTa kavSirma sakanonmdeblo doneze neba darTo

religiur gaerTianebebs, mSvidobianad da Tavisuflad emoqmedaT, ufro

metic, ara mxolod dasrulda maT mimarT mtruli damokidebuleba, aramed

qvelmoqmedebisa da sagamomcemlo saqmianobis ganxorcielebis nebac

miecaT.787 Tumca amas ukve arsebiTi mniSvneloba aRar hqonda, vinaidan sabWoTa

kavSiri politikur rukaze arsebobis bolo Tveebs iTvlida.

1.9. damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdgomi periodi

eklesia xSirad yofila politikuri bataliebisa Tu mniSvnelovani sax-

elmwifoebrivi gardaqmnebis monawile. mag., 1990-ian wlebSi xorvatiis sax-

elmwifod Camoyalibebis paralelurad, mniSvnelovani gardaqmnebi moxda

xorvatiis eklesiaSic.788 komunisturi blokis saxelmwifoebis gaTavisu-

flebis Semdeg erovnulma eklesiebma TavianTi mdgomareobis aRdgena scades,

rasac ara mxolod miaRwies, aramed faqtobrivad saxelmwifos nawilad, mis

mZlavr institutad Camoyalibeba SeZles.789 aRmosavleT evropis sax-

elmwifoebSi TiToeulma dominantma eklesiam saxelmwifosTan urTierTobis

Taviseburi, individualuri modeli SeimuSava.790 amasTan, TiToeuli maTganis

SemTxvevaSi, marTlmadidebeli eklesiebisa da saxelmwifoebis urTierTobebi

784 ix., Della Cava R., Transnational Religions: The Roman Catholic Church in Brazil & the Orthodox Church in

Russia, “Sociology of Religion”, Vol.62, No.4, 2001, 546. 785 Pollis A., Eastern Orthodoxy and Human Rights, “Human Rights Quarterly”, Vol.15, 1993, 349. 786 Grdzelidze T., The Georgian Tradition, in: The Orthodox Christian World, Edited by A. Casiday, Routledge,

2012, 61. 787 Glanzer P., Teaching Christian Ethics in Russian Public Schools: The Testing of Russia’s Church-State Bound-

aries, “Journal Church and State”, Vol.41, 1999, 287. 788 Bartulin N., The Racial Idea in the Independent State of Croatia (Origins and Theory), Leiden-Boston, 2014,

215. 789 ix., Della Cava R., Transnational Religions: The Roman Catholic Church in Brazil & the Orthodox Church in

Russia, “Sociology of Religion”, Vol.62, No.4, 2001, 545. 790 Roudometof V., Greek Orthodoxy, Territoriality, and Globality: Religious Responses and Institutional Dis-

putes, “Sociology of Religion”, Vol.69, No.1, 2008, 73.

96

sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT ganviTarda.791 msgavsi procesebi daiwyo postto-

talitarul saqarTveloSic. saxelmwifom 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gaauqma

qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis ucxo da aRadgina istoriuli da sauflo

dResaswaulebi.792 liberalizacia ganicada 1978 wlis sabWoTa konstituciam,

romliTac damoukideblobis aRdgenis pirvel wlebSi imarTeboda qveyana.793

1995 wlis konstituciam ki religiis Tavisufleba da religia-saxelmwifos

gamijvnis Tanamedrove principi aRiara,794 romelic SemdegSi TanamSromlobis

sekularul modelad Camoyalibda.

zogadad, aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebSi eklesiisa da saxelmwifos

urTierTobis Sesaxeb kanonmdebloba xSirad problemuria.795 amas uamravi

faqtori ganapirobebs. upirveles yovlisa, es aris marTlmadideblobis dog-

matika saxelmwifosTan Semguebluri politikis Taobaze, aseve, aRsaniSnavia

am saxelmwifoTa sabWour-socialisturi gamocdileba, gardamavali periodi,

romelSic maTi sazogadoebebi imyofebian da a.S. msgavsi problemebi saqarTve-

losTvisac damaxasiaTebelia.

marTlmadidebeli eklesiebis nawili erovnul identobas pirdapir

daukavSirda da erovnuli cnobierebis ganuyofel nawilad Camoyalibda.796

marTlmadideblobam gansakuTrebuli statusi itvirTa saqarTveloSi, igi

ara mxolod adamianTa religiuri mrwamsis gamomxatvelad, aramed erovnuli

identobis nawilad iqca. aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom istoriulad qarTuli

marTlmadideblobis safuZvelze raime sxva seqtis an konfesiis warmoSobas

adgili ar hqonia.797 xSirad eklesiisa da erovnuli cnobierebis elementebi im-

denadaa aRreuli, rom Tavad eklesiis sulieri misiis cvlilebac xdeba da

konkretuli eTnikuri jgufis miznebamde dadis.798 mag., iveriis gabrwyinebis

idea, romelmac qarTuli eklesia da qarTveli eri gadaajaWva erTmaneTs.

erovnuli ideologis rolis aRebiT eklesia yvelaze didi safrTxis _

gaamqveyniurebis winaSe dgeba,799 riTac igi kargavs umTavress _ aramiwier

saburvels, romelic misi, rogorc instituciis, umTavresi niSania.

791 ix., iqve, 70. 792 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 12. 793 gegenava d., qanTaria b., canava l., TevzaZe T., maWaraZe z., javaxiSvili p., erqvania T., pa-paSvili T., saqarTvelos sakonstitucio samarTali, me-3 gamocema, Tbilisi, 2015, 43. 794 saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstitucis me-9 muxli (Tavdapirveli redaqcia), me-9 muxlis pirveli punqti (2001 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebis Semdgomi redaqcia). 795 Morée P., Identity, Religion and Human Rights in the Balkans, The Macedonian Case of Archbishop Jovan in

Its Broader Context, “Helsinki Monitor”, Vol.16, 2005, 292. 796 Flood G., Orthodox Christianity and World Religions, in: The Orthodox Christian World, Edited by A. Casiday,

Routledge, 2012, 573. 797 ix., saginaSvili q., saqarTveloSi arsebuli religiuri mimarTulebebi da maTi reguli-rebisaTvis sakanonmdeblo bazis Camoyalibebis aucilebloba, Jurn. `samarTali~, #11-12, 1997, 70. 798 kurtaniZe k., esqatologiuri politologia, arsebobs Tu ara eklesiuri ideologia?, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #2(35), 2010, 80. 799 iqve.

97

saqarTveloSi monarqia Teologiur sawyisebze arsebobda800 da sekular-

izacias srulebiT ar icnobda. sekularizmis qarTuli Canasaxi WavWavaZiseul

triadaSic SeiniSneba, sadac mamulma~, rogorc erovnuli saxelmwifos ideam,

romelic swored sekularizmisgan Caisaxa, `sarwmunoebaze~ win daikava

adgili.801 marTlmadidebelma eklesiam moaxerxa da tradiciul marTlma-

dideblur qveynebSi eTnosi (eri) da marTlmadidebloba erT mTlianobad

aqcia.802 swored amis gamo marTlmadidebloba religiis privatizacias _ misi

sajaro sferodan kerZo, pirad sferoSi moqcevas _ seriozulad ewinaaRmdeg-

eba da amas eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebSi negatiur movlenad

afasebs.803 Tumca eklesiam fexi unda auwyos Tanamedroveobis gamowvevebs da

ganviTardes, es waadgeba rogor Tavad eklesias, ise saxelmwifosac. msoflio

patriarq barTolomeosis azriT, marTlmadideblobas ganviTarebisTvis

esaWiroeba Tanamedrove filosofiur azrovnebasTan, sazogadoebriv dina-

mizmTan, xelovnebisa da kulturis sxvadasxva formasTan urTierToba.804 am

gamowvevis winaSe sxva tradiciuli marTlmadidebeli eTnosebis sax-

elmwifoebTan erTad, saqarTveloc dgas.

uaxlesi kvlevebi imis Tqmis safuZvels iZleva, rom marTlmadideblobas

SeuZlia sruli an nawilobrivi demokratiis pirobebSi warmatebas miaRwios,

ufro metic, Tavad gaxdes demokratiuli procesebis sulis Camdgmeli da se-

riozuli mxardamWeric.805 mTavaria, daZlios Seucnoblisadmi SiSi.806 am mxriv,

gamonaklisi arc qarTuli samociqulo eklesiaa, romelsac SeuZlia gac-

ilebiT metad iTamaSos gadamwyveti roli saxelmwifoebriv Tu sazoga-

doebriv ganviTarebaSi, vidre nebismier saxelisuflebo institucias. amis

mizezi ki kvlavac posttotalitaruli, transformaciis procesSi myofi

qarTuli sazogadoebaa, romelsac SeuZlia rogorc ganviTarebul, civi-

lizebul evropul sazogadoebad, ise fundamentalizmiT gajerebul, araSe-

mwynareblur, Tvisobrivad araqarTul erTobad gardaiqmnas. swored am vi-

TarebaSia saWiro im simfoniis xorcSesxma, romlis ideasac marTlmadidebeli

eklesia aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebTan samarTlebrivi ur-

TierTobebis aspeqtSi aviTarebda.

800 andronikaSvili z., maisuraZe g., sekularizacia da sekularizaciis bedi saqarTveloSi, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #5(38), 2010, 106. 801 iqve, 108. 802 Pollis A., Eastern Orthodoxy and Human Rights, “Human Rights Quarterly”, Vol.15, 1993, 348. 803 ix., Roudometof V., The Evolution of Greek Orthodoxy in the Context of World Historical Globalization, in:

Orthodox Christianity in 21st Century Greece, The Role of Religion in Culture, Ethnicity and Politics, Edited by

V. Roudometof and V.N. Makrides, Ashgate, 2010, 31. 804 Sharp A., Orthodox Christians and Islam in the Postmodern Age, Leiden-Boston, 2012, 227 805 prodmou e., ambivalenturi marTlmadidebloba, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(22), 2008, 74. 806 `marTlmadideblebi Tanamedroveobas xSirad SiSiT SevyurebT da èretikuli~ da-savleTis mier uxeSad Tavsmoxveul sinamdviled miviCnevT xolme. uimedoba gveufleba, roca Cveni sarwmunoebiT metnaklebad gamsWvaluli kultura da, saerTod, cxovrebis wesi irRveva, rasac SeuzRudavi teqnicizmi, tradiciuli sazogadoebisTvis miuRebeli indi-vidualizmi, daudgromeli da uxeSi hedonizmi iwvevs da vfiqrobT, rom es adamians Tavis maradiul daniSnulebas aviwyebs.~ ix., egnate IV, marTlmadidebloba da Tanamedroveoba: mowmobis orientiri, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #3(12)’07, 2007, 29.

98

2. eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobis qarTuli modeli

2.1. religiis Tavisufleba

pluralizmi demokratiuli sazogadoebis ganuyofeli nawilia,807 am plu-

ralizmis aucilebeli Semadgeneli elementi ki religiis Tavisuflebaa.808

swored amitom nebismieri saxelmwifosTvis umniSvnelovanesia, uzrunvelyos

mravalferovani sazogadoeba da sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris SeZlebis-

dagvarad maqsimaluri Tavisufleba. SeiZleba iTqvas, saxelmwifo `plural-

izmis ZiriTadi garantoria~.809 saqarTvelom demokratiuli saxelmwifos

principi erT-erT mTavar prioritetad daisaxa da amiT dasavluri

Rirebulebebisadmi sakuTari arCevani Riad daafiqsira.810 saqarTvelos kon-

stitucia gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs religiis (rwmenisa da aRmsa-

reblobis) Tavisuflebas. saxelmwifo sakonstitucio doneze acxadebs

rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebas da am Sinaarsis normas konstitu-

ciis pirvel TavSi aqcevs,811 Tumca, garda amisa, xsenebuli ZiriTadi uflebebi

mocemulia me-2 TavSic812, riTac ZiriTad uflebaTa ufro maRali reglam-

entaciisTvis damatebiTi samarTlebrivi meqanizmia Seqmnili.

religiis Tavisufleba gulisxmobs saxelmwifos valdebulebas, iyos nei-

traluri da miukerZoebeli.813 igi ori elementisgan Sedgeba _ rwmena da aRm-

sarebloba. rwmena adamianis Sinagani mrwamsia, Sexedulebebi raimes WeSma-

riteba-mcdarobis Sesaxeb, romelic Sesabamisi argumentaciiTaa

gamyarebuli.814 rac Seexeba aRmsareblobas, igi rwmenis gacxadebasTan, gamox-

atvasTanaa dakavSirebuli, romelic sxvadasxva formiT vlindeba.815 saqarTve-

los konstituciis me-19 muxli icavs rogor Teizmis, ise aTeizmis gamovline-

bas: adamianis uflebas, hqondes da gaacxados sakuTari religia, mrwamsi qad-

agebiT, ritualebis SesrulebiT, aseve, uflebas _ ar aRiarebdes arcerT

807 Kokkinakis v. Greece, [ECtHR], App. no. 14307/88, 25 May 1993, Para.31. 808 Metropolitan Church of Bessarabia v. Moldova, [ECtHR], App. No. 45701/99, 13 December 2001, Par.119;

Ouranio Toxo and others v. Greece, [ECtHR], App. No. 74989/01, 20 October 2005, Par.35; United Communist

Party of Turkey (ÖZDEP) v. Turkey, [ECtHR], App. No. 23885/94, 8 December 1999, Par.43. 809 Sinan Işik v. Turkey, [ECtHR], App. no. 21924/05, 2 February 2010, Para.45. 810 ix., saqarTvelos konstituciis preambula. 811 ix., iqve, me-9 muxlis pirveli punqtis pirveli winadadeba. 812 ix., iqve, me-19 muxli. 813 Hasan and Chaush v. Bulgaria, [ECtHR], App. no. 30985/96, 26 October 2000, Para.78. 814 saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, Tavi meore, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba. adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, p. turavas redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2013, 157. 815 ix., iqve.

99

religiur Sexedulebas, iyos aTeisti da a.S.816 amasTan, konstitucia uzrun-

velyofs religiis Tavisuflebas rogorc individualur, ise koleqtiur

doneze.817 ra Tqma unda, igi religiur gaerTianebaTa uflebebsac moicavs818.

medisonis TqmiT, `religiis sakiTxebSi, arcerTi adamianis ufleba ar

izRudeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis institutebis mier da... religia

srulebiT ar eqceva maTi gansjadobis qveS.~819 es imdenad piradi da intimuri

sferoa, rom masSi nebismieri saxis Careva udides borotebas uTanabrdeba.

saqarTvelos konstitucia krZalavs rwmenis an aRmsareblobis gamo vinmes

devnas an iZulebas, gamoTqvas, gaamJRavnos sakuTari Sexeduleba am sakiTxTa

gamo.820 saxelmwifom, romelsac samarTlis uzenaesobaze aqvs pretenzia,

aseve, unda uzrunvelyofs religiur umciresobaTa uflebebis dacva, gan-

sakuTrebiT iseT pirobebSi, rodesac saxelmwifoSi erTi religiuri mimdi-

nareobis aRmsareblebi dominant jgufs warmoadgenen821. WeSmaritad

Tavisufali sazogadoeba isaa, sadac SesaZlebelia rwmenis, gemovnebaTa da

rwmenaTa mravalferovnebis, Cveulebebisa da sxvadasxva Sexedulebis mSvido-

biani Tanaarseboba.822aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom aRmsareblobis Tavisu-

fleba ar gulisxmobs adamianis uflebas, gamoxatos religia nebismier drosa

da nebismier adgilas, miT umetes imas, rom gamoxatva avtomaturad srulad

Seesabameba sxvaTa rwmenas.823 konstitucia uSvebs religiis Tavisuflebis

SezRudvis SesaZleblobas, Tumca erTi mTavari pirobiT, misi realizacia, am

SemTxvevaSi aRmsareblobis ZiriTadi uflebis gamovlineba, sxvaTa uflebebs

unda laxavdes.824 mxolod sxvebis uflebebis dacva SeiZleba iyos is erTa-

derTi legitimuri sajaro mizani, romelic religiis Tavisuflebis

SezRudvas gaamarTlebs, Tumca am SemTxvevaSic ZiriTadi uflebiT dacul

sferoSi Careva unda iyos Sesabamisi da Tanazomieri.

816 izoria l., korkelia k., kublaSvili k., xubua g., saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, Tbilisi, 2005, 110; vardosaniZe m., religiis Tavisuflebis regulireba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT da adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciiT, wignSi: adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi da maTi gavlena saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaze, k. korkelias redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2006, 131. 817 ix., izoria l., korkelia k., kublaSvili k., xubua g., saqarTvelos konstituciis komen-tarebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, Tbilisi, 2005, 111-112. 818 saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, Tavi meore, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba. adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, p. turavas redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2013, 161. 819 Smith S.D., Freedom of Religion or Freedom of the Church? in: Legal Responses to Religious Practices in the

United States (Accomodation and Its Limits), Edited by A. Sarat, New York, 2012, 274, ix. citireba: Madison,

“A Memorial and Remonstrance”, 309. 820 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-19 muxlis me-2 punqti. 821 ix., vardosaniZe m., religiis Tavisuflebis regulireba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT da adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciiT, wignSi: adamianis uflebaTa evropuli stan-dartebi da maTi gavlena saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaze, k. korkelias redaq-torobiT, Tbilisi, 2006, 136. 822 Berger B., The Limits of Belief: Freedom of Religion, Secularism and the Liberal State, Canadian Journal of

Law and Society, Vol.17, No.1, 2002, 55; R. v. Big M Drug Mart., [1985] 1. S.C.R. 295 at 94. 823 Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by T.

Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 430. 824 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-19 muxlis me-3 punqti.

100

qristianuli eklesia religiis Tavisuflebas didi xnis ganmavlobaSi

sifrTxiliT ekideboda.825 eklesia mxars uWers rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis

Tavisuflebas.826 amis motivi umartivesia: adamianis Tavisufleba qristiano-

bis amosavali ideaa.827 amasTan, igi uaryofs religiur Seuwynareblobas da

gmobs fanatizms, ara aqvs mniSvneloba, ukavSirdeba Tu ara es religias.828

dauSvebelia eklesiis gancxadebebSi, qadagebebsa da ex cathedra gamosvlebSi Za-

ladoba Caidos an politikur Tu ekonomikur miznebs emsaxurebodes829.

2.2. sakonstitucio privilegia

saqarTvelo aRiarebs rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebas, Tumca,

imavdroulad, sakontitucio doneze marTlmadidebel eklesias privi-

legirebul mdgomareobaSi ayenebs.830 zogadad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTve-

los konstitucia proreligiur konstituciad miiCneva. marTalia, mis norma-

tiul-teqstobriv qsovilSi bevrjer araa gamoyenebuli religiuri Sinaarsis

mqone sityvebi an ideologia, Tumca konkretuli eklesiisTvis dadgenili

privilegirebuli statusi, aseve, saxelmwifos meTauris _ prezidentis ofi-

cialur ficSi `RmerTis~ moxsenieba831 misi amgvari daxasiaTebisTvis sruliad

sakmarisia. yuradReba unda gamaxvildes im garemoebaze, rom prezidentis

uflebamosilebebis ganxorcieleba arCevnebSi gamarjvebuli piris mier mxo-

lod mas Semdegaa SesaZlebeli, rac igi fics dadebs, amasTan, am moments

ukavSirdeba saxelmwifos meTauris uflebamosilebis Sewyvetis standar-

tuli garemoebac.832 rac mTavaria, konstitucia ar adgens gamonakliss im pi-

risTvis, visac msgavsi religiuri ficis dadeba ar surs. faqtobrivad, pre-

zidentad arCeuli piri valdebulia zustad gaimeoros ZiriTadi kanoniT

dadgenili religiuri ficis formula833.

825 bilefeldti h., religiis Tavisufleba: saboloo kriteriumi?, v. kobaxiZis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #10(19)’07, 2007, 31. 826 `radgan nacionaluri cnobiereba adamianisa da eris gansakuTrebulobisa da indivi-dualurobis Seucvleli elementia, adamianebi samarTlianad icaven uflebas, Tavad gan-sazRvron TavianTi religia.~ ix., barTolomeos I, interreligiuri dialogis aucilebloba da mizani, sityva, warmoTqmuli 2006 wlis 22 ianvars, evropis sabWos saparlamento sxdo-maze, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #2(11)’07, 2007, 36; papma leo XIII religiis Tavisufleba adami-anuri pirobis fundamentur uflebad gamoacxada, ix., Fr. Gomes E.X., Church-State Relations from

a Catholic Perspective: General Considerations on Nikolas Sarkozy’s New Concept of Laïcité Positive, Journal of

Catholic Legal Studies, Vol.48, 2009, 204l; Encyclical “Rerum Novarum” of Leo XIII to o Our Venerable Brethren

the Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops, Bishops, and other ordinaries of places having Peace andCommunion with

the Apostolic See, May 15, 1891. 827 saxerabaჲ ioanesi, 15,15. 828 mTavarepiskoposi anastasiosi, marTlmadideblobis damokidebuleba sxva religiebTan, z. juRelis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #7’06, 2006, 42. 829 iqve, 43. 830 ix., saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxli. 831 iqve, 71-e muxlis pirveli punqti. 832 iqve, 71-e muxlis pirveli da me-2 punqtebi. ix., Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and

Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 317. 833 bevr saxelmwifoSi dRemde SemorCenilia saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirTa mier religi-uri ficis dadeba, rogorc savaldebulo wesiT, ise arCevanis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobiT.

101

saqarTvelo, italiasa da perusTan erTad, SeiZleba iseT saxelmwifoTa

kategoriaSi moeqces, romlebic, marTalia, aRiareben eklesia-saxelmwifos

gamijvnas, Tumca erT konkretul eklesias gansakuTrebul statuss aniWe-

ben.834 saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesia sa-

konstitucio privilegiiT sargeblobs.835 konstitucia saxelmwifosa da

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis urTierTobaTa samarTlebrivi mowesrigebisTvis

konstituciuri SeTanxmebis instituts gansazRvravs.836 amasTan, igi gan-

sakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs Tavad konstituciur SeTanxmebas, romlis

statussac konstituciis Semdeg upirvelesad acxadebs da danarCen kanon-

mdeblobasTan mimarTebiT mis aRmatebas adgens837.

2.3. TanamSromlobis sistema

2.3.1. TanamSromlobis qarTuli modelis Taviseburebani

evrosabWos wevr saxelmwifoebSi eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnis

sxvadasxva modeli moqmedebs,838 Sesabamisad, am or instituts Soris ur-

TierToeba saxelmwifoebis mixedviT gansxvavdeba, rac evrokonvenciis

standartebTan srul SesabamisobaSia.839 religiur sazogadoebebSi sax-

elmwifo aRiarebs eklesiis mniSvnelovan rols, ufro metic, mas uwevs am

ukanasknelis gamocdilebisa da codnis gaziareba sazogadoebrivi

sikeTisTvis.840 saxelmwifoTa nawili religiuri gaerTianebebis warmo-

madgenelTa politikaSi monawileobas imdenad did mniSvnelobas aniWebs, rom

saxelmwifo organoebis doneze uzrunvelyofs warmomadgenlobis

kvotirebas841.

Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Govern-

ance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 317. Tumca amasTan dakavSirebiT araerTgvarovani midgomaa. mag., Tanamdebobaze daniSvnis win ficis dadebas amarTlebs evrokomisia. ix., Knudsen v. Sweden,

[ECHR], App. no. 11045/84, 8 March 1985; evrosasamarTlo ki ganmartavs, rom parlamentis wevris saxelmwifo fici, romelic mxolod saxarebaze an bibliaze ideba, religiis Tavisuflebas zRudavs. Buscarini and Others v. San Marino, [ECtHR], App. no. 24645/94, 18 February 1999, Para.39. 834 ix., Ibán I.C., God in Constitutions and Godless Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of

Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013, 52-

53. 835 romelime konkretuli religiis gansakuTrebuli statusi avtomaturad sxva religiaTa dakninebas ar gulisxmobs. ix., saginaSvili q., marTlmadideblobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi ucxo qveynebis magaliTebis fonze, Jurn. àdamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 2001, 17. 836 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxlis me-2 punqti. 837 ix., iqve, me-6 muxli. 838 ix., Doe N., Christian Law, Contemporary Principles, New York, 2013, 357. 839 State, Religion, Secularity and Human Rights, Recommendation 1804 (2007), Parliamentary Assembly of

Council of Europe, Para.6. 840 iRumeni petre (meSCerinovi), eklesiisa da saxelmwifos TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb, d. Tini-kaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(28), 2009, 90-91. 841 ix., Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral

Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 94-95.

102

saxelmwifos neitraluroba religiur sferoSi saxelmwifosa da religiis

srul izolacias,842 miT ufro religiuri faseulobebisagan mis srul dis-

tancirebas ar gulisxmobs.843 upiratesi religiis (TanamSromlobis) sistemaSi

saxelmwifo aRiarebs rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebas, ar gaaCnia

saxelmwifo religia, Tumca erT konkretul religiur gaerTianebas gan-

sakuTrebuli statusi aqvs istoriul-kulturuli faqtorebis gaT-

valiswinebiT844.

TanamSromlobis modeli airCia saqarTvelomac, romelmac 1995 wlis kon-

stituciaSi gamoarCia saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli avtokefaluri samo-

ciqulo eklesia, qveynisaTvis misi istoriuli da kulturuli mniSvnelobi-

dan gamomdinare.845 SemdgomSi ki sakonstitucio cvlilebebis saSualebiT

dazustda is samarTlebrivi garemoeba, romelmac saqarTvelos marTlma-

didebeli eklesia privilegirebuli statusis matareblad aqcia. upirvele-

sad, es mdgomareobs eqskluziur uflebamosilebaSi, _ saqarTvelos sax-

elmwifosa da mas Soris daidos konstituciuri SeTanxmeba. aRniSnuli Sesa-

Zlebloba saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesias, sxva konfesiebTan Sedare-

biT, mniSvnelovani privilegiiT aRWuravs.846 aRniSnuli debulebis imple-

mentacia maleve ganxorcielda da konstituciuri SeTanxmeba 2002 wels

daido. mecnierTa nawilis mosazrebiT, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

eklesiisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebisaTvis aucilebeli araa sxva religiur

gaerTianebaTa kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis darRvevis xarjze gan-

sakuTrebuli SeTanxmebis arseboba, amisaTvis sakmarisi iqneba sxvadasxva

samoqalaqo xelSekrulebis dadebac.847 Tumca aRniSnuli mosazreba sruliad

dausabuTebelia, radganac erTi romelime religiuri organizaciis privi-

legirebuli mdgomareoba avtomaturad sxva gaerTianebaTa diskriminacias ar

niSnavs, miT umetes, rom evropul saxelmwifoTa did nawilSi eklesia-sax-

elmwifos urTierTobaTa msgavsi sistema moqmedebs.

saqarTvelos eklesiisa da saxelmwifos TanamSromloba sakanonmdeblo

doneze naklebadaa implementirebuli, mxolod ramdenime samarTlebrivi

aqti awesrigebs eklesiis statusTan, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebTan da-

kavSirebul sakiTxebs. sakanonmdeblo aqtebidan aRsaniSnavia saqarTvelos

samoqalaqo kodeqsi, saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi, saqarTvelos Sromis

kodeqsi da a.S. TanamSromlobis garkveuli sferoebi uzrunvelyofilia ka-

nonqvemdebare normatiuli aqtebiTac.

842 ix., Ledewitz B., Church, State, and the Crisis in American Secularism, Bloomington, 2011, 247. 843 ix., bilefeldti h., religiis Tavisufleba: saboloo kriteriumi?, v. kobaxiZis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #10(19)’07, 2007, 35. 844 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 43. 845 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxlis pirveli punqti. 846 loria v., gelaSvili b., bendeliani m., adamianis uflebebi da religia, Tbilisi, 2006, 156. 847 iqve, 161.

103

2.3.2. TanamSromlobis qarTuli modelis problemebi

eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa samarTlebriv models saqarTveloSi

bevri socialuri Tu samarTlebrivi problema Tansdevs, romlebic ara mxo-

lod kerZo, viwro, aramed zogadsistemur xasiaTs atarebs. samwuxarod,

saqarTveloSi dRemde ar arsebobs erTiani sakanonmdeblo aqti, romelic

sxvadasxva religiuri mimdinareobisa da religiur gaerTianebaTa samarTle-

briv statuss daadgenda, maT ufleba-movaleobebsa da rac mTavaria, sax-

elmwifosTan urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxebs moawesrigebda. wlebis ganmav-

lobaSi saqarTveloSi saxelmwifosa da religiur organizaciebs Soris ur-

TierTobis momwesrigebeli kanonis ramdenime proeqti arsebobda, Tumca

sxvadasxva mizezis gamo saparlamento mosmenebamde vercerTma miaRwia.848

kanonis ararsebobisa da konstituciuri SeTanxmebis pirobebSi didia dis-

kriminaciuli mowesrigebisa da religiur gaerTianebebTan mimarTebiT uTa-

nasworo samarTlebrivi reJimis Seqmnis albaToba.

qarTuli sistema, marTalia, TanamSromlobis models amkvidrebs, magram

aRniSnuli TanamSromloba, ZiriTad SemTxvevebSi, mxolod erTi religiuri

gaerTianebis mimarT vlindeba. ukeTesi samarTlebrivi sivrcis uzrun-

velyofisaTvis aucilebelia TanamSromlobis meqanizmebis daxvewa da ganvi-

Tareba sxva tradiciuli religiuri gaerTianebebis mimarT. amasTan,

TanamSromlobis arsebuli meqanizmi, konstituciuri SeTanxmebis saxiT, ara-

nakleb problemuria.

aRsaniSnavia, rom religia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebSi samarTlebrivze

metad socialur-politikuri problemebi Warbobs, miT umetes, imis gaT-

valiswinebiT, rom saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis kvalificiuri umravlesoba

erTi religiis aRmsarebelia (yovel SemTxvevaSi, oficialurad mainc). zoga-

dad, religia da religiuri gaerTianebebi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis insti-

tutebia, romlebic eTikur da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sakiTxTa gan-

sazRvras emsaxurebian.849 amitom gasakviri arcaa, rom marTlmadidebeli

eklesia aqtiurad monawileobs sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi. igi yovel-

Tvis amaxvilebs yuradRebas sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis iseT sakiTxebze,

rogoricaa: sagareo politika, erovnuli identoba, demografiuli

problemebi da a.S.850 ra Tqma unda, eklesiis monawileoba sajaro sferoSi

avtomaturad ar gulisxmobs sakiTxebis gadawyvetis mxriv mis Zalau-

flebasac.851 marTlmadidebeli eklesiis marginaluri jgufebis samoqalaqo

aqtivoba, samwuxarod, xSirad Tavad eklesiis avtoritets ayenebs Crdils,

rac, saboloo jamSi, sazogadoebrivi azris polarizebasa da socialur

jgufebs Soris daZabulobas iwvevs. problema is araa, rom eklesiebi sajaro

848 abaSiZe l., religiuri kanonmdeblobis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi, Jurn. `soli-daroba~, #9(18)07, 2007, 14. 849 State, Religion, Secularity and Human Rights, Recommendation 1804 (2007), Parliamentary Assembly of

Council of Europe, Para.2. 850 Fokas E., Religion and Welfare in Greece: A New, or Renewed, Role for the Church? in: Orthodox Christianity

in 21st Century Greece, The Role of Religion in Culture, Ethnicity and Politics, Edited by V. Roudometof and V.N.

Makrides, Ashgate, 2010, 189. 851 iqve.

104

sferoebsa da mimarTulebebze TavianT mosazrebebs Riad da saqveynod gamoT-

qvamen, mTavaria, maTi mixedviT moqmedeba nebayoflobiTi iyos da am yovelivem

konfliqtebis eskalacia ar gamoiwvios852.

eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobis qarTuli modeli prioritetul, priv-

ilegirebul religiad marTlmadidebel qristianobas asaxelebs, Tumca sa-

marTlebrivad religiis Tavisuflebas aRiarebs. miuxedavad amisa, SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom sxva religiuri organizaciebis roli, ara marto socialuri, ar-

amed samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiTac sakmaod dakninebulia. saxelmwifo mow-

adinebuli unda iyos, Seqmnas religiuri saqmianobisaTvis jansaRi da plu-

ralistuli garemo, romelSic TiToeuli adamiani Tu religiuri jgufi

SeZlebs uflebaTa srulyofil, jerovan ganxorcielebas. am mizniT,

aucilebelia praqtikiT gansazRvris an sruli ignorirebis nacvlad, Seiqmnas

specialuri kanoni, romelic SemTxvevaTa absolutur umravlesobaSi

religiur saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis obieqtur da efeqtur Se-

fasebas SeZlebs. amasTan, saxelmwifom unda aiRos pozitiuri valdebuleba,

erTi gaerTianebisaTvis dadgenili SeRavaTebi, SesaZlebblobis farglebSi,

daudginos Sinaarsobrivad da Tvisobrivad msgavs gaerTianebebsac, raTa sax-

elmwifoSi pluralistulTan erTad naklebad diskriminaciuli samarTle-

brivi reJimi arsebobdes.

852 Zucca L., Law v. Religion, in: Law, State and Religion in the New Europe, Edited by L. Zucca and C. Un-

gureanu, Cambridge, 2012, 151.

105

IV. saqarTvelos konstituciuri SeTanxmeba

1. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadebis motivacia da winare periodi

XX saukunis miwuruls, damoukideblobaaRdgenili saxelmwifos

mSeneblobisaTvis religiis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa da marTlmadide-

bel eklesiasTan urTierTobis samarTlebrivi gansazRvra, erT-erT mniSvne-

lovani sakiTxi iyo.853 damoukideblobis aRdgenis pirvel wlebSi saxelmwifo

saeroobas inarCunebda da metnaklebad cdilobda, sekularuli yofiliyo,

ramdenadac es im periodSi iyo SesaZlebeli.854 iyo ramdenime mcdeloba,

religiur organizaciebTan da religiasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi spe-

cialuri kanoniT moewesrigebinaT, Tumca kanonproeqtis winaswari versiis

gamoqveynebis Semdeg ganxilvebi Sewyda.855 saqarTvelos konstituciis Tavda-

pirveli redaqciiT, ZiriTadi kanoni konstituciuri SeTanxmebis instituts

saerTod ar iTvaliswinebda da konstituciis me-9 muxli mxolod religiis

Tavisuflebis sakonstitucio uzrunvelyofas adgenda.856 konstituciuri

SeTanxmebis instituti ZiriTad kanonSi 2001 wels ganxorcielebuli sakanon-

mdeblo cvlilebebis Sedegad aisaxa, ramac mniSvnelovnad Secvala me-9 mux-

lis normatiuli mowesrigeba da religiis TavisuflebasTan erTad, saqarTve-

los marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadebis Sesa-

Zleblobac gaiTvaliswina. sakonstitucio cvlilebebi prezidentis mier iyo

inicirebuli.857 Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom konstituciuri SeTanxmebis

Taobaze 2001 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebs seriozuli da mZafri

polemika uZRoda win858.

religia da samarTali erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSia, miT umetes, iseT sax-

elmwifoebSi, rogoric saqarTveloa (sadac, postsabWoTa qveynebis didi nawi-

lis msgavsad politikuri platformebic ki xSirad efuZneba sulierebisa~ da

`marTlmadideblobis~ koncefciebs, rac maTTvis amomrCevelTa mxridan meti

mxardaWeris mopovebiTaa ganpirobebuli859), amitomac gasakviri araa, rom

religiisa da samarTlis urTierTmimarTebaze msjeloba, misi normatiuli

mowesrigebis SemuSaveba damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg maleve daiwyo.860

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris SeTanxmebis

853 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 5. 854 RaRaniZe m., saqarTvelos sekularizaciis gzaze, wignSi: saqarTvelos konstitucia 20 wlis Semdeg, v. nacvliSvilisa da d. zedelaSvilis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2016, 160. 855 ix., melaZe g., mumlaZe g., sakonstitucio SeTanxmeba: istoria, sajaro ganxilvebi da gavlena religiur umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvaze saqarTveloSi, Jurn. sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #10, 2016, 87-88. 856 ix., saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxli (1995-2000 wlebis redaqcia). 857 xecuriani j., qarTuli eklesiis konstituciuri safuZvlebi, Jurn. àdamiani da kon-stitucia~, #3, 2002, 9. 858 iqve. 859 ix., Papkova I., The Russian Orthodox Church and Political Party Platforms, “Journal of Church and State”,

Vol.49, 2007, 119. 860 ix., saginaSvili q., saqarTveloSi arsebuli religiuri mimarTulebebi da maTi reguli-rebisaTvis sakanonmdeblo bazis Camoyalibebis aucilebloba, Jurn. `samarTali~, #11-12, 1997, 72.

106

dadebis idea 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gaCnda wminda saydris mier konkor-

datebis dadebis praqtikis mibaZviT.861 qristianulma religiam mniSvnelovnad

ganapiroba qarTuli saero samarTlis ganviTareba,862 misi Tanadrouloba

gare samyarosTan, gansakuTrebiT ki, evropul samarTlebriv sivrcesTan. am

mxriv, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan konstituciuri SeTanx-

mebis dadeba istoriuli TvalsazrisiT sruliad logikuri da gamarTlebu-

lia.863 eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobebis mosawesrigeblad konstitu-

ciuri SeTanxmebis samarTlebrivi meqanizmi marTmadidebeli eklesiisaTvis

yvelaze misaRebi aRmoCnda.864 sakuTriv SeTanxmebis proeqtze muSaoba 2 weli

gagrZelda.865 mas xelmoweramde samarTlebrivi eqspertiza Cautarda evrosa-

bWosa866 da veneciis komisiaSi867. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis Tavdapirveli

teqsti mniSvelovnad gansxvavdeboda saboloo variantisgan, igi Zalze bevr

samarTlebrivad gaumarTav, gaumarTlebel da sxva religiaTa mimarT dis-

kriminaciul normebs Seicavda.868 evrosabWosa da veneciis komisiis das-

kvnebisa da rekomendaciebis Sesabamisad, bevri norma daixvewa da teqsti sa-

grZnoblad Semcirda.

konstituciuri SeTanxmeba daido 2002 wlis 14 oqtombers, sveticxovlis

sapatriarqo taZarSi.869 mas xeli saqarTvelos prezidentma eduard Sevard-

naZem da sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma ilia II moaweres.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wmida sinodma konstituciuri

SeTanxmeba 2002 wlis 17 oqtombers, xolo saqarTvelos parlamentma 22

oqtombers daamtkica870.

2. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis Sinaarsi

2.1. eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvna

konstituciuri SeTanxmebis preambulaSi marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gan-

sakuTrebul istoriul rolze saubari da xazgasma SeiZleba ganimartos,

861 Tsintsadze Kh., Legal Apects of Church-State Relations in Post-Revolutionary Georgia, “Brigham Young

University Law Review”, 2007, #3, 764. 862 ix., saginaSvili q., saeklesio sasjelebis istoria, Jurn. àdamiani da konstitucia~, #3, 2002, 19-20. 863 korkelia k., adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba saqarTveloSi, Tbi-lisi, 2004, 90. 864xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 16, ix. citireba: sapatriarqos uwyebani, 2002 w., 18-24 oqtomberi, gv. 4. 865 cnobilaZe p., saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali, t.I, Tbilisi, 2005, 202. 866 korkelia k., adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba saqarTveloSi, Tbi-lisi, 2004, 88; Legal Expertise of the Draft Constitutional Agreement between State of Georgia and the Apos-

tolic, Autonomous Orthodox Church of Georgia. Council of Europe, HRCAD (2001) 867 Opinion on the Draft Constitutional Agreement between the State of Georgia and the Apostle Autocephalous

Orthodox Church of Georgia, CDL(2001)65, European Commission for Democracy Through Law (Venice Com-

mission), Strasbourg, 28 June 2001 868 ix., Vogel H.H., Comments on the Draft Constitutional Agreement between the State of Georgia and the

Apostle Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia, CDL(2001)63, European Commission for Democracy

Through Law (Venice Commission), Strasbourg, 28 June 2001. 869 ix., saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlma-didebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmeba. 870 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 20.

107

rogorc SeTavazeba marTlmadidebeli eklesiisaTvis, kvlavac gaagrZelos is-

toriuli mniSvnelobis rolis TamaSi saxelmwifosTvis.871 amis xazgasasmelad

Tavad konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadebis faqtic gamodgeba, romelic, in-

stituciuri TvalsazrisiT, am or subieqts Soris axali urTierTobebis sa-

fuZveli gaxda.872 qarTuli saxelmwifo marTlmadidebel eklesias ganixilavs

istoriulad Camoyalibebul ssip-ad, cnobs mis avtonomiurobas Sida saq-

meebSi da misi saqmianobis damoukideblobas.873 konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT

saxelmwifo gamoTqvams eklesiasTan TanamSromlobis survils, amasTan, aRi-

arebs urTierTdamoukideblobisa da urTierTCaurevlobis princips874. sa-

konstitucio sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9

muxli saxelmwifosa da eklesiis funqciur gamijvnas uzrunvelyofs, rac

TavisTavad gamoricxavs eklesiis saxelmwifo organoebis kategoriaSi moqce-

vas.875

zogadad, religiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobebi SeiZleba ori ZiriTadi

mimarTulebiT daiyos: 1. saxelmwifo da religia erTi mTlianobaa da 2. sax-

elmwifo da religia erTmaneTisgan gamijnulia.876 am SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelom

marTebulad airCia Tanamedrove demokratiuli mimarTuleba da saukunovani

tradiciis miuxedavad, uari Tqva eklesiisa da saxelmwifos erT mTlianobad

qcevaze, radgan, religia, marTalia, mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi dartvir-

Tvis matarebelia, Tumca igi saxelmwifo, xelisuflebis an samarTlis kompe-

tenciuri sferoa araa877.

eklesiis avtonomiisaTvis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli elementia eklesiis

ufleba, damoukideblad moawyos Sidaorganizaciuli struqtura da Tavad

gadawyvitos Sida saqmeebi.878 avtonomiurobisa da damoukideblobis

koncefcia feodalur saxelmwifoebs yovelTvis problemebs uqmnida. Tumca

XVIII saukunis bolodan konstitucionalizmis revoluciurma movlenebma

eklesiis instituciuri TviTmyofadobis damkvidrebas didad Seuwyo xeli.

eklesiis Tavisuflebis idea (Libertas Ecclesiae), romelmac religiuri avtono-

miurobis TvalsazrisiT, gardamtexi roli iTamaSa, XI saukunesa da pap grigol

871 Korkelia K., Mchedlidze N., Nalbandov A., Compatibility of Georgian Legislation with the Standards of the

European Convention on Human Rights and Its Protocols, Tbilisi, 2004, 202. 872 melaZe g., mumlaZe g., sakonstitucio SeTanxmeba: istoria, sajaro ganxilvebi da gavlena religiur umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvaze saqarTveloSi, Jurn. `sakonstitucio sa-marTlis mimoxilva~, #10, 2016, 87. 873 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadide-bel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis pirveli muxlis me-3 punqti. 874 iqve, pirveli muxlis pirveli punqti. 875 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2016 wlis 26 Tebervlis #1/1/618 ganCineba saqmeze, `saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi _ giorgi kekenaZe, nino kvetenaZe da besiki gvenetaZe saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg~, II, 10. 876 Troper M., French Secularism, or Laïcité, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.21, 2000, 1269. 877 Sulaiman v. Juffali, [2002], FCR 427; Mair J., The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search,

in: The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Port-

land, 2011, 376-377. 878 ix., Serbian E. Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich, 426 U.S. 696, 724-25 (1976).

108

VII ukavSirdeba,879 romlis aqtiurma moRvaweobam, saboloo jamSi, eklesia mniS-

vnelovnad ganaviTara880.

marTlmadidebluri Teologiis mixedviT, eklesia da saxelmwifo mSvido-

bianad unda Tanaarsebobdnen adamianTa keTildReobisaTvis, maTi ur-

TierToba `saero da sasuliero Zalauflebis simfoniad~ aRiqmeba.881 ka-

nonikuri samarTali eklesiisa da saxelmwifos warmoSobas RvTaebriv nebas

ukavSirebs, Tumca maTi saqmianobis sferoebs ganarCevs: eklesias adamianis

sulze, xolo saxelmwifos xorcze zrunvas akisrebs882.

miuxedavad imisa, rom doqtrinul-ideologiur doneze saxelmwifosa da

eklesias damoukideblobisa da urTierTCaurevlobis principze SeTanxmebas

miaRwies, misi praqtikuli ganxorcieleba sakmaod rTulia. eklesiisa da sax-

elmwifos formaluri gamijvna gacilebiT martivia, vidre Sinaarsobrivi883 da

rac mTavaria, es gamijvna verasdros iqneba yovlismomcveli,884 miT umetes

iseTi istoriuli gamocdilebis mqone saxelmwifoSi, rogoric saqarTveloa.

sekularizmis praqtikuli aRsrulebis procesi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebu-

lia misi samarTlebrivi safuZvlisa da uzrunvelyofisgan, rac uamrav sis-

temur problemas warmoSobs.

2.2. eklesiisa da sasuliero pirTa samarTlebrivi statusi

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wammarTvel da dominant rols saqarTveloSi

ara konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, aramed araoficialuri, eklesiasa da `mor-

wmuned wodebul umravlesobas~ Soris arsebuli sazogadoebrivi SeTanxmeba

ganapirobebs.885 Tumca konstituciuri SeTanxmeba uzrunvelyofs, gan-

sazRvravs eklesiis warmomadgenelTa da sasuliero pirTa maRal samarTle-

briv statuss.

konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT, sasuliero pirebi Tavisufldebian samxedro

valdebulebisgan.886 sasuliero pirad miiCneva marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi ka-

nonikuri wesiT xeldasmuli (nakurTxi pirovneba (monozoni, diakoni,

mRvdeli, episkoposi), romelic am madls inarCunebs da araa gankveTili epis-

koposis an wminda sinodis gadawyvetilebiT.887 aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom

SeTanxmebis arsebobis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba da sasa-

marTlo praqtika aRiarebs sindisis Tavisuflebis gamo samxedro

879 Durham W.C. Jr., Religion and the World’s Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of Reli-

gion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013, 16. 880 Witte J.Jr., Law, Religion and Human Rights, “Colombia Human Rights Law Review”, Vol.28, 1996, 17. 881 Doe N., Christian Law, Contemporary Principles, New York, 2013, 348; RaRaniZe m., saqarTvelos sekularizaciis gzaze, wignSi: saqarTvelos konstitucia 20 wlis Semdeg, v. nacvliSvilisa da d. zedelaSvilis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2016, 146. 882 iqve, 347. 883 ix., Troper M., French Secularism, or Laïcité, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.21, 2000, 1276. 884 iqve. 885 maisuraZe g., marTlmadidebluri eTika da araTavisufali suli, Tbilisi, 2013, 49. 886 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadide-bel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-4 muxlis pirveli punqti. 887 iqve, terminTa ganmarteba, me-15 punqti.

109

valdebulebisgan gaTavisuflebas,888 xolo `samxedro sarezervo samsaxuris

Sesaxeb~ kanoni samxedro sarezervo samsaxuris moxdisgan aTavisuflebs

zogadad sasuliero pirebs889, dakonkretebis gareSe, rac imas niSnavs, rom

maTSi nebismieri religiis sasuliero piri moiazreba.

saxelmwifo qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis warmomadgenlad, spe-

cialuri uflebamosilebis gareSe, cnobs saeklesio krebas, kaTolikos-pa-

triarqs, wminda sinods, qorepiskopossa da mdivans, aseve, kaTolikos-patri-

arqi uflebamosilia, konkretul pirs Sesabamis samarTlebriv ur-

TierTobebSi mianiWos warmomadgenlobis uflebamosileba.890 qorepiskoposi

kaTolikos-patriarqis moadgile sasuliero piria, romelic saeklesio

cxovrebis garkveul sferos ganagebs. qorepiskoposs niSnavs da maT raodeno-

bas gansazRvravs kaTolikos-patriarqi.891 mdivani ki kaTolikos-patriarqis

TanaSemwea, romelic kaTolikos-patriarqis uSualo davalebebs asrulebs.

mdivanTa raodenobas Tavad patriarqi gansazRvravs892.

konstituciuri SeTanxmeba gansakuTrebul samarTlebriv statuss adgens

kaTolikos-patriarqis mimarT da mis xelSeuvalobas uzrunvelyofs.893

kaTolikos-patriarqi wmida sinodis (saqarTvelos eklesiis mmarTveli da sa-

kanonmdeblo organos) Tavmjdomare da sapatriarqos xelmZRvanelia.894

xelSeuvalobis msgavsi formiT aRWurvilia mxolod saqarTvelos pre-

zidenti Tanamdebobaze yofnis periodSi,895 rac mis gansakuTrebul mniS-

vnelobas usvams xazs.

2.3. safinanso-ekonomikuri TanamSromloba

2.3.1. kompensacia da sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi

eklesia-saxelmwifos TanamSromlobis sakonstituciosamarTlebriv

praqtikaSi, am or instituts Soris yvelaze aqtiurad TanamSromloba

sagadasaxado da saganmanaTleblo sferoebSi mimdinareobs.896 am mxriv, gamona-

klisi arc qarTuli sinamdvilea. konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT saxelmwifo

888 ix., saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2011 wlis 22 dekembris #1/1/477 gad-awyvetileba saqmeze, `saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg~; saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 9 Tebervlis #bs-1599-1575(k-11) ganCineba, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos admin-istraciul saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 20 seqtembris #bs-477-471(2k-12) gadawyvetileba, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa palatis 2013 wlis 30 maisis #bs-722-707(2k-12) ganCineba. 889 samxedro sarezervo samsaxuris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-8 muxlis pirveli pun-qtis `l~ qvepunqti. 890 iqve, saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlma-didebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis pirveli muxlis me-4 punqti. 891 iqve, terminTa ganmarteba, me-7 punqti. 892 iqve, terminTa ganmarteba, me-8 punqti. 893 iqve, pirveli muxlis me-5 punqti. 894 iqve, terminTa ganmarteba, me-6 punqti. 895 saqarTvelos konstituciis 75-e muxlis pirveli punqti. 896 Cranmer F., National Churches, Territoriality and Mission, “Law & Justice – Christian Law Review”, Vol.149,

2002, 161.

110

iRebs valdebulebas da eklesiis mier warmoebuli saRvTismsaxuro produ-

qciis damzadebas, Semotanas, miwodebasa da Semowirulobas, aseve,

araekonomikuri mizniT arsebul qonebasa da miwas gadasaxadebisgan aTavisu-

flebs.897 saRvismsaxuro (saeklesio) produqciad miCneulia eklesia-monas-

trebi da saeklesio daniSnulebis nagebobani (kaTolikos-patriarqis an

mRvdelmTavris rezidenciebi, sasuliero saswavleblebi), _ maTi proe-

qtireba, arqeologia, mSenebloba, restavracia-konservacia; saeklesio mxat-

vroba; saeklesio-samRvdelmsaxuro nivTebi (barZim-feSxumi, laxvari, sana-

wile, odiki, gardamoxsna, embazi, analoRia, Sandali, takuki, varskvlavi,

sacecxluri, sasakmevle, kioti, saeklesio naxSiri, skvnili, kverxi, panaRia,

sudara, sanaRlavi, kvarTi, sartyeli, saeklesio samSvenisi, nakurTxi wylis,

Rvinis, miwis, zeTisa da mironis WurWeli); xati, jvari, saeklesio sanTeli,

saRvTismsaxuro (saritualo) Rvino, sakmeveli, sakandele zeTi, wmida wyali,

sefiskveri (saritualo puri); sasuliero piris Sesamoseli; momlocveloba;

saRvTismetyvelo-saRvTismsaxuro da sasuliero-saganmanaTleblo litera-

tura, aseve, am daniSnulebis tele-kino-video-audio da radio produqcia898.

mniSvnelovani sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis paralelurad, qarTulma sax-

elmwifom aRiara XIX-XX saukuneebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki sabWoTa okupaciis xa-

naSi, saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis dakargvis periodSi, eklesiisaTvis

materialuri da moraluri zianis miyenebis faqti da rogorc CamorTmeuli

qonebis nawilis mflobelma, aiRo valdebuleba materialuri zianis nawilo-

briv kompensaciaze.899 kompensaciis dadgenasTan da masTan dakavSirebuli sxva

sakiTxebis mosamzadeblad saxelmwifom, aseve, iTava specialuri komisiis Se-

qmna, paritetis principis gaTvaliswinebiT900.

2.3.2. qoneba da saeklesio saganZuri

konstituciuri SeTanxmebis normaTa umravlesoba qonebriv sakiTxebsa da

saeklesio saganZuris, kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebs Seexeba. vinaidan

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli obieqtebisa

da qonebis didi nawili saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi Rirebulebis

matarebelicaa, maT Taobaze debulebaTa SeTanxmebaSi asaxva, sruliad

logikuri da samarTlebrivad gamarTlebulia.

saxelmwifo aRiarebs eklesiis sakuTrebasa da qonebriv uflebebs.901 amas-

Tan, xazgasmulia arasaRvTismsaxuro daniSnulebis qonebis gankargvasTan da-

kavSirebiT saero kanonmdeblobisa da saxelmwifoSi arsebuli mowesrigebis

primati.902 eklesiis dafinansebis wyaroebia: nebayoflobiTi Semowiruloba,

897 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadide-bel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-6 muxlis me-5 punqti. 898 iqve, terminTa ganmarteba, 25-e punqti. 899 iqve, me-11 pirveli punqti. 900 iqve, me-2 punqti. 901 iqve, me-6 muxlis pirveli punqti. 902 iqve, me-2 punqti.

111

samewarmeo Semosavlebi, investiciebi, grantebi, daxmarebebi, kanonmdeblobis

Sesabamisad miRebuli sxva Semosavlebi903.

eklesiis sakuTrebad aris miCneuli saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebuli

moqmedi da aramoqmedi marTlmadidebluri taZrebi da monastrebi, aseve, maTi

nangrevebi da miwis nakveTebi, romlebzec isinia ganlagebuli.904 msgavs nage-

bobaTa dacvis zonebi, maTi movla-patronobisa da sargeblobis wesebi gan-

isazRvreba Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobiT, eklesiasTan SeTanxmebiT.905 sax-

elmwifo valdebulebas iRebs, eklesiasTan erTad izrunos istoriul-kul-

turuli da arqeologiur-arqiteqturuli faseulobebis mqone saeklesio

nagebobebisa da saeklesio saganZuris saTanado dacvasa da movla-patrono-

baze.906 amasTan, saxelmwifo iRebs valdebulebas, molaparakeba awarmoos Sesa-

bamis saxelwifoebTan sazRvargareT, maT teritoriaze arsebuli yvela

qarTuli marTlmadidebluri taZris, monastris, maTi nangrevis, sxva saekle-

sio nagebobisa da saeklesio nivTebis dacvis, movla-patronobisa da sa-

kuTrebis uflebis Taobaze907.

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba saxelmwifo dacvaSi arsebul saekle-

sio saganZurs, romlis mesakuTredac saqarTvelo eklesiaa aRiarebuli,908

amasTan, saeklesio saganZuri, garda wmida nawilebisa909 da wmida

relikviebisa910, rogorc erovnuli saganZuris nawili, saxelmwifosa da

eklesiis erTobliv mflobelobaSia.911 am saeklesio saganZuris sargeblobis

damatebiT wesebs, aseve, kulturul-istoriuli Rirebulebebis mqone taZre-

bis aRdgenis, restavracia-konservaciis an moxatvis proeqtebs amtkicebs sax-

elmwifo eklesiasTan SeTanxmebiT912.

2.4. religia da sajaro sivrce

evropul saxelmwifoTa umravlesobas religiis sajaro sferoSi

mowesrigebasTan dakavSirebiT ara identuri, magram msgavsi problemebi Seqm-

nia.913 problemebi ki ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia imasTan, Tu ra doziTaa

religia sajaro sferoSi warmodgenili da rac mTavaria, rogor SeuZlia

imoqmedos am mimarTulebiT gadawvetilebis miRebis procesSi. sajaro

sivrceSi religiisa da saxelmwifos TanamSromloba SesaZlebelia iyos

rogorc simboluri, ise uSualod qmediTi.

903 iqve, me-4. 904 iqve, me-7 muxlis pirveli punqti. 905 iqve, me-2 punqti. 906 iqve, me-9 muxlis pirveli punqti. 907 iqve, me-10 muxli. 908 iqve, me-8 muxlis pirveli punqti. 909 marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mier Wmidanad Seracxil mowameTa da moRvaweTa sxeulis nawilebi. iqve, terminTa ganmarteba, 21-e punqti. 910 macxovris, RmrTismSoblisa da wmidanTa cxovrebasTan dakavSirebuli sagnebi da nivT-ebi. iqve, terminTa ganmarteba, 22-e punqti. 911 iqve, me-8 muxlis me-2 punqti. 912 iqve, me-9 muxlis me-2 punqti. 913 Zucca L., The Crisis of the Secular State – A Reply to Professor Sajó, “I-Con”, Vol.7, No.3, 2009, 495.

112

saqarTvelos konstituciuri SeTanxmeba eklesiisa da saxelmwifos

TanamSromlobas sajaro sivrceSi ramdenime mimarTulebiT warmoaCens. sax-

elmwifo aRiarebs did saeklesio dResaswaulebsa da kviras, Sesabamisad,

rogorc wesi, maT dasvenebis dReebad acxadebs.914 saxelmwifo cnobs eklesiis

mier Sesrulebul jvrisweras kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT,915 aseve,

mxars uWers saeklesio da aRsarebis saidumlos dacvas, sasuliero pirs ki av-

aldebulebs, ar gasces informacia, romelic mas, rogorc sulier moZRvars,

gaandes an misTvis cnobili gaxda.916 marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan SeTanx-

mebiT samxedro-sajariso formirebebSi, sapatimroebsa da Tavisuflebis

aRkveTis adgilebSi saxelmwifo marTlmadidebeli moZRvris instituts qmnis

da uzrunvelyofs Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi aqtebis miRebas.917 konstituci-

uri SeTanxmeba iTvaliswinebs eklesiisa da saxelmwifos miers mosaxleobis

socialuri dacvis erToblivi programebis ganxorcielebis SesaZle-

blobas918.

eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia ga-

naTlebis sferos. istoriulad, ganaTleba yovelTvis eklesiis instituci-

uri iurisdiqciis qveS iyo moqceuli, amitomac am mimarTulebis sekulariza-

cia, rogorc wesi, misi mxridan yvelaze mtkivneulad aRiqmeba. konstituci-

uri SeTanxmebiT, eklesia da saxelmwifo aRiareben Sesabamisi saswavlo

dawesebulebebis mier gacemul ganaTlebis damadasturebel dokumentebs,

samecniero xarisxebsa da wodebebs, kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT.919 amas-

Tan, religiisa da ganaTlebis TavisuflebaTa uzrunvelsayofad, sa-

ganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoebis sagnis

swavleba nebayoflobiTia.920 saswavlo programebis dadgena, Secvla, peda-

gogTa daniSvna da gaTavisufleba xdeba eklesiis wardginebiT.921 saxelmwifo

da eklesia uflebamosilni arian, ganaxorcielon erToblivi sa-

ganmanaTleblo programebi,922 saxelmwifo ki valdebulebas iRebs, xeli Seu-

wyos eklesiis saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis funqcionirebas923.

914 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadide-bel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis pirveli muxli. 915 iqve, me-3 muxli. 916 iqve, me-2 muxli. 917 iqve, me-4 muxlis me-2 punqti. 918 iqve, me-4 muxlis me-3 punqti. 919 iqve, me-5 muxlis me-2 punqti. 920 iqve, me-5 muxlis pirveli punqti. 921 iqve. 922 iqve, me-5 muxlis me-3 punqti. 923 iqve.

113

3. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis adgili qarTul samarTalSi

3.1. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis samarTlebrivi statusi

saqarTvelos konstituciuri SeTanxmeba gansakuTrebuli statusis mqone

samarTlebrivi aqtia, romelic stabilurobis Zalze maRal garantiebs moi-

cavs, mis mimarT specialuri samarTlebrivi reJimi moqmedebs.924 saqarTvelos

konstitucia konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadebis eqskluziur

uflebamosilebas saxelmwifos aniWebs, Tumca gansazRvrulia meore mxare:

saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesia.925 kon-

stituciuri SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis ganuyofeli nawilia da

normatiul aqtebs ganekuTvneba,926 Tumca sxva normatiuli aqtebisgan gan-

sxvavebiT, mis misaRebad sakmaod rTuli meqanizmia dadgenili, rac dokumen-

tis samarTlebrivi Zalis erT-erTi ganmapirobebeli da ganmsazRvreli

faqtoria.927 SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ès aris unikaluri xasiaTis dokumenti

rogorc Tavisi iuridiuli bunebiT, ise Sinaarsobrivi aspeqtebiT~928.

konstituciuri SeTanxmebis, rogorc samarTlebrivi formis, upiratesoba

kanonTan SedarebiT, isaa, rom SeTanxmeba ormxrivi dokumentia da sax-

elmwifos misi calmxrivad Secvla an Sewyveta ar SeuZlia.929 konstituciuri

SeTanxmebis amoqmedeba SeTanxmebaze xelmowerasa da damtkicebas

ukavSirdeba. SeTanxmebas xels awers saqarTvelos saxelmwifos saxeliT

saqarTvelos prezidenti, saqarTvelos mTavrobis winaswari TanxmobiT930,

xolo saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis saxeliT, _ kaTolikos-pa-

triarqi931.

konstituciuri SeTanxmebis xelmoweris Semdeg aucilebelia misi

damtkiceba orive mxaris umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis mier.

saqarTvelos konstituciuri SeTanxmebis ZalaSi SesvlasTan dakavSirebuli

procedurebi vatikanis konkordatebis mibaZviT gakeTda.932 saqarTvelos

mxridan SeTanxmebas amtkicebs saqarTvelos parlamenti sruli

Semadgenlobis 3/5-is umravlesobiT,933 xolo eklesiis mxridan _ wminda si-

nodi.934 am ukanasknelis SemTxvevaSi kvorumi dadgenili araa, Sesabamisad,

924 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-6 muxlis me-2 punqti, me-9 muxlis me-2 punqti, 66-e muxlis 11-li punqti, 73-e muxlis pirveli punqtis à1~ qvepunqti; `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-7 muxli, me-10 muxlis me-3 punqti. 925 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxli; loria v., gelaSvili b., bendeliani m., adamianis uflebebi da religia, Tbilisi, 2006, 155. 926 `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-7 muxlis pirveli punqti. 927 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, Jurn. àdamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 2001, 12. 928 cnobilaZe p., saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali, t.I, Tbilisi, 2005, 202. 929 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, Jurn. àdamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 2001, 10. 930 `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-10 muxlis me-3 punqti. 931 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadide-bel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-12 muxlis me-3 punqti. 932 korkelia k., adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba saqarTveloSi, Tbi-lisi, 2004, 85. 933 saqarTvelos konstituciis 66-e muxlis 11-li punqti. 934 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadide-bel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-12 muxlis me-4 punqti.

114

ivaraudeba, rom samarTlebrivi SedegisTvis ubralo umravlesobiT mxardaW-

erac sakmarisi iqneba.

konstituciuri SeTanxmeba gansakuTrebul adgils ikavebs saqarTvelos

normatiuli aqtebis ierarqiaSic. konstituciis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos saer-

TaSoriso xelSekrulebebi da SeTanxmebebi konstituciasTan erTad, kon-

stituciur SeTanxmebasac unda Seesabamebodes.935 kanonmdebloba kidev ufro

akonkretebs normatiuli aqtebis urTierTmimarTebas: saerTaSoriso

xelSekrulebebTan da aqtebTan erTad, konstituciuri SeTanxmeba iuridi-

uli ZaliT aRemateba organul da mimdinare kanonebs, prezidentis dekrets,

parlamentis reglaments, nebismier kanonqvemdebare normatiul aqts936.

3.2. konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, rogorc samarTlis wyaro

samarTlis wyaro, yvelaze zogadi ganmartebiT, samarTlis gamoxatvis

formas, saSualebas ewodeba.937 Tanamedrove samyaroSi samarTlis wyaroebi

mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva da konkretuli samarTlebrivi dargisa Tu sis-

temis mixedviT, isini mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian. religiuri da samarTle-

brivi sistemebi xSirad erTmaneTisgan gansaxvavebul, urTierTsawinaaRmdego

wesebs Seicaven, Tumca orive maTgani ukve aTaswleulebia Tanaarsebobs.938

gansxvavebebis miuxedavad, samarTali da religia bevri saerTo niSniTac xasi-

aTdeba.939 orive maTgani erTmaneTTan meTodologiurad, instituciurad da

profesiulad dakavSirebuli sistemebia940.

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi yvelaze gabedul moazrovneebsac ki ar uoc-

nebiaT saeklesio samarTalTan mimarTebiT saero samarTlis upiratesobis

aRiareba.941 Tumca Tanamedrove samarTalSi es miRebuli faqtia da ra Tqma

unda, upiratesoba kanonmdeblobas eniWeba. aRniSnuli ar gamoricxavs saekle-

sio samarTlisa da kanonikis moqmedebas, mxolod im farglebSi, Tuki igi ka-

nonmdeblobas ar ewinaaRmdegeba. diurkemis azriT, nebismieri ram SeiZleba

wmindas, sakraluris materialuri gansxeuleba iyos da Sesabamisad, logiku-

ria, Tuki desakralizaciis Sedegad, igi saero xasiaTs daibrunebs.942 de-

sakralizaciis procesis Sedegad saero kanonmdeblobaSi Zalian bevri

religiuri xasiaTis debuleba aisaxa da dRes Znelad Tu warmoudgenia vinmes

maT gareSe samarTlis arseboba. xSirad religiur sazogadoebebSi religiuri

Sinaarsis Zeglebi saero samarTlis wyaros funqciasac asruleben. amas gan-

sakuTrebiT xels uwyobs erTi religiis dominireba an monoeTnikuroba.

935 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-6 muxlis me-2 punqti. 936 `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-7 muxlis me-3 punqti. 937 ix., gegenava d., qanTaria b., canava l., TevzaZe T., maWaraZe z., javaxiSvili p., erqvania T., papaSvili T., saqarTvelos sakonstitucio samarTali, me-3 gamocema, Tbilisi, 2015, 5. 938 Witte J.Jr., Law, Religion and Human Rights, “Colombia Human Rights Law Review”, Vol.28, 1996, 3. 939 ix., iqve, 5-6. 940 ix., iqve, 6-7. 941 elineki g., Zveli samarTlis brZola axal samarTalTan, z. nanobaSvilis Targmani, b. zoiZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2006, 35. 942 Coleman J.A., The Secular: A Sociological View, “The Way”, Vol.30(1), 1990, 17.

115

Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom gamonaklisebic arsebobs943. am SemTxvevaSi mTa-

varia is, Tu Tavad saxelmwifo ramdenad sekularul xasiaTs atarebs.

saqarTveloSi kanonmdebloba mTlianad saero xasiaTisaa, saeklesio da

nebismieri religiuri samarTali moqmedebs konkretul socialur jgufSi,

Tuki ar ewinaaRmdegeba saxelmwifos mier dadgenil wesebs. saero kanon-

mdebloba vrceldeba mTeli saxelmwifos masStabiT, saeklesio samarTali ki

_ eklesiis farglebSi, amasTan, misi SesrulebiT ar unda irRveodes sax-

elmwifo mier dadgenili samarTali.944 konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, rogorc

normatiuli aqti, kanonmdeblobis nawilia da mas saxelmwifo ara mxolod

savaldebulo Zalas aniWebs, aramed konstituciisa da konstituciuri

kanonis Semdeg, samarTlebrivi moqmedebis mixedviT, umaRles adgils

usazRvravs.945 konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, imavdroulad, saeklesio sa-

marTlis wyaroa, vinaidan igi patriarqis mier xelmowerili da wmida sinodis

mier damtkicebuli dokumentia, romelsac eklesiis wiaRSi Sesasruleblad

savaldebulo Zala aqvs. unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos normatiuli aq-

tebis sistemisgan gansxvavebiT, konstituciuri SeTanxmeba eklesiis sa-

marTlis wyaroTa ierarqiaSi erT-erT dabal adgils ikavebs wminda werilis,

wminda gardamocemis, msoflio da adgilobrivi krebebis dadgenilebaTa

Semdeg,946 radgac misi statusi mxolod sinoduri ganCinebis tolfasia.

saeklesio aqtTa ierarqiuloba saukuneebiT dadgenili savaldebulo wesia,

Sesabamisad, misi Secvla konstituciuri SeTanxmebis mniSvnelobis dokumen-

tis gamoc ki SeuZlebelia. kanonikuri samarTlis kuTxiT, marTalia, kon-

stituciuri SeTanxmeba samarTlis wyarod ganixileba, Tumca mas saero kanon-

mdeblobaSi aRiarebul statusTan SedarebiT, dabali moqmedebis Zala aqvs,

rac sruliad bunebrivia, radgan SeTanxmebiT saxelmwifos mxridan

valdebulebebis aRiareba da saxelmwifosTan urTierTobebis mowesrigeba

xdeba da ara eklesiis Sida saqmeebsa da wesebSi Careva, romelTa avtonomiuro-

bac, imave konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT uzrunvelyofilia947.

943 mag., israeli monoeTnikuri saxelmwifoa, Tumca ebrauli samarTali (halaxa) israelis saxelmwifosTvis mxolod meoreuli, fakultaturi samarTlis wyaros funqcias asrulebs, saxelmwifo ar iboWeba arcerTi religiis wesebiT. Lerner N., Religion and the Basic Legislation in

Israel, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr.

Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013, 231. 944 Von Campenhausen A.F., Church Autonomy in Germany, in: Church Autonomy, A Comparative Survey,

Edited by G. Robbers, Frankfurt am Main, 2001, 80. 945 ix., saqarTvelos konstituciis me-6 muxlis me-2 punqti, `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-7 muxlis me-3 punqti. 946 ix., CikvaiZe d., saeklesio samarTali, Tbilisi, 2008, 64. 947 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadide-bel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis pirveli muxlis me-3 punqti.

116

4. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis samarTlebrivi problemebi

4.1. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis saxelwodebis terminologiuri uzustoba

samarTlisa da enis urTierTmimarTeba erT-erTi maradiuli problemaa sa-

marTlis mecnierebaSi da aqtualobas arasdros kargavs, miT umetes iseTi sa-

marTlebrivi sivrcisTvis, romelic Camoyalibebis procesSia.948 enobrivi da

cnebebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi ver iqneba meorexarisxovani, radgan sa-

marTali, rogorc aseTi, enaSi, enobrivi formebiT gamJRavnebuli qcevis

wesebis sistemaa.949 amitomac gamarTuli terminologia ganviTarebuli sa-

marTlebrivi sistemis aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawilia, ufro metic Tavad am

sistemaTa ganviTarebis erT-erTi sawindaria.

konstituciuri SeTanxmebis, rogorc samarTlebrivi dokumentis, saxel-

wodeba gamorCeulia. erTi mxriv, misi saxelSekrulebo buneba, xolo, meore

mxriv `konstituciuri~ statusi mas etimologiuradac gamorCeul dokumen-

tad aqcevs. `konstituciuris~ gamoyenebiT kanonmdebelma xazi gausva SeTanx-

mebis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas, mis sakonstituciosamarTlebriv xasi-

aTsa da statuss saxelmwifo sistemaSi.950 rogorc prof. xecuriani

ganmartavs, SeTanxmebisTvis `konstituciuris~ darqmeva imiTaa

gamarTlebuli, rom misi `dadebis SesaZlebloba da subieqtTa wre mxolod

saxelmwifos ZiriTadi kanoniT iqneba gansazRvruli~951.

konstituciuri SeTanxmebis konstituciasTan dakavSirebuli statusi

sruliad marTebuli da mizanSewonilia. samarTlebrivi aqtis statussa da

mniSvnelobas imaze metad araferi usvams xazs, vidre konstituciasTan

Tundac terminologiuri TvalsazrisiT mibma, miT umetes, am SemTxvevaSi, igi

Sinaarsobrivadac ZiriTad kanons efuZneba. `konstituciursa~ da `sa-

konstitucios~ qarTul samarTlebriv enaSi xSirad TanabarmniSvnelovnad

iyeneben, rac bevr problemas warmoSobs.952 marTalia, fonetikurad es ori

cneba erTmaneTTan Zalian axlosaa, Tumca Sinaarsobrivad, qarTuli enis

specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba. `sakonstitucio~

konstituciis Sesaferiss, konstituciisaTvis gankuTvnils, konstituciiT

gaTvaliswinebuls, xolo `konstituciuri~ konstituciasTan Sesabamiss aR-

niSnavs.953 Sinaarsobrivad es cnebebi uerTierTgadamfarav mniSvnelobasac

948 gegenava d., zogierTi cnebis marTebulobis sakiTxisaTvis qarTul sakonstitucio sa-marTalSi, wignSi: zurab axvlediani 80, z. ZlieriSvilisa da s. qavTaraZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2013, 181. 949 xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2004, 121. 950 Manitakis A., Comments on the Draft Constitutional Agreement between the State of Georgia and the Apostle

Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia, CDL(2001)64, European Commission for Democracy Through Law

(Venice Commission), Strasbourg, 28 June 2001, 2. 951 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, Jurn. àdamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 2001, 11. 952 ix., kaxiani g., sakonstitucio kontrolis zogierTi Teoriuli aspeqti, Jurn. àdamiani da konstitucia~, #4, 2005; melqaZe o., `sakonstitucio kontroli~ - terminis arsebiTi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, Jurn. àdamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 1998; gegenava d., zogierTi cnebis marTebulobis sakiTxisaTvis qarTul sakonstitucio samarTalSi, wignSi: zurab axvlediani 80, z. ZlieriSvilisa da s. qavTaraZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2013; gegenava d., qanTaria b., canava l., TevzaZe T., maWaraZe z., javaxiSvili p., erqvania T., papaSvili T., saqarTvelos sakonstitucio samarTali, me-3 gamocema, Tbilisi, 2015. 953 ix., qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni _ <http://ena.ge/explanatoryonline> [05.11.2015]

117

moiazrebs. es yvelaferi kidev ufro absurdul elfers konstituciur

SeTanxmebasTan dakavSirebiT iZens. `konstituciuri SeTanxmeba~, misi salit-

eraturo da gramatikuli Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, niSnavs SeTanxmebas, rome-

lic konstitucias Seesabameba. am kuTxiT, nebismieri SeTanxmeba, romelic

konstitucias ar ewinaaRmdegeba, konstituciuria. garda amisa, imis dadgena,

konstituciuria Tu ara raime, maT Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, sa-

konstitucio sasamarTlos prerogativaa, anu igi (mTlianad an nawilobriv)

potenciurad arakonstituciuric SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rac safuZvelSive

gamoricxavs mis `konstituciur~ statuss.

`sakonstitucio xelSekruleba~ WeSmaritad asaxavs im Sinaarsobriv da

terminologiur datvirTvas, romelic am instituts aqvs. am SemTxvevaSi igi

sruliad moicavs im azrs, rac mis Semqmnelebs hqondaT _ konstituciidan

gamomdinare, konstituciisken mimarTuli, sakonstituciosamarTlebrivi

statusisa da Sinaarsis mqone. SeTanxmebisTvis `sakonstitucios~ darqmeva

ara mxolod teqnikurad, aramed Sinaarsobrivadac gamarTavs institutis sa-

marTlebriv formas da Seqmnis adekvatur aRqmas mis samarTlebriv bunebasTan

dakavSirebiT. am SemTxvevaSi dokumenti ideuri TvalsazrisiTac Cajdeba

saqarTvelos normatiuli aqtebis erTian sistemaSi. amis Semdeg `sakonstitu-

cio SeTanxmebis~ konstituciurobis sakiTxi logikuric iqneba da adekvatu-

ric, gansxvavebiT `konstituciuri SeTanxmebis~ konstituciurobisgan.

4.2. konstituciuri SeTanxmeba normatiuli aqtebis ierarqiaSi

konstituciuri SeTanxmebis normatiuli moqmedebis Zalis Taobaze

debulebebs rogorc konstitucia, ise `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ kanoni

Seicavs. samwuxarod, am debulebaTa nawili urTierTgamomricxavi da bundo-

vania, rac normatiuli aqtebis ierarqiaSi konstituciuri SeTanxmebis adgi-

lis Taobaze calsaxa daskvnis gamotanis saSualebas ar iZleva.

saqarTvelos konstituciis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos uzenaesi kanoni kon-

stituciaa da yvela sxva samarTlebrivi aqti mas unda Seesabamebodes.954 ra

Tqma unda, am mxriv, aqtebSi konstituciuri SeTanxmebac moiazreba, romelic,

nebismieri sxva aqtis msgavsad, konstituciis qvemdgomi dokumentia. amasTan,

konstitucia saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebsa da SeTanxmebebs, romlebsac

Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqtebTan mimarTebiT, upirates iuridiul

Zalas aniWebs, saqarTvelos konstituciisa da konstituciuri SeTanxmebis

qvemdgomad ganixilavs.955 msgavs mowesrigebas adgens `normatiuli aqtebis

Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, romelic ZiriTadi kanonis debulebebs sityva-

sityviT imeorebs956.

gaugebrobas iwvevs konstituciis norma, romlis Tanaxmadac, konstituci-

uri SeTanxmeba srulad unda Seesabamebodes saerTaSoriso samarTlis say-

ovelTaod aRiarebul principebsa da normebs, kerZod, adamianis uflebaTa da

954 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-6 muxlis pirveli punqti. 955 ix., iqve, pirveli punqtis me-2 winadadeba. 956 ix., `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-7 muxlis me-3 punqti.

118

ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa sferoSi.957 normis daniSnuleba martivi dasadgenia.

misi mizani konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis

darRvevis, sxva pirTa religiuri uflebebis Selaxvisa da diskriminaciis Tav-

idan acilebaa, romlis uzrunvelyofac konstituciuri SeTanxmebis

uflebebTan Sesabamisobis daTqmiT miiRweva.958 Tumca warmoudgenelia saer-

TaSorisod aRiarebuli ZiriTadi uflebebi da principebi calke, ganyenebu-

lad arsebobdes, isini romelime saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv aqtSi unda iyos

mocemuli, xolo es ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, konstituciur SeTanxmebaze

dabali samarTlebrivi Zalisaa, alogikuri gamodis, rogor unda Seesabame-

bodes konstituciuri SeTanxmeba am principebsa da uflebebs959.

gaugebaria, romel saxelmwifo organos SeuZlia daadginos konstituci-

uri SeTanxmebis adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa sferoSi

saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebul principebsa da normebTan

Sesabamisoba. logikurad, upirvelesi saxelmwifo organo, romelic, am mxriv,

aluzias iwvevs, ra Tqma unda saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTloa. sam-

wuxarod, konstituciiTa da kanonmdeblobiT mas msgavsi uflebamosileba ar

gaaCnia.960 mTavari aqti, romelic misTvis amosavali da pirveladi wyaroa, kon-

stituciaa, Sesabamisad, Tavad normatiuli aqtebis erTamenTTan Sesabam-

isobaze dava mis kompetencias scdeba. prof. korkelia gamosavals imaSi

xedavs, rom konstituciur SeTanxmebasa da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas So-

ris Sesabamisobis sakiTxi saerTo sasamarTloebma ganixilon da gadawyvi-

ton.961 es msjeloba logikuria da aqtebis ierarqiuli Sesabamisoba adminis-

traciuli sasamarTlos kompetenciaSi isedac Sedis, Tumca situaciis

delikaturoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom am SemTxvevaSi arsebiTad dava adami-

anis ZiriTad uflebebs da ara Tavad aqtis materialur Tu formalur ka-

nonierebas Seexeba.

konstituciis me-9 muxlis me-2 punqtis me-2 winadadeba sruliad zedmetia

da ar jdeba konstituciis normatiuli qsovilisa Tu ZiriTadi kanonis deon-

turi logikis erTian struqturaSi. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos SeuZlia

nebismieri normatiuli aqtis konstituciurobis sakiTxi ganixilos, amasTan,

am SemTxvevaSi nebismier pirs SeuZlia mimarTos mas normatiuli aqtis an misi

nawilis konstituciis me-2 TaviT aRiarebul ZiriTad uflebebTan da Tavisu-

flebebTan mimarTebiT Sesabamisobis dadgenis mizniT962. Tuki kanonmdeblis

mizani konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT ZiriTadi uflebis darRvevis prevenciaa,

maSin es yovelive zedmeti normis gareSec miiRweva. me-9 muxlis me-2 punqtis

me-2 winadadebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSic ki nebismier pirs SeuZlia, mimar-

Tos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos da konstituciuri SeTanxmebis debulebaTa

957 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxlis me-2 punqtis me-2 winadadeba. 958 korkelia k., adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba saqarTveloSi, Tbi-lisi, 2004, 86. 959 ix., iqve, 87. 960 ix., saqarTvelos konstituciis 89-e muxlis pirveli punqti, `saqarTvelos sakonstitu-cio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organuli kanonis me-19 muxli. 961 korkelia k., adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba saqarTveloSi, Tbi-lisi, 2004, 87. 962 saqarTvelos konstituciis 89-e muxlis pirveli punqtis `v~ qvepunqti.

119

konstituciurobis Taobaze idavos. amasTan, konstituciis me-7 da 39-e mux-

lebis sistemuri analizi cxadyofs, rom saerTaSoriso samarTliT aRi-

arebuli, konkretul saerTaSoriso aqtSi mocemuli ZiriTadi uflebebi

araTu ubralod kanonmdeblobis, aramed konstituciis nawiladac SeiZleba

iqnes moazrebuli, rac sakonstitucio sasamarTlos SesaZleblobas miscems,

Seasrulos me-9 muxlis me-2 punqtis me-2 winadadebiT nagulisxmevi normati-

uli mizani da konstituciaSi konkretuli normis ararsebobis miuxedavadac

ki, daicvas adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da uzrunvelyos uflebaTa

praqtikuli ganxorcieleba. aqedan gamomdinare, ZiriTadi kanonis xsenebuli

debuleba sruliad zedmetia da adamianis uflebaTa dacvas ar uzrun-

velyofs, piriqiT, qmnis normatiul kazuss, romlis gadawyvetaze uflebamo-

sili organo ubralod ar arsebobs. Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli winadadeba kon-

stituciidan amoRebuli unda iqnes.

4.3. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis hibriduli buneba

marTlmadidebel eklesiasa da saqarTvelos saxelmwifos Soris konstitu-

ciuri SeTanxmebis dadebis idea XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi gaCnda vatikanis

konkordatebis gavleniT.963 konkordati wminda saydarsa da sxva saxelmwifos

Soris dadebuli saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaa.964 igi saxelmwifoTa Soris

dadebul SeTanxmebad miiCneva, radgan vatikani, romelic Tanamedrove

formiT 1929 wels Seiqmna, saxelmwifosaTvis aucilebel yvela kriteriums

akmayofilebs.965 miuxedavad am garemoebisa, konkordatebis saerTaSorisosa-

marTlebriv konteqstSi ganxilva sakmaod rTulia, radgan, marTalia, vatikani

saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqtia da xelSekrulebac saxelmwifosTan

ideba, Tumca misi Sinaarsi saxelmwifos SigniT religiasTan dakavSirebul sa-

kiTxebs exeba966.

qarTuli konstituciuri SeTanxmeba unikaluri xelSekrulebaa, romelic,

saxelmwifosa da iuridiul pirs Sorisaa dadebuli, Tumca saerTaSoriso

xelSekrulebebze maRali statusisaa.967 amgvari hibriduli statusi misi

arsebobis erTgvari samarTlebrivi garantiac kia. mecnierTa nawili miiCnevs,

rom saqarTvelos eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobis msgavsi sa-

marTlebrivi forma yvelaze optimaluri da mizanSewonili normatiuli

963 ix., abaSiZe l., religiuri kanonmdeblobis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi, Jurn. `soli-daroba~, #9(18)07, 2007, 14. 964 iqve. 965 ix., Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States, 26 December, 1933; Ryngaert C., The Legal

Status of the Holy See, “Göttingen Journal of International Law”, Vol.3, 2011, 833. 966 ix., Petkoff P., Legal Perspectives and Religious Rights Under International Law in the Vatican Concordats

(1963-2004), “Law & Justice - Christian Law Review”, Vol.158, 2007, 40-41. 967 Tsintsadze Kh., Legal Apects of Church-State Relations in Post-Revolutionary Georgia, “Brigham Young

University Law Review”, 2007, #3, 764.

120

meqanizmia.968 tempermani saqarTvelos konstituciur SeTanxmebas gamijvnis

principis gaumjobesebis meqanizmad aRiqvams969.

qarTul konstituciur SeTanxmebas hibriduli buneba aqvs, igi araa saer-

TaSoriso xelSekruleba, dadebulia qveyanaSi moqmed eklesiasa da sax-

elmwifos Soris, Tumca, imavdroulad, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis damax-

asiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebic aqvs.970 konstituciuri SeTanxmebis samarTle-

brivma formam Tavidanve bevri kiTxva dabada, maT Soris mTavari problema ki

is iyo, rom SeTanxmebis Sinaarsi da statusi wminda saydris konkordatebis

mibaZviT iyo Seqmnili, Tumca vatikanisgan gansxvavebiT, marTlmadidebel

eklesias saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi statusi ar gaaCnia.971 swored amiTaa

ganpirobebuli isic, rom mas ara `ratifikacia~, aramed `damtkiceba~

esaWiroeba.972 terminTa aRrevisa da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebasTan

aluziis Tavidan asacileblad miRebis formebi terminologiurad gaimijna.

miuxedavad amisa, rogorc SeTanxmeba, igi Sida kanonmdeblobis nawilad rCeba,

Tumca saerTaSoriso aqts miagavs, amis gamo misi klasikur normatiul aqtad

aRqma sakmaod rTulia. savaraudod, amanac ganapiroba kanonmdeblis spe-

cialuri daTqma, romliTac konstituciuri SeTanxmeba normatiul aqtad

moiazreba da saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobis nawilia973.

4.4. sekularizmis principis darRveva da eklesiis SezRudva

modernizaciis aqtiuri procesi ar niSnavs sazogadoebaSi eklesiis dan-

iSnulebis gaqrobas.974 marTalia, marTlmadidebeli eklesia yovelTvis

sifrTxiliT da SeiZleba iTqvas, garkveulwilad, SiSiTac ekideba globalur

siaxleebsa da wamowyebebs, rasac misi (ultra)konservatiuli xasiaTic ga-

napirobebs,975 Tumca es ar unda iyos imis mizezi, rom saxelmwifosa da

eklesiis urTierTobaSi, upiratesobebisa da SeRavaTebis sanacvlod, sax-

elmwifom eklesiis avtonomiuroba SezRudos. istoriulad, nebismieri sax-

elmwifo, romelic eklesias sakonstitucio privilegiebsa da gansakuTrebul

968 ix., xecuriani j., konstituciuri SeTanxmeba da religiuri gaerTianebebis samarTle-brivi statusis zogierTi sakiTxi saqarTveloSi, wignSi: Ziebani qarTul samarTalmcodne-obaSi, Tbilisi, 2011, 81. 969 ix., Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral

Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 74. 970 abaSiZe l., religiuri kanonmdeblobis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi, Jurn. `soli-daroba~, #9(18)07, 2007, 15. 971 Manitakis A., Comments on the Draft Constitutional Agreement between the State of Georgia and the Apostle

Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia, CDL(2001)64, European Commission for Democracy Through Law

(Venice Commission), Strasbourg, 28 June 2001, 2. 972 korkelia k., adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba saqarTveloSi, Tbi-lisi, 2004, 85. 973 ix., `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-7 muxlis pirveli punqti. 974 Fokas E., Religion and Welfare in Greece: A New, or Renewed, Role for the Church? in:Orthodox Christianity

in 21st Century Greece, The Role of Religion in Culture, Ethnicity and Politics, Edited by V. Roudometof and V.N.

Makrides, Ashgate, 2010, 175. 975 ix., iqve, 180.

121

oficialur statuss aniWebda, eklesiis mxridan yovelTvis Sesabamis samsax-

ursa da mxardaWeras moiTxovda.976 aRniSnuli karga xania warsuls Cabarda da

dResdReobiT eklesiis mxridan mxardaWera ZiriTadad socialur sferoSi

gamoixateba, saxelmwifos mTlianobis, erTianobisa da sazogadoebrivi mSvid-

obis propagandiT, waxalisebiT.

Tanamedrove eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa specifikis gaT-

valiswinebiT, eqskluziurad eklesiis gamgeblobas mikuTvnebuli sakiTxebia:

sasuliero pirTa ganaTleba da momzadeba, RvTismsaxureba da sasuliero

pirebTan SromiTi urTierTobebi, saeklesio qonebis marTva, saqvelmoqmedo

saqmianoba da sxv.977

4.4.1. saidumloebis dacva

samarTali advokatebis, eqimebisa da sasuliero pirTaTvis saidumloebis

dacvis privilegias uzrunvelyofs.978 ara aqvs mniSvneloba, Tu romeli sa-

marTlis ojaxs miekuTvneba saxelmwifo da ra samarTlebrivi azrovnebaa qvey-

anaSi, saidumloebis dacvis privilegia am sami kategoriis pirTaTvis garanti-

rebulia. saqarTveloc gamonaklisi araa. qarTuli kanonmdebloba uzrun-

velyofs msgavsi saidumloebis daculobas.979 amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom am

sami kategoriis saidumloebas Soris garkveuli diferenciacia arsebobs.

sxvebisgan gansxvavebiT, sasuliero pirTaTvis saidumloebis dacvis principi

absoluturia da aRsarebis saidumlos gacemas maT saxelmwifo arcerT Sem-

TxvevaSi avaldebulebs.980 roca, eqimi da advokati gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi,

valdebulni arian, mimarTon Sesabis saxelmwifo organoebs, sasuliero

pirebi absoluturi sakanonmdeblo privilegiiT sargebloben. saqarTvelos

SemTxvevaSi sasuliero pirad nebismieri aRmsareblobis Sesabamisi

uflebamosilebis piri moiazreba da am mxriv, kanonmdebloba raime diferen-

ciacias ar adgens.

konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT, saxelmwifo marTlmadidebel sasuliero

pirebs saidumloebis dacvis privilegiiT aRWuravs ori ZiriTadi mimar-

TulebiT: 1. aRsarebis saidumloeba da 2. saeklesio saidumloeba.981 aRsarebis

saidumlo ganimarteba, rogorc sinanulis saidumlo, dawesebuli TviT ieso

qristes mier, sulieri ganwmendis mizniT uflis winaSe moZRvarTan (marTlma-

didebeli eklesiis sasuliero piri, romelic ama Tu im adamianisagan ibarebs

976 Dawson J.F., Friedrich Schleiermacher and the Separation of Church and State, “Journal of Church and State”,

Vol.7, No.2, 1965, 219. 977 ix., Von Campenhausen A.F., Church Autonomy in Germany, in: Church Autonomy, A Comparative Survey,

Edited by G. Robbers, Frankfurt am Main, 2001, 81-82. 978 Greenawalt K., Religion and Equality, in: Christianity and Human Rights, An Introduction, Edited by J. Witte

Jr. and F.S. Alexander, New York, 2010, 243. 979 ix., saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi, èqimis uflebebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, advokatTa eTikis kodeqsi, àdvokatTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni. 980 Greenawalt K., Religion and Equality, in: Christianity and Human Rights, An Introduction, Edited by J. Witte

Jr. and F.S. Alexander, New York, 2010, 243. 981 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadide-bel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-2 muxlis pirveli winadadeba.

122

aRsarebas da warmarTavs mis sulier cxovrebas982) nebayoflobiTi aRiareba

codvisa, romlis sxvasTan Tqmis ufleba sasuliero pirs ara aqvs.983 saeklesio

saidumloebad ki miiCneva eklesiis konfidencialuri informacia.984 aRsare-

bisas miRebuli informacia saidumloa da eklesia misi gamJRavnebis SesaZle-

blobas ar icnobs, piriqiT, akrZalulia misi raime formiT gacema da vin-

mesTvis Tqma.985 ufro metic, amis ganmaxorcielebeli sasuliero piri saekle-

sio kanonebiT daisjeba986.

raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, saxelmwifo aRsarebisa da saeklesio sai-

dumloebas ara privilegiad, aramed valdebulebad adgens da sasuliero pirs

avaldebulebs, ar gasces informacia, romelic mas, rogorc sulier

moZRvars, gaandes an misTvis, rogorc sasuliero pirisaTvis, gaxda cno-

bili.987 msgavsi valdebulebis dadgena warmoudgenelia sakonstitucio seku-

larizmis pirobebSi. saxelmwifo uflebamosili araa, Caerios eklesiis Sida

saqmeebSi, miT umetes daudginos eklesiis iurisdiqciis qveS myof pirs raime

valdebuleba, garda im samoqalaqo, saero valdebulebebisa, romelic,

rogorc wesi, nebismier moqalaqes isedac aqvs. msgavsi formulirebiT

Camoyalibebuli debuleba eklesia-saxelmwifos gamijvnis princips

ewinaaRmdegeba da eklesiis avtonomiurobis sakonstituciosamarTlebriv

ideas arRvevs. aRsarebisa da saeklesio saidumloebis dacvis valdebuleba

sasuliero pirs mxolod eklesiam da kanonikurma samarTalma SeuZlia daudg-

inos. saxelmwifo sruliad neitraluri unda iyos am viTarebaSi da ara

valdebulebiT, aramed uflebamosilebis aRWurvis meqanizmiT uzrunvelyos

saidumloebis privilegirebuli statusi.

konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-2 muxlis me-2 winadadeba ewinaaRmdegeba

saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxlis pirvel da me-19 muxlis pirvel pun-

qtebs. aucilebelia misi formulirebis Secvla da absurduli valdebulebi-

dan samarTlebriv privilegiad transformireba. am mizniT, logikuri iqneba,

Tuki winadadeba Camoyalibdeba Semdegi saxiT: aravis aqvs ufleba, sasuliero

pirs mosTxovos informacia, romelic mas, rogorc sulier moZRvars, gaandes

an misTvis, rogorc sasuliero pirisaTvis, gaxda cnobili.~

4.4.2. licenzia da nebarTvebi

saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi statusidan da organizaciuli SesaZle-

blobebidan gamomdinare, xSiria, rodesac igi konkretuli an gansazRvruli

religiuri gaerTianebebis sasargeblod raime RonisZiebis ganxorcielebas

kisrulobs. yvelaze xSirad saxelmwifo eklesiis wevrebisgan gadasaxadebisa

982 iqve, terminTa ganmarteba, me-16 punqti. 983 iqve, me-13 punqti. 984 iqve, me-14 punqti. 985 bumisi p.i., kanonikuri samarTali, i. garayaniZis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2007, 91. 986 iqve. 987 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlma-didebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-2 muxlis me-2 winadadeba.

123

da mosakreblis Segroveba-administrirebas uzrunvelyofs.988 am sakiTxSi

TanamSromloba sruliad bunebrivia, radganac gadasaxadebi eqskluziurad

saxelmwifos prerogativaa da mas gacilebiT daxvewili, gamarTuli da mar-

tivi sistema aqvs, raTa religiuri gaerTianebebis wevrTagan gadasaxadebi

efeqturad amoiRos. Tumca nebismier sxva SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo unda

moeridos eklesiis saxeliT raime moqmedebis ganxorcielebas, miT umetes,

roca es uSualod eklesiis, rogorc organizaciul-samarTlebrivi

subieqtis, kompetenciaSi Sedis da rac mTavaria, misi ganxorcielebac

sruliad SesaZlebelia saxelmwifos aqtiuri Carevis gareSe.

konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT, saxelmwifo iRebs valdebulebas, eklesi-

asTan SeTanxmebiT gasces licenzia an nebarTva eklesiis oficialuri termi-

nologiisa da simbolikis gamoyenebaze, agreTve, saRvTismsaxuro produqciis

damzadebaze, Semotanasa da miwodebaze.989 eklesiis oficialur terminolo-

giad miiCneva `saqarTvelos samociqulo~, àvtokefaluri~, `marTlma-

didebeli~, `kaTolikos-patriarqi~, `wmida sinodi~.990 simbolikis ganmartebas

konstituciuri SeTanxmeba èklesiis marTva-gamgeobis wesdebas~ uTmobs.991

aRsaniSnavia, rom es ukanaskneli bunebaSi ar arsebobs. 1995 wlis 18-19 seqtem-

bers saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gafarToebul adgilobriv

krebaze miRebul eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis sakiTxebis momwesrigebel doku-

ments `debuleba~ da ara `wesdeba~ hqvia. garda amisa, rac yvelaze mniSvnelo-

vania, aRniSnuli dokumenti saerTod ar awesrigebs simbolikasTan da-

kavSirebul sakiTxebs.992 Sesabamisad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom simbolikis sakiTxi

mowesrigebis gareSea datovebuli.

saxelmwifos mxridan licenzia/nebarTvis gacemis valdebulebis aReba imi-

Taa gamarTlebuli, rom erTiani, centralizebuli midgoma Camoyalibdes,

raTa marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mrevli ar moeqces iseTi mimdinareobebis

gavlenis qveS, romlebic Tavs marTlmadideblebad asaReben sxvadasxva miz-

niT.993 Tumca es argumenti naklebad gamosadegia, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi

msgavsi valdebulebis aRebiT saxelmwifo araTu exmareba eklesias, aramed

zedmetad iWreba religiis Tavisuflebasa da eklesiis, rogorc religiuri

gaerTianebis, saxelmwifosgan damoukidebeli subieqtis, avtonomiaSi.

eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvna, upirvelesad, Tavad eklesias aTavisu-

flebs saxelmwifos mxridan mis saqmeebSi Carevisgan, aZlevs mas srul samoqm-

edo Tavisuflebas.994 amasTan, religiis Tavisufleba uzrunvelyofs kanonier

988 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 113; ix., Darby v. Sweden, [ECtHR], App. no. 11581/85, 23 October 1990. 989 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlma-didebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-6 muxlis me-6 punqti. 990 iqve, terminTa ganmarteba, 28-e punqti. 991 iqve, 27-e punqti. 992 ix., saqarTvelos avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis debuleba, 1995 wlis 18-19 seqtemberi, mcxeTa, sceticxoveli. 993 ix., CikvaiZe d., saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis komentarebi, Tbilisi, 2005, 29. 994 Heckel M., Religious Human Rights in Germany, “Emory International Law Review”, Vol.10, 1996, 108.

124

molodins, rom religiur gaerTianebas SeeZleba ifunqcioniros saxelmwifos

uxeSi Carevisa da xelis SeSlis gareSe995.

eklesias, romelic ssip-ia da aRWurvilia sruli subieqtunarianobiT, aqvs

sakmarisi SesaZlebloba, samarTlebrivi meqanizmis gamoyenebiT, sasamarTlos

meSveobiT daicvas sakuTari uflebebi, maT Soris, moiTxovos misi ofi-

cialuri terminologiisa da simbolikis gamoyenebis akrZalva da a.S. am Sem-

TxvevaSi es dava ara religiuri, aramed samoqalaqo xasiaTisa iqneba, romlis

gadawyvetac samoqalaqo sasamarTlos kompetenciaa.996 Tavis mxriv, sax-

elmwifo Tavidan aicilebs konkretuli religiuri gaerTianebis mimarT

aSkara favoritizmsa da saxelmwifoebrivi resursebis, iqneba es adamianuri

Tu finansuri, xarjvas. man maqsimalurad Sors unda daiWiros Tavi msgavsi

Sinaarsis davisgan, miT umetes iseT sferoSi, rogoric licenziisa da ne-

barTvebis, sagadasaxado da sabaJo samarTalia. praqtikaSi asec xdeba: sax-

elmwifom konstituciuri SeTanxmebis xsenebuli debuleba ar asaxa Sesabamis

kanonmdeblobaSi,997 Sesabamisad, es Canaweri mkvdari normaa da formalur

farglebs ar gascdenia. miuxedavad amisa, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom misi am formiT

arseboba da ierarqiiT saxelmwifos meore aqtSi ganTavseba, sekularizmis

principis darRvevaa da TanamSromlobis modelis pirobebSic ki, aSkara fa-

voritizmia, rac eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobis normalur farglebs

cdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, xsenebuli norma arakonstituciuria da kon-

stituciuri SeTanxmebidan amosaRebia.

4.4.3. ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis SezRudva

konstituciuri SeTanxmeba Seicavs debulebas, romlis Tanaxmad, eklesia

uSualod ar axorcielebs samewarmeo saqmianobas.998 normis daniSnuleba

eklesiis mier sasuliero funqciebis ganxorcielebis primatis xazgasma da

misi maRali daniSnulebis wina planze wamoweva unda iyos. Tumca, gaugebaria,

msgavsi normatiuli Sinaarsis konstituciur SeTanxmebaSi moTavsebis moti-

vacia, miT umetes, norma deklaraciuli xasiaTisaa da ufro gancxadebas

Seicavs, vidre raime samarTlebriv valdebulebas. miuxedavad amisa, alogiku-

ria eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebis modeluri qcevis wesebis gan-

sazRvrisas, ra saWiroa eklesiisTvis samewarmeo saqmianobis ganxorcielebis

SezRudva an msgavsi saqmianobis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobisgan dis-

tancireba.

religiuri gaerTianebisTvis avtonomiurobis uzrunvelyofa

Tanamedrove demokratiuli sazogadoebis ganuyofeli nawili da evrokon-

venciis me-9 muxlis dacvis ucilobeli pirobaa.999 evropuli saxelmwifo ar

995 Hasan and Chaush v. Bulgaria, [ECtHR], Grand Chamber, App. no. 30985/96, 26 October 2000, Para.62. 996 Serbian E. Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich, 426 U.S. 709 (1976). 997 `licenziebisa da nebarTvebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi, saqarTvelos sabaJo kodeqsi. 998 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadide-bel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-6 muxlis me-3 punqti. 999 Hasan and Chaush v. Bulgaria, [ECtHR], Grand Chamber, App. no. 30985/96, 26 October 2000, Para.62.

125

unda ereodes da arc unda ainteresebdes eklesiis Sida saqmeebi, misi mTavari

daniSnuleba demokratiuli Rirebulebebis popularizacia da aqtualizacia

unda iyos.1000 religiuri avtonomiurobis principi gulisxmobs religiuri

gaerTianebis uflebas, damoukideblad gadawyvitos masTan dakavSirebuli sa-

kiTxebi da sakuTari Tavi xelisuflebis Caurevlad marTos1001.

religiur gaerTianebas ufleba aqvs, damoukideblad, Tavad gadawyvitos

Sidaorganizaciuli sakiTxebi, airCios sulieri liderebi, Camoayalibos da

ganaviTaros religiuri sakiTxebi, daadginos wevrTa miRebisa da garicxvis

wesebi da a.S.1002 Tavad eklesiis gadasawyvetia, saidan miiRebs damatebiT

Semosavals, ra finansebi eqneba da rogor gankargavs maT. ra Tqma unda,

yovelive es samarTliT dadgenil CarCoebSi unda ganxorcieldes, magram am

SemTxvevaSi kerZo samarTali imoqmedebs da eklesias, rogorc damoukidebel

iuridiul pirs, ekonomikuri Tu piradi Tavisufleba, avtonomia eqneba. mis sa-

marTlebriv formas arsebiTi mniSvneloba ara aqvs, radgan klasikuri sajaro

samarTlis iuridiuli piri araa da masze Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobac ar

vrceldeba.1003 garda amisa, eklesias Tavad SeuZlia daafuZnos Sesabamisi iu-

ridiuli piri, romelic samewarmeo saqmianobas ganaxorcielebs da amas mas

veravin aukrZalavs. amis fonze konstituciuri SeTanxmebis debuleba kidev

ufro komikur elfers iZens da araTu deklaraciuli xasiaTisaa, aramed

sruliad uSedego da unayofo Sinaarss moicavs.

religiis Tavisuflebis erT-erTi mTavari mizani religiuri gaerTianebis

avtonomiurobisa da damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofaa.1004 sasamarTlosac ki

ekrZaleba saqmis warmoebis procesSi Caerios eklesiis Sida saqmeebsa Tu

sasuliero sferoSi.1005 am pirobebSi msgavsi normis arseboba samarTlebrivi

sistemis erTiani logikuri konteqstidan sruliad amovardnilia. marTlma-

didebeli eklesia, romelic yovelTvis konservatiuli poziciiT gam-

oirCeoda, iZulebulia Tanamedrove gamowvevebis, teqnologiuri ganviTare-

bis paralelurad sakuTar poziciebs gadaxedos.1006 swored am motiviT mas

uwevs dafinansebis sxvadasxva, kanonier meqanizms mimarTos da SesaZlebelia,

samewarmeo saqmianobac ganaxorcielos. sruliad sxva sakiTxia, praqtikaSi

ramdenad gamoiyenebs am SesaZleblobas, magram, Tuki sxva religiur gaer-

Tianebebs msgavsi SezRudva ar gaaCnia, aseve, alogikuria igi daudgindes

eklesias, romelic privilegirebuli statusiT sargeblobs da piriqiT, meti

SeRavaTi SeiZleba hqondes.

1000 kurtaniZe k., evrosabaWos saparlamento asambleas rekomendacia: saxelmwifo, religia, sekularoba daadamianis uflebebi, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(34), 2010, 99. 1001 Durham W.C. Jr., Religion and the World’s Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of Reli-

gion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013, 6. 1002 Svyato-Mykhayliyska Parafiya v. Ukraine, [ECtHR], App. no. 77703/01, 14 June 2007, Para.150. 1003 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 15091-e muxlis me-5 nawili. 1004 ix., Sirico L.J. Jr., Church Property Disputes: Churches as Secular and Alien Institutions, “Fordham Law

Review”, Vol.55, 1986, 335. 1005 ix., Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church, 393 U.S. 444 n.3 (1969). 1006 gegeSiZe d., saqarTvelos istoriaSi qristianobis adgilisa da rolis saRvTismetyvelo koncefciis kritika, Tbilisi, 1986, 5.

126

konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-6 muxlis me-3 punqti, Tundac deklara-

ciuli normatiuli Sinaarsis statusiT, ewinaaRmdegeba Tanasworobis,

religiis Tavisuflebis, religiuri gaerTianebis avtonomiurobisa da saqmi-

anobis Tavisuflebis principebs, ris gamoc SeTanxmebidan amosaRebia.

4.4.4. patriarqis xelSeuvaloba

Sua saukuneebSi saxelmwifo eklesiisa da sasuliero pirebis mimarT sasa-

marTlo xelSeuvalobas adgenda.1007 eklesiis msaxurebs maT mimarT way-

enebuli braldebebisgan imuniteti icavdaT.1008 es principi didi xnis ganmav-

lobaSi moqmedebda da misi ganmapirobebeli faqtori Tavad mRvdelmsaxurTa

sakraluri statusi iyo. Tumca TandaTan imuniteti da xelSeuvaloba

Sesustda, bolos ki sruliad gaqra, rac adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis wina

planze wamowevam da kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis principma ganapiroba.

konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT, kaTolikos-patriarqi xelSeuvalia.1009

`xelSeuvalobis~ legaluri definicia qarTul sakanonmdeblo sivrceSi ar

moipoveba, Sesabamisad, igi misi yofiTi, saliteraturo mniSvnelobiT unda

ganimartos. Sesabamisad, samarTlebrivi xelSeuvaloba gulisxmobs piris

mimarT samarTlebrivi, ZiriTadad sisxlissamarTlebrivi, pasuxismgeblobis

dadgomis SeuZleblobas. xelSeuvali piris dakaveba, dapatimreba, kanon-

mdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT dasja SeuZlebelia. msgavs statuss saqarTvelos

konstitucia erTaderT pirs, saxelmwifos meTaurs _ prezidents aniWebs,

isic Tanamdebobaze yofnis periodSi.1010 sxvagvarad warmoudgenelia, radga-

nac prezidents uflebamosilebebis ganxorcieleba daubrkoleblad, yo-

velgvari SesaZlo zewolisa da zemoqmedebis gareSe unda SeeZlos. Tumca misi

xelSeuvaloba limitirebulia da saprezidento vadis amowurvasTan erTad

ixsneba. sxvagvarad, dairRveva kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis umTavresi prin-

cipi.

eklesiis, rogorc universaluri organizaciis, idea warmatebuli ver gam-

odga da sabolood, igi saxelmwifoebriv doneze erovnuli eklesiebis saxiT

damkvidrda.1011 msgavsadve moxda qarTul sinamdvileSi, Sesabamisad, eklesiis

meTauri _ kaTolikos-patriarqi, gansakuTrebuli socialuri statusiT

sargeblobs. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis Sedegad mas gansakuTrebuli sa-

marTlebrivi statusic daumkvidrda, Tumca prezidentisgan gansxvavebiT,

romelic arCeviTi Tanamdebobaa da mTeli rigi SezRudvebi ukavSirdeba,

rogorc wesi, patriarqoba sicocxlis vadiT miniWebuli titulia. Sesabami-

sad, xelSeuvaloba patriarqs gacilebiT meti xniT aqvs garantirebuli. amas-

1007 doliZe i., Zveli qarTuli samarTali, Tbilisi, 1953, 60. 1008 vaCeiSvili al., narkvevebi qarTuli samarTlis istoriidan, t.II, Tbilisi, 1948, 50. 1009 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadide-bel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis pirveli muxlis me-5 punqti. 1010 saqarTvelos konstituciis 75-e muxlis pirveli punqti. 1011 Cranmer F., National Churches, Territoriality and Mission, “Law & Justice – Christian Law Review”, Vol.149,

2002, 157, ix. citireba: “The Idea of an National Church”, in The Church and Nation: Charges and Addresses

(London, 1901) 214.

127

Tan, gaugebaria, ra mizniT unda iyos xelSeuvaloba adamianis mimarT, rome-

lic eklesiis meTauria da ratom uSvebs kanonmdebeli imis albaTobas, rom man

SeiZleba danaSauli Caidinos, romlis SemTxvevaSic mis mimarT samarTlebrivi

pasuxismgebloba dadgeba. SeTanxmebis teqstSi msgavsi Canaweris gakeTebis mi-

zani kaTolikos-patriarqis pativisTvis xazgasma da win wamoweva iyo, Tumca

sinamdvileSi ukuSedegi dadga: mis mimarT saxelmwifos sruli iurisdiqcia

ver ganxorcieldeba, kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis principi irRveva da sxva

adamianebTan SedarebiT, zeaRmatebul statuss iZens, rac arc saxelmwifos da

arc eklesias xels ar unda aZlevdes.

patriarqis xelSeuvalobis Sesaxeb norma konstituciuri SeTanxmebidan

amoRebuli unda iqnes. kaTolikosis gansakuTrebuli statusi sazoga-

doebrivi da ara samarTlebrivi mowesrigebis sferoa, Sesabamisad, sax-

elmwifom maqsimalurad unda Seikavos Tavi diskriminaciuli mowesrigebis

damkvidrebisgan, romelmac sazogadoebis konkretul jgufebze SesaZloa

gansakuTrebuli zemoqmedeba moaxdinos.

5. konstituciuri SeTanxmeba da adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi

adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis aqtualizacia da sekularuli saxelmwifos

idea evropuli absolutizmis dasrulebas, franguli da amerikuli revo-

luciebis gamarjvebas ukavSirdeba.1012 qristianoba pativs scems adamianis

uflebebs, vinaidan misTvis Tavad am uflebaTa matarebeli subieqti _ adami-

ania, mTavari, igia sinaTlis wyaro.1013 adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi mxolod

saxelmwifos prerogativa araa, ufro metic, saxelmwifom mxolod ori sauku-

nis winRa aRiara maTi arseboba da mboWavi Zala. eklesia ZiriTad uflebebs

aRiarebs da maT uSualod RmerTisgan momdinared miiCnevs1014.

adamianis uflebebis istoriuli sawyisebi bunebiT samarTalSia, romelic

zogadad qristianobisTvis organulia, Tumca marTlmadideblobisTvis

sakmaod ucxoa.1015 misticizmis centraluroba, ganWvretadi cxovreba da indi-

vidualizaciis TiTqmis ararseboba marTlmadideblobaSi adamianis uflebeb-

isaTvis myar Teologiur safuZvlebs ar iZleva.1016 Tumca is faqti, rom xan-

daxan eklesia indiferentulia adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis mimarT, ar niS-

navs, rom Tavad qristianobas, wminda werilsac msgavsi damokidebuleba

aqvs.1017 qristianoba ar moiTxovs morwmunisgan avtoritetis Camoyalibebasa

da aRiarebas, RmerTi ar aris avtoriteti, igi religiuri TvalsazrisiT,

1012 Pollis A., Eastern Orthodoxy and Human Rights, “Human Rights Quarterly”, Vol.15, 1993, 346. 1013 egnate IV, marTlmadidebloba da Tanamedroveoba: mowmobis orientiri, Jurn. `soli-daroba~, #3(12)’07, 2007, 32. 1014 ix., spikeri m., qristianoba da Tavisufali konstituciuri saxelmwifo, z. iaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #5(32), 2009, 83. 1015 Pollis A., Eastern Orthodoxy and Human Rights, “Human Rights Quarterly”, Vol.15, 1993, 343. 1016 iqve, 344. 1017 TinikaSvili d., magaliTi saepiskoposo msaxurebisa, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #2(29), 2009, 72.

128

WeSmaritebaa.1018 swored amitom adamianSi RvTaebrivi avtoriteti ar unda

arsebobdes, igi Tavisufalia1019.

kanonmdeblebi da religiuri reformatorebi yovelTvis gansakuTrebuli

sifrTxiliT ekidebodnen individebis pirad sivrceSi moralTan da codvas-

Tan dakavSirebul sakiTxebis mowesrigebas.1020 swored amitom gan-

sakuTrebuli yuradReba eniWeba konstituciuri SeTanxmebiTa Tu kanon-

mdeblobiT dadgenili privilegiebis Sesabamisobas adamianis ZiriTad

uflebebTan. romelime religiuri gaerTianebisadmi privilegiis miniWeba,

Tavisi arsiT, SeiZleba Zalze dadebiTad iyos aRqmuli sazogadoebis mxridan,

Tumca yovelTvis dgas riski da safrTxe imisa, rom sazogadoebis sxva nawilis,

umciresobis, interesebi Seilaxeba.

5.1. eklesia-saxelmwifos TanamSromloba religiisa

da demokratis Tavsebadobis konteqstSi

religiis Tavisufleba an saxelmwifos mier religiasTan argaigivebis sur-

vili eklesia-saxelmwifos Soris TanamSromlobis SesaZleblobas ar gamori-

cxavs.1021 adamianis uflebebi da religia kacobriobis manifestia raRac

ukeTesze, romelsac imedic SeiZleba ewodos.1022 xSir SemTxvevaSi swored

religias SeuZlia absolutizmisa da avtoritarizmisgan daicvas adamianebi,

ZiriTadi uflebebi da raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, demokratiuli

sazogadoebis fundamenturi principebic ki.1023 marTlmadideblobasa da dem-

okratias erTmaneTSi konfliqti ar unda hqondeT, radgan maT Zalian bevri

saerTo principi aqvT, romliTac adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebisa da sazoga-

doebis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa xorcieldeba.1024 tokvilis azriT,

qristianobam, gansakuTrebiT ki misma moralurma standartma, mniSvnelovani

roli iTamaSa demokratiis procesSi1025.

adamianis uflebebis dacva araa mxolod romelime konkretuli sax-

elmwifosa da Tu misi organos movaleoba, es valdebuleba nebismier sazoga-

doebriv jgufze, maT Soris, ra Tqma unda, eklesiazec vrceldeba.1026 so-

cialuri pasuxismgebloba marTlmadidebeli eklesiis erT-erTi principia.1027

`demokratia mxolod adamianur sazogadoebaSia warmoqmnili, cxoveluri

1018 dekanozi aleqsandre (Smenani), avtoriteti da Tavisufleba eklesiaSi, n. dobor-jginiZis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(22), 2008, 87. 1019 iqve, 86. 1020 Turner B.S., The Religious and the Political, A Comparative Sociology of Religion, New York, 2013, 251. 1021 bilefeldti h., religiis Tavisufleba: saboloo kriteriumi?, v. kobaxiZis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #10(19)’07, 2007, 335. 1022 Nathan C.N., The Changing Face of Religion and Human Rights, A Personal Reflection, Leiden-Boston,

2013, 181. 1023 ix., dekanozi emanueli (klapsisi), marTlmadidebeli eklesia pluralistul samyaroSi, d. TinikaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(28), 2009, 83. 1024 ix., Anckar C., Religion and Democracy, A Worldwide Comparison, Abingdon, 2011, 44. 1025 iqve, 35. 1026 arqiepiskoposi anastasiosi (ianulatosi), adamianis fundamenturi uflebebis maTlma-didebluri xedva, d. TinikaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #4(37), 2010, 81. 1027 Doe N., Christian Law, Contemporary Principles, New York, 2013, 369.

129

samyarosTvis is ucnobia. igi gamomdinareobs pirovnebis, rogorc uzenaesi

faseulobis Segnebidan, romelic amozrdilia religiuri personalizmis ni-

adagidan, miswrafebidan, romlis mizania sazogadoebisTvis racionaluri

struqturis micema.~1028

miuxedavad imisa, rom eklesias xSirad akritikeben adamianis uflebeb-

isadmi damokidebulebis gamo, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ZiriTad uflebebs

marTlmadidebeli eklesia kacobriobisa da adamianis ganuyofel faseulo-

bad acxadebs, gansakuTrebiT socialur uflebebs, romlebic xSirad eklesiis

warmomadgenelTa da saxelmwifos Tanamdebobis pirTa urTierTobis mTavari

Tema xdeba.1029 religia mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs ara mxolod konstitu-

ciis SemuSavebisa da miRebis, aramed misi cvlilebis drosac, _ aSS-is monobis

winaaRmdeg kampaniasa da XX saukunis samoqalaqo uflebaTa moZraobis peri-

odSi religiur mosazrebebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba mieniWaT1030.

konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadeba konkretulad erT religiur gaer-

TianebasTan saxelmwifos mxridan uflebamosilebis mikerZoebulad ganxor-

cielebas ar gulisxmobs. saxelmwifo uflebamosilia dados iseTi SeTanx-

mebebi, romlebic erT religiur gaerTianebas sxvebTan mimarTebiT upirates

mdgomareobaSi Caayenebs.1031 Tumca es unda iyos sxvadasxva obieqturi

faqtoriT ganpirobebuli, rogoricaa: istoriuli gamocdileba, kulturuli

integracia, sazogadoebrivi damokidebuleba da a.S. am SemTxvevaSi saqarTve-

los saxelmwifos hqonda uflebamosileba, rogorc sakonstituciosa-

marTlebrivi, ise sazogadoebriv-politikuri TvalsazrisiT, daedo kon-

stituciuri SeTanxmeba da saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiisTvis

garkveuli privilegiebi mieniWebina. amis safuZveli ki sakonstitucio

donezea xazgasmuli da uzrunvelyofili: saqarTvelos samociqulo avtoke-

faluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gansakuTrebuli roli saqarTvelos is-

toriaSi;1032 misi Rvawli qarTuli kulturis, erovnuli msoflmxedvelobisa

da faseulobebis CamoyalibebaSi;1033 mosaxleobis didi umravlesobis mier

marTlmadideblobis aRmsarebloba.1034 saqarTveloSi gansxvavebuli religi-

uri da moraluri Sexedulebebis socialuri jgufebia, rac saukuneebis

ganmavlobaSi damkvidrebuli da miRebuli sinamdvilea, Sesabamisad, miuxeda-

vad mosaxleobis umravlesobis religiuri kuTvnilebisa, konstituciuri

SeTanxmeba ganxiluli unda iyos religiur-eTikuri pluralizmis WrilSi,

1028 meni a., religia, `pirovnebis kulti~ da sekularuli saxelmwifo, d. TinikaSvilis Targ-mani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #6(39), 2010, 78. 1029 McGuckin J.A., The Issue of Human Rights in Byzantium and the Orthodox Christian Tradition, in: Christi-

anity and Human Rights, An Introduction, Edited by J.Witte Jr. and F.S. Alexander, New York, 2010, 186. 1030 Durham W.C. Jr., Religion and the World’s Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of Reli-

gion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013, 15. 1031 ix., Iglesia Bautista ‘El Salvador’ and Jose Aquilino Ortega Maratilla v. Spain, [ECHR], App. no. 17522/90,

11 January 1992. 1032 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxlis pirveli punqti. 1033 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlma-didebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis preambula, me-3 abzaci. 1034 iqve, me-4 abzaci.

130

romelic religiur-moraluri standartebis mravalgvarobas gulisxmobs1035.

konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, rogorc samarTlebrivi aqti, Tavisi arsiTa da

formalursamarTlebrivi kuTxiT (dadebis SesaZleblobiT) srulad

Seesabameba adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis evropul gagebasa da doqtrinas.

5.2. Tanasworoba

pluralistur demokratiasa da qristianobas gacilebiT meti saerTo aqvT,

vidre es erTi SexedviT Cans: sxvaTa pativiscema da Tavisufleba, romelic

demokratiis qvakuTxedia, jer kidev qristeseuli RmerTisa da keisris ur-

TierTmimarTebidan modis.1036 qristianuli mrwamsi iZleva SesaZleblobas,

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gamaxvildes Tavisuflebasa da Tanasworobaze,

rac marTlmadideblobasa da demokratias sruliad Tavsebads xdis.1037 yvela

adamians Tanabari uflebebi aqvs da saxelmwifom adamianTa uflebebis ganxor-

cielebas xeli unda Seuwyos.1038 Sesabamisad, saxelmwifom maqsimalurad unda

uzrunvelyos TiToeuli adamianisaTvis SesaZleblobaTa Tanabroba da amas-

Tan, Tavi Seikavos diskriminaciuli mowesrigebis dadgenisgan. saxelmwifom

ar unda dauSvas religiur gaerTianebebs Soris diskriminacia da arc Tavad

Seuwyos xeli iseT RonisZiebas, romliTac romelime religiis diskriminacia

moxdeba.1039 amasTan, man araTu xeli unda SeuSalos religiur gaerTianebebs,

aramed maTi saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad Sesabamisi garemo unda uzrun-

velyos 1040. saxelmwifos mier religiuri Tanasworobis principis damkvidreba

xels uwyobs kerZo sferoSi religiuri mravalferovnebis dacvasa da ganvi-

Tarebas.1041

adamianis uflebaTa samarTali gmobs religiuri niSniT diskriminacias,

konkretuli religiis warmomadgenelTaTvis politikuri privilegiebisa da

saxelmwifos marTva-gamgeobaSi eqskluzivis miniWebas.1042 Tumca, imav-

droulad, ar aris marTebuli azri, rom marTlmadidebeli eklesiisaTvis

dadgenili SeRavaTebi evrokonvenciis me-14 muxlis darRvevaa da sxva religi-

uri gaerTianebebis mimarT avtomaturad diskriminaciulia.1043 Tanasworoba

yvelas erT kategoriaSi moqcevas ar gulisxmobs, ufro metic, Tanasworobis

praqtikuli damkvidrebisas saxelmwifos SeuZlia gansxvavebuli garemoebeb-

isa da viTarebebis Sesabamisad imoqmedos, konkretul SemTxvevaze

1035 Jensen D., Classifying Church-State Arrangements, Beyond Religious Versus Secular, in: Law and Religion

in Public Life, The Contemporary Debate, Edited by N. Hosen and R. Mohr, Abingdon, 2011, 21. 1036 egnate IV, marTlmadidebloba da Tanamedroveoba: mowmobis orientiri, Jurn. `soli-daroba~, #3(12)’07, 2007, 29-30. 1037 prodmou e., ambivalenturi marTlmadidebloba, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(22), 2008, 74. 1038 Doe N., Christian Law, Contemporary Principles, New York, 2013, 368. 1039 Sentence 24/1982 of the Constitutional Court of Spain, 13 May 1982. 1040 boxaSvili b., religiis Tavisufleba, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(22), 2008, 66. 1041 Conkle D.O., Different Religions, Different Politics: Evaluating the Role of Competing Religious Traditions

in American Politics and Law, Journal of Law and Religion, Vol.10, No.1, 1994, 2. 1042 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Gov-

ernance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 313. 1043 korkelia k., adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba saqarTveloSi, Tbi-lisi, 2004, 89.

131

konkretuli samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba daadginos.1044 religiuri sakiTxebi

specifikurobiT gamoirCeva, ris gamoc bevr saxelmwifoSi maTTan da-

kavSirebiT gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba da mowesrigebaa1045. religiur

organizaciebTan mimarTebiT Tanasworoba yovelTvis `SedarebiT Tanasworo-

bas~ gulisxmobs, vinaidan isini imdenad gansxvavebulebi arian, rom arsebiTad

Tanasworebi Znelad Tu iqnebian.1046 mTAavaria, saxelmwifo principulad ar

ereodes, arc upiratesobas aniWebdes da arc diskriminacias axorcielebdes

subieqtTa mier aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis ganxorcielebisas, igi nei-

tralur politikas unda atarebdes.1047

saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi Sesulia religiuri gaer-

Tianebebis sarCeli, romelic marTlmadidebeli eklesiisaTvis konstituci-

uri SeTanxmebiT dadgenil sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs exeba.1048 SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT dadgenili privilegiebi da upiratesobebi

sxvebTan mimarTebiT, ar arRvevs Tanasworobis ZiriTad uflebas. am Sem-

TxvevaSi esaa SeTanxmebiT nakisri valdebulebebi, romelTa dacva da ganxor-

cielebac saxelmwifos evaleba. sagadasaxado kodeqsSi asaxuli debulebebi

pirdapir gamomdinareobs da efuZneba masze zemdgom aqts _ konstituciur

SeTanxmebas, Sesabamisad, am SemTxvevaSi davis sagani ara mxolod sagadasaxado

kodeqsis normebi, aramed Tavad am ukanasknelTa safuZveli debulebebi unda

iyos. sxva religiuri gaerTianebebisaTvis msgavsi SeRavaTebis daweseba sax-

elmwifos mxridan diskreciaa da ar SeiZleba vinmem an raimem, maT Soris sa-

konstitucio sasamarTlom daavaldebulos igi, ganaxorcielos msgavsi

Sinaarsis RonisZiebebi. saxelmwifos mxridan nebismieri SeRavaTis dadgena

unda moxdes im sistemis mixedviT, romelsac igi religiur gaerTianebebTan

mimarTebis mxriv aRiarebs. ra Tqma unda, sasurvelia, saxelmwifom nebismier

religiur gaerTianebas daudginos sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi da amiT poziti-

uri valdebuleba ikisros, Tumca es ar unda moxdes sasamarTlos gad-

awyvetilebiT, negatiuri kanonmdeblis funqciis ganxorcielebis gziT.

1044 Sentence 34/1981 of the Constitutional Court of Spain, 10 November 1981. 1045 mag., norvegiaSi religiur gaerTianebebze ar vrceldeba genderuli Tanasworobisa da antidiskriminaciuli aqtebi. amis mizezi isaa, rom konkretuli religia SesaZloa sruliad gansxvavebul idealebs iziarebdes, maT Soris genderul sakiTxebSi. ix., Årsheim H., Legal Sec-

ularism? – Differing Notions of Religion in International and Norwegian Law, in: Secular and Sacred? The Scan-

dinavian Model of Religion in Human Rights, Law and Public Space, Edited by R. Van Der Breemen, J. Casanova

and T. Wyller, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014, 136. 1046 ix., Črnič A., Lesjak G., Religious Freedom and Control in Independent Slovenia, Sociology of Religion,

Vol.64, No.3, 2003, 362. 1047 ix., Tulkens F., The European Convention of Human Rights and Church-State Relations: Pluralism vs. Plu-

ralism, Cardozo Law Review, Vol.30, No.6, 2009, 2582; Ladeur K.H., Augsberg I., The Myth of the Neutral State:

The Relationship Between State and Religion in the Face of New Challenges, German Law Review, Vol.8, 2007,

143-144. 1048<http://constcourt.ge/ge/news/2015-wlis-9-oqtombers-saqartvelos-sakonstitucio-sasamartloshi-shemovida-

sarcheli.page> [10.11.2015]

132

5.3. religiis Tavisufleba

adamianis uflebaTa hermenevtika naTlad warmoaCens qristianobasa da ada-

mianis ZiriTad uflebebs Soris kavSirs.1049 demokratia da religia araTu Seu-

Tavseblebi, aramed erTmaneTis Semavseblebi arian: demokratia qmnis

religiis TavisuflebisaTvis yvelaze xelsayrel garemos religiuri plu-

ralizmis uzrulvelyofis saSualebiT,1050 mTavaria mmarTveloba da religia

erTmaneTSi ar airios, ar moxdes urTierTgadafarva.1051 moralur-eTikuri

valdebulebebiTa da movlenebis mimarT kritikuli damokidebulebiT

religia demokratiis mniSvnelovani damxmare SeiZleba iyos1052.

adamianis Tavisufal nebasa da religiis Tavisuflebaze jer kidev

eklesiis mamebi _ tertuliane, aTanase da laqtanciusi saubrobdnen.1053 ufro

metic, marTlmadideblur TeologiaSi aRiarebulia, rom morwmunis moralur

valdebulebaTa umravlesoba swored adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis dacvas

uzrunvelyofs.1054 eklesiaTa msoflio sabWom jer 1948 da Semdeg 1961 wels

daadgina, rom adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis me-18 muxli

qristianul TavisuflebasTan srul SesabamisobaSi iyo1055.

religiis Tavisuflebis principebma didwilad ganapirobes Sua saukuneo-

brivi Sexedulebebis daZleva da Tanamedrove ZiriTadi uflebebisa da

Tavisuflebebis gageba.1056 rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba demokra-

tiuli sazogadoebis erT-erTi safuZvelia.1057 am ukanasknelisTvis ki plu-

ralizmia ganuyofeli nawili, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Camoyal-

ibda.1058 religiis Tavisufleba uSualod efuZneba pirovnebis Rirsebas,

Rirsebis ZiriTad uflebas1059, igi Tanamedroveobis ganuyofeli nawilia, ro-

melic Tanamedrove samoqalaqo sazogadoebis erT-erTi aucilebeli maxasi-

aTebelia.1060

1049 Witte J.Jr., Law, Religion and Human Rights, “Colombia Human Rights Law Review”, Vol.28, 1996, 16. 1050 Religion and Democracy, Recommendation 1396 (1999), Parliamentary Assembly of Council of Europe,

Para.5. 1051 State, Religion, Secularity and Human Rights, Recommendation 1804 (2007), Parliamentary Assembly of

Council of Europe, Para.10. 1052 Religion and Democracy, Recommendation 1396 (1999), Parliamentary Assembly of Council of Europe,

Para.5. 1053 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 47; Witte J.Jr., Law, Religion and Human Rights, “Colombia Human Rights Law Review”,

Vol.28, 1996, 25, ix. citireba: Migne, Patrologia latina, 6:516.54. 1054 Witte J.Jr., Law, Religion and Human Rights, “Colombia Human Rights Law Review”, Vol.28, 1996, 26. 1055 Minnerath R., Church Autonomy in Europe, in: Church Autonomy, A Comparative Survey, Edited by G.

Robbers, Frankfurt am Main, 2001, 382. 1056 Radan P., International Law and Religion, Article 18 of the International Covenant of Civil and Political

Rights, in: Law and Religion, God, the State and the Common Law, Edited by P. Radan, D. Meyerson and R. F.

Croucher, Abingdon, 2005, 11. 1057 ix., Metropolitan Church of Bessarabia v. Moldova, [ECtHR], App. No. 45701/99, 13 December 2001, Para.

114. 1058 ix., Kokkinakis v. Greece, [ECtHR], App. No. 14307/88, 25 May 1993, Para.31. 1059 kokaia l., religiis Sesaxeb kanonis miReba unda daCqardes, Jurn. `samarTali~, #10-12, 2004, 7. 1060 ix., Thomas G.M., Religions in Global Civil Society, Sociology of Religion, Vol.62, No.4, 2001, 520.

133

evrokonvenciis me-9 muxliT uzrunvelyofili rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis

Tavisufleba demokratiuli sazogadoebis erT-erTi safuZvelia, romelic,

imavdroulad, mowrmuneTa identobisa da maTi cxovrebiseuli gagebis sas-

icocxlo elementia.1061 religiis Tavisufleba ar arsebobs, Tu moqalaqes ara

aqvs Tavisufleba, ar miekuTvnebodes romelime religias.1062 religiis

Tavisufleba sxvadasxva mimarTulebiTaa daviwroebuli da ganviTarebuli.

xSir SemTxvevaSi misi Sinaarsi imdenad emyareba nebis avtonomias, rom adami-

anis ZiriTadi uflebebis gagebis sajarosamarTlebriv mxares scdeba.1063

religiis Tavisufleba absoluturi araa da misi SezRudva racionaluri sa-

fuZvliTaa SesaZlebeli.1064 igi maSin izRudeba, roca saxelmwifo ar utovebs

pirs alternativas, imoqmedos sakuTari religiuri Sexedulebebis Sesabami-

sad.1065 misi SezRudvis erTaderTi legitimuri safuZveli sxvaTa uflebebisa

da Tavisuflebebis dacvis mizani SeiZleba iyos.1066

saxelmwifos Zalian farTo valdebulebebi ekisreba religiis Tavisu-

flebis dacvisa da uzrunvelyofis sferoSi,1067 gacilebiT farTo, vidre

Zalian bevr ZiriTad uflebasTan mimarTebiT.1068 man aqtiuri roli unda iTa-

1061 The Religious Dimension of Intercultural Dialogue, Recommendation 1962 (2011), Parliamentary Assembly

of the Council of Europe, Para.3. 1062 Segev v. Rabbinical Court, High Court of Justice of Israel, 130/66. 1063 mag., evrosasamarTlo aRiarebs religiur gaerTianebebis Tavisuflebas Tavadve gan-sazRvron maTi dasaqmebulebisTvis damatebiTi religiuri pirobebi. ix., Seibenhaar v. Ger-

many, [ECtHR], App. No. 18136/02, 3 February 2011. qalbatoni zaibenhaari (Ms. Seibenhaar) muSaobda protestantul sabavSvo baRSi. igi iyo kaTolike. SromiTi xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, mas ekrZaleboda iseTi gaerTianebis wevroba, romlis Sexedulebebic an saqmianobac ewinaaRmdegeboda eklesiis msoflmxedvelobas. zaibenhaaris kaTolikoba problemas ar qmnida, Tumca man Seicvala aRmsarebloba da gaxda ùniversaluri eklesiis~ (`kacobriobis saZmos~) wevri da aswavlisa am gaerTianebaSi. am faqtis gamo igi protenstantuli baRidan daiTxoves. evrosasamarTlom ar cno religiis Tavisuflebis (evrokonvenciis me-9 muxlis) darRveva; aseve, darRvevad ar ganixilavs iseT SemTxvevebs, rodesac dasaqmebuli Tanxmdeba samuSaos damsaqmeblis specialuri pirobiT rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Taobaze. ix., Sir Bratza N., The “Precious Asset”: Freedom of Religion Under the European Convention on Human Rights,

in: Religion and Discrimination Law in the European Union, Edited by M. Hill QC, Trier, 2012, 14. 1064 Berger B., The Limits of Belief: Freedom of Religion, Secularism and the Liberal State, Canadian Journal of

Law and Society, Vol.17, No.1, 2002, 57-58; R.B. v. Children’s Aid Society of Metropolitan Toronto, [1995] 1.

S.C.R. 315 at par. 107. 1065 Morini C., Secularism and Freedom of Religion: The Approach of the European Court of Human Rights,

Israel Law Review, Vol. 43, 2010, 625. 1066 Berger B., The Limits of Belief: Freedom of Religion, Secularism and the Liberal State, Canadian Journal of

Law and Society, Vol.17, No.1, 2002, 55; ix., Trinity Western University v. British Columbia College of Teachers,

[2001] 1 S.C.R. 772 at par. 29; P.(D) v. S.(C), [1993] 4 S.C.R. 141 at 182; Langlaude S., Introduction: Secularism,

Religious Liberty, and the ECHR, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 55, October 2006, 932; R

(on the application of Begum (Shabina) v. Denbigh High School Governors, [2006] 2 WLR 719 (22 Mar. 2006),

paras. 58 and 94. 1067 Cha’are Shalom Ve Tsedek v. France, [ECtHR] App. No. 27417/95, 27 June 2000. 1068 Langlaude S., Introduction: Secularism, Religious Liberty, and the ECHR, International and Comparative

Law Quarterly, Vol. 55, October 2006, 929.

134

maSos im SemTxvevaSi, Tu religiuri principebis ganxorcieleba iwvevs an Ses-

aZloa gamoiwvios adamianis uflebebis darRveva.1069 aRmsareblobis Sesaxeb in-

formacia piris Zalze pirad sferos ganekuTvneba da saxelmwifom maqsimalu-

rad unda Seikavos Tavi masSi Carevisgan1070.

saxelmwifos mier konkretuli religiisadmi oficialurad gan-

sakuTrebuli statusis miniWeba, Tu aRniSnuli sxvaTa diskriminaciis xarjze

ar xdeba, religiis Tavisuflebas ar ewinaaRmdegeba.1071 dominanti an privi-

legirebuli religiis statusi ar unda gulisxmobdes imas, rom sxva

religiaTa praqtika, religiis Tavisufleba izRudebodes mis xarjze an ufro

metic, damokidebuli iyos mis Tanxmobaze (nebarTvaze)1072.

saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli eklesiisaTvis konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadeba ar

gamoricxavs sxva religiuri organizaciebis arsebobas, maTi saqmianobis

raime formiT SezRudvas an akrZalvas.1073 saqarTvelos konstituciuri

SeTanxmeba miznad ar isaxavs vinmes religiuri Tavisuflebis SezRudvas, an

rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis realizebisaTvis raime

standartebis Seqmnas. misi mizania, moawesrigos konkretul religiur organ-

izaciasTan dakavSirebuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi. ufro metic, kon-

stituciuri SeTanxmeba Tavad kontrahentis, saqarTvelos samociqulo

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis, moqmedebis Tavisuflebas, garkveulwilad,

zRudavs kidec.

1069 State, Religion, Secularity and Human Rights, Recommendation 1804 (2007), Parliamentary Assembly of

Council of Europe, Para.17. 1070 ix., Sinan Işik v. Turkey, [ECtHR], App. no. 21924/05, 2 February, 2010; Sir Bratza N., The “Precious Asset”:

Freedom of Religion Under the European Convention on Human Rights, in: Religion and Discrimination Law in

the European Union, Edited by M. Hill QC, Trier, 2012, 13. 1071 Darby v. Sweden, [ECtHR], App. no. 11581/85, 23 October 1990, Para. 37; Edge P.W., Religion and Law, An

Introduction, Ashgate, 2006, 96. skalias azriT, religiis Tavisufleba sulac ar gulisxmobs sax-elmwifos mimarT akrZalvas, rom mas SeezRudos Tavisufleba _ religiuroba amjobinos arareligiurobas. McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union, 545 U.S. 893 (2005) (Scalia, J., dis-

senting). 1072 ix., Manoussakis v. Greece, [ECtHR], App. no. 18748/91, 26 September 1996. 1073 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2002 wlis 22 noembris #2/18/206 ganCineba saqmeze, `moqalaqe zurab aroSvili saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg~.

135

V. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis aRsruleba saqarTveloSi

1. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis aRsrulebis mdgomareoba

konstituciuri SeTanxmeba 2002 wels daido da bevr iseT normas moicavs,

romelic TviTaRsrulebadi araa, mas Sesabamisi aqtebis miReba da praqtikuli

ganxorcieleba sWirdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom SeTanxmebiT gaT-

valiswinebuli debulebebis aRsrulebis mizniT mTeli rigi normatiuli aq-

tebis miReba ivaraudeboda, raime Sinaarsobrivi da praqtikuli RonisZieba ar

gatarebula.1074 jer kidev 2003 wels prezidentma 5 specialuri komisia Seqmna:

1. jvrisweris saxelmwifo aRiarebasTan dakavSirebuli samarTlebrivi aq-

tebis momzadebis komisia; 2. samxedro-sajariso formirebebSi, sapatimroebsa

da Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi moZRvris (kapelanis) institutis Se-

qmnis komisia; 3. saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebSi marTlmadidebeli sarwmu-

noebis Sesaxebs sagnis swavlebis sakiTxTa samTavrobo komisia; 4. kulturuli

memkvidreobis sferoSi samarTlebrivi da qonebrivi urTierTobebis mowesri-

gebis RonisZiebaTa samTavrobo komisia; 5. saxelmwifoebrivi damoukide-

blobis dakargvis periodSi eklesiisaTvis materialuri zianis nawilobrivi

kompensaciis sakiTxebis Semswavleli samTavrobo komisia.1075 komisiebs dae-

valaT 2 Tvis vadaSi samuSao debulebebis SemuSaveba da dasamtkiceblad pre-

zidentisTvis wardgena.1076 samwuxarod, araTu debulebebi ar damtkicebuleba

da konstituciuri SeTanxmebis aRsrulebisTvis konkretuli nabijebi ar gad-

adgmula, aramed komisiebi oficialurad arc Sekrebilan1077.

2012 wels saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebuleba gauqmda da specialuri

samTavrobo komisiis Seqmna saqarTvelos mTavrobas daevala.1078 imave dRes

mTavrobam miiRo dadgenileba, romliTac specialuri samTavrobo komisia Se-

qmna.1079 dadgenilebiT, aseve, gauqmda saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da saqarTve-

los sapatriarqos Soris qonebrivi sakiTxebis ganmxilveli samTavrobo komi-

sia da misi kompetenciis ganxorcielebis uflebamosileba axal samTavrobo

komisias gadaeca.1080 saboloo jamSi, komisiis farglebSi dadginda ramdenime

samuSao jgufi: 1. qonebrivi sakiTxebis ganmxilveli da eklesiis ekonomikuri

1074 ix., xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbi-lisi, 2013, 54-55. 1075 saqarTvelos prezidentis 2003 wlis 7 ianvris #1 brZanebuleba `saqarTvelos sax-elmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebul RonisZiebaTa uzrunvelmyof komisiaTa Se-qmnis Sesaxeb~, pirveli, me-2, me-3, me-4 da me-5 punqtebi. 1076 iqve, me-6 punqti. 1077 saqarTvelos prezidentis administraciis 2015 wlis 17 agvistos werili #8289. 1078 ix., saqarTvelos prezidentis 2012 wlis 21 Tebervlis #125 brZanebuleba „saqarTve-los saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebul RonisZiebaTa uzrunvelmyof ko-misiaTa Seqmnis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos prezidentis 2003 wlis 7 ianvris #1 brZanebulebis Zaladakargulad gamocxadebis Taobaze~. 1079 saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2012 wlis 21 Tebervlis #63 dadgenileba `saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sakiTxebis ganmxilveli samTavrobo ko-misiis Seqmnis Sesaxeb~. 1080 iqve.

136

saqmianobisaTvis Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi bazis Semqmneli samuSao jgufi; 2.

XIX da XX ss-Si (saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dakargvis periodSi) eklesi-

isaTvis miyenebuli zaralis damdgeni samuSao jgufi; 3. saxelmwifo

muzeumebSi daculi saeklesio saganZuris da istoriuli mniSvnelobis taZre-

bis movla-patronobis reJimis damdgeni samuSao jgufi; 4. kanoniT dadgenili

wesiT jvrisweris aRiarebis ganmsazRvreli samuSao jgufi; 5. samxedro-

sajariso formirebebSi, sapatimroebsa da Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi

moZRvris institutis ganmsazRvreli samuSao jgufi; 6. ganaTlebis sferoSi

urTierTTanamSromlobis gansazRvreli samuSao jgufi; 7. sazRvargareTis

qveynebSi saqarTvelos sapatriarqos samarTlebrivi statusis da iq arsebuli

qarTuli eklesia-monastrebis movla-patronobisa da sakuTrebis

ganmsazRvreli samuSao jgufi; 8. religiuri daniSnulebis nagebobaTa war-

momavlobis damdgeni samuSao jgufi.1081 samwuxarod, samTavrobo komisiisa da

misi samuSao jgufebis muSaobis damadasturebeli arcerTi oficialuri

dokumenti saqarTvelos mTavrobis administraciaSi ar moipoveba1082.

konstituciuri SeTanxmebis safuZvelze dRemde mxolod ramdenime SeTanx-

mebaa dadebuli, romelTa umravlesoba deklaraciuli xasiaTisaa.1083 kon-

stituciuri SeTanxmebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare ki, Zalian bevri

debulebaaa, romlebsac amoqmedeba esaWiroeba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ver

aRsruldeba. marTalia, ramdenime mimarTulebiT saxelmwifos mier gadadg-

muli nabijebi marTebuli gamodga, Tumca saerTo suraTi ar Secvlila: kon-

stituciuri SeTanxmeba ufro survilebis krebulad rCeba, vidre praqtikaSi

moqmed, samarTlebrivi ZaliT ki erT-erT umaRles aqtad. misi aRsrulebis

mizniT mniSvnelovani sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebia aucilebeli, rasac aR-

masrulebelTa kvalifikacia da dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad evoluciuri

ganviTareba unda sdevdes Tan.

2. jvrisweris aRiareba qarTul samarTlebriv sivrceSi

2.1. saojaxo urTierTobebis samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba da religia

samarTlis ganviTarebis mraval aTaswlovan istoriaSi ramdenime iseTi in-

stituti gamoirCeva, romelic droisa Tu epoqis miuxedavad, yovelTvis gan-

sakuTrebuli yuradRebis qveS iyo, rasac Tavad am institutis yofiTi mniS-

1081 saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2013 wlis 18 aprilis #82 dadgenileba `saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sakiTxebis ganmxilveli samTavrobo ko-misiis Seqmnis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2012 wlis 21 Tebervlis #63 dadgenilebaSi cvlilebis Setanis Taobaze~. 1082 saqarTvelos mTavrobis administraciis 2015 wlis 7 agvistos werili #599983. 1083 ix. mag., saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrosa da saqarTvelos sa-mociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis erToblivi komisiis urTierTgage-bis memorandumi, 2005 wlis 22 ianvari; saqarTvelos iusticiis saministrosa da saqarTve-los samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis xelSekruleba, 2001 wlis 20 aprili; SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesiasa da saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros Soris probacionerTa da arapatimar msjavrdebulTa resocializaciis sferoSi, 2006 wlis 1 marti.

137

vneloba ganapirobebda. yvelaze aprobirebuli da gamoyenebadi samarTle-

brivi warmonaqmnebi adamianTa Tanaarsebobis, cxovrebis gaumjobesebuli

pirobebis uzrunvelyofisa da pirovnebis sulieri wyurvilis dasaurveblad

iqmneba.

kacobriobis Segnebuli arsebobis istoriidan erT-erTi uZvelesi da um-

Tavresi sazogadoebrivi instituti ojaxia, sadac adamianis aRzrda da pi-

rovnebad Camoyalibeba xdeba, ojaxi sazogadoebriv, ekonomikur, fsiqolo-

giur, biologiur Tu zneobriv urTierTobebs aerTianebs.1084 rogorc wesi,

ojaxisa da zogadad, saojaxo samarTlis ganviTarebis done Sesabamisi sazoga-

doebis ganviTarebis donis pirdapirpoporciulia.1085 swored ojaxi da

saojaxo urTierTobebi agrZnobinebs Tanamedrove adamians, rom igi Homo Sa-

piens-Tan erTad Homo Moralis-is kategoriasac miekuTvneba. nebismieri ojaxis

SeqmnisaTvis sakvanZo momenti qorwinebaa, romelic yovelTvis gan-

sakuTrebul adgils ikavebda saRvTismetyvelo, samarTlebriv Tu sazoga-

doebriv mecnierebebSi. qorwinebiT iwyeba ojaxi da igia misi gafarToebis,

ojaxebis Serwymis, naTesaobis axali xazebis Camoyalibebis safuZveli. ami-

tomac gasakviri araa, rom TiTqmis yvela religia ojaxisa da qorwinebis

Rirebulebebs sakralurad miiCnevs.1086 gansakuTrebuli interesebis gamo

religiam saojaxo samarTlis Seqmnasa da CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovani roli

Seasrula.1087 Tuki sxva religiebi mas siwminded miiCnevdnen, qristianobam

sruliad gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mianiWa, kanonikuri samarTlis amo-

saval institutad aRiara, ris gamoc dResdReobiT igi erT-erTi yvelaze

metad damuSavebuli da ganxiluli movlenaa religiur dogmatikasa Tu sa-

marTalSi. faqtobrivad, qristianobam da zogadad, religiam qorwinebisa da

ojaxis Tanamedrove saxe gansazRvra1088.

miuxedavad imisa, rom qorwinebis saero da sasuliero gageba samarTalSi

mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba, warmoudgenelia saojaxo urTierTobebidan

religiis gamoricxva, radgan saojaxo samarTlisTvis is iseve aucilebeli

elementia, rogorc mravali sxva kulturuli, socialuri da ekonomikuri

faqtori, romlebmac, saboloo jamSi, saojaxo samarTlis Tanamedrove saxe

ganapirobes.1089 Zalze sekularul saxelmwifoebsa da sazogadoebebSic ki

eklesia saqorwino urTierTobebSi paradoqsulad didi socialuri da sa-

marTlebrivi statusis matarebelia1090.

1084 nadareiSvili g., qarTuli saxelmwifosa da samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2005, 150. 1085 nadareiSvili g., qarTuli samarTlebrivi kulturis zogierTi sakiTxi XI-XII ss. saqarT-veloSi, Tbilisi, 1959, 40. 1086 Wardle L.D., Marriage and Religious Liberty: Comparative Law Problems and Conflict of Law Solutions,

“Journal of Law & Family Studies”, Vol.12, 2010, 322. 1087 Mair J., The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, in: The Place of Religion in Family

Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 363. 1088 Turner B.S., The Religious and the Political, A Comparative Sociology of Religion, New York, 2013, 102. 1089 Mair J., The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, in: The Place of Religion in Family

Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 373. 1090 iqve, 375.

138

ojaxisa da qorwinebis qarTuli gageba gansakuTrebuli fenomenia, ro-

melSic Serwymulia rogorc qristianuli, ise uZvelesi warmarTuli war-

modgenebi da Cveulebebi. saqarTvelos gaqristianebam qorwinebis axleburi

gageba daamkvidra, romelic saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi qarTulma sazogadoebam

gaiTavisa da religiuri normebidan sazogadoebriv, yofiT qcevis wesebSi as-

axa. amitomac sruliad bunebrivad, saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTve-

los samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstitu-

ciuri SeTanxmebis dadebisas religiuri qorwinebis Taobaze norma konstitu-

ciur SeTanxmebaSi Caiwera. debulebis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo aRiarebs

eklesiis mier Sesrulebul jvrisweras kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT.1091

miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifom deklaraciulad gamoxata neba da

jvrisweris samarTlebrivi Sedegis aRiarebis specialuri, saxelmwifosa da

eklesiis erToblivi komisiac Seiqmna, am mimarTulebiT qmediTi nabiji ar gad-

adgmula. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadebidan didi xani gavida, Tumca „ka-

nonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesi“ jerac ar arsebobs, jvrisweris samarTle-

brivi aRiareba ki kvlavac deklaraciaa da ara normativi. amas amyarebs

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos poziciac, romlis ganmartebiT, kanon-

mdeblobaSi Sesabamisi cvlilebebis ganxorcielebamde marTlmadidebeli

eklesiis mier Sesrulebuli jvrisweriT axlad Seqmnili ojaxi mxolod

qristianuli TvalsazrisiT xdeba kanonieri da konstituciuri SeTanxmebis

miuxedavad, masTan dakavSirebiT aranairi samarTlebrivi Sedegi ar dgeba1092.

2.2. qorwinebis samarTlebrivi gageba

2.2.1. qorwinebis samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi gageba

saojaxo samarTali Lex Mercatoria araa da miuxedavad kulturaTa sxvaobisa,

TiTqmis arc arasdros yofila. igi dRemde erT-erTi mravalferovani da

sistemaTa mixedviT gansxvavebuli samarTlis dargia, rac sazogadoebaTa

kulturuli, mentaluri da istoriuli faqtorebiTaa ganpirobebuli.1093

marTalia, saero da kanonikuri saojaxo samarTali Zalze daSorda erTmaneTs,

Tumca es ukanaskneli dRemde inarCunebs aqtualobas da Tanamedrove saqor-

wino samarTlis erT-erT mniSvnelovan wyaroa.1094 swored qristianulma

xedvam Camoayaliba Tanamedrove ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi miRebuli da

aRiarebuli qorwinebis idea, misi arsi da Semadgeneli elementebi.

qorwineba individebisa da ojaxis moraluri cxovrebisa da erTgulebis

simboloa.1095 mis erT-erT kvalificiur definicias modestinusi iZleva, rom-

1091 konstituciuri SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris, me-3 muxlis pirveli winadadeba. 1092 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis 2008 wlis 15 maisis #as-968-1269-07 gadawyvetileba. 1093 Tsoukala Ph., Marrying Family Law to the Nation, “The American Journal of Comparative Law”, Vol.58,

2010, 905. 1094 Hofman Fr.J., The Development of the Canon Law of Marriage, “Acta Juridica”, 1983, 23. 1095 Wardle L.D., Marriage and Religious Liberty: Comparative Law Problems and Conflict of Law Solutions,

“Journal of Law & Family Studies”, Vol.12, 2010, 321.

139

lis Tanaxmadac, qorwineba qalisa da mamakacis kavSiria, „mTeli cxovrebis er-

Tianoba, RvTiuri da adamianuri samarTlis erToba“1096. msgavsadvea gagebuli

Semdomi periodis romis samarTalSic. iustinianes instituciebis mixedviT,

qorwineba mamakacisa da qalis kavSiria, romlis arsic TanacxovrebaSia.1097

sxvadasxva periodis romaulsamarTlebrivi midgoma imisTvisaa mniSvnelo-

vani, rom naTeli warmodgena Seiqmnas qorwinebis Tanamedrove samarTlebriv

gagebaze, vinaidan Tanamedrove saojaxo samarTali Zvelromauli, gan-

sakuTrebiT, Corpus Juris Civilis-is recefciis Sedegia da institutTa umravles-

obis samarTlebrivi Sinaarsi dRemde ucvlelia.

samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi mniSvnelobiT, qorwineba samarTlebrivi ur-

TierTobaa, romelic mis monawileTa Tanxmobas efuZneba da samarTlebriv

qveteqsts, uflebebsa da movaleobebs moiazrebs.1098 samarTali tradiciulad

uzrunvelyofda avtonomias saojaxo urTierTobebis sferoSi.1099 Tumca sax-

elmwifos funqciebidan gamomdinare, samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis inter-

nacionalizaciis, samarTlis erovnuli sazRvrebis gafarToebisa da sa-

marTlis sistemaTa mudmivi urTierTqmedebis Sedegad, qorwinebisaTvis

savaldebulo elementad misi saxelmwifo an adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis

organoebSi registracia iqca. qorwinebas uamravi ufleba-movaleoba

ukavSirdeba, romelzec samoqalaqo urTierTobaTa mniSvnelovani nawilia da-

myarebuli da romelTa moSla Tu arastabiluroba mTlianad samarTlebrivi

sistemis, maT Soris, samoqalaqo brunvis rRvevasa da aramdgradobas gam-

oiwvevs. asec rom ar iyos, qorwineba saxelmwifosa da eris keTil-

dReobisaTvis ganmsazRvreli mniSvnelobis matarebeli institutia,1100 ami-

tomac saqorwino sakiTxebSi mometebuli interesi gasagebicaa.

qarTuli samarTali qorwinebas swored Tanamedrove samarTlis ZiriTadi

mimarTulebebisa da aspeqtebis WrilSi ganixilavs. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo

kodeqsis Tanaxmad, qorwineba ojaxis Seqmnis mizniT qalisa da mamakacis ne-

bayoflobiTi kavSiria, romelic registrirebulia saqarTvelos iusticiis

saministros Sesabamis organoSi.1101 daqorwinebisaTvis mTavaria dasaqorwine-

bel pirTa asaki1102, romelic saqarTveloSi 18 welia1103 da am pirTa Tanxmoba1104.

piris Tanxmobas, nebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba qorwinebisas,

saqorwino Tanxmoba unda gaices damoukideblad, visime zewolis gareSe, ise,

1096 “Nuptiae sunt coniunctio maris et feminae et consortium omnis vitae, divini et humani iuris communicatio.”,

Digesta Iustiniani, 23.2.1. 1097 “Nuptiae autem sive matrimonium est viri et mulieris coniunctio, individuam consuetudinem vitae continens”,

Institutiones Iustiniani, 1.9.1. 1098 Stathopoulos M.P., Secularization of Family Law in Greece, “Israel Law Review”, Vol.22, No.3, 1998, 371. 1099 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 201. 1100 TF v. Ireland, [1995], 1 Ir 321, [1995] 2ILRM 321 (IESC). 1101 ix., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1106-e muxli. 1102 iqve, 1107-e muxlis „a“ qvepunqti. 1103 iqve, 1108-e muxlis pirveli nawili. 1104 iqve, 1107-e muxlis „b“ qvepunqti.

140

rom piri acnobierebdes qorwinebisa da ojaxuri Tanacxovrebis yvela upi-

ratesobasa da uaryofiT mxares1105.

saxelmwifos gadmosaxedidan, qorwinebaSi qalsa da mamakacTan erTad sax-

elmwifoc moiazreba.1106 amitomac xsenebuli ori savaldebulo elementis

garda, arsebobs mesame kumulaciuri pirobac _ qorwinebis registracia.

pirveli oris Sesrulebis miuxedavad, qorwineba saxelmwifos mier aRi-

arebuli ar iqneba (ra Tqma unda, Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi SedegebiT) regis-

traciis gareSe, radganac kanonmdeblobiT, qorwinebis warmoSobisaTvis

swored samoqalaqo aqtebis registraciis organos mier misi registraciaa

savaldebulo1107.

samoqalaqo qorwinebas ukavSirdeba meuRleTa ufleba-movaleobebis, maTi

sanivTo uflebebisa da saojaxosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis warmoSoba

rogorc erTmaneTis, ise ojaxis sxva wevrebis mimarT. qorwinebas misi sax-

elmwifo registracia aqcevs samarTlebriv institutad, uflebebisa da mo-

valeobebis warmoSobis safuZvlad da iuridiul faqtad. winaaRmdeg Sem-

TxvevaSi, pirTa Tanacxovreba ubralo kohabitaciad miiCneva, rasac

romaelebi konkubinatad moixseniebdnen1108.

2.2.2. qorwinebis kanonikursamarTlebrivi gageba

religiaTa umravlesoba, maT Soris ki gansakuTrebiT qristianoba,

STamomavlobis Seqmnasa da gamravlebas, ojaxis gansxvavebulad maRali sta-

tusis gamo, kidev ufro did mniSvnelobas aniWebs.1109 qorwineba RvTaebrivi sa-

marTlis erT-erTi uZvelesi institutia1110, misi qristianuli arsi da idea

bibliur saTaveebSia. eklesia saojaxo samarTlis sakiTxebs saojaxo ur-

TierTobebis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis gamo did yuradRebas uTmobda.1111

qalisa da mamakacis Tanacxovrebis safuZvlad RmerTis mier qalis Seqmnaa mo-

azrebuli,1112 romelic mamakacis ganuyofeli nawili unda yofiliyo.1113 Sesa-

bamisad, adamianis sruli Semecneba da gaazreba mxolod qorwinebaSia Sesa-

Zlebeli1114.

1105 Bernard J., The Evolution of Matrimonial Jurisprudence: The Opinion of a French Canonist, The Jurist, #41,

1981, 107-108. 1106 Gori-Montanelli R., Botwinik D.A., Mexican Divorces: Italy, “International Lawyer”, #1, 1966-1967, 210. 1107 „samoqalaqo aqtebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis 48-e muxli. 1108 ix., metreveli v., romis samarTali, safuZvlebi, Tbilisi, 2005, 101. 1109 Turner B.S., The Religious and the Political, A Comparative Sociology of Religion, New York, 2013, 102. 1110 Rodopoulos P., An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law, translated by W.J. Lillie, Rollinsford, 2007, 185. 1111 surgulaZe iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevebi, w.I, Tbilisi, 2000, 19. 1112 „da Seqmna RmerTman kaci saxed Tჳsad da xatad RmrTisa Seqmna igi, mamakacad da de-dakacad qmna igini.“ dabadeba, 1, 27; „da akurTxna igini RmerTman metyuelman: aRorZndiT da ganmravldiT. da aRavseT queyanaჲ daeufleniT mas. da mTavrobdiT TevzTa zRჳsaTa, da mfrinvelTa cisaTa, da yovelTa pirutyuTa, da yovelsa qveyanasa da yovelTa quewarma-valTa, mavalTa qveyanasa zeda.“ dabadeba, 1, 28. 1113 mama paisi mTawmindeli, sityvebi, w.IV, ojaxuri cxovreba, Tbilisi, 2006, 33. 1114 Настольная Книга Священнослужителя, IV Т., Издание Московской Патриархии, Москва, 1983, 291.

141

wm. grigol RvTismetyvelis ganmartebiT, qorwineba, romelic colqm-

robasa da STamomavlobis gagrZelebas efuZneba, RmerTis mosawonia.1115 Tumca,

ra Tqma unda, qorwinebis mizani, rogorc Tavdapirveli, ise Semdgomi, ara mxo-

lod STamomavlobis Seqmna, aramed colisa da qmris ukeTesi da bednieri

cxovrebis uzrunvelyofaa.1116 qorwinebis safuZveli siyvaruli unda iyos,

romelsac RmerTi adamians unergavs da aiZulebs col-qmars „Cvevaze Zlieri

kavSiriT miemsWvalon erTmaneTs“.1117 klimenti aleqsandrielis ganmartebiT,

Tavad RmerTi aerTebs adamianebs, akavSirebs maT da maTTan sufevs1118.

saqorwino kanonikuri samarTlis Camoyalibeba Tavad qorwinebis sakralu-

robam da misma gansakuTrebulma religiurma mniSvnelobam ganapiroba, rasac

safuZvlad saeklesio saidumloebaTa Sesaxeb qristes swavleba daedo.1119

wminda werilis Tanaxmad, qorwineba saRmrTo saidumloa,1120 romelic zneo-

brivi srulyofilebis misaRwevad, qalsa da mamakacs ara mxolod xorcielad,

aramed sulieradac aerTebs.1121 qorwinebas, rogorc qristianul saidumlos,

sami umTavresi mizani aqvs: kacobriobis gamravleba da STamomavlobis Seqmna;

meuRleTa urTierTdaxmareba, megobroba da Semweoba; xorciel vnebaTa

dacxroma,1122 xorcieli codvisken midrekilebis daZleva1123.

tertulianem erT-erTma pirvelma Seadara qorwineba wminda ziarebas,1124

rac mis mniSvnelobas xazs usvams, vinaidan evqaristia zogadad qristianuli

eklesiis safuZvladaa miCneuli da qristes eklesiis amosavali ideaa. swored

amitomac gasakviri araa, rom axali aRTqmis mniSvnelovani nawili, wm. pavle

mociqulis epistoleTa umravlesoba, qorwinebis arss, mis daniSnulebas,

saojaxo urTierTobebsa da col-qmris urTierTmimarTebas exeba.1125

RvTaebrivi pozitiuri samarTali, romelic saxarebaSia mocemuli, awesrigebs

saojaxo sakiTxebs, igi pirdapir krZalavs bigamias, poligamiasa da ganqor-

winebas1126.

qristianul samarTalSi, gansakuTrebiT, dasavleTis eklesiaSi, qorwinebis

qristianuli koncefcia romis samarTalSi aRiarebuli tradiciuli sa-

marTlebrivi institutisa da ojaxis Sesaxeb sarwmunoebrivi Sexedulebis sin-

Tezis Sedegad Seiqmna. klasikurma monogamiurma romaulma qorwinebam

qristianuli koncefciisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mudmivobisa da erTgulebis

1115 Viscuso P., Orthodox Canon Law, 2nd Ed., Brookline, Massachusetts, 2011, 33. 1116 Encyclical Letter “Arcanum” of Pope Leo XIII on Christian Marriage to the Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops,

and Bishops of the Catholic World in Grace and Communion with the Apostolic See, 1880, 26. 1117 wm. ioane oqropiri, swavlani, n. belTaZis Targmani, wignSi: bWe siwmindisa, Tbilisi, 2008, 244-245. 1118 Настольная Книга Священнослужителя, IV Т., Издание Московской Патриархии, Москва, 1983, 293. 1119 Hofman Fr.J., The Development of the Canon Law of Marriage, “Acta Juridica”, 1983, 24. 1120 epistole pavle mociqulisa efeselTa mimarT, 5, 32. 1121 Rodopoulos P., An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law, translated by W.J. Lillie, Rollinsford, 2007, 186. 1122 Viscuso P., Orthodox Canon Law, 2nd Ed., Brookline, Massachusetts, 2011, 34. 1123 nadareiSvili g., qarTuli saxelmwifosa da samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2005, 151. 1124 Rodopoulos P., An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law, translated by W.J. Lillie, Rollinsford, 2007, 187. 1125 ix., episoteleni pavle mociqulisa korinTelTa mimarT I, 7, 7-10; efeselTa mimarT, 5, 22-33; ebraelTa mimarT, 13,4. 1126 Hayes P.J., Impediments to Marriage in the Catholic Church, “The North American Review”, Vol.180, 1905,

766.

142

ideebi gaiTavisa, ris safuZvelzec kanonikuri mowesrigeba Camoyalibda.1127

qorwineba, qristianuli TvalsazrisiT, rogorc wminda saidumloeba, ise

SeTanxmeba, xelSekrulebaa.1128 qorwinebis qristianuli gagebisa da samarTlis

Serwyma pirvelad iustinianes dros ganxorcielda.1129 Semdeg ki Sua

saukuneebis kanonikuri samarTlis mcodneebma aqtiurad gamoiyenes iustini-

anes mier Camoyalibebuli samarTlebrivi modeli da qorwinebis kanonikursa-

marTlebrivi koncefciisTvis, saqorwino SeTanxmebisTvis romis samarTlis

klasikuri konsesualuri xelSekrulebis idea aiRes.1130 Sedegad, qorwineba

ori piris xelSekrulebad miiCneva, romelsac pirTa Tanxmoba sWirdeba da

uSualod RmerTis mieraa dafuZnebuli,1131 misi moSla an Sewyveta SeuZlebe-

lia, garda gamonaklisi SemTxvevebisa.1132 aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom eklesi-

isTvis qorwinebis kanonikuri da samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba meorexarisxo-

vania, Tavad qorwinebis siwmindesTan da mis saidumloebasTan SedarebiT.1133

rac Seexeba aRmosavleTis eklesias, igi qorwinebas ubralo garigebad an

xelSekrulebad naklebad ganixilavda, jvriswera yovelTvis kurTxeul, gan-

sakuTrebul sazogadoebriv institutad moiazreboda,1134 Tumca romauli sa-

marTlis gavlenas verc is gaeqca da sruliad bunebrivad, jvrisweris miseuli

kanonikuri gageba bizantiuri samarTlebrivi sistemis ganviTarebas kval-

dakval mihyva.

2.3. jvrisweris aRiareba

2.3.1. jvriswera, rogorc samarTlebrivi faqti da misi aRiareba

religiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTmimarTeba, aseve, saero da sasuliero

institutTa mowesrigeba qveynebisa da konfesia-denominaciebis mixedviT gan-

sxvavdeba.1135 Tanamedrove saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba sekularizmis momxrea,

Tumca demokratiuli qveynebis mniSvnelovan nawilSi dRemde moqmedebs sax-

elmwifo an privilegirebuli religiis sistema. miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra doz-

iTa da intensivobiT xdeboda saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris urTierTobis

ganviTareba, istoriulad, eklesiis mowesrigebis sfero, romelSic sax-

elmwifo yvelaze aqtiurad ereoda, saojaxo samarTali iyo1136.

saeklesio samarTalma qorwinebis religiuri da samarTlebrivi gageba Se-

aerTa, ramac jvrisweras ormagi, saRvTo saidumlosa da iuridiuli faqtis

1127 Hofman Fr.J., The Development of the Canon Law of Marriage, “Acta Juridica”, 1983, 28. 1128 Olshewsky Th.M., A Christian Understanding of Divorce, “Journal of Religious Ethics”, Vol.7, No.1, 1979,

122. 1129 Rodopoulos P., An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law, Translated by W.J. Lillie, Rollinsford, 2007, 188. 1130 Orsy L., Marriage in the Code of Canon Law, “Law and Justice”, 1988-1989, 11. 1131 Cahil E., Notes on Christian Sociology, “The Irish Mothly”, Vol.LI-LVI, 1923, 478. 1132 Meyendorff J., Christian Marriage in Byzantium: The Canonical and Liturgical Tradition, “Dumbarton Oaks

Papers”, #44, 1990, 101. 1133 McManus F.R., Marriage in the Canons of the Eastern Catholic Churches, “Jurist”, Vol.54, 1994, 56-57. 1134 Orsy L., Marriage in the Code of Canon Law, “Law and Justice”, 1988-1989, 10. 1135 Schanda B., Religion and State in the Candidate Countries to the European Union – Issues Concerning Reli-

goon and State in Hungary, “Sociology of Religion”, Vol.64, No.3, 2003, 335. 1136 Stathopoulos M.P., Secularization of Family Law in Greece, “Israel Law Review”, Vol.22, No.3, 1998, 367.

143

buneba daumkvidra.1137 msgavsi statusis gamo kanonikurma samarTalma Sei-

muSava jvriswerasa da ganqorwinebasTan, zogadad saqorwino samarTalTan da-

kavSirebul normaTa mTeli sistema, romelic dRemde aqtiurad gamoiyeneba.

saeklesio wesiT qorwinebis sami ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli gamoiyo: a) spe-

cialuri rituali, ceremonia; b) qorwinebis momwesrigebeli Sida samarTali,

normebi; g) qorwinebis ganxorcielebaze uflebamosili piri, romelic pasux-

ismgebelia am normaTa aRsrulebaze.1138 samive Semadgeneli elementis

arseboba aucilebelia, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, jvrisweris, rogorc iuridi-

uli faqtis, Sesaxeb msjeloba araseriozulia.

TeoriaSi saxelmwifos mier religiuri qorwinebis aRiarebis ramdenime

modeli arsebobs da maT Soris gansxvaveba ZiriTadad saxelmwifoSi

gavrcelebuli, aRiarebuli msoflmxedvelobiTaa ganpirobebuli.1139

SeiZleba gamoiyos: 1. saxelmwifoebi, sadac saqorwino sakiTxebis gadawyvet-

aze uflebamosili subieqti Tavad saxelmwifoa; 2. saqorwino sakiTxebi

samoqalaqo samarTlisTvisaa mindobili; 3. saxelmwifoebi, sadac saqorwino

samarTali sekularul da religiur polusebs Sorisaa.1140 yvelaze zogadi

klasifikaciiT, jvrisweris samarTlebrivi aRiarebis mixedviT, ori ZiriTadi

modeli arsebobs: 1. sistema, romelSic samarTlebrivi Sedegebi mxolod

samoqalaqo qorwinebas aqvs da 2. sistema, romelic samoqalaqo da religiuri

qorwinebis formebs Soris arCevanis SesaZleblobas iZleva im pirobiT, rom

orives Tanabari samarTlebrivi Sedegi eqneba.1141 am ukanasknels xSirad al-

ternatiulsac uwodeben.1142 Tavis mxriv, pirvel sistemaSi SeiZleba gamoiyos

ori qvesistema, roca: a) saxelmwifo ar aRiarebs religiur qorwinebas da ar

ukavSirebs mas samarTlebriv Sedegebs, Tumca jvrisweris Catareba ar ikr-

Zaleba da es dasaqorwinebel pirTa survilzea damokidebuli; b) saxelmwifo

krZalavs religiur qorwinebas da mxolod samoqalaqo qorwinebaa nebadar-

Tuli; meoreSi ki _ a) sistema, roca saxelmwifo aRiarebs jvrisweras, magram

ara yvela religiuri gaerTianebis mimarT; da b) sistema, romelSic sax-

elmwifo aRiarebs yvela religiuri gaerTianebis mier ganxorcielebuli

qorwinebis samarTlebriv Sedegs1143.

samoqalaqo qorwinebis modeli safrangeTis revoluciis dros aRmocenda,

rodesac eklesiisa da saeklesio institutebis mimarT seriozuli brZola

gaCaRda.1144 dResdReobiT es modeli moqmedebs centralur evropaSi, samxreT

1137 CikvaiZe d., saeklesio samarTali, Tbilisi, 2008, 115. 1138 Sapir G.,Staatman D., Religious Marriage in a Liberal State, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.30, No.6, 2009,

2857. 1139 ix., iqve, 2855-2856. 1140 ix., Wardle L.D., Marriage and Religious Liberty: Comparative Law Problems and Conflict of Law Solu-

tions, “Journal of Law & Family Studies”, Vol.12, 2010, 324-325. 1141 Rodopoulos P., An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law, Translated by W.J. Lillie, Rollinsford, 2007, 189. 1142 Stathopoulos M.P., Secularization of Family Law in Greece, “Israel Law Review”, Vol.22, No.3, 1998, 369. 1143 ix., Sapir G., Staatman D., Religious Marriage in a Liberal State, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.30, No.6,

2009, 2855-2856. 1144 Rodopoulos P., An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law, Translated by W.J. Lillie, Rollinsford, 2007, 189.

144

amerikis saxelmwifoTa umravlesobaSi, aziisa da afrikis ramdenime qveyanaSi,

romlebSic samarTlebrivi Zala mxolod samoqalaqo qorwinebas aqvs1145.

xSir SemTxvevaSi, roca kanonikuri qorwineba saero samarTlis normebiTaa

aRiarebuli, misi samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba swored kanonikuri sa-

marTlisTvisaa mindobili, Tumca saojaxo samarTlis sxva sakiTxebSi (mag.,

Svilad ayvana, meurveoba da mzrunveloba, mSobelsa da Svilebs Soris ur-

TierToba) mTlianad saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobis monopoliaa.1146

alternatiuli sistema, aseve, moqmedebs saberZneTSi, romelmac XX sauku-

nis 80-ian wlebSi saojaxo samarTlis sekularizacia da Sualeduri poziciis

dakaveba imiT moaxerxa, rom, marTalia, jvrisweras samarTlebrivi aRiareba

SeunarCuna, Tumca igi mxolod iuridiul faqtad ganixila da ara saRmrTo

saidumloebad.1147 religiuri qorwinebis aRiarebisTvis umniSvnelovanesia

mkacrad gaimijnos jvrisweris religiur-dogmaturi da samarTlebrivi

aspeqtebi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, Tavad religiuri gaerTianeba ar iqneba

aRiarebis momxre, vinaidan nebismieri religiisaTvis gacilebiT mniSvnelo-

vania sakuTari wesebis dacva, vidre saxelmwifos mxridan qorwinebisaTvis sa-

marTlebrivi Zalis miniWeba. eklesiisaTvis saeklesio samarTali RvTaebrivi

kategoriaa, romelic misTvis, yovelgvari eWvis gareSe, adamianur sa-

marTalze gacilebiT aRmatebulia1148.

2.3.2. jvrisweris aRiarebis samarTlebrivi praqtika

paradoqsia, magram istoriuli faqti, rom arcTu ise didi xnis win papi pius

IX wyevlida nebismier moZRvrebas, romelic gamarTlebulad miiCnevda sax-

elmwifo kanonmdeblobis arsebobas iseT sferoebSi, rasac eklesia saTavisod

ganixilavda.1149 maT Soris, ra Tqma unda, saojaxo urTierTobebic moiazre-

boda. dReisaTvis mdgomareoba radikalurad Seicvala da es ara mxolod ro-

maul-kaTolikur, aramed marTlmadidebel eklesiasac exeba. rac Seexeba

protestantul eklesias, igi marTlmadidebeli da romis eklesiebisgan gan-

sxvavebiT, yovelTvis ufro „samoqalaqo“, saero xasiaTs atarebda da sax-

elmwifos kanonmdeblobasTanac metad harmonizebuli iyo.

1145 iqve. 1146 msgavsi alternatiuli sistema moqmedebs israelSi, sadac saojaxo samarTlis mowesrigeba, marTalia, saero doneze arsebobs, Tumca saxelmwifo aRiarebs TiToeuli religiuri gaerTianebis uflebas, gaerTianebis wevrebisTvis Tavad daadginos saojaxo sa-marTali, romlis farglebSic momavalSi imoqmedeben. aRniSnuli exeba rogorc sakuTriv ebraelebs, ise muslimebs, qristianebs da sxv. ix., Scharffs B.G., Disparte S., Comparative Models for

Transitioning from Religious to Civil Marriage Systems, “Journal of Law and Family Studies”, Vol.12, 2010, 415;

Sapir G., Staatman D., Religious Marriage in a Liberal State, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.30, No.6, 2009, 2868. 1147 Stathopoulos M.P., Secularization of Family Law in Greece, “Israel Law Review”, Vol.22, No.3, 1998, 371. 1148 elineki g., Zveli samarTlis brZola axal samarTalTan, z. nanobaSvilis Targmani, b. zoiZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2006, 37. 1149 ix., Encyclical Letter “Syllabus Errorum” of Pope Pius IX to the Venerable Brethren, all Patriarchs, Primates,

Archbishops, and Bishops having favor and Communion of the Holy See, 8 December of 1864.

145

dResdReobiT religiuri qorwineba, jvriswera aRiarebulia msoflios

bevr qveyanaSi, maT Soris, italiaSi, fineTSi, norvegiaSi, daniaSi, gaer-

Tianebul samefoSi, saberZneTSi, avstraliaSi, aSS-is StatTa umravlesobaSi

da a.S.1150

2.3.2.1. jvrisweris araRiareba da samoqalaqo qorwinebis erTaderToba

evropul saxelmwifoTa nawili, romelsac rTuli da winaaRmdegobebiT

savse religiuri istoria aqvs, erideba eklesiasTan da zogadad, religiur

gaerTianebebTan mWidro urTierTobas, gansakuTrebiT, saojaxo samarTlis

sferoSi. evropul saxelmwifoTagan jvrisweris samarTlebriv Sedegebs ar

aRiarebs da mxolod samoqalaqo qorwinebis formas adgens germania, safrang-

eTi, avstria, rumineTi da a.S.1151

qorwineba da saqorwino samarTali germaniaSi mTlianad samoqalaqosa-

marTlebriv sferoSi eqceva da am mimarTulebiT arcerT eklesias kompeten-

cia ar gaaCnia.1152 religiur qorwinebas aranairi samarTlebrivi Sedegi ar

ukavSirdeba, radgan qorwineba mTlianad saero institutad ganixileba da sax-

elmwifo saregistracio organoSi sruldeba.1153 Tumca aRniSnuli eklesiebis

mier jvrisweris Catarebas ar krZalavs. germania nebas rTavs nebismier

religiur gaerTianebas, Caataros religiuri qorwinebis rituali, Tumca im

daTqmiT, rom mas samoqalaqo qorwineba win unda uswrebdes (am debulebis

darRvevisaTvis sanqcia araa gaTvaliswinebuli)1154.

safrangeTi, rogorc eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnis laicituri mod-

elis mimdevari, saeklesio da saero qorwinebas srulad ganasxvavebs.1155 1975

wlis 11 ivlisis kanonis Tanaxmad, religiuri qorwineba da religiuri saqor-

wino samarTali srulad ignorirebulia, qorwineba miCneulia mxolod

samoqalaqosamarTlebriv institutad.1156 avstriaSi saeklesio jvriswera

samoqalaqo qorwinebis statuss ar atarebs, mas xSirad ekonomikuri miznebi-

dan gamomdinare mimarTaven, radganac saxelmwifosTvis religiuri qorwine-

bis farglebSi dabadebuli bavSvebi martoxela dedis Svilebad ganixilebian,

romlebic saxelmwifos mxridan sakmaod maRali socialuri dacviT

sargebloben.1157 ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, avstriaSi nebadarTulia mRvdlis

1150 <http://www.orthodoxy.ge/samartali/jvristsera.htm> [01.06.2014] 1151 ix., Wardle L.D., Marriage and Religious Liberty: Comparative Law Problems and Conflict of Law Solutions,

“Journal of Law & Family Studies”, Vol.12, 2010, 326. 1152 robersi g., saxelmwifo da eklesia germaniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 106. 1153 iqve. 1154 iqve. 1155 basdevan-godeme b., saxelmwifo da eklesia safrangeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 209. 1156 iqve, 210. 1157 pozti r., saxelmwifo da eklesia avstriaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 453.

146

mier morigebis proceduris warmoeba da qorwinebis SesanarCuneblad Sesabam-

isi konsultaciebi, Tumca es nebayoflobiTia1158.

rumineTSi religiuri qorwineba nebadarTulia, Tumca mxolod samoqalaqo

qorwinebis Semdeg. aRniSnuli mowesrigebulia rumineTis samoqalaqo ko-

deqsis 259-e muxliT.1159 religiuri qorwinebis ceremoniis Casatareblad

aucilebelia mRvdels an ceremoniis ganxorcielebaze uflebamosil RvTis-

msaxurs waredginos samoqalaqo qorwinebis damadasturebeli mowmoba.1160

msgavsadaa belgiaSic, sadac samoqalaqo qorwineba aucileblad unda uswreb-

des religiur qorwinebas, garda kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili gamonaklisi Sem-

Txvevebisa1161.

2.3.2.2. jvrisweris aRiareba _ alternatiuli modeli

2.3.2.2.1. eklesiis mier Sesrulebuli jvrisweris

aRiarebis samarTlebrivi geografia

saqorwino urTierTobebSi bevr saxelmwifoSi samarTlebrivi pluraliz-

mia: erTmaneTis gverdiT Tanaarsebobs samoqalaqo, CveulebiTi da religiuri

qorwinebebi.1162 evropul saxelmwifoTa nawili qorwinebasTan mimarTebiT du-

alistur sistemas aRiarebs da religiur qorwinebas samoqalaqo analogis

Tanabar samarTlebriv Zalas aniWebs.1163 religiuri qorwinebis aRiarebis sa-

kiTxi yvelaze aqtualuri iseT saxelmwifoebSia, sadac saxelmwifo an domi-

nanti eklesia arsebobs. am SemTxvevaSi jvrisweris ganxorcielebac ki, misi

religiuri xasiaTis miuxedavad, saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobiTaa mowesri-

gebuli. Tumca alternatiuli modeli gavrcelebulia liberaluri sekular-

izmis pirobebSi. saboloo jamSi, religiuri qorwinebis aRiarebas saxelmwifo

sakuTari ideologiuri, religiuri da politikuri warsulis gaTvaliswine-

biT axorcielebs.

daniaSi religiuri qorwineba nebadarTulia da igi mowesrigebulia „qor-

winebis Sesaxeb“ da „ucxoelTa Sesaxeb“ aqtebiT.1164 religiuri qorwineba

SeiZleba Catardes rogorc daniis saxalxo eklesiaSi, ise sxva aRiarebuli

religiuri gaerTianebis mier, risTvisac aucilebelia erT-erTi mxare mainc

iyos am gaerTianebis wevri da Tavad religiur erTobas hyavdes saqorwino

ritualis ganxorcielebaze uflebamosili sasuliero piri.1165 SvedeTSi

religiuri gaerTianebis mier Sesrulebul qorwinebas samarTlebrivi Zala

1158 iqve. 1159 Catean-Voiculescu L., Hurbean A., Legal Marriage Versus Religious Marriage Act in Light of the New Reg-

ulations of the Civil Code, “Agora International Journal of Juridical Studies”, #2, 2011, 2. 1160 iqve. 1161 Constitution of the Kingdom of Belgium, 1831, Art. 16. 1162 Wardle L.D., Marriage and Religious Liberty: Comparative Law Problems and Conflict of Law Solutions,

“Journal of Law & Family Studies”, Vol.12, 2010, 325. 1163 Mair J., The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, in: The Place of Religion in Family

Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 375. 1164 dubeki i., saxelmwifo da eklesia daniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 82. 1165 iqve.

147

aqvs, Tuki igi SvedeTis samarTlebrivi, safinanso da administraciuli

momsaxurebis saagentos (Kammarkollegiet) mier gacemuli uflebamosilebis sa-

fuZvelze sruldeba.1166 Sesabamisi uflebamosilebis gareSe Sesrulebul

religiur qorwinebas saxelmwifo ar aRiarebs1167.

gaerTianebul samefoSi aRiarebulia religiuri qorwinebis samarTle-

brivi Sedegi, samefo nebas rTavs religiebs TavianTi wesebis Sesabamisad Caa-

taron saqorwino ceremonia, Tumca avaldebulebs, daicvan samoqalaqo kanon-

mdeblobiT dadgenili winapirobebi da ZiriTad SemTxvevebSi kanoniT gan-

sazRvrul procedurebTan erTad, ceremoniis Catarebaze uflebamosili

sasuliero pirisaTvis moqalaqeTa mdgomareobis Sesaxeb cnobis wardgenis

aucileblobas awesebs.1168 israelis saqorwino samarTlis Tanaxmad, iudeveli

israelis moqalaqe an mis teritoriaze macxovrebeli ebraelebis qorwinebisa

da ganqorwinebis sakiTxebi rabinTa sasamarTloebis eqskluziuri iu-

risdiqciis qveS eqceva1169 da Toris mixedviT unda iqnes gadawyvetili1170. is-

raelis saxelmwifo nebas rTavs nebismier religiur gaerTianebas, saqorwino

urTierTobebi TavianTi religiuri samarTlisa da normebis Sesabamisad

moawesrigos1171.

aSS-Si religiuri qorwineba aRiarebulia da am qorwinebis samarTlebrivi

Sedegebis warmoSobisaTvis araviTari damatebiTi samoqalaqo RonisZieba

saWiro araa.1172 religiuri qorwinebis samarTlebrivi aRiarebisTvis aucile-

belia ritualis ganmaxorcielebel religiur organizacias Tu pirs Sesabam-

isi licenzia hqondes, romelic kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT gaicema.1173

msgavsi sistema moqmedebs avstraliaSic.1174

2.3.2.2.2. marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mier Sesrulebuli jvrisweris aRiareba

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mier Sesrulebuli jvrisweris aRiarebas

xangrZlivi praqtika aqvs, rasac xeli bizantiis imperiam da misma samarTalma

Seuwyo. 893 wlidan, imperator leon VI brZenis 89-e noveliT bizantiaSi qor-

1166 Jänterä-Jareborg M., The Legal Scope for Religious Identity in Family Matters - The Paradoxes of the Swedish

Approach, in: The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü,

Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 85. 1167 iqve, 87. 1168 ix., maklini d., saxelmwifo da eklesia gaerTianebul samefoSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 656-657. 1169 Marriage and Divorce Law of Israel, 1953, Section 1. 1170 iqve, Section 2. 1171 Sapir G., Staatman D., Religious Marriage in a Liberal State, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.30, No.6, 2009,

2868. 1172 Wardle L.D., Marriage and Religious Liberty: Comparative Law Problems and Conflict of Law Solutions,

“Journal of Law & Family Studies”, Vol.12, 2010, 327. 1173 iqve. 1174 iqve.

148

winebis erTaderT oficialur da samarTlebrivad aRiarebul saxed marTlma-

didebeli eklesiis mier Catarebuli jvriswera gamocxadda.1175 msgavsi

mowesrigeba moqmedebda yvela, istoriulad marTlmadidebel saxelmwifoSi,

maT Soris, saqarTveloSi, ruseTSi, serbeTSi da a.S.

1982 wlamde saberZneTSi saeklesio qorwineba qorwinebis erTaderTi neba-

darTuli saxe iyo.1176 1982 wels miRebul iqna specialuri kanoni samoqalaqo

qorwinebis Taobaze, romelmac aramarTlmadidebeli eklesiebis qorwinebis

aqtic aRiara da samoqalaqo qorwineba SemoiRo.1177 saberZneTSi erTi da imave

urTierTobisaTvis SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes rogorc samoqalaqo, ise

saeklesio qorwinebis samarTlebrivi forma. amis SesaZleblobas berZnuli ka-

nonmdebloba iZleva.1178 saberZneTis samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobiT, qorwine-

bisaTvis aucilebelia meris an Temis xelmZRvanelis Tanxmoba,1179 Tumca es ar

niSnavs, rom saeklesio wesiT Sesrulebuli qorwineba, romelic msgavsi ne-

barTvis gareSea Catarebuli, baTilad miiCneva,1180 radganac saberZneTis

eklesiis Sesaxeb kanonmdebloba jvrisweraze episkoposis mier winaswar Tanx-

mobis gacemis aucileblobas iTvaliswinebs.1181 eklesia mRvdels mxolod

aseTi Tanxmobis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi rTavs qorwinebis ceremoniis Catare-

bis uflebas.1182 samoqalaqo qorwineba, romelic saxelmwifo organoebSi reg-

istrirebulia da ar gauqmebula kanoniT dadgenili wesiT, eklesiisTvisac

moqmed qorwinebad miiCneva da jvrisweris damabrkolebel garemoebas war-

moadgens.1183

religiuri qorwinebis paralelurad, kviprosSi moqmedebs samoqalaqo

qorwinebac, romlis arCevac konkretul pirTa diskreciaa.1184 kviprosis kon-

stituciis 111-e muxlis Zveli redaqcia saqorwino da saojaxosamarTlebriv

urTierTobaTa mowesrigebas, aseve, maTi institutebis samarTlebriv sta-

tuss Sesabamisi religiuri gaerTianebebis samarTals ukavSirebda, religi-

uri davebis SemTxvevaSi ki _ Sesabamisi saeklesio sasamarTlo iyo uflebamo-

sili, ganexila da gadaewyvita qorwineba-ganqorwinebasTan dakavSirebuli sa-

kiTxebi.1185 1989 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebis Sedegad qorwineba da

ganqorwineba saero, saojaxo sasamarTlos iurisdiqciaSi gadavida da

1175 Rodopoulos P., An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law, translated by W.J. Lillie, Rollinsford, 2007, 188; Gal-

lagher C., Marriage in Eastern and Western Canon Law, “Law and Justice – Christian Law Review”, Vol.157,

2006, 9. 1176 papastatisi k., saxelmwifo da eklesia saberZneTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, meore gamocemis Targmani, Tbi-lisi, 2011, 152. 1177 Papastathis C.K., The Hellenic Republic and the Prevailing Religion, “Brigham Young University Law Re-

view”, #4, 1996, 825. 1178 Civil Code of the Hellenic Republic, Art. 1367. 1179 iqve, Art.1370. 1180 Rodopoulos P., An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law, translated by W.J. Lillie, Rollinsford, 2007, 193. 1181 Law 590/77 of Greece “Concerning the Charter of the Church of Greece”, art. 49. 1182 Encyclical 2329/20-10-82 of the Holy Synod of the Church of Greece. 1183 Civil Code of the Hellenic Republic, Art. 1354. 1184 emilianidesi a., saxelmwifo da eklesia kviprosSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 286. 1185 iqve, 285.

149

samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobaSi dawvrilebiT aisaxa.1186 marTlmadideblebis Sem-

TxvevaSi, ganqorwinebis sakiTxs specialuri saojaxo sasamarTlo ganixilavs,

erTi sasuliero da ori saero piris SemadgenlobiT, romlebic mosamarTlis

funqciebiT arian aRWurvilni.1187 msgavsi saojaxo sasamarTloebi kviprosSi

1990 wlidan moqmedebs. 1994 wlidan ki saojaxo sasamarTloebis iurisdiqcia

sxva ZiriTadi religiebis warmomadgenelTa ganqorwinebis saqmeebzec gavr-

celda. dReisaTvis qristianobis yvela ZiriTadi mimarTulebis religiur

gaerTianebas sakuTari saeklesio sasamarTlo aqvs,1188 rac kviprosis kon-

stituciiTaa uzrunvelyofili1189.

2.3.2.2.3. romaul-kaTolikuri da sxva

eklesiebis mier Sesrulebuli jvrisweris aRiareba

romaul eklesiaSi qorwinebis formaluri mxarisa da moTxovnebis Sesaxeb

doqtrinis Tanamedrove saxiT Camoyalibeba Tametsi-s aqtidan daiwyo da eta-

pobrivad, XX saukunis meore naxevarSi dasrulda.1190 mxolod 1563 wlidan,

trentis krebis gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze qorwinebis namdvilobisaTvis

aucilebeli gaxda jvrisweris uflebamosili mRvdlis mier Sesruleba.1191

trentis krebis gadawyvetileba 1908 wlis Ne Temere-s aqtamde adgenda qor-

winebis formalur standartebs.1192 wminda saydris praqtikiT, mis mier

dadebuli konkordatebisa da xelSekrulebebis Tanaxmad, meuRleebi qorwine-

bisaTvis, kanonikurTan erTad, saerosamarTlebriv kriteriumebsac unda

akmayofilebdnen.1193 amiT romis eklesia cdilobs jvrisweris kanonikuri da

saerosamarTlebrivi winapirobebi maqsimalurad daaaxlovos.

lateranis xelSekrulebiT romis eklesiis mier Catarebulma jvrisweram

italiaSi sruli saero aRiareba moipova da ufro metic, praqtikulad, igi

qorwinebis erTaderT moqmed samarTlebriv meqanizmad iqca.1194 saojaxo sa-

marTlis reformamde italiaSi romis eklesiis wesiT Catarebuli jvriswerisa

da qorwinebis gauqmeba dauSvebeli iyo, am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo kanon-

mdebloba kanonikuri qorwinebis gauqmebis uflebamosilebas eqskluziurad

saeklesio sasamarTlos miakuTvnebda.1195 italiis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 149-e

1186 iqve. 1187 iqve, 286. 1188 iqve, 284. 1189 Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus, 1960, Art.111. 1190 Brown B.F., The Relation of Theology and Philosophy to the Forms of Marriage, “Journal of Family Law”,

Vol.1, Iss.1, 1961, 128. 1191 Gallagher C., Marriage in Eastern and Western Canon Law, “Law and Justice – Christian Law Review”,

Vol.157, 2006, 9. 1192 Brown B.F., The Relation of Theology and Philosophy to the Forms of Marriage, “Journal of Family Law”,

Vol.1, Iss.1, 1961, 129. 1193 cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 38. 1194 Gori-Montanelli R., Botwinik D.A., Mexican Divorces: Italy, “International Lawyer”, #1, 1966-1967, 211. 1195 iqve, 216.

150

muxlis (Zveli redaqcia) Tanaxmad, qorwinebis Sewyvetis erTaderTi sa-

fuZveli erT-erTi meuRlis gardacvaleba iyo.1196 1984 wels italiis sax-

elmwifosa da romis eklesias Soris daido vila madamas xelSekruleba, ro-

melmac sruliad gansxvavebuli mowesrigeba daadgina da lateranis

xelSekrulebis principebi Secvala.1197 konkordatis cvlilebebTan erTad,

ganqorwinebis SemoRebam da abortebis dakanonebam wminda saydris poziciebi

da mTlianad italiis sazogadoeba radikalurad Secvala1198.

espaneTSi religiuri wesiT Sesrulebuli qorwineba samarTlebrivi

efeqtis matarebelia.1199 romis eklesiis mier Catarebul jvrisweras

samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi Sedegi aqvs da igi saxelmwifos mier aRiarebu-

lia.1200 aRniSnuli uzrunvelyofilia espaneTis samoqalaqo kodeqsiT.1201

maltam vatikanTan dadebuli xelSekrulebiT srulad aRiara ara marto ka-

nonikurad Sesrulebuli jvrisweris samarTlebrivi Zala, aramed qorwineba-

ganqorwinebasTan dakavSirebiT saeklesio sasamarTloebisa da tribunalebis

iurisdiqcia1202.

2.3.3. kanonikuri qorwinebis aRiarebis qarTuli gamocdileba

qarTuli ojaxi saojaxo samarTlis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze

gamorCeuli da TviTmyofadi fenomenia.1203 istoriulad saqarTveloSi

saojaxo urTierTobebi da samarTali qristianobis mniSvnelovani zegavlenis

qveS iyo, Tumca inarCunebda individualurad misTvis damaxasiaTebel, aseve,

romis samarTlidan recefcirebul maxasiaTeblebs.1204 saojaxo samarTlis sa-

kiTxebi, maT Soris, niSnoba, qorwineba, ganqorwineba, meuRleTa ur-

TierTdamokidebuleba1205 da a.S. eklesiis iurisdiqcias ganekuTvneboda.1206

qarTuli eklesia srulad icavda saxarebiseul debulebas1207 da raime sa-

marTlebriv SezRudvas socialuri mdgomareobis mxriv gansxvavebul pirTa

qorwinebaze ar awesebda. 1208 gviani Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kanonmdebloba

qorwinebis ormag _ religiur da samarTlebriv datvirTvas aRiarebda.1209

1196 Dwyer C., Divorce in Italy, “Quis Custodiet”, Vol. 36, 1972, 93. 1197 ferari s., saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 246. 1198 iqve, 244. 1199 ibani i.s., saxelmwifo da eklesia espaneTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 172. 1200 Morán G.M., The Spanish System of Church and State, “Brigham Young University Law Review”, #2, 1995,

543. 1201 Civil Code of the Kingdom of Spain, Art.60. 1202 Farrugia R., The Influence of the Roman Catholic Church in Maltese Family Law and Policy, in: The Place

of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 200. 1203 ix.,zoiZe b., Zveli qarTuli memkvidreobiTi samarTali, Tbilisi, 2000, 31. 1204 iqve. 1205 surgulaZe iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevebi, w.I, Tbilisi, 2000, 19. 1206 vaCeiSvili al., narkvevebi qarTuli samarTlis istoriidan, t.II, Tbilisi, 1948, 50. 1207 epistole pavle mociqulisa galatelTa mimarT, 3,28. 1208 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.VII, Tbilisi, 1984, 267. 1209 nadareiSvili g., qarTuli saxelmwifosa da samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2005, 154.

151

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi qorwinebisa da sxva mravali iuridi-

uli faqtis registracias marTlmadidebeli eklesia axdenda. msgavsadve

xdeboda ruseTis imperiasa da sxva qristianul saxelmwifoebSi1210.

qarTuli eklesiis roli da funqcia, maT Soris, samoqalaqo aqtebis regis-

traciis mimarTulebiT, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis periodSi

Zalze dakninda. saqarTvelos sakaTalikoso sabWos davalebiT, dekanoz kor-

neli kekeliZis mier Seqmnili debuleba „saeklesio qorwineba-ganqorwinebisa“

1918 wels waredgina saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis mTavrobas.1211 1920

wels saqarTvelos saeklesio krebam proeqtSi cvlilebebi Seitana da or gan-

calkevebul debulebad miiRo.1212 social-demokratiuli mTavrobis agre-

siuli qmedebebis Sedegad qarTul samociqulo eklesias mniSvnelovani ziani

miadga,1213 myife sekularizaciis procesis paralelurad, eklesias CamoerTva

qorwinebis registraciis ufleba, mis mier Sesrulebul jvrisweras ki, 1920

wlis 3 dekembris „moqalaqeobrivi mdgomareobis aqtebis registraciis ka-

noniT“, samarTlebrivi aRiarebis SesaZlebloba moespo1214.

saqarTvelos iZulebiTi gasabWoebis Semdeg eklesiis winaaRmdeg mimar-

Tulma RonisZiebebma kidev ufro agresiuli xasiaTi miiRo. ra Tqma unda,

religiuri qorwinebis sakiTxi sabWoTa kavSirSi naklebad aqtualuri iyo,

vinaidan Tavad religia saxelmwifo problemad iyo miiCneoda jer kidev len-

inis periodidan moyolebuli.1215

damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg jvrisweris samarTlebrivi aRiarebis

sakiTxisaTvis aravis ecala, Sesabamisad, 1997 wlis samoqalaqo kodeqsma te-

qstSi mxolod samoqalaqo qorwinebis momwesrigebeli normebi asaxa.1216 rom

ara konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, jvrisweris aRiarebasTan dakavSirebiT er-

Tiani midgoma iarsebebda, Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom konstituciuri

SeTanxmebis Sesabamisi debulebis miuxedavad, dReisaTvis sakmaod rTulia,

dadgindes saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis sistemuri kuTvnileba. samoqalaqo

kanonmdebloba ki, romelic am SemTxvevaSi specialuria, Tamamad SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom jvrisweris iuridiul Sedegebs ar aRiarebs.

1210 CikvaiZe d., saeklesio samarTali, Tbilisi, 2008, 116. 1211 saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, Tavi meore, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba, adamia-nis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, p. turavas redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2013, 439. 1212 iqve. 1213 ix., gegenava d., eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi (1917-1921) da saqarTvelos pirveli konstitucia, wignSi: saqarTvelos demokra-tiuli respublika da 1921 wlis konstitucia, d. gegenavas da p. javaxiSvilis redaqtoro-biT, Tbilisi, 2013, 179-181. 1214 ix., CikvaiZe d., saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis komentarebi, komentarebi, Tbilisi, 2005, 18. 1215 Curtiss J.Sh., Religion as a Soviet Social Problem, “Social Problems”, #7, 1959-1960, 328. 1216 ix., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-5 wignis pirveli kari.

152

2.4. jvrisweris aRiarebasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi

2.4.1. qorwinebis aRiarebis samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba

2.4.1.1. qarTuli samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba

religiuri da samoqalaqo samarTlis normebi saojaxo da saqorwino ur-

TierTobebTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba iyos erTmaneTis Semavsebeli, parale-

luri an xSir SemTxvevaSi sawinaaRmdegoc ki.1217 am mxriv, erTiani midgoma,

rasakvirvelia, ar arsebobs, radganac tradiciuli qristianuli dogmatika da

RirebulebaTa sistema xSir SemTxvevaSi Tanamedrove liberaluri sax-

elmwifos koncefciisgan gansxvavdeba. cxadia, qorwinebasTan dakavSirebiT

marTlmadidebel eklesias gacilebiT konservatiuli midgoma aqvs, vidre _

saxelmwifos.

konstituciuri SeTanxmeba 2002 wels daido da jvrisweris aRiarebis

Taobaze samarTlebrivi debuleba amave periodidan arsebobs. miuxedavad

amisa, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi araferia naxsenebi saeklesio qor-

winebis aRiarebasTan dakavSirebiT.1218 am mxriv, kanonmdebloba srul vakuum-

Sia. samoqalaqo kodeqsis mdumarebas Tan erTvis „samoqalaqo aqtebis Sesaxeb“

saqarTvelos kanonis „siCumec“. mcdaria Sexeduleba, rom dResdReobiT

saqarTvelo aRiarebs jvrisweris iuridiul Sedegebs, Tu igi registrirebu-

lia samoqalaqo reestris erovnul saagentoSi,1219 vinaidan qorwinebis regis-

traciaze uflebamosili organo ver daaregistrirebs qorwinebas jvrisweris

aqtis safuZvelze. amis ramdenime mizezi arsebobs: upirvelesad, ar arsebobs

raime wesi msgavsi proceduris ganxorcielebis Taobaze, saeklesio da

samoqalaqo samarTlis normebis koliziis gamo SesaZlebelia jvrisweris aqti

pirdapir ewinaaRmdegebodes saqarTvelos moqmed kanonmdeblobas da a.S.

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, konstituciur SeTanx-

mebaSi saxelmwifos mxridan marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mier Sesrulebuli

jvrisweris aRiareba mxolod deklaraciul xasiaTs atarebs da kanonmdeblo-

biT gaTvaliswinebuli ufleba-movaleobebisaTvis aucilebeli samarTle-

brivi safuZveli ver gaxdeba.1220 jvrisweris aRiarebis wesis arqonis gamo,

jvriswera araregistrirebul qorwinebasTanaa gaTanabrebuli.1221 saqarTve-

los kanonmdebloba ar iZleva jvrisweris samarTlebriv definicias, ar gan-

sazRvravs misi ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobebsa da uflebamosilebas,

jvrisweris registraciis pirobebs, misi gauqmebis safuZvlebs da a.S. sakanon-

mdeblo reformis gareSe, arsebuli mowesrigebis pirobebSi, moqmedi kanon-

mdebloba jvrisweris samarTlebrivi Sedegebis aRiarebisaTvis sruliad

araadekvaturia.

1217 Scharffs B.G., Disparte S., Comparative Models for Transitioning from Religious to Civil Marriage Systems,

“Journal of Law and Family Studies”, Vol.12, 2010, 411. 1218 Tsintsadze Kh., Legal Aspects of Church-State Relations in Post-Revolutionary Georgia, “Brigham Young

University Law Review”, #3, 2007, 766. 1219 Sead., cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 72. 1220 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis 2008 wlis 15 maisis #as-968-1269-07 gadawyvetileba. 1221 iqve.

153

2.4.1.2. qarTuli saeklesio kanonmdebloba

droTa ganmavlobaSi eklesiis mier Camoyalibebuli yvelaze mkacri

mowesrigebac ki icvleba. Tu saqme Zalze zust da umkacres dogmatikas ar

exeba, rogorc wesi, Tanamedrove eklesia ikonomiis wesiT bevri faqtobrivi

garemoebisa Tu institutis mimarT Semwynarebelia. saxelmwifos mier aRi-

arebuli „samoqalaqo qorwineba“ romis eklesiisaTvis ubralo Tanacxovreba,

konkubinatia da ara qorwineba.1222 msgavsadvea marTlmadidebeli eklesiis Sem-

TxvevaSi, romelic, marTalia, ar aRiarebs samoqalaqo qorwinebas, Tumca

praqtikaSi mas gverds ver uvlis1223.

konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli samarTlebrivi normis im-

plementaciaze saubrisas SeuZlebelia sakiTxis calmxrivad aRqma da ganx-

ilva. jvrisweris samarTlebrivi aRiarebis Sesaxeb deklaraciuli normis

arsebobis miuxedavad, roca misi praqtikaSi gatareba da Sesabamis kanon-

mdeblobaSi asaxva ar xdeba, es mxolod saxelmwifos problema araa. am mimar-

TulebiT eklesiac mniSvnelovani problemebis wyaroa.

saojaxo samarTlis sferoSi saeklesio samarTali yvelaze moculobiTia,

vinaidan igi moicavs rogorc praqtikul, ise Teoriul-dogmatur sakiTxebs,

romlebzec yuradRebis argamaxvileba dauSvebelia. marTalia, qarTul samo-

ciqulo eklesiaSi liturgiuli da wminda religiuri kuTxiT jvriswerasTan

dakavSirebiT sakiTxi garkveulia, Tumca saeklesio qorwinebis, rogorc iu-

ridiuli faqtis, eklesiis mier aRqmasTan dakavSirebiT mniSvnelovani

winaaRmdegobebi arsebobs.

samwuxarod, qarTul eklesias ar gaaCnia sistematizebuli dokumenti, ro-

melic qorwinebisa da ganqorwinebis sakiTxebs, maTTan dakavSirebul sa-

marTlebriv Sedegebsa da saqorwino samarTlis sferoSi pirTa uflebebs

moawesrigebda. marTalia, 1920 wels eklesiam miiRo ori debuleba „qorwine-

bisa“ da „ganqorwinebisa“,1224 Tumca isini dRes praqtikulad aRar gamoiyeneba,

vinaidan maTi safuZveli _ saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis marTva-

gamgeobis 1920 wlis debuleba, gauqmebulia. eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis

moqmedi debuleba ki sruliad gaumarTavi da arasistematizebulia, misi

normebis umravlesoba ki _ qaosurad Secvlili da arakodificirebuli. aR-

niSnul debulebaSi qorwinebisa da ganqorwinebis Tematikaze mxolod organaa

saubari. pirveli normis Tanaxmad, eparqiis mRvdelmTavari, episkoposi

uflebamosilia gadawyvitos qorwinebisa da ganqorwinebis sakiTxebi,1225

Tumca aRniSnuli srulad mis diskreciazea damokidebuli. meore SemTxvevaSi,

1222 Cahil E., Notes on Christian Sociology, “The Irish Mothly”, Vol.LI-LVI, 1923, 480. 1223 Настольная Книга Священнослужителя, IV Т., Издание Московской Патриархии, Москва, 1983, 297. 1224 saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, Tavi meore, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba, adami-anis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, p. turavas redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2013, 439. 1225 saqarTvelos avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis debuleba, 1995, VII Tavis me-4 paragrafi.

154

debuleba saeparqio sabWos, romlis xelmZRvanelic Tavad episkoposia, aR-

Wuravs uflebamosilebiT, ganixilos qorwinebasa da ganqorwinebasTan da-

kavSirebuli saqmeebi1226.

qarTuli samociqulo eklesiis aqtebidan irkveva, rom saeklesio saqor-

wino samarTali qarTul eklesiaSi ZiriTadad zepir, gadmocemiT xasiaTs ata-

rebs da praqtikiT wesrigdeba, mas raime oficialuri dokumentis saxe an sa-

marTlebrivi aqtiT gamoxatuli safuZveli ar gaaCnia. am mxriv, saeklesio ka-

nonmdeblobaSi sruli uwonadobaa, kerZod, ar aris mkacrad dadgenili da

detalizebuli: dasaqorwinebel pirTa asaki da daqorwinebisaTvis

aucilebeli winapirobebi, qorwinebis damabrkolebeli garemoebebi, jvris-

weris Catarebaze uflebamosili piris statusi da saeklesio qorwinebis ganx-

orcielebis samarTlebrivi procedura, ganqorwinebis safuZvlebi da pro-

cesi, saqorwino xasiaTis samarTlebrivi davis ganxilvis samarTlebrivi

aspeqtebi, qorwinebisa da ganqorwinebis kanonikursamarTlebrivi Sedegebi,

meore da mesame qorwinebis samarTlebrivi statusi, saeklesio da samoqalaqo

qorwinebaTa urTierTmimarTeba da a.S.

qarTuli eklesiisgan gansxvavebiT, sakmaod detaluri mowesrigeba aqvs sa-

berZneTis eklesias, romelic rogorc sakuTari saeklesio kanonmdeblobiT,

ise samoqalaqo samarTlis normebiT detalurad adgens qorwineba-ganqor-

winebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. igi iTvaliswinebs, rom jvrisweris

ganmaxorcielebeli sasulieri piri unda iyos uflebamosili, „moqmedi“,

radganac, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, qorwineba baTilad miiCneva.1227 rusul

eklesiaSic sasuliero piri valdebulia jvrisweris ceremoniamde gam-

oikvlios, xom ar arsebobs qorwinebis damabrkolebeli garemoebebi.1228

msgavsi danawesebi qarTuli samociqulo eklesiis oficialur dokumentebSi

ver moiZebneba, rac sruliad warmoudgenels xdis jvrisweris samarTlebrivi

aRiarebis implementacias saero kanonmdeblobis doneze.

sabWourma warsulma mZime daRi daasva marTlmadidebel eklesias, ro-

melsac, upirvelesad, swored saeklesio samarTlis kuTxiT aqvs mniSvnelo-

vani reformebi gansaxorcielebeli: aucilebelia marTva-gamgeobis axali,

gamarTuli debulebis SemuSaveba, aseve, unda dadgindes qorwinebisa da

ganqorwinebis umniSvnelovanesi pirobebi da standartebi, damuSavdes maTi

kanonikursamarTlebrivi mxare, rac mTavaria, moxdes saeklesio kanon-

mdeblobis nawilobrivi, SeZlebisdagvarad, maqsimaluri harmonizacia saero

kanonmdeblobasTan qorwineba-ganqorwinebis mimarT wayenebuli minimaluri

pirobebisa Tu safuZvlebis kuTxiT.

2.4.2. saero da saeklesio normaTa kolizia

2.4.2.1. asaki

dasaqorwinebel pirTa asaki nebismier saojaxo samarTalSi qorwinebis cen-

traluri Temaa. qarTuli samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobac qorwinebis erT-erT

1226 iqve, VIII Tavis me-12 paragrafis me-3 punqti. 1227 Civil Code of the Hellenic Republic, Art.1371. 1228 Настольная Книга Священнослужителя, IV Т., Издание Московской Патриархии, Москва, 1983, 297.

155

kumulaciur pirobad pirTa minimalur asaks asaxelebs, romelic ZiriTadad

18 welia.1229 18 wlamdelTa qorwinebas saxelmwifo ar aRiarebs, ufro metic, 16

wels miuRwevel pirTan sqesobrivi kavSiri kriminalizebulia da sisxlis sa-

marTlis wesiT isjeba1230.

qristianul dogmatikaSi minimaluri saqorwino asaki qalebisTvis ZiriTa-

dad 14, xolo mamakacebisTvis 16 wels ukavSirdeba, rac qorwinebis kon-

sumaciisaTvis aucilebeli fiziologiuri mzaobiTaa ganpirobebuli.1231 aR-

niSnuli minimaluri saqorwilo asaki eklesiebis mixedviT gansxvavdeba.

ivaraudeba, rom igi saxelmwifos samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrul

minimums unda emTxveodes.

„sacolqmroTa uhasakoba“ Zvel qarTul samarTalSic qorwinebis

damabrkolebel garemoebad miiCneoda.1232 ruis-urbnisis ZeglisweriT qal-

TaTvis qorwinebis minimalur asakad 12 weli, xolo zogadad _ srul-

wlovaneba ganisazRvra.1233 Tanamedrove epoqaSi ki saqarTvelos eklesiis 1920

wlis „qorwinebis“ debuleba qorwinebis nebas rTavda 17-dan 70 wlamde

mamakacebsa da 15-dan 60 wlamde qalebs.1234 samwuxarod, qarTul eklesias ar

gaaCnia sistematizebuli da erTiani midgoma saqorwino asakTan dakavSirebiT,

Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli arc romelime samarTlebrivi aqtiT ganisazRvreba.

sasuliero pirebs zepirad evalebaT gamoikvlion saqorwino garemoebebi,

Tumca bolo ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ramdenime aseuli SemTxveva SeiZleba

moinaxos, rodesac sasuliero pirebma jvari 18 wels miuRwevel pirebs

dasweres, rac samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis darRvevaa. am SemTxvevaSi ismis

kiTxva, Tu rogor unda aRiaros saxelmwifom jvrisweris iuridiuli Sedegi,

roca igi didi albaTobiT moqmed kanonmdeblobas SeiZleba ewinaaRmdege-

bodes.

aucilebelia eklesiis wiaRSi, kanonikursamarTlebriv doneze, oficialu-

rad dadgindes minimaluri saqorwino asaki samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis

mowesrigebis gaTvaliswinebiT da jvrisweris ganmaxorcielebel sasuliero

pirebs daevaloT asakisa da sxva garemoebaTa gamokvleva. Tuki ar moxda am

yovelives samarTlebrivi reglamentacia, warmoudgenelia saxelmwifom

jvrisweris raime formiT aRiareba iTavos.

2.4.2.2. qorwinebis damabrkolebeli garemoebebi

saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi eklesiam SeimuSava da daadgina jvrisweris

damabrkolebeli garemoebebi.1235 igi met-naklebad saero qorwinebis

damabrkolebel garemoebebs emTxveva, Tumca gansxvavebebic SeimCneva, rasac

1229 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1108-e muxlis pirveli punqti. 1230 saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 141-e muxli. 1231 Orsy L., Marriage in the Code of Canon Law, “Law and Justice”, 1988-1989, 13. 1232 qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, IV naw., m. kekelias redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 1993, 147. 1233 ruis-urbnisis Zegliswera, me-10 kanoni. 1234 saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, Tavi meore, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, p. turavas redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2013, 439. 1235 ix., CikvaiZe d., saeklesio samarTali, Tbilisi, 2008, 115-116.

156

jvrisweris religiuri xasiaTi ganapirobebs. sakmaod mkacri SezRudvebi da

qorwinebis xelisSemSleli pirobebi iyo dadgenili qarTuli CveulebiTi sa-

marTliTac, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi sasuliero kanonmdeblobaze gac-

ilebiT maRal standarts awesebda. fSauri masalebis mixedviT, qorwinebis

damabrkolebel garemoebad erTi gvarisadmi kuTvnilebac iyo.1236 akrZalvis

praqtikul moqmedebas mkacri sasjelebi uzrunvelyofda.1237 fSav-

xevsureTSi ara mxolod erTi gvaris warmomadgenlebs, aramed maTac, vinc

teritoriulad axlos cxovrobdnen, erTmaneTze daqorwineba ekr-

ZalebodaT.1238 Zvel qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi qorwinebis

damabrkolebeli garemoebebis argaTvaliswineba umkacresad isjeboda,

riTac xalxi xazs usvamda msgavs qmedebaTa mZime danaSaulebriv xasiaTs1239.

dResdReobiT, roca urTierTobaTa areali Zalze didia da SeuZlebelia

TiToeuli qorwinebis Sesaxeb informacia yvelas miewodos, raTa adamianuri

mankiereba da tyuili maqsimalurad gamoiricxos, mniSvnelovania, arsebobdes

qmediTi meqanizmi, romliTac uflebamosili piri detalurad Seiswavlis

daqorwinebis msurvelTa ganacxads, maT urTierTmimarTebas naTesaobis

mxriv, gamoikvlevs qorwinebis damabrkolebel garemoebaTa arsebobas da mxo-

lod amis Semdeg iqneba SesaZlebeli, wyvilma iqorwinos. am mxriv, misabaZia sa-

berZneTis eklesia, romelic dRemde wm. egnate RmerTSemosilis cnobili mo-

sazrebiT moqmedebs: „qorwinebis msurvelT, mamakacebsac da dedakacebsac,

marTebT erToba episkoposis azris Tanaxmad, raTa uflismier da ara wa-

dierebisamebr, iqmnas qorwineba“1240. samoqalaqo Tu saeklesio qorwine-

bisaTvis qristianuli eklesiis wevrTaTvis aucilebelia Sesabamisi eparqiis

mRvdelmTavris, episkoposis Tanxmoba1241.

mniSvnelovania, dadgindes Sesabamisi mRvdelmTavrisadmi mimarTvis

valdebuleba, rac jvrisweris Catarebis adgilmdebareobis mixedviT gan-

isazRvreba, mcxeTa-Tbilisis, aseve, biWvinTisa da cxum-afxazeTis eparqiis

SemTxvevaSi, uflebamosili mRvdelmTavari, patriarqis garda, misi qorepis-

koposic iqneba. episkopossa da saeparqio sabWos unda daevalos, TiToeul

gancxadebasTan dakavSirebiT detalurad gamoarkvios saqmis garemoebani,

Seiswavlos qorwinebis damabrkolebeli garemoebebi, Seafasos, ramdenad

daculia samoqalaqo da saeklesio kanonmdeblobiT qorwinebisaTvis dadge-

nili minimaluri standarti. mxolod am moqmedebaTa ganxorcielebis Semdeg

unda gaices daqorwinebaze nebarTva.

ganmcxadebels unda daevalos saWiro dokumentaciasTan erTad daqorwine-

bis Taobaze gancxadebas Tan daurTos cnoba samoqalaqo registraciis organ-

odan, rom ar imyofeba registrirebul qorwinebaSi. swored saeklesio qor-

winebis samarTlebrivi efeqtidan gamomdinare, aucilebelia, eklesiam regis-

trirebuli samoqalaqo qorwineba jvrisweris damabrkolebel garemoebad

1236 qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, IV naw., m. kekelias redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 1993, 145. 1237 qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, III naw., s. xanjalaZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 1991, 23. 1238 iqve, 24. 1239 iqve, 26. 1240 bumisi p.i., kanonikuri samarTali, i. garayaniZis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2007, 101. 1241 iqve, 103.

157

cnos. msgavsi praqtika moqmedebs saberZneTis eklesiaSi, sadac wminda sinodis

ganCinebiT, aRniSnuli saeklesio qorwinebis xelisSemSlel faqtada miC-

neuli1242.

2.4.2.3. ganqorwineba

qorwinebis msgavsad, sruliad mouwesrigebelia ganqorwinebis samarTle-

brivi statusi, procedura da samarTlebrivi Sedegebi. ganqowinebas, rogorc

iuridiul faqts, aranaklebi frTxili da sapasuxismgeblo midgoma sWirdeba.

am SemTxvevaSi, umTavresia, erTmaneTisgan gaimijnos ganqorwinebis Teologi-

uri da samarTlebrivi mxare.

romis samarTali qorwinebasa da ganqorwinebas kerZo, pirad sakiTxad

ganixilavda.1243 iustinianem 117-e noveliT akrZala meuRleTa SeTanxmebiT

ganqorwineba.1244 noveliT ganqorwineba mxolod gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi

daiSveboda da es garemoebebi srulad efuZneboda marTlmadidebeli eklesiis

gamocdilebasa da praqtikas.1245 saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi marTlmadidebeli

eklesia Seuwynarebeli iyo ganqorwinebis mimarT da moqmedebda ra, saxare-

biseuli debulebiT _ „viTarmed arRara arian or, aramed erT ჴorc. awukue

romelni-igi RmerTman SeauRlna, kaci nu ganaSorebs“1246, qorwinebis Sewyvetis

erTaderT safuZvlad sikvdils ganixilavda1247.

aRmosavleTis eklesia yovelTvis mkacrad udgeboda qorwinebis siwmindis

sakiTxs, ganqorwinebis safuZvlad mruSobis, sqesobrivi uvargisobis, uSvi-

lobisa da sodomuri codvis paralelurad, qalwulobis dakargvasac miiC-

nevda.1248 javaxiSvilis azriT, sqesobrivi zneoba droTa ganmavlobaSi

icvleboda, „cxovrebam da qristianobam qal-vaJis yovelgvari sqesobrivi

kavSiri danaSaulad gamoacxada. amgvaradve, colisa da qmris Ralatic mi-

utevebel codvad iyo miCneuli“1249. droTa ganmavlobaSi ganqorwinebasTan da-

kavSirebiT qristianuli eklesiis pozicia Serbilda, XX saukuneSi eklesia

ganqorwinebis mimarT gacilebiT Semwynarebeli gaxda,1250 rac ganqorwinebis

safuZvlad ramdenime yofiTi, aucilebeli safuZvlis dawesebaSi gamoixateba.

eklesia maleve mixvda, rom zogierTi adamianuri sisustis daZleva da

gadalaxva yvelas ar xelewifeba, Sesabamisad, garkveul SemTxvevebSi qorwine-

bis Sewyveta dauSva.1251 mag., eklesiam meuRleTa xasiaTebis ukiduresi sxvaoba

1242 Encyclical 2320/19-5-82 of the Holy Synod of the Church of Greece. 1243 Gallagher C., Marriage in Eastern and Western Canon Law, “Law and Justice – Christian Law Review”,

Vol.157, 2006, 12. 1244 iqve. 1245 iqve. 1246 saxerabaჲ maTesi, 19,6. 1247 Rodopoulos P., An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law, translated by W.J. Lillie, Rollinsford, 2007, 193. 1248 ix., nadareiSvili g., qarTuli saxelmwifosa da samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2005, 160. 1249 ix., qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, III naw., s. xanjalaZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 1991, 82. 1250 Rodes R.E.jr., Natural Law and the Marriage of Christians, “The Jurist”, #35, 1975, 414. 1251 Rodopoulos P., An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law, translated by W.J. Lillie, Rollinsford, 2007, 200.

158

ganqorwinebisaTvis sapatio mizezad miiCnia.1252 Tanamedrove epoqaSi marTlma-

didebeli eklesia uSvebs ganqorwinebas meuRleTa SeTanxmebiTac1253.

italiaSi ganqorwineba 1970 wlamde akrZaluli iyo, Tumca sekularizaciis

procesis gaaqtiureba saojaxo urTierTobebzec aisaxa, ramac SemdgomSi ukve

abortis dekriminalizacia da sxva mniSvnelovani Zvrebi gamoiwvia.1254 es-

paneTSi religiuri wesiT Catarebuli qorwinebis gauqmebis ufleba saeklesio

sasamarTlos, paps an samoqalaqo registraciis organoebs aqvT.1255 ganqor-

winebis Taobaze saeklesio sasamarTloebis gadawyvetileba ZalaSia, Tu mas

espaneTis saxelmwifo, kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesis Sesabamisad, aRi-

arebs.1256 miuxedavad imisa, rom irlandiam 1972 wlis sakonstitucio

cvlilebebiT saxelmwifo religia gaauqma, ganqorwineba 1986 wlis sa-

konstitucio reformis ganxorcielebamde oficialurad nebadarTuli ar

iyo1257.

kviprosSi berZnuli eklesiis mier Sesrulebuli jvrisweris mimarT

saeklesio samarTali moqmedebs da ganqorwinebac misi wesebis Sesabamisad

unda moxdes.1258 saberZneTSi religiuri qorwinebis gauqmebaze uflebamo-

silia samoqalaqo sasamarTlo, _ eklesia, marTalia, monawileobs konsul-

taciebsa da gadawyvetilebis gamotanis Semdeg Tavad axorcielebs gvirgvinis

axdis rituals, Tumca ver ereva samoqalaqo sasamarTlos saqmianobaSi1259.

marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi saeklesio qorwinebis gauqmebis ufleba-

mosileba mxolod mRvdelmTavars aqvs,1260 romelic saeklesio sasamarTlos

funqcias iTavsebs. SesaZlebelia jvriswera, rogorc iuridiuli faqti,

samoqalaqo registraciis organomac gaauqmos. Tumca am SemTxvevaSi saekle-

sio qorwineba gauqmdeba saxelmwifosTvis, eklesiisaTvis ki igi arsebobas gaa-

grZelebs iqamde, sanam qorwinebas uflebamosili mRvdelmTavari ar cnobs

dasrulebulad.

qarTulma eklesiam ganqorwinebasTan dakavSirebiT unda SeimuSaos sakmaod

detaluri da vrceli mowesrigeba. msgavsi debulebebis ararseboba mniSvne-

lovnad aferxebs da SeiZleba iTqvas, SeuZlebelsac ki xdis jvrisweris sa-

marTlebriv aRiarebas. ganqorwineba, Tavis mxriv, momavali, axali qorwinebisa

1252 nadareiSvili g., qarTuli saxelmwifosa da samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2005, 160. 1253 bumisi p.i., kanonikuri samarTali, i. garayaniZis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2007, 119. 1254 ferari s., saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 244. 1255 ibani i.s., saxelmwifo da eklesia espaneTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 172-173. 1256 Civil Code of Spain, Art.80. 1257 Harding M., Religion and Family Law in Ireland: From A Catholic Protection of Marriage to A “Catholic”

Approach to Nullity, in: The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E.

Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 177. 1258 emilianidesi a., saxelmwifo da eklesia kviprosSi, wignSi: wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 286. 1259 papastatisi k., saxelmwifo da eklesia saberZneTSi wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 153. 1260 Настольная Книга Священнослужителя, IV Т., Издание Московской Патриархии, Москва, 1983, 300.

159

da sxva samarTalurTierTobebisaTvis mniSvnelovan damabrkolebel gare-

moebad SeiZleba iqces. aucilebelia numerus clausus principiT ganisazRvros

ganqorwinebis safuZvlebi, procedura, ganqorwinebis Taobaze gad-

awyvetilebis miRebaze uflebamosili piri an organo, aseve, samarTlebrivi

Sedegebi, romelic mis, rogorc samarTlebrivi faqtis, gauqmebas

ukavSirdeba.

aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom im saxelmwifoebSic ki, romlebic religiuri qor-

winebis samarTlebriv Sedegebs aRiareben, ZiriTad SemTxvevaSi religiuri

gaerTianebebi ar arian uflebamosili, Sewyviton maT mier Sesrulebuli qor-

wineba saxelmwifos winaSe.1261 religiuri qorwinebis aRiarebis miuxedavad,

ganqorwineba srulad saxelmwifos iurisdiqciis qveSaa da religiuri gaer-

Tianebis gadawyvetilebas am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT araviTari gavlenis

moxdena ar SeuZlia.1262 saqarTveloSi, riskebis Tavidan acilebisa da

samoqalaqo urTierTobaTa stabilurobisaTvis, aucilebelia qorwinebis

Sewyvetaze gavrceldes saqarTvelos moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili

wesi, romelic eklesiasTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT metad Semwynarebelia da

mxareebs met Tavisuflebasac aniWebs. ramdenad mimarTaven ganqorwinebis

msurvelni eklesiasa da kanonikurad gaauqmeben Tu ara damatebiT maT qor-

winebas, es srulad maTi nebis Tavisuflebas unda iyos mindobili.

2.4.3. saeklesio faqtebi da maTi registracia

jvrisweris aRiarebis procesSi mniSvnelovani dabrkoleba saeklesio, ka-

nonikursamarTlebrivi faqtebis erTiani registraciis ararsebobacaa. es

yovelive ki ara mxolod saxelmwifos mxridan jvrisweris aRiarebis, aramed

Zalian bevri sxva mimarTulebiT arsebuli problemis wyaroa.

qarTuli samociqulo eklesia ar awarmoebs saeklesio faqtTa erTian

reestrs da es yovelive taZrebisTvisaa mindobilia. konkretuli eklesia

Tavad axorcielebs naTlobis, jvriswerisa da sxva iuridiuli mniSvnelobis

faqtebis aRricxvas, Tumca es araa sistematizebuli da mkacrad kontroli-

rebadi. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia gascems jvrisweris damadas-

turebel mowmobas, romelzec aRibeWdeba taZris beWedi da im uflebamosili

sasuliero piris xelmowera, romelmac qorwinebis ritualuri aRasrula.1263

qarTul sinamdvileSi yofila da axlac xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca erTi da igive

piri imyofeba registrirebul qorwinebaSi da imavdroulad, sxva pirzea

1261 Jänterä-Jareborg M., The Legal Scope for Religious Identity in Family Matters - The Paradoxes of the Swedish

Approach, in: The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü,

Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 93. 1262 Wardle L.D., Marriage and Religious Liberty: Comparative Law Problems and Conflict of Law Solutions,

“Journal of Law & Family Studies”, Vol.12, 2010, 327; mag., SvedeTSi nebismieri wesiT Sesrulebuli qorwinebis Sewyveta ganqorwinebis gziT mxolod sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis sa-fuZvelzea SesaZlebeli. ix., Jänterä-Jareborg M., The Legal Scope for Religious Identity in Family Matters

- The Paradoxes of the Swedish Approach, in: The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, Edited

by J. Mair and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 93. 1263 <http://www.orthodoxy.ge/samartali/jvristsera.htm> [01.06.2014]

160

jvardawerili.1264 gacilebiT uaresi da amoraluria SemTxveva, rodesac piri

erTsa da imave dros or saeklesio qorwinebaSi imyofeba, rac saeklesio sa-

marTliTa da dogmatikiT akrZalulia. Tavisuflad SeiZleba eklesiis wevrma

erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi ramdenime qalaqSi ise daiweros jvari, rom amis

Sesaxeb arc saeklesio qorwinebis ganmaxorcielebelma sasuliero pirma da

arc sxva adamianebma icodnen. samwuxarod, eklesia srulad mindobilia

konkretuli individis sindissa da patiosnebaze, rac XXI saukuneSi samarTle-

briv argumentad ver miiCneva. jvrisweris ceremoniis Catareba umravles Sem-

TxvevaSi ise xdeba, rom ganmaxorcielebeli piri saerTod ar interesdeba da-

saqorwinebeli pirebi arian Tu ara eklesiis wevrebi. praqtikaSi Tavisuflad

SesaZlebelia, jvari mounaTlavmac ki daiweros, rac kanonikis uxeSi da

yovlad gaumarTlebeli darRvevaa. am yvelafris gamomwvevi mizezi ki ZiriTa-

dad ori mimarTulebiT warmoCindeba: 1. erTiani sistematizaciis, reestris

ararseboba da 2. faqtebis gadamowmebis SeuZlebloba da arasavaldebulooba.

saberZneTis samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobiT, marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi

jvriswerisaTvis aucilebelia mitropolitis licenzia, rac qorwinebis

samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi nebarTvis tolfasia, romelic bevr evropul sax-

elmwifoSi arsebobs.1265 aRniSnuli meqanizmiT ramdenime garTulebis preven-

cia erTdroulad xorcieldeba. mRvdelmTavari da saeparqio dawesebulebebi

jvrisweris nebarTvis, licenziis gacemisas amowmeben ganmcxadebelTa

eklesiis wevrobas, qorwinebisaTvis aucilebeli pirobebis arsebobasa da

xelisSemSleli garemoebebis ararsebobas.

qarTul eklesiaSi unda Seiqmnas saeklesio faqtebis erTiani reestri, ro-

melic SesaZleblobas miscems eklesias, Tvalyuri adevnos kanonikuri wesebis

Sesrulebas da Tavidan aicilos adamianTa mankierebiT gamowveuli proble-

mebi, paraleluri qorwinebebi da a.S.

3. religiuri dResaswaulebi

3.1. religiur dResaswaulebze uqmoba

eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobebis istoriis gaTvaliswinebiT, sax-

elmwifos oficialuri dResaswaulebi da uqme dReebi, xSirad swored qveynis

mTavari religiuri gaerTianebis dResaswaulebs emTxveoda. ra Tqma unda,

sekularizaciis aqtiuri procesis Sedegad religiuri dResaswaulebis saero

aRniSvna TandaTan Sewyda, ramac uqme dReebis Semcireba gamoiwvia.

eklesia ver iqneba ganyenebuli da ver gaemijneba saxelmwifoSi mimdinare

movlenebs, ufro metic, igi erovnul interesebs unda emsaxurebodes, xan-

daxan ki politikur-ekonomikur tendenciebsac ki SeiZleba asaxavdes.1266 Sesa-

bamisad, eklesias mouwia saxelmwifo politikis gaTvaliswineba da ra Tqma

1264 ix., iqve. 1265 papastatisi k., saxelmwifo da eklesia saberZneTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 152-153. 1266kurtaniZe k., esqatologiuri politologia, arsebobs Tu ara eklesiuri ideologia?, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #2(35), 2010, 74.

161

unda, iTvaliswinebs garemoebas, rom yvela religiur dResaswaulze uqmobis

SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifo saero ki ara sasuliero wyobaze iqneba damyarebuli,

rac qveyanaSi elementarul sawarmoo, SromiT da ekonomikur urTierTobebs

gaanadgurebs.

dominanti religiuri jgufis dResaswaulebis oficialur uqmeebad gamo-

cxadeba sruliad bunebrivia, mTavaria, saxelmwifos Seqmnas iseTi samarTle-

brivi garemo, sadac dasaqmebulebs SeeZlebaT TavianTi religiis did

dResaswaulebze uqmoba Sesabamisi wesiTa da alternativis SesaZleblo-

biT.1267 aseve, miCneulia, rom saxelmwifos dResaswaulTa da uqme dReTa umrav-

lesoba mosaxleobis umravlesobis religiur dResaswaulebs emTxveva.1268

amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom evrosasamarTlo aRiarebs religiur dReebze uqmo-

bis SesaZleblobas Sesabamisi pirobebisa da samsaxuris specifikis gaT-

valiswinebiT, alternativis SeTavazebiT,1269 rac imas gulisxmobs, rom ara

aqvs mniSvneloba konkretuli religiuri dResaswauli uqme dRea Tu ara sax-

elmwifoSi, damsaqmebelma unda gaiTvaliswinos dasaqmebulis Txovna da sam-

saxurebrivi valdebulebebisgan droebiT gaaTavisuflos, gacdenili

saaTebis sxva, alternatiul dRes anazRaurebis pirobiT.

3.2. religiur dResaswaulebze uqmoba saqarTveloSi

saqarTveloSi religiuri dResaswaulebis uqme dReebis ricxvidan

masStaburad amoReba pirvelad saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis pe-

riodSi moxda. damoukideblobis aRdgenamde uqme dReebs samrewvelo Sromis

wesdebis 198-e muxli da amierkavkasiis komisariatis 1917 wlis 29 noembris

dekretis me-20 muxli adgenda.1270 1919 wlis 17 ivniss damfuZnebelma krebam

miiRo kanoni ùqme dReebis ricxvis Semcirebisa~ da uqme dReebis CamonaT-

validan amoiRo: mirqma uflisa (15 Tebervali); didi paraskevi, aRdgomis

mesame dRe _ samSabaTi, sulTmofenobis meore dRe, feriscvaleba uflisa (19

agvisto), miZineba RvTismSoblisa (28 agvisto), jvarTamaRleba (27 seqtemberi)

da taZrad miyvaneba RvTismSoblisa (4 dekemberi)1271.

sabWoTa okupaciis periodSi danarCeni religiuri dResaswaulebis aRniS-

vna araTu gauqmda, saerTod aikrZala. maT nacvlad ki dawesda qarTuli

sazogadoebisaTvis ucxo dResaswaulebi, romlebic sabWoeTTan, komunistur

partiasTan da mis ideologiasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. damoukideblobis

1267 Ringelheim J., Rights, Religion and the Public Sphere: the European Court of Human Rights in Search of a

Theory? in: Law, State and Religion in the New Europe, Edited by L. Zucca and C. Ungureanu, Cambridge, 2012,

298. 1268 ix., X v. the United Kingdom, [ECHR], App. no. 8231/78, 6 March 1982, D.R.28. 1269 ix., Kosteski v. the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, [ECtHR], App. no. 55170/00, 13 April 2006,

Para.37. 1270 saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli, 1918-1921, Tbilisi, 1990, 273. 1271 ix., saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis da saqarTvelos respublikis 1919 wlis 17 ivnisis kanoni ùqme dReebis ricxvis Semcirebisa~.

162

aRdgenisTanave yvela msgavsi dResaswauli gauqmda, erovnulma mTavroba

aRadgina istoriuli da religiuri dResaswaulebi1272.

rac Seexeba Tanamedrove saqarTvelosa da moqmed kanonmdeblobas,

saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi jamSi 17 uqme dRes adgens, maTgan 10 ki marTlma-

didebeli eklesiis dResaswaulia.1273 marTlmadidebeli qristianebis raode-

nobis procentuli maCvenebeli saqarTveloSi imxelaa, sulac araa gasakviri,

rom saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi dResaswaulebis umravlesoba saeklesio xasi-

aTis matarebelia.1274 uqmeebad gamocxadebuli dResaswaulebia: 1. 7 ianvari –

uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristes Sobis dRe; 2.19 ianvari – naTlisReba – uflisa

Cvenisa ieso qristes gacxadebis dRe; 3. didi paraskevi (gardamavalia); 4. didi

SabaTi (gardamavalia); 5. uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristes brwyinvale aRdgomis

dRe (gardamavalia); 6. micvalebulTa moxseniebis dRe – aRdgomis meore dRe,

orSabaTi (gardamavalia); 7. 12 maisi – saqarTvelos eklesiis, rogorc samo-

ciqulo saydris, damaarseblis – wminda andria mociqulis xsenebis dRe; 8. 28

agvisto – yovladwminda RvTismSoblis miZinebis dRe (mariamoba); 9. 14

oqtomberi – mcxeTobis (sveticxovlobis, kvarTis dResaswaulis) dRe; 10. 23

noemberi – giorgobis dRe.1275 Sromis kodeqsi nebas rTavs dasaqmebuls, damsaq-

mebelTan SeTanxmebiT, kodeqsis me-20 muxliT gansazRvruli uqme dReebis

nacvlad, sxva dasvenebis dReebi moiTxovos1276.

3.3. konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT nakisri `valdebuleba~

religiur dResaswaulebs konstituciuri SeTanxmebis pirveli muxli

exeba. debulebis Tanaxmad, didi saeklesio dResaswaulebi da kvira dasvenebis

dReebad cxaddeba.1277 ra Tqma unda, kvira saukunovani praqtikiT, qristiano-

bis damsaxurebiT, isedac dasvenebis dRedaa miCneuli, igi aRdgomis `saxed~

miiCneva,1278 Tumca konstituciur SeTanxmebaSi misi moxsenieba, erTgvarad, am

faqtis xazgasmaa.

did saeklesio dResaswaulebad, konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadebis mo-

mentisTvis ukve dasvenebis dRed gamocxadebulebis garda, SeTanxmebis ter-

minTa ganmarteba moiazrebs Semdeg dResaswaulebs: amaRleba uflisa Cvenisa

ieso qristesi (gardamavalia, aRiniSneba aRdgomidan me-40 dRes); uflisa

Cvenisa ieso qristes Sobis swori, basili didis xsenebis dRe (14 ianvari);

mirqma macxovrisa Cvenisa ieso qristesi (15 Tebervali); xareba yovladwmida

1272 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 12. 1273 ix., saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis me-20 muxlis pirveli nawili. 1274 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Barbara,

2009, 177. 1275 saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis me-20 muxlis pirveli nawilis `b~, `g~, `z~, ì~, `l~, `m~ da `n~ qvepunqtebi. 1276 iqve, me-2 punqti. 1277 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadide-bel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis pirveli muxlis me-6 punqti. 1278 CikvaiZe d., saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis komentarebi, komentarebi, Tbilisi, 2005, 15.

163

RvTismSoblisa (7 aprili); feriscvaleba uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristesi (19

agvisto); Soba yovladwmidisa RmrTismSoblisa (21 seqtemberi); msoflio am-

aRleba patiosnisa da cxovelmyofelisa jvrisa (27 seqtemberi); taZrad

miyvaneba yovladwmida RmrTismSoblisa (4 dekemberi); saqarTvelos eklesiis,

rogorc samociqulo saydris, damaarseblis _ wmida andria mociqulis

xsenebis dRe (12 maisi); wmida ninos xsenebis dRe (27 ianvari); saaRdgomo dReebi

- didi paraskevi, didi SabaTi, aRdgomis kviradRe (gardamavalia).1279 kon-

stituciuri SeTanxmebis dadebis Semdeg saaRdgomo dReebi da saqarTvelos

samociqulo saydris damaarseblis, wmida andria pirvelwodebulebis

xsenebis dRe _ 12 maisi, saxelmwifom uqmed gamoacxada.

konstituciur SeTanxmebaSi mocemuli debuleba vercerT SemTxvevaSi

valdebulebad ver ganixileba. `rogorc wesi~ _ msgavsi konstruqciis Sem-

TxvevaSi, ara valdebuleba, aramed SesaZleblobaa mocemuli. es ki sax-

elmwifos keTil nebazea damokidebuli da igi mxolod survilis SemTxvevaSi

gamocxadebs sxva did saeklesio dResaswaulebs dasvenebad. mcdaria mosaz-

reba, rom konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT saxelmwifo 12 sauflo da ganmartebaSi

mocemuli sxva dResaswaulebis dasvenebis dReebad gamocxadebis

valdebuleba itvirTa.1280 marTalia, SeTanxmebis teqstis TandarTul ganmar-

tebebSi `didi dResaswaulebis~ ganmartebisas gamoyenebulia fraza _ `rom-

lebic ukve dasvenebis dReebad gamocxadebul zeimebs unda daematos~, Tumca

aRniSnulis ganyenebulad interpretacia dauSvebelia. am SemTxvevaSi orive

debuleba erToblivad, sistemurad unda ganimartos, rac saxelmwifosTvis

raime movaleobis dakisrebis SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs. SeTanxmebis

pirveli muxlis me-6 punqti deklaraciuli xasiaTisaa da aranairad atarebs

normatiuli valdebulebis saxes, Sesabamisad, misi arseboba konstituciuri

SeTanxmebis teqstSi kvlavac faqtisa da keTili nebis konstantaciaa da ara sa-

marTlebrivi Sinaarsis Semcveli normativi.

4. safinanso-ekonomikuri valdebulebebi

4.1. kompensacia

politikuri reJimebis cvlileba da gardamavali periodi yovelTvis iwvevs

kompensaciis Temis wina planze wamowevas. es gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria to-

talitaruli reJimidan demokratiulze gadasvlis procesSi, Tumca,

imavdroulad, Zalian safrTxiloa, radgan arasworma politikam da gau-

marTlebelma orientirebma, SesaZloa tranformaciis procesSi myof sax-

elmwifosa da sazogadoebas mniSvnelovani dartyma miayenos.

ruseTis imperiisa da sabWoTa okupaciis periodSi qarTuli sax-

elmwifoebriobis, xalxis, kulturisa da religiis mimarT gaugonari sisasti-

1279 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadide-bel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis terminTa ganmarteba, 24-e punqti. 1280 Sead., CikvaiZe d., saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtoke-falur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis komentarebi, komen-tarebi, Tbilisi, 2005, 15.

164

kis Zaladoba ganxorcielda. miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTis imperia èrTmor-

wmunis~ statusiT sargeblobda, sabWoTa kavSiri ki mebrZol aTeizms propa-

gandirebda, saqarTvelos eklesias orivem gaugonari, warmoudgenlad didi

ziani miayena sxvadasxva motiviT: pirvelma masSi erovnulobis kera da

qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis ideologiuri safuZveli dainaxa, meorem ki

mtrad dasaxuli religiis warmomadgenlis saburvelic SesZina. Sesabamisad,

orasi wlis ganmavlobaSi qarTuli eklesiis materialur Tu aramaterialur

simdidres udidesi ziani miadga.

konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT saxelmwifom aRiara XIX-XX saukuneebSi (gan-

sakuTrebiT 1921-90 wlebSi) saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis dakargvis

periodSi eklesiisTvis materialuri da moraluri zianis miyenebis faqti da

aiRo valdebuleba materialuri zianis nawilobriv kompensaciaze.1281 ra Tqma

unda, saxelmwifos mier sakuTari wili pasuxismgeblobis gaazreba da gazi-

areba yovelTvis dadebiTad aRiqmeba, Tumca, sakiTxavia, ramdenad evaleboda

saqarTvelos msgavsi valdebulebis tvirTis aReba (aq saubari araa uSualod

CamorTmeul qonebaze). udavoa, rom ziani arsebobs da misi miyenebis periodi

ZiriTadad XIX-XX saukuneebia. mTeli XIX saukune 1918 wlamde saqarTvelo ar

iyo damoukidebeli, Sedioda ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi, rogorc dap-

yrobili teritoria, Sesabamisad, nebismieri xelisufali da mmarTveli

ruseTis saimperatoro taxts warmoadgenda. rac Seexeba sabWoTa periods,

1921 wels moxda saqarTvelos iZulebiTi gasabWoeba, okupaciis Sedegad qvey-

anam dakarga saxelmwifoebrivi statusi. saqarTvelos okupaciis faqts 1991

wlis 9 aprilis saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqtmac gausva

xazi, romelmac damoukidebloba 1918 wlis 26 maisis damoukideblobis aqtis

safuZvelze gamocxadda, riTac qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis 70 wliani wy-

veta aRiara.1282 saqarTvelo veranairad iqneba ruseTis imperiis an sabWoTa

kavSiris samarTlebrivi memkvidre, vinaidan dapyrobili teritoria ar

SeiZleba iziarebdes dampyroblis wil pasuxismgeblobas. am SemTxvevaSi

qarTuli garemoeba sruliad gansxvavdeba postotalitaruli germaniis an

msgavsi SemTxvevebisgan, radgan totalitaruli germania demokratiuli

arCevnebiT mosuli nacional-socializmis Sedegia, romlis politikuri lid-

erebic damoukidebeli saxelmwifos kanonieri gziT mosuli mmarTvelebi iyv-

nen. saqarTvelo, rogorc saxelmwifo, XIX-XX saukuneebSi Tavad dazaralda,

Sesabamisad, alogikuria dazaralebulma aanazRauros ziani, romelic misma

mimyenebelma, aseve, sxvas miayena. erTaderTi, razec valdebulebis aReba

SeiZleba, es 1918-1921 wlebis damoukideblobis periodia, rodesac eklesia

materialuri TvalsazrisiT Zalze Seviwrovda da saxelmwifos mxridan

Cagvras ganicdida.

1990 wels jer kidev saqarTvelos ssr ministrTa sabWos dadgenilebiT

marTlmadidebel eklesias daubrunda CamorTmeuli qoneba da am

1281 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadide-bel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-11 muxlis pirveli punqti. 1282 1991 wlis 9 aprilis saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqti.

165

TvalsazrisiT, materialuri kompensacia nawilobriv ganxorcielda.1283 ami-

tomac am ukanasknelis Taobaze msgavsi Canaweri konstituciur SeTanxmebaSi

absurdulia. igi, faqtobrivad, gamoricxavs normaSive mocemul

sityvaTSeTanxmebas _ `saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis dakargvis peri-

odSi~. msgavsi debuleba konstituciur SeTanxmebaSi ar unda eweros, igi

Tavisi arsiT saxelmwifoebriv politikasa da warsulis obieqtur xedvas

ewinaaRmdegeba, amitomac konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-11 muxlis pirveli

punqti Sesacvlelia da saxelmwifom eklesias mxolod 1918-1921 wlebSi

miyenebuli ziani unda aunazRauros.

konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT saxelmwifom gaiTvaliswina paritetul

sawyisebze dafuZnebuli komisiis Seqmna, romelic kompensaciis sakiTxs

Seiswavlida da mis formebs, odenobas, gadaxdis vadebsa da sxva sakiTxebs

daadgenda.1284 komisiis mier Sesabamisi normatiuli aqtebis proeqtebi ar Semu-

Savebula1285 da am mimarTulebiT karga xani raime qmediTi nabiji ar gadadg-

mula.

marTalia, oficialurad kompensaciis saxeliT ara, Tumca saqarTvelos

saxelmwifo marTlmadidebel eklesias 2002 wlidan seriozul finansur

resurs aZlevs saxelmwifo biujetidan. 2002-2013 wlebSi saxelmwifo biuje-

tis pirdapirma dafinansebam eklesiisTvis 160 672 200 lari Seadgina.1286

sxvadasxva miznobrivi dafinansebiT saqarTvelos sapatriarqom 2013 wels

24,996.1 mln., 2014 wels ki 25,630.9 mln. lari miiRo, xolo 2015 wlis saxelmwifo

biujetidan misTvis 25,000. mln. lari iyo gamoyofili.1287 arc saxelmwifo da

arc sapatriarqo amas oficialurad kompensacias ar arqmevs, Tumca konklud-

enturad orive Tanxmdeba, rom aRniSnuli Tanxa swored nawilobrivi kompen-

saciis moculobaa. amas is garemoebac adasturebs, rom mTavrobam miiRo

dadgenileba, romliTac sxva religiur gaerTianebebsac daudgindaT yo-

velwliurad gasacemi kompensacia,1288 Tumca marTlmadidebeli eklesiisTvis

kompensaciis gacemis sakiTxi, sxva konfesiebisgan gansxvavebiT, dadgenilebiT

1283 sssr ministrTa sabWos 1990 wlis 12 aprilis #180 dadgenileba `religiis saqmeTa sa-kiTxebis Sesaxeb~. 1284 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadide-bel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-11 muxlis me-2 punqti. 1285 saqarTvelos prezidentis administraciis 2015 wlis 17 agvistos werili #8289. 1286 Study of Religious Discrimination and Constitutional Secularism in Georgia, Tolerance and Diversity Insti-

tute, Tbilisi, 2014, 25, ix. citireba: Transparency International – Georgia, An Overview of the Public Funding

Provided to the Georgian Patriarchate, 4 july, 2013. 1287 ix., `saqarTvelos 2015 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni. 1288 saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2014 wlis 27 ianvris #117 dadgenileba `saqarTveloSi arsebuli religiuri gaerTianebebisaTvis sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis dros miyenebuli zianis nawilobriv anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi RonisZiebis ganxorcielebis wesis~ damtkicebis Taobaze~.

166

ar wesrigdeba.1289 aRsaniSnavia, rom marTlmadidebeli eklesia municipalur

donezec mniSvnelovan dafinansebas iRebs1290.

marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan erTad, saxelmwifo biujetidan kompensa-

cias ssip-is samarTlebrivi formiT registrirebuli islamuri, iudeuri, ro-

maul-kaTolikuri da somxuri samociqulo aRmsareblobis mqone religiuri

gaerTianebebi iReben.1291 am oTxi subieqtisaTvis yovelwliurad gasacemi

Tanxis odenobaze gadawyvetilebas religiis sakiTxTa saxelmwifo saagento

iRebs,1292 romelic mTavrobis dadgenilebiT Seqmnili ssip-ia da religiur sa-

kiTxebSi mTavrobis mTavari mrCevlis funqciebsac iTavsebs.1293 2014 wels

kompensaciis pirveli etapisTvis mTavrobis sarezervo fondidan 3.500 mln.

lari gamoiyo.1294 2015 wels sakompensacio Tanxa ukve saxelmwifo biujetSi

saxelmwifo saagentos Sesabamisi muxliT ganisazRvra1295.

mTavrobis pozicia kompensaciis Taobaze misasalmebelia, Tumca araadekva-

turi. marTalia, saxelmwifo ar unda gaeqces warsulis movlenebze pasux-

ismgeblobas, Tumca alogikuria, rodesac saxelmwifo valdebulebas iRebs,

aanazRauros ziani, romelic mas Tavad ar miuyenebia, ufro metic, am procesSi

igi Tavadac dazaralebuli mxarea. Tuki saxelmwifos surda marTlma-

didebeli eklesiisa da sxva subieqtebisTvis zianis anazRaureba, Tundac na-

wilobriv, mas ziani 1918-1921 wlebis periodiT unda gamoeTvala. sxva Sem-

TxvevaSi, Tuki misi mizania, religiur gaerTianebebs pirdapiri dafinanseba

daudginos, amas asec unda daerqvas da TanamSromlobis modelisTvis msgavsi

gadawyvetileba qmedebaTa logikur sqemaSi srulad Tavsebadia. amasTan, Tuki

mainc kompensaciaze SeCerdeba arCevani, aucilebelia marTlmadidebeli

eklesiisTvis yovelwliurad gamoyofil Tanxebs asec daerqvas, winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi, mxolod kanonmdeblobis normaTa sistemuri analiziTaa Sesa-

Zlebeli, biujetis am asignebebis sakompensacio xasiaTi dadgindes.

1289 ix., saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2014 wlis 27 ianvris #117 dadgenilebiT damtkicebuli `saqarTveloSi arsebuli religiuri gaerTianebebisaTvis sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis dros miyenebuli zianis nawilobriv anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi Ro-nisZiebis ganxorcielebis wesis~ me-2 muxlis pirveli punqti. 1290 Study of Religious Discrimination and Constitutional Secularism in Georgia, Tolerance and Diversity Insti-

tute, Tbilisi, 2014, 25, ix. citireba: Tolerance and Diversity Institute (TDI), State Funding to Strengthen the

Orthodox Faith, 18 February, 2014. 1291 saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2014 wlis 27 ianvris #117 dadgenilebiT damtkicebuli `saqarTveloSi arsebuli religiuri gaerTianebebisaTvis sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis dros miyenebuli zianis nawilobriv anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi Ro-nisZiebis ganxorcielebis wesis~ pirveli muxlis me-3 punqti. 1292 iqve, me-4 muxlis me-2 punqti. 1293 ix., saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2014 wlis 19 Tebervlis #177 dadgenileba `sajaro samar-Tlis iuridiuli piris _ religiis sakiTxa saxelmwifo saagentos Seqmnisa da debulebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~. 1294 saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2014 wlis 2014 wlis 13 martis #437 gankarguleba `saqarTve-loSi arsebuli religiuri gaerTianebebisTvis sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis dros miyenebuli zianis nawilobriv anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi RonisZiebis Sesaxeb~. 1295 ix., `saqarTvelos 2015 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni.

167

4.2. sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi

4.2.1. religiuri gaerTianebebisaTvis sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis dadgena

4.2.1.1. religiuri gaerTianebebisTvis sagadasaxado

SeRavaTebis dadgena da adamianis ZiriTad uflebebi

eklesia jer kidev konstantines periodidan gaTavisuflebuli iyo

gadasaxadebisgan.1296 313 wlis 21 oqtombris kanoniT imperatorma qristian

sasuliero pirebs mniSvnelovani saxelmwifo SeRavaTebi da privilegiebi mi-

aniWa.1297 321 wlidan ki, imperatoris gadawyvetilebiT, RvTismsaxurebs sax-

elmwifo xazinidan jamagiri eZleodaT.1298 saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi religi-

uri gaerTianebebi da saxelmwifoebi erTmaneTs avsebdnen da eklesiebi araTu

sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiT sargeblobdnen, aramed saxelmwifos mxridan pir-

dapir dafinansebasac iRebdnen. sekularizaciis procesma, ra Tqma unda, am

urTierTobebzec iqonia gavlena da mdgomareoba radikalurad Seicvala.

XX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebSi ZiriTa-

dad ori mimarTulebiT aqtiuroba aRiniSneba: erTi mxriv, demokratiuli sax-

elmwifoebi cdiloben, maqsimalurad Seamciron saxelmwifo zedamxedveloba

religiaze, xolo, meore mxriv, saxelmwifo aqtiurad monawileobs taZrebis

aRdgenisa da aRiarebul denominaciaTa sagadasaxado SeRavaTebisa Tu

sagadasaxado sistemis saSualebiT maTTvis xelsayreli pirobebis

dadgenaSi.1299

saxelmwifos mier eklesiisTvis daxmarebis gaweva eklesiis wevrTagan

gadasaxadebis akrefis saqmeSi mraval saxelmwifoSi damkvidrebuli

praqtikaa.1300 eklesia, rogorc damoukidebeli iuridiuli piri, kerZo

subieqti, uflebamosilia, sakuTar wevrebs mosTxovos gadasaxadis, sawevros

gadaxda, misi amoRebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT ki mimarTos saxelmwifos.

zogadad, saxelmwifos ekrZaleba, dauwesos saeklesio an raime saxis

religiuri gadasaxadi pirs, romelic Sesabamisi religiuri gaerTianebis

wevri araa.1301 germaniis sakonstitucio sasamarTlos SefasebiT, saeklesio

gadasaxadi SesaZloa arsebobdes, Tumca misi gadaxda ar unda evalebodes ara-

religiur adamianebs, vinaidan saxelmwifos religiuri da ideologiuri nei-

tralitetis dacvis valdebuleba akisria.1302 gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi, evro-

komisia dasaSvebad miiCnevs saxelmwifos mxridan saxelmwifo eklesiis sasar-

geblod, proporciulobis principis dacviT, eklesiis arawevrsac mosTxovos

gadaxda im RonisZiebebisTvis, romlebic saxelmwifo eklesiis samoqalaqo

funqciebis ganxorcielebas emsaxureba (mag., qorwineba, gardacvalebis,

1296 javaxiSvili m., papobis istoria Sua saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 2015, 14. 1297 iqve. 1298 iqve. 1299 Jensen D., Classifying Church-State Arrangements, Beyond Religious Versus Secular, in: Law and Religion

in Public Life, The Contemporary Debate, Edited by N. Hosen and R. Mohr, Abingdon, 2011, 17. 1300 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 113; ix., Darby v. Sweden, [ECtHR], App. no. 11581/85, 23 October 1990. 1301 ix., iqve, Paras 34-35. 1302 begaZe m., sekularizmi: saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris urTierTobis CarCo, Jurn. `sa-konstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #10, 2016, 117.

168

dabadebisa da sxv. registracia)1303. am pozicias iziarebs evrosasamarTloc,

romelic erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs konfesiuri da sajaro funqciebis

Sesrulebis mizniT dafinansebas, amasTan, dasaSvebad miaCnevs religiuri or-

ganizaciis mier sajaro funqciebis SesrulebisTvis moqalaqeebis

dabegvras.1304

saxelmwifo uflebamosilia konkretul an yvela religiur gaerTianebas

sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi daudginos, ra Tqma unda, es sxvadasxva moculobiTa

da sxvadasxva gadasaxadis mimarT SeiZleba ganisazRvros. amasTan, aucilebe-

lia es yovelive aradiskriminaciul safuZvlebze ganxorcieldes. evrokomi-

siam diskriminaciad ar cno konkretuli religiuri gaerTianebisaTvis SeRa-

vaTebis miniWebis faqti, radganac igi saxelmwifos mier samarTlebrivad

aRebuli valdebulebebis SesrulebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.1305 aqve aRsaniSna-

via, rom religiur gaerTianebebisTvis konkretuli sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi

yvela gadasaxadisgan avtomatur gaTavisuflebas ar gulisxmobs, SeRavaTebis

ararsebobis pirobebSi, religiuri gaerTianeba valdebulia nebismieri sxva

subieqtis msgavsad gadaixados gadasaxadebi1306.

4.2.1.2. religiuri gaerTianebebisTvis

sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis dadgenis praqtika

4.1.1.2.1. aSS-is sakanonmdeblo mowesrigeba da praqtika

medisoni ewinaaRmdegeboda gadamxdelebis Tanxis, nebismieri gadasaxadis

eklesiis sasargeblod warmarTvas.1307 Tumca aSS-ma religiur gaerTiane-

bebTan urTierTobis dinamikuri modeli airCia. marTalia, igi uSualod gada-

mxdelebis Tanxebs religiuri gaerTianebebis dasafinanseblad ar mimarTavs,

Tumca maTTvis mniSvnelovan sagadasaxado SeTavaTebs adgens. rogorc wesi,

aSS-Si sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi udgindebaT organizaciebs, romelTac

saqvelmoqmedo, religiuri, saganmanaTleblo, samecniero da a.S. miznebi

aqvT1308.

eklesiebi dRemde gansakuTrebuli statusiT sargebloben, maTTvis dadge-

nilia saeklesio qonebis begarisgan gaTavisufleba, aseve, sagadasaxado SeRa-

vaTebi da specialuri sagadasaxado privilegiebi sasuliero pirebisa da

eklesiis saqmianobisaTvis.1309 Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom SeRavaTebi religiur

1303 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 113; ix., begaZe m., sekularizmi: saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris ur-TierTobis CarCo, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #10, 2016, 122. 1304 ix., begaZe m., sekularizmi: saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris urTierTobis CarCo, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #10, 2016, 122; Bruno v. Sweden, [ECHR], App. no.

32196/96, 28 August 2011. 1305 ix., Iglesia Bautista ‘El Salvador’ and Jose Aquilino Ortega Maratilla v. Spain, [ECHR], App. no. 17522/90,

11 January 1992. 1306 ix., Jimmy Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization, 493 U.S. 378 (1990). 1307 Greenawalt K., Religious and the Constitution, Vol.2, Establishment and Fairness, Princeton, 2008, 352-353. 1308 Taylor S.A., The Law of Tax-Exampt Organizations in a Nutshell, St. Paul, 2011, 58. 1309 ix., Hoff T., Religion’s Accomodation to American Law and Culture, in: Legal Responses to Religious

Practices in the United States (Accommodation and Its Limits), Edited by A. Sarat, New York, 2012, 62;

Greenawalt K., Religion and the Constitution, Vol.2: Establishment and Fairness, Princeton, 2008, 278.

169

saqmianobas exeba, romladac uSualod religiuri miznebiT ganxorcielebuli

saqmianoba miiCneva da ara raime momijnave. mag., aSS-is umaRlesma sasamarTlom

religiuri saavadmyofo gamoricxa eklesiis saqmeebidan da aRniSna, rom igi

arakonfesiuri da sajaro miznis mqone dawesebuleba iyo.1310 federaluri ka-

nonmdebloba sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis mqone organizaciis statusis misaRe-

bad mTel rig moTxovnebs adgens, maT Soris, sajaro miznebis qona, arako-

merciuli, arapolitikuri saqmianobis ganxorcieleba da a.S.1311 saSinao

Semosavlebis samsaxurma (IRS) 14 principi, kriteriumi SeimuSava, romelTa

dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi organizacia religiur gaerTianebad miiCneva.1312

aRniSnuli kriteriumebi sasamarTlo praqtikamac gaiziara da maT damxmare

mniSvneloba mianiWa.1313 aRsaniSnavia, rom eklesia araa valdebuli, moiTxovos

sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi, is mas avtomaturad iRebs, eklesia, agreTve, gaTa-

visuflebulia yovelwliuri sagadasaxado deklaraciis Sevsebisgan da ar

eqvemdebareba Semosavlebis samsaxuris audits, garda gamonaklisi Sem-

Txvevebisa1314.

Statisa da federalur doneze ikrZaleba nebismieri religiis dafinanseba,

kanonis miReba, romelic religiuri gaerTianebebisTvis raime finansur dax-

marebas daadgens.1315 aseve, ikrZaleba specialuri gadasaxadis dadgena rome-

lime religiuri organizaciis sasargeblod.1316 pirdapiri akrZalva kvlavac

moqmedebs, Tumca arapirdapir religiur gaerTianebebs mniSvnelovani SeRa-

vaTebi da daxmareba aqvT sajaro xelisuflebis mxridan,1317 ardaxmarebis

politikis miuxedavad, kanonmdebloba savsea sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiT.1318

amasTan, kanonTa umravlesoba, romelic sagadasaxado SeRavaTebsa da

gadasaxadebisgan gaTavisuflebul organizaciebs exeba, federalur doneze

moqmedebs.1319 sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi da saeklesio qonebis gadasaxadebisgan

gaTavisufleba araerTxel yofila davis sagani, Tumca umaRlesma sasa-

marTlom konstituciurad cno msgavsi SeRavaTebi da maTi arseboba `qveli

neitralurobiT~ (qvelmoqmedebiT, gulisxmierebiT) daasabuTa.1320 xelisu-

fleba neitraluri da miukerZoebeli unda iyos religiuri Teoriis,

doqtrinisa da praqtikis sakiTxebSi1321.

aSS-Si religiuri da saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebisTvis gaRebuli

Semowirulobebi dasabegr Semosavlad ar ganixileba _ isini gadasaxadebisgan

1310 Bradfield v. Roberts, 175 U.S. 298 (1899). 1311 ix., Taylor S.A., The Law of Tax-Exampt Organizations in a Nutshell, St. Paul, 2011, 52-53. 1312 iqve, 58. 1313 ix., Spiritual Outreach Society v. Commisssioner, 972 F.2d335 (8th Cir. 1991). 1314 Taylor S.A., The Law of Tax-Exampt Organizations in a Nutshell, St. Paul, 2011, 66. 1315 Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947). 1316 ix., iqve, 15-16. 1317 Greenawalt K., Religion and the Constitution, Vol.2: Establishment and Fairness, Princeton, 2008, 57. 1318 iqve. 1319 Taylor S.A., The Law of Tax-Exampt Organizations in a Nutshell, St. Paul, 2011, 37. 1320 ix., Walz v. Tax Commisssion, 397 U.S. 664 (1970). 1321 Epperson v. Arkansas, 193 U.S. 97, 103-4 (1968).

170

Tavisufalia.1322 eklesia da religiuri gaerTianebebi gaTavisuflebulebi ar-

ian adgilobrivi qonebis gadasaxadisgan, ar evalebaT saSemosavlo

gadasaxadis gadaxda, aseve, gadasaxadisgan gaTavisuflebulia nebismieri

Semowiruloba, romelic raRac formiT mainc ukavSirdeba religiuri fun-

qciebis ganxorcielebas.1323 religiuri gaerTianebebi ar ixdian umuSevrobisa

da socialuri usafrTxoebis gadasaxadebs.1324 umaRlesma sasamarTlom

sasuliero literaturis kardakar gayidva, adrindeli praqtikisgan gan-

sxvavebiT1325, Semowirulobis Segrovebas gauTanabra da gadasaxadebisgan gaa-

Tavisufla1326.

aRsaniSnavia, rom saxelmwifo religiur organizaciebs arareligiuri saq-

mianobisTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki saqvelmoqmedo miznebisTvis, seriozul

asignebebs uyofs. mag., kaTolikuri saqvelmoqmedo arakomerciuli subsidi-

arebi aSS-isgan sakmaod didi raodenobiT iReben federalur finansur dax-

marebas.1327 religiuri da saqvelmoqmedo saqmianoba xSirad sxva sax-

elmwifoebSic TanabarmniSvnelovnadaa aRqmuli1328.

4.1.1.2.2. evropuli midgoma

espaneTi konkordatiT romia kaTolike eklesias mniSvnelovan

sagadasaxado da finansur SeRavaTebs uwesebs, gansxvavebiT sxva religiuri

gaerTianebebisgan.1329 aq religiuri gaerTianebebis dafinansebis ori modeli

arsebobs: 1. saxelmwifo pirdapir afinansebs romis eklesias, da 2. igi ara-

pirdapiri TanamSromlobiT, xels uwyobs sxva denominaciebs,1330 yvela

religiuri gaerTianebisTvis mniSvnelovan sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs

adgens.1331 garda imisa, rom saxelmwifo romis eklesias saxelmwifo biujeti-

dan pirdapiri wesiT afinansebs,1332 igi individualuri gadamxdelis survilis

SemTxvevaSi, uzrunvelyofs piris saSemosavlo gadasaxadis mcire wilis

1322 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationships, Santa Barbara,

2009, 86. 1323 Greenawalt K., Religion and the Constitution, Vol.2: Establishment and Fairness, Princeton, 2008, 278. 1324 iqve. 1325 Jones v. Opelika, 316 U.S. 584 (1942). 1326 ix., Murdock v. Pennsylvania, 319 U.S. 105 (1943); sasamarTlom msgavsi pozicia Semdeg saqmeSic ganaviTara: Follet v. Town of McCormick, 321 U.S. 573 (1944). 1327 Greenawalt K., Religious and the Constitution, Vol.2, Establishment and Fairness, Princeton, 2008, 361. 1328 mag., qvelmoqmedebis aqtis miznebisTvis avstraliaSi `religia~ yovelTvis garTod ganimarteba, raTa religiur organizaciebze maqsimalurad gavrceldes SeRavaTebis damdgeni Sesabamisi kanonmdebloba. Dal Pont G.E., Charity Law and Religion, in: Law and Religion, God,

the State and the Common Law, Edited by P. Radan, D. Meyersen and R.F. Croucher, London, 2005, 221. 1329 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Gov-

ernance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 70. 1330 Arribas S. C., Religious Equality in the Spanish Constitutional System, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Free-

dom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer,

2013, 311. 1331 iqve, 313. 1332 iqve, 311.

171

(0,7%) romis eklesiisaTvis gadaricxvas.1333 kaTolike eklesia gaTavisu-

flebulia uZravi qonebis gadasaxadisganac.1334 evrokomisiam daadgina, rom es-

paneTis sagadasaxado sistema, romelic romis eklesias SeRavaTebs uwesebs, ar

arRvevs sxva religiuri gaerTianebebis uflebebs, arc religiis Tavisu-

flebas da arc Tanasworobis ZiriTad uflebas, vinaidan espaneTs vatikantTan

konkordati hqonda dadebuli, riTac igi samarTlebriv valdebulebas

iRebda1335.

germaniis ZiriTadma kanonma saxelmwifosa da religias Soris ur-

TierTobebis mudmivi da myari forma SearCia: saxelmwifo, religiuri gaer-

Tianebis saxeliTa da misi xelSewyobis mizniT, uzrunvelyofs ssip-ad regis-

trirebuli religiuri gaerTianebebis wevrebidan e.w. `saeklesio

gadasaxadis~ amoRebasa da administrirebas.1336 am formiT registrirebul

religiur gaerTianebas Tavad SeuZlia mosTxovos saxelmwifos, misi wevrebis

saeklesio gadasaxadis Segroveba da administrireba uzrunvelyos.1337 marTa-

lia, germaniaSi eklesiebsa da religiur gaerTianebebs registracia ar moeTx-

ovebaT,1338 Tumca registraciis SemTxvevaSi, eklesiebi sagadasaxado SeRa-

vaTebs iReben.1339 sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis miReba ki sakmaod rTuli pro-

cesia, Tumca qristianul da ebraul religiur gaerTianebaTa umravlesoba

msgavsi SeRavaTebiT sargeblobs.1340 germanuli modelis erT-erTi mTavari

maxasiaTebeli isicaa, rom saxelmwifoSi saeklesio gadasaxadi yvela

moqalaqisaTvis savaldebuloa, Tumca misgan gaTavisufleba konkretuli

eklesiis wevrobis datovebiT an sindisis Tavisuflebidan gamomdinare, masze

uaris TqmiT aris SesaZlebeli1341.

aRmosavlur qristianobaSi saeklesio kanonmdeblobas, rogorc wesi,

saero xelisufleba qmnida: jer kidev IV saukunidan moyolebuli bizantiis im-

peratorebi gamoscemdnen specialur konstituciebs eklesiisa da

mRvdelmsaxurTa statusis, maTTvis privilegiebis miniWebisa da eklesiis fi-

nansebis administrirebis Taobaze.1342 vinaidan marTlmadidebeli eklesiebi,

ZiriTadad, nacionaluri eklesiebia, maTi roli xSirad erovnul iden-

tobasTanacaa gaigivebuli, amitomac aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebSi

1333 iqve, 312. 1334 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 114. 1335 ix., Iglesia Bautista ‘El Salvador’ and Jose Aquilino Ortega Maratilla v. Spain, [ECHR], App. no. 17522/90,

11 January 1992. 1336 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Gov-

ernance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 97. 1337 ix., McConnell M.W., Garvey J.H., Berg Th.C., Religion and the Constitution, New York, 2011, 94-95. 1338 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Barbara,

2009, 178. 1339 iqve. 1340 iqve. 1341 Minnerath R., Church Autonomy in Europe, in: Church Autonomy, A Comparative Survey, Edited by G.

Robbers, Frankfurt am Main, 2001, 392. 1342 Wagschal D., Orthodox Canon Law, The Byzantine Experience, in: The Orthodox Christian World, Edited

by A. Casiday, Routledge, 2012, 386.

172

eklesiis saxelmwifosgan dafinanseba gavrcelebuli SemTxvevaa.1343 mag., sa-

berZneTSi araa dawesebuli calke saeklesio gadasaxadi da amis saWiroebac ar

arsebobs, radgan saxelmwifo mTlianad sakuTar Tavze iRebs marTlma-

didebeli eklesiis dafinansebas1344.

belgiaSi yvela religia Tavisufldeba religiuri qonebis miwis

gadasaxadisgan.1345 amasTan, rogorc religiur, ise arareligiur (arareligi-

uri filosofiuri Semecnebis) organizaciebis1346 liderebs eniSnebaT pensia

da sxvadasxva saxelmwifo daxmareba.1347 norvegiaSi saxelmwifo afinansebs

yvela registrirebul religiur gaerTianebas, masSi oficialurad aRricx-

uli wevrebis raodenobis proporciulad.1348 monakos biujetSi calke Tavi

eTmoba romis eklesiis dafinansebasa da sxva religiaTa gamarTuli fun-

qcionirebis uzrunvelyofas.1349 avstria, marTalia, sekularuli sax-

elmwifoa, Tumca igi seriozul sagadasaxado da ekonomikur SeRavaTebs udg-

ens ssip-ad registrirebul religiur organizaciebs1350.

4.2.2. religiuri gaerTianebebi da saqarTvelos sagadasaxado sistema

marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan da sxva religiur gaerTianebebTan da-

kavSirebul sagadasaxado mowesrigebas saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi

adgens. Tumca konstituciuri SeTanxmeba marTlmadidebel eklesias

damatebiT sakanonmdeblo berketebs aZlevs da mis mier warmoebul

saRvTismsaxuro produqcias (damzadeba, Semotana, miwodeba), Semowirulobas,

araekonomikuri mizniT arsebul qonebasa da miwas gadasaxadebisgan aTavisu-

flebs1351.

sagadasaxado kodeqsi religiur saqmianobas ekonomikur saqmianobad ar

miiCnevs da mis mimarT sruliad gansxvavebul samarTlebriv reJims adgens.1352

religiur saqmianobad ki aRiarebulia dadgenili wesiT registrirebuli

religiuri organizaciis saqmianoba, romlis mizania aRmsareblobisa da

1343 stefani a., religiisa da demokratiis urTierTSeTavsebadobis Sesaxeb, d. TinikaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #2(29), 2009, 64. 1344 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 36. 1345 Van Haegendoren G., Alen A., The Constitutional Relationship Between Church and State, in: Treatise on

Belgian Constitutional Law, Edited by A. Alen, Boston, 1992, 266. 1346 amJamad, saxelmwifo doneze aRiarebuli religiur-aRmsarelobiTi gaerTianebebia: anglikanizmi, islami, marTlmadidebluri qristianoba, romaluri kaTolicizmi, iudaizmi da sekularuli humanizmi. ix., Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a

Right to Religiously Neutral Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 98. 1347 iqve. 1348 McConnell M.W., Garvey J.H., Berg Th.C., Religion and the Constitution, New York, 2011, 91. 1349 Grinda G., The Principality of Monaco (State, International Status, Institutions), 2nd Ed., Translated by J.C.

Duursma, The Hague, 2010, 153. 1350 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Gov-

ernance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 97. 1351 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadide-bel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-6 muxlis me-5 punqti. 1352 saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis me-9 muxlis me-2 nawilis `d~ qvepunqti.

173

sarwmunoebis gavrceleba.1353 religiur saqmianobas uTanabrdeba am organi-

zaciebis sawarmoTa saqmianoba, Tuki isini gamoscemen religiur litera-

turas an awarmoeben religiuri daniSnulebis sagnebs; saqmianoba, romelic

religiuri literaturisa da sagnebis realizacia-gavrcelebasTanaa da-

kavSirebuli, aseve, aseTi saqmianobiT miRebuli fuladi saxsrebis gamoyeneba

religiuri saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad1354.

sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobiT, religiuri gaerTianebebi organizaciebis

statusiT sargebloben1355 da isini gansxvavdebian sawarmoebisgan1356, rom-

lebic, Tavis mxriv, mogebis gadasaxadiT ibegrebian1357. sagadasaxado kodeqsis

21-e, 30-e da 96-e muxlebis sistemuri analizis Sedegad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

religiuri gaerTianebebi mogebis gadasaxadisgan Tavisufldebian. Tumca gam-

onaklisi mainc arsebobs. kerZod, eqskluziurad saqarTvelos sapatriarqos

mier religiuri daniSnulebiT gamoyenebuli jvrebis, sanTlebis, xatebis,

wignebisa da kalendrebis realizaciiT miRebuli qoneba gaTavisuflebulia

mogebis gadasaxadisgan.1358 sxva religiuri organizaciebis SemTxvevaSi

msgavsi gzebiT miRebuli qoneba mogebis gadasaxadiT ibegreba.

dRg-isgan gaTavisuflebulia saqarTvelos sapatriarqos mier jvris, san-

Tlis, xatis, wignis, kalendrisa da sxva saRvTismsaxuro sagnebis miwodeba (im-

porti an droebiTi Semotana), romlebic mxolod religiuri mizniT gam-

oiyeneba.1359 aRniSnuli SeRavaTiT sxva religiuri organizaciebi ar

sargebloben. amasTan, saqarTvelos sapatriarqo Sedis e.w. òqros siaSi~1360 da

mas ufleba aqvs, kuTvnili saqonlis saqarTvelos sabaJo teritoriaze Semo-

tana-gatanisas isargeblos gamartivebuli procedurebiTa da kanonmdeblo-

biT dadgenili sxva SeRavaTebiT.1361 dRg-isgan gaTavisuflebulia saqarTve-

los sapatriarqos dakveTiT taZrebisa da eklesiebis mSenebloba, re-

stravracia da moxatvac,1362 rac, aseve, marTlmadidebeli eklesiis privi-

legiaa, konstituciuri SeTanxmebidan gamomdinare.

religiuri organizaciebis qoneba, aseve, maTze lizingiT gacemuli qoneba,

garda miwisa da organizaciis mier ekonomikuri saqmianobisaTvis gam-

oyenebuli qonebisa, qonebis gadasaxadisgan gaTavisuflebulia.1363 am Sem-

TxvevaSi, sagadasaxado kodeqsis 206-e muxlis pirveli nawilis è~ qvepunqti

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis miwas qonebis gadasaxadisgan ar aTavisuflebs,

riTac winaaRmdegobaSi modis konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-6 muxlis me-5

punqtTan, romelic eklesiisTvis dadgenil sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs miwazec

1353 iqve, me-11 muxlis pirveli nawili. 1354 iqve, muxlis me-2 nawili. 1355 iqve, 30-e muxlis pirveli nawilis à~ qvepunqti. 1356 ix., iqve, 21-e muxli. 1357 iqve, 96-e muxli. 1358 iqve, 99-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `d~ qvepunqti. 1359 iqve, 168-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `v~ qvepunqti. 1360 saqarTvelos finansTa ministris 2012 wlis 26 ivlisis #290 brZanebiT damtkicebuli `saqarTvelos sabaJo teritoriaze saqonlis gadaadgilebisa da gaformebis Sesaxeb instruqciis~ 90-e muxlis me-2 punqtis `z~ qvepunqti. 1361 iqve, 89-e muxlis pirveli punqti. 1362 saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis 168-e muxlis me-2 nawilis `b~ qvepunqti. 1363 iqve, 206-e muxlis pirveli nawilis è~ qvepunqti.

174

avrcelebs. ra Tqma unda, normatiuli aqtebis ierarqiidan gamomdinare,

calsaxa upiratesoba konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT dadgenil mowesrigebas en-

iWeba da eklesia miwaze qonebis gadasaxadisgan mainc gaTavisuflebulia.

Tumca aucilebelia ganxorcieldes sakanonmdeblo cvlileba da

sagadasaxado kodeqsis norma konstituciur SeTanxmebasTan SesabamisobaSi

movides. amisaTvis ki sagadasaxado kodeqsis 206-e muxlis pirveli nawilis è~

qvepunqtis normatiuli Sinaarsidan amoRebul unda iqnes sityvebi _ `garda

miwisa~.

4.3. eklesiisTvis qonebis dabruneba da gadacema

eklesiisTvis qonebis gadacemisa da didZali Sewirulobis praqtika IV

saukunidan modis. jer kidev milanis ediqtiT, qristianuli samlocveloebi,

eklesiebi da wminda adgilebi qristianebs usasyidlod gadaecaT.1364 321 wli-

dan SesaZlebeli gaxda eklesiisTvis qonebis memkvidreobiT datoveba an

saCuqrad gadacema.1365 V saukunis dasawyisSi eklesia ukve didZali qonebis

mesakuTre iyo da romis kanonebis mixedviT, beiTalmani qoneba da umemkvidreo

sakuTreba eklesias gadaecemoda1366.

marTalia, eklesiis arsi sulierebis samsaxuria da misi saqmianobac am

mimarTulebiT unda viTardebodes, Tumca materialuri sakiTxebi, gan-

sakuTrebiT ki sakuTreba, aranakleb mniSvnelovania.1367 eklesia sargeblobs

sruli TavisuflebiTa da avtonomiiT sakuTari finansebis gankargvis saqmeSi,

ganurCevlad konfesiebisa Tu religiuri mimdinareobisa.1368 saero sasa-

marTloebi uflebamosilni arian, ganixilon eklesiasTan dakavSirebuli

samoqalaqo davebi, maT Soris qonebrivi urTierTobebis sakiTxebi, Tumca es

yovelive am Tematikas ar unda gacdes.1369 msgavs davebSi eklesia samoqalaqo

urTierTobebis erT-erT rigiT monawiled gamodis da mis mimarT, sxvebis

msgavsad, kerZo samarTliT dadgenili wesrigi moqmedebs.

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis erT-erTi fuZemdebluri principia, rom mas

aqvs ufleba, flobdes da gankargavdes sakuTrebas, rogorc nebismieri sxva

piri, kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT.1370 marTlmadidebluri tradiciiT,

saeklesio sikeTesa da wminda nivTebs ganekuTvneba eklesiebi, taZrebi,

saeklesio siwmindeebi, maT Soris, xatebi, liturgiuli wignebi, sagnebi da

a.S.1371 XIX-XX saukuneSi, rogorc pirveli respublikis, ise okupaciis periodSi

marTlmadidebel eklesias qonebis mniSvnelovani nawili CamoarTves. maTi

dabrunebis procesi ki mxolod XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi daiwyo.

1364 javaxiSvili m., papobis istoria Sua saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 2015, 14. 1365 iqve. 1366 iqve, 19. 1367 Doe N., Christian Law, Contemporary Principles, New York, 2013, 310. 1368 ix., iqve, 326-327. 1369 Fennelly J.E., Property Disputes and Religious Schisms: Who Is the Church?, “Saint Thomas Law Review”,

Vol.9, 1997, 327. 1370 Doe N., Christian Law, Contemporary Principles, New York, 2013, 311-312. 1371 iqve, 320.

175

1990 wlis 12 aprils saqarTvelos ssr ministrTa sabWom mniSvnelovani dadge-

nileba miiRo, romliTac eklesias qoneba gadasca.1372 dadgenilebiT, respu-

blikis teritoriaze arsebuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis yvela sakulto

nageboba (Tavisi uZrav-moZravi qonebiT) saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

eklesiis sakuTrebad iqna aRiarebuli.1373 Sesabamis saxelmwifo organoebs

daevalaT qonebis sapatriarqosTvis gadacema, am ukanasknels ki mieniWa

ufleba, damoukideblad aRewera eklesiebi da maTi qoneba, eklesiaSi

arsebuli wesebisa da tradiciebis Sesabamisad.1374 konstituciurma SeTanx-

mebam kidev erTxel marTlmadidebluri taZrebi, nangrevebi, monastrebi da

miwebi, romlebzec isini mdebareobs marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sakuTrebad

aRiara.1375 samwuxarod, am procesma, erTgvarad, umarTavi xasiaTic ki miiRo da

seriozuli problemebi gamoiwvia. problemebi Seexeba rogorc sakulto nage-

bobebis, ise miwebisa da sxva materialuri qonebis gadacemas. dReis

mdgomareobiT marTlmadidebeli eklesiisTvis simbolur fasad (1 larad) an

sruliad usasyidlod didi raodenobiT uZravi qoneba da aTasobiT heqtari

sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis nakveTia gadacemuli.1376 saxelmwifo

qonebis erovnuli saagentos informaciiT, mxolod 2012 wlis 17 seqtembridan

2015 wlis 19 agvistomde marTlmadidebel eklesias 64 erTeuli sxvadasxva

saxis qoneba gadaeca1377.

samwuxarod, mniSvnelovani problemebia sakulto nagebobebTan da-

kavSirebiTac. qarTuli eklesiis sakuTrebaSi arsebul ramdenime Senobaze,

romelic Tavis droze saxelmwifom marTlmadidebel eklesias miakuTvna,

somxuri da romis kaTolike eklesiebi dRemde pretenziebs acxadeben.1378

somxuri eklesia iTxovs noraSenis, surb nSanis, muRnewow surb gevorqis, Samx-

orewow surb astwawinisa da surb minasis eklesiebis gadacemas.1379 es preten-

zia arsebobs rogorc qarTuli eklesiis, ise saxelmwifos misamarTiT, ro-

melmac eklesiebis sakiTxi Seswavlis gareSe gadawyvita. ra Tqma unda, aq

saubari araa imaze, romelia am pretenziaTagan dasabuTebuli da romeli ara.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Seqmnilia religiis sakiTxTa saxelmwifo saagento,

msgavsi davebi kvlavac aqtualuria. saagento aRiWurva specialuri

uflebamosilebiT, gasces rekomendaciebi sxvadasxva Senoba-nagebobis

1372 xecuriani j., qarTuli eklesiis konstituciuri safuZvlebi, Jurn. àdamiani da kon-stitucia~, #3, 2002, 14. 1373 religiis saqmeTa sakiTxebis Sesaxeb~ sssr ministrTa sabWos 1990 wlis 12 aprilis #180 dadgenilebis me-3 punqti. 1374 iqve, me-4 punqti. 1375 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadide-bel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-7 muxlis pirveli punqti. 1376 ix., Study of Religious Discrimination and Constitutional Secularism in Georgia, Tolerance and Diversity

Institute, Tbilisi, 2014, 30-31. 1377 saxelmwifo qonebis erovnuli saagentos 2015 wlis 10 agvistos werili #14/50253. 1378 Study of Religious Discrimination and Constitutional Secularism in Georgia, Tolerance and Diversity Insti-

tute, Tbilisi, 2014, 19; ix., Isakhanyan L., Analysis of Legal Issues Related to the Armenian Diocese in Georgia,

in: Freedom of Religion in Georgia and Armenia, Regional Conference on the Freedom of Religion or Belief,

Conference Report, July 2013, Tbilisi, 21. 1379 Isakhanyan L., Analysis of Legal Issues Related to the Armenian Diocese in Georgia, in: Freedom of Religion

in Georgia and Armenia, Regional Conference on the Freedom of Religion or Belief, Conference Report, July

2013, Tbilisi, 21.

176

religiur-sakulto daniSnulebis Senobad gardaqmnis Taobaze,1380 aseve,

saqarTvelos mTavrobis saxeliT, Seasrulos Suamavlis funqcia da

monawileoba miiRos im davebisa da sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi, romelic SeiZleba

saqarTveloSi moqmed religiur gaerTianebebs Soris gaCndes1381.

saxelmwifo valdebulia, aqtiurad CaerTos problemuri qonebis istori-

uli mesakuTris dadgenis procesSi, aucilebelia saagentom samuSao reJimSi

Seajeros mxareTa poziciebi da qmediTi rekomendacia SeimuSavos. sam-

wuxarod, Zalze rTulia ukve gadacemul qonebaze dava. gacilebiT ioli iqne-

boda, saxelmwifos windaxeduleba gamoeCina da gulmodgine gamokvlevis

Sedegad mieRo gadawyvetileba. nebismieri myife Careva davis gadawyvetaSi

dainteresebul mxareebs gacilebiT uaryofiT Sedegamde miiyvans. amasTan,

aucilebelia kontroli dawesdes saxelmwifo qonebis ukidegano gadacemas-

Tan dakavSirebiT da daiSvas eklesiisTvis mxolod im qonebis gadacema, rome-

lic istoriulad misi iyo, an misi istoriuli sakuTreba Canacvldes gadasac-

emi alternatiuli qonebiT. am procesis dasrulebis Semdeg ki aucilebelia

Seicvalos `saxelmwifo qonebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, raTa momavalSi

saxelmwifo qonebis marTlmadidebeli eklesiisTvis usasyidlo gadacemis

SesaZlebloba gamoricxos.

4.4. kulturuli memkvidreobis movla da saeklesio saganZuri

konstituciuri SeTanxmebis normaTa meoTxedi saeklesio saganZursa da

kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebs Seexeba.1382 saeklesio saganZurad miC-

neulia saRvTismsaxuro da sulieri daniSnulebis siwmideebi (ferweruli,

Weduri, minanqris xati da jvari; sanawile, panaRia, barZim-feSxumi, gardamox-

sna), romelTac istoriuli mniSvneloba da maRalmxatvruli Rirseba aqvT.1383

samwuxarod, sulieri daniSnulebis siwmindeebSi zedmiwevniTi sizustiTaa

CamoTvlili, Tu ra eqceva am kategoriaSi da sruliad amovardnilia olarebi,

naqargi xatebi da msgavsi nakeTobebi, romelTa raodenobac saqarTvelos

muzeumebSi sakmaod didia. am SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebul unda iqnes normis

gafarToebuli miznobrivi interpretacia da saganZuris yvela is nivTi, rome-

lic eklesiasTanaa dakavSirebuli, am ganmartebaSi moeqces.

marTalia, saxelmwifo saeklesio saganZurze eklesiis sakuTrebis uflebas

aRiarebs, Tumca yovelive es saxelmwifos daqvemdebarebul muzeumebSi

inaxeba. samwuxarod, im nivTebis gancalkevebuli aRniSvna da katalogizeba,

romlis mesakuTrec eklesiaa, dRemde ar momxdara.1384 aucilebelia aRiweros

1380 saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2014 wlis 19 Tebervlis #177 dadgenilebiT damtkicebuli `sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris _ religiis sakiTxTa saxelmwifo saagentos debulebis~ me-2 muxlis pirveli punqtis ì~ qvepunqti. 1381 iqve, `k~ qvepunqti. 1382 ix., saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlma-didebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-8, me-9 da me-10 muxlebi. 1383 iqve, terminTa ganmarteba, me-20 punqti. 1384 saqarTvelos kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministros 2015 wlis 17 agvistos werili #13/13-47/05.

177

TiToeuli nivTi da dadgindes misi zusti mesakuTre. garda amisa, konstitu-

ciuri SeTanxmebiT, saeklesio saganZuri (wmida relikviebisa da wmida na-

wilebis garda), rogorc erovnuli saganZuris nawili, saxelmwifosa da

eklesiis erTobliv mflobelobaSia.1385 aRniSnuli samarTlebrivi nonsensia,

radgan samoqalaqo samarTlis mixedviT, aRniSnuli SemTxveva mflobelobis

SinaarsSi veranairad Cajdeba.1386 saeklesio saganZuri saxelmwifos faqto-

briv mflobelobaSia _ ganTavsebulia muzeumebSi. marTalia, eklesia

mesakuTrea da gankargvis uflebiTaa aRWurvili (am SemTxvevaSi am uflebis

klasikuri ganxorcielebac SezRudulia), Tumca mflobelobas saxelmwifo

axorcielebs. aRniSnuli Tanamflobelobis konteqstSic ver ganixileba.1387

ra Tqma unda, saeklesio saganZuris dacvisa da movlis miznidan gamomdinare,

mizanSewonilia, Sesabamisi RonisZiebebi ganaxorcielos da maT mouaros sax-

elmwifom. amisTvis gamarTlebulia saeklesio saganZuris am ukanasknelis

mflobelobaSi datoveba.1388 amitomac konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-8 mux-

lis me-2 punqti unda Seicvalos da samarTlebrivad gamarTulad Camoyal-

ibdes: `zemoaRniSnuli saeklesio saganZuri (wmida nawilebisa da wmida

relikviebis garda), rogorc saerTo erovnuli saganZuris nawili, kanon-

mdeblobis Sesabamisad, aris saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi~. am SemTxvevaSi,

norma rogorc Sinaarsobrivad, ise samarTlebrivi teqnikis TvalsazrisiT

gaimarTeba. mesakuTre kvlavac eklesia iqneba, mflobeli ki _ saxelmwifo.

praqtikaSi saqarTvelos kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministro da Sesa-

bamisi muzeumis administracia saeklesio saganZurTan dakavSirebul sa-

kiTxebs eklesiasTan aTanxmebs, Tumca amis samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba ar

arsebobs.1389 samwuxarod, konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli

`damatebiTi wesi~, romelic saganZuris sargeblobis Sesaxeb saxelmwifos

unda mieRo, ar arsebobs. am kuTxiT konstituciuri SeTanxmeba ar

Sesrulebula da myari samarTlebrivi safuZvlis nacvlad, mdgomareoba

mTlianad mxareTa Soris arsebul urTierTobaTa avkargianobasa da keTil ne-

bazea mindobili. aucilebelia, eklesiasTan TanamSromlobiT SemuSavdes spe-

cialuri wesi, normatiuli aqtis formiT, romelic am SemTxvevebSi

moqmedebis erTian standarts daadgens.

specialuri wesi samarTlebrivi aqtis formiT ar arsebobs kulturul-is-

toriuli Rirebulebebis mqone taZrebis aRdgena, restavracia-konservaciasa

da moxatvasTan dakavSirebiT.1390 am SemTxvevasac praqtika awesrigebs, kerZod,

pirvel etapze kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministro mimarTavs saqarTve-

los sapatriarqos, romlis xuroTmoZRvrebis, xelovnebisa da restavraciis

1385 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadide-bel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-8 muxlis me-2 punqti. 1386 ix., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 155-e muxli. 1387 ix., iqve, 155-e muxlis me-4 nawili. 1388 ix., xecuriani j., qarTuli eklesiis konstituciuri safuZvlebi, Jurn. àdamiani da konstitucia~, #3, 2002, 14. 1389 saqarTvelos kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministros 2015 wlis 17 agvistos werili #13/13-47/05. 1390 ix., saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlma-didebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-9 muxlis me-2 punqti.

178

centrSi arsebuli sabWo ganixilavs kulturuli memkvidreobis statusis

mqone eklesia-monastrebis reabilitaciis sakiTxs da Sesabamis samuSaoebze

nebarTva mxolod sabWosTan SeTanxmebiT gaicema.1391 aucilebelia, am mimar-

TulebiTac dadgindes normatiuli mowesrigeba, romelic dacvis damatebiT

garantiebs uzrunvelyofs, radganac istoriuli marTlmadidebluri eklesi-

ebi da taZrebi, ara erTi konkretuli konfesiis, aramed mTeli saxelmwifosa

da sazogadoebis, xalxis Rirebuli obieqtebia.

saxelmwifo pirnaTlad asrulebs konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT nakisr

valdebulebas da aqtiur molaparakebebs awarmoebs sxva saxelmwifoebis ter-

itoriaze arsebuli qarTuli marTlmadidebluri taZris, monastris, maTi

nangrevis, sxva saeklesio nagebobis, saeklesio nivTebis dacvis, movla-

patronobisa da sakuTrebis Taobaze.1392 am mimarTulebiT, aqtiuri mo-

laparakebebi midis TurqeTTan, somxeTTan, azerbaijanTan da kviprosTan,

daiwyo ramdenime qarTuli taZris restavracia, reabilitacia, konservacia

da a.S.1393

5. religiis swavleba da religiuri ganaTleba

5.1. religiis swavlebis roli da mniSvneloba

religiasTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri sakiTxi azrTa sxvadasxvaobas

iwvevs. ufro metic, sakuTriv, religiis cnebac ki araerTgvarovania, Ti-

Toeuli mecnieri Tu iuristi mis gansxvavebul gansazRvrebas adgens.1394 tem-

permanis SefasebiT, religias Svidi sxvadasxva mimarTuleba aqvs1395, logiku-

ria, TiToeul maTganSi ramdenime aTeuli variaciiT SeiZleba cnebis

ganmartebis dadgena. religia yoveldRiurobis ganuyofeli nawilia. igi

dRemde rCeba evropuli identobis mniSvnelovan komponentad.1396 miuxedavad

imisa, rom Tanamedrove samyaroSi igi gadamwyvet rols xSirad veRar Tama-

Sobs, es ar niSnavs msgavsi poziciisadmi religiuri gaerTianebebis mxridan

Semguebluri politikis arCevasa da gatarebas.

qristianuli eklesia evropis erT-erTi uZvelesi institutia da dResac

aqvs pretenzia, rom qmediTi iyos, igi verasdros dakmayofildeba `samuzeumo

1391 saqarTvelos kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministros 2015 wlis 17 agvistos werili #13/13-47/05. 1392 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-10 muxli. 1393 saqarTvelos kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministros 2015 wlis 17 agvistos werili #13/13-47/05. 1394 ix., aladaSvili g., religiis cnebis samarTlebriv-Teoriuli gansazRvra (upiratesad aSS-is samarTlis magaliTze), Jurn. `Tanamedrove samarTlis mimoxilva~, #1(2), 2014, 39-49. 1395 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Gov-

ernance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 139. 1396 Nathan C.N., The Changing Face of Religion and Human Rights, A Personal Reflection, Leiden-Boston,

2013, 175.

179

sivrceSi gadanacvlebiT~1397. eklesia, sxva religiuri gaerTianebebis msgav-

sad, cdilobs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sferoebi, romlebic tradiciulad

misi gavlenis qveS arsebobda da misi karnaxiTve warimarTeboda, kvlavac mas

darCes. erT-erTi aseTi sfero ki, udavod, ganaTlebaa. ganaTlebis sakiTxebSi

religiuri institutebisa da saxelmwifos TanamSromlobas mravalsauku-

novani istoria aqvs. Tumca rac ufro viTardeboda saxelmwifos, rogorc or-

ganizaciuli da instituciuri warmonaqmnis, misiisa da funqciebis Sesaxeb mo-

sazrebebi da Sexedulebebi, miT ufro ganaTleba saxelmwifos gamgeblobis

qveS eqceoda. Tanamedrove samyaroSi, sadac codnis miRebis uamravi alterna-

tiuli saSualeba arsebobs, eklesiam ganaTlebis sistemaze monopolia da-

karga.1398 XXI saukuneSic ki, sadac ganaTleba ZiriTad uflebaTa Sorisaa

moqceuli da am sferos sruli privatizacia mometebuli sajaro interesis

gamo ver ganxorcielda, religiuri gaerTianebebi Zalze xSirad arian ga-

naTlebis sferoSi aqtiuri subieqtebi.

pluralistul sazogadoebaSi mSvidobisa da erTianobis propaganda sax-

elisuflebo politikis amosavali ideaa.1399 saxelmwifos religiuri nei-

traliteti ganaTlebaSi ki sazogadoebrivi pluralizmis erT-erTi mTavari

pirobaa.1400 religiisa da eTikis Sesaxeb swavleba skolebSi mniSvnelovnad

uwyobs xels indiferentulobis, fanatizmis, dogmaturobis, Seuwynare-

blobisa da Zaladobis winaaRmdeg brZolas.1401 man SesaZloa mniSvnelovani

daxmareba gaswios imis gagebaSi, Tu rogor ayalibebs religiuri rwmena,

Rirebulebebi da aRmsarebloba sazogadoebebs, igi xSirad individTa qcevis

mimarTulebebs gansazRvravs1402.

religiuri ganaTlebis erT-erTi mTavari mizani moqalaqeobisTvis

momzadeba unda iyos, radgan religia Tanamedrove kulturisa da sazoga-

doebis CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda.1403 skolebSi religiis

gakveTilebis dadebiT socialur, saganmanaTleblo da politikur mxareebs

aTeistebisa da sekularistebis nawilic aRiarebs.1404 swored amitomac, Tuki

religiis Sesaxeb swavlebis programa kargadaa dagegmili da miznad calkeuli

religiuri Tu arareligiuri gagebis, msoflmxedvelobis mxardaWeras ar

1397 barTolomeos I, interreligiuri dialogis aucilebloba da mizani, sityva, war-moTqmuli 2006 wlis 22 ianvars, evropis sabWos saparlamento sxdomaze, Jurn. `soli-daroba~, #2(11)’07, 2007, 34. 1398 Turner B.S., The Religious and the Political, A Comparative Sociology of Religion, New York, 2013, 228. 1399 Tuohy D., Denominational Education and Politics, Ireland in a European Context, Dublin, 2013, 179. 1400 Lautsi and Others v. Italy, [ECtHR], App. no. 30814/06, 11 March 2011, Para. 17. 1401 Tuohy D., Denominational Education and Politics, Ireland in a European Context, Dublin, 2013, 181. 1402 iqve, 178. 1403 Leigh I., Objective, Critical and Pluralistic? Religious Education and Human Rights in the European Public

Sphere, in: Law, State and Religion in the New Europe, Edited by L. Zucca and C. Ungureanu, Cambridge, 2012,

197. 1404 Cumper P., The Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – The British Experience, in: Trans-

formation of Church and State Relations in Great Britain and Germany, Edited by C. Walter and A. Von Ungern-

Sternberg, Baden-Baden, 2013, 197.

180

isaxavs, msgavsi gakveTilebisgan gaTavisuflebis SesaZlebloba Zalze mini-

maluri unda iyos an saerTod ar arsebobdes.1405 nebismier adamians, romelic

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis nawilad aRiqvams Tavs, sWirdeba codna religiis,

rogorc movlenis, misi istoriisa da kulturis Sesaxeb. am codnis miRebis

uamravi saSualeba da aprobirebuli modeli arsebobs, rac adamianis ZiriTadi

uflebebis doqtrinasTan srul TanxvedraSia.

5.2. eklesia-saxelmwifos instituciuri urTierTobebi da ganaTleba

5.2.1. ganaTlebis sistemaSi religiis integrirebis modelebi

ganaTlebis sferoSi religiis swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT evropuli sax-

elmwifoebis praqtika xuT models gamoarCevs: 1. qristianuli religiis

swavleba saganmanaTleblo programis savaldebulo nawilia, romelsac af-

inansebs, adgens da organizaciul mxares saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs. amasTan,

moswavleebsa da mSoblebs ufleba aqvT, msgavs mecadineobebSi monawileoba ar

miiRon; 2. saxelmwifo afinansebs religiur ganaTlebas, romelic

savaldebuloa, Tumca swavlebas gegmavs da axorcielebs Sesabamisi religi-

uri gaerTianeba, saxelmwifo ki finansur mxares uzrunvelyofs, mSoblebsa da

moswavleebs arCevanis Tavisufleba aqvT; 3. arCeviTi religiuri swavleba, ro-

melsac Sesabamisi religiuri gaerTianebebi adgenen da gansazRvraven sax-

elmwifosTan erTad, es ukanaskneli ki afinansebs; 4. arCeviTi aradenominaci-

uri swavleba religiis Sesaxeb, romelsac mTlianad saxelmwifo uzrun-

velyofs da afinansebs; 5. religiis Sesaxeb swavlebis akrZalva sajaro sa-

ganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi.1406

SesaZlebelia religiuri ganaTlebis sistemebis Semdegi klasifikaciac:

`religiuri ganaTleba~ _ denominaciuri an iseTi ganaTleba, romelic

calkeuli religiis swavlebas emsaxureba; `swavleba religiis Sesaxeb~ _

sxvadasxva religiis mecnierebisa da maTi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb swavleba;

`swavla religiidan~ _ religiuri gamocdilebis, religiuri cxovrebis, pi-

rovnebisa da individis CamoyalibebaSi religiis rolis Sesaxeb swavleba.1407

religiuri ganaTleba evropis masStabiT sakmaod mravalferovani da sax-

elmwifoTa mixedviT gansxvavebulia, TiToeuli maTgani sakuTar erovnul

1405 Leigh I., Objective, Critical and Pluralistic? Religious Education and Human Rights in the European Public


201; Toledo Guiding Principles on Teaching about Religions and Beliefs in Public Schools, Prepared by the

ODIHR Advisory Council of Experts on Freedom of Religion or Belief, OSCE, Warsaw, 2007, 70, 72. 1406 ix., Doe N., Christian Law, Contemporary Principles, New York, 2013, 379-380. SesaZloa religiuri ganaTlebis oTx modelis gamorCeva: 1. religiuri ganaTlebis uaryofa (safrangeTi, al-banebiT); 2. ganaTlebis denominaciuri modeli (avstria, belgia, espaneTi); 3. religiuri ga-naTleba religiuri gaerTianebebTan saxelmwifos TanamSromlobiT (ungreTi, fineTi, ger-mania); 4. religiuri ganaTlebas eqskluziurad saxelmwifo iRebs sakuTar Tavze (dania, gaerTianebuli samefo). ix., Lozano R.P., Religion and Education of Europe Toward a “Soft” Constitution-

alization of a Model of Religious Teaching? in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of Religion, Equal Treat-

ment, and the Law), Edited by C. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari and D. Thayer, Ashgate Publishing, 2013,

370-371. 1407 iqve, 371.

181

models qmnis.1408 rogorc wesi, religiuri ganaTleba evropis saxelmwifoTa

umravlesobaSi savaldebuloa, amasTan, umciresobebisTvis dadgenilia gam-

onaklisebi, alternativa ki zogadad araa gavrcelebuli.1409 evrosabWos wevri

saxelmwifoebidan yvelaSi, samis garda (safrangeTi, albaneTi, iugoslaviis

yofili respublika makedonia; slovenia sajaro skolebis moswavleebs

arCeviT sagnad mainc sTavazobs religiis istoriis Sesaxeb sagans), arsebobs

savaldebulo an arCeviTi sagnebi religiis Sesaxeb1410.

5.2.2. religiis swavleba da saxelmwifos pozitiuri valdebulebebi

ganaTlebis sistema adamianis uflebebs Seesabameba da gamarTulia, Tu sax-

elmwifo sajaro saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi uzrunvelyofs nei-

traluri, arareligiuri garemos arsebobas, saWiroebisas ki uSvebs religiis

Sesaxeb sagnebs kurikulumSi da moswavleebs uflebas aZlevs, survilis

mixedviT, ar gaiaron isini.1411 adamianis uflebaTa komiteti erTmaneTisgan

mijnavs religiur moZRvrebaTaAswavlebasa da religiur praqtikas, amasTan,

ganmartavs, rom religiis swavlebisas daculi unda iyos neitralitetisa da

obieqturobis moTxovnebi1412.

sajaro saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi religiuri ganaTleba, sasur-

velia, moicavdes religiis istoriisa da eTikis Sesaxeb swavlebas.1413 reli-

giebis istoriisa da filosofiis zomieri da obieqturi swavleba fanatizmTan

brZolis erT-erT yvelaze efeqtur meqanizmadaa miCneuli.1414 evrosabWos

rekomendaciiT, im saxelmwifoebSic ki, sadac erTi konkretuli religiaa

dominanti, aucilebelia sxva religiebis safuZvlebic aswavlon1415.

evrosasamarTlos praqtikiT, religiuri ganaTlebis aucilebeli ori ele-

menti gamoiyofa: 1. saxelmwifos mier mowodebuli informacia unda iyos

obieqturi, kritikuli da pluralistuli; 2. saxelmwifom ar unda dauSvas in-

doqtrinizacia.1416 saxelmwifos mier sajaro skolebSi religiis Sesaxeb in-

formaciis miwodeba legitimuria, mTavaria, swavlebisas daculi iyos infor-

maciis obieqturobisa da neitralurad miwodebis principi.1417 Tuki sax-

elmwifos religiis Sesaxeb swavlebisas mkacrad obieqtur, kritikul da plu-

1408 iqve, 370. 1409 ix., Tuohy D., Denominational Education and Politics, Ireland in a European Context, Dublin, 2013, 189. 1410 iqve, 188. 1411 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Gov-

ernance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 278. 1412 Leirvåg and Ors v. Norway, UNHRC, Comm. No. 1155/2003, CCPR/C/82/D/1155/2003, 23 November 2004,

Para.14.3;14.6. 1413 UNHRC, General Comment 22, Article 18 (Forty-eighth session, 1993), Para.6. 1414 State, Religion, Secularity and Human Rights, Recommendation 1804 (2007), Parliamentary Assembly of

Council of Europe, Para.13. 1415 iqve, Para.14. 1416 Lozano R.P., Religion and Education of Europe Toward a “Soft” Constitutionalization of a Model of Religious

Teaching? in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by C.

Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari and D. Thayer, Ashgate Publishing, 2013, 378. 1417 ix., Angelini v. Sweden, [ECHR], App. no. 10491/83, D.R. 51, 3 December 1986

182

ralistul garemos ar uzrunvelyofs, moswavleebs TavianTi mrwamsis Sesabam-

isad, ufleba aqvT, msgavs swavlebaSi monawileoba ar miiRon.1418 zogadad,

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom evrosasamarTlo cdilobs, iseTi standarti Camo-

ayalibos, romelic SesaZlebels gaxdis, gakontroldes religiis zegavlena

bavSvze, sanam igi sakmarisad ar gaizrdeba, rom Tavad gadawyvitos sakuTar

mrwamsTan, rwmenasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi.1419 adamianis uflebaTa

komitetis ganmartebiT, saxelmwifos SeuZlia damoukideblad gadawyvitos

religiis swavlebis meTodebi, Tavadve SearCios am sagnis maswavleblebi da

a.S.1420 rac mTavaria, konkretuli religiis moZRvrebis swavleba unda ganxor-

cieldes aradiskriminaciul safuZvelze.1421 marTalia, religiis neitraluri

swavleba Tanamedrove midgomaa, Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom araTu humanita-

rul sagnebSi, aramed tenqikur disciplinebSic ki obieqturi da neitraluri

swavleba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia1422.

ìndoqtrinizacia~1423 konkretuli doqtrinis gavlenis qveS raimes an vin-

mes moqcevas gulisxmobs1424 da igi religiuri ganaTlebis mTavar safrTxedaa

miCneuli.1425 XXI saukuneSi bavSvi saskolo ganaTlebis mTavari subieqtia,1426

Sesabamisad, bavSvebs gansakuTrebuli dacva sWirdebaT, gansakuTrebiT maSin,

roca isini skolaSi arian, ucxo adamians _ maswavlebels mindobilebi.1427

samoqalaqo liberalizmis mixedviT, ganaTlebis mizani unda iyos bavSvis,

rogorc liberaluri sazogadoebis momavali moqalaqis, avtonomiurad

arCevanis gakeTebisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis unaris ganviTareba.1428 Sesa-

bamisad, saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos iseTi saganmanaTleblo sistemis

arseboba, sadac bavSvs romelime konkretul religiasa Tu mrwamss Tavs ar

1418 Ringelheim J., Rights, Religion and the Public Sphere: the European Court of Human Rights in Search of a

Theory? in: Law, State and Religion in the New Europe, Edited by L. Zucca and C. Ungureanu, Cambridge, 2012,

290; ix., Folgerø and Others v. Norway, [ECtHR], App. no. 15472/02, 29 June 2007. 1419 Langlaude S., Introduction: Secularism, Religious Liberty, and the ECHR, International and Comparative Law

Quarterly, Vol. 55, October 2006, 935; Çiftçi v. Turkey, [ECtHR], App. No. 71860/01, admissibility decision,

2004. 1420 ix., William Eduardo Delgado Páez v. Colombia, UNHRC, Comm. No. 195/1985, CCPR/C/39/D/195/1985

(1990), 12 July 1990. 1421 UNHRC, General Comment 22, Article 18 (Forty-eighth session, 1993), Para.6. 1422kurtaniZe k., evrosabaWos saparlamento asambleas rekomendacia: saxelmwifo, religia, sekularoba daadamianis uflebebi, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(34), 2010, 98. 1423 indoqtrinizaciis elementebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix., Lozano R.P., Religion and Education

of Europe Toward a “Soft” Constitutionalization of a Model of Religious Teaching? in: Law, Religion, Constitu-

tion (Freedom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by C. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari and D.

Thayer, Ashgate Publishing, 2013, 381. 1424 ix., iqve, 378-379. 1425 Cumper P., The Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – The British Experience, in: Trans-


Sternberg, Baden-Baden, 2013, 197. 1426 van buerni j., bavSvebi da religia, a. gegeWkoris Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(10)’07, 2007, 32. 1427 Langlaude S., Introduction: Secularism, Religious Liberty, and the ECHR, International and Comparative Law

Quarterly, Vol. 55, October 2006, 931. 1428 Leigh I., Objective, Critical and Pluralistic? Religious Education and Human Rights in the European Public


195.

183

moaxveven.1429 bavSvma skolaSi unda miiRos informacia religiis Sesaxeb da ar

unda gaxdes religiuri ganaTlebis nawili.1430 sajaro skolebSi religiuri

pluralizmis principis dacva imas gulisxmobs, rom saxelmwifom maqsimalu-

rad unda Seikavos Tavi romelime religiisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebisgan da

pativi sces aradominanti aRmsareblobis mimdevari moswavleebis

uflebebs1431.

saxelmwifo valdebulia, pativi sces mSobelTa religiur Sexedulebebs ga-

naTlebis nebismier safexursa da doneze,1432 ganaTlebis politikis dagegmvisa

da rac mTavaria, ganxorcielebis procesSi,1433 aseve, maqsimalurad gaiT-

valiswinos isini saganmanaTleblo programebSi.1434 mSoblebs ara mxolod gan-

sakuTrebuli statusi aqvT, aramed mniSvnelovani uflebebic eniWebaT

bavSvebTan mimarTebiT, maT Soris, maT momavlis dagegmvisa da cxovrebis war-

marTvis mxrivac.1435 mSoblebma TavianTi Sexedulebisamebr unda gadawyviton,

Tu ra tipis skolaSi Seiyvanen Svilebs, saxelmwifo ki mxolod aucileblobis

SemTxvevaSi, isic minimalurad unda Caerios am gadawyvetilebaSi1436.

sajaro xelisuflebas ar moeTxoveba, rom sajaro skolebSi swavleba rome-

lime religiuri doqtrinis principebTan iyos Sesabamisi.1437 saxelmwifom

unda uzrunvelyos iseTi sajaro skolebis arseboba, romlebSic religiur

moZRvrebaTa Sesaxeb gakveTilebi nebayoflobiTi iqneba, imavdroulad, sax-

elmwifos movaleobaa iseTi garemo Seqmnas, sadac kerZo skolebSi nebadar-

Tuli iqneba konkretuli religiuri Tu moraluri Sexedulebebis swavleba,

raTa aRmsarebel mSobelTa da moswavleTa uflebebic iyos daculi.1438 Tuki

saxelmwifoSi religiis denominaciuri swavlebaa, maTTvis, visac masSi

monawileobis miReba ar surs, saxelmwifo religiis Sesaxeb aradenominaciuri

sagnebis an eTikis swavlebis SeTavazebas uzrunvelyofs1439.

5.2.3. religiuri ganaTlebis dafinanseba

saxelmwifo valdebuli araa daafinansos religiuri skolebi, magram, Tuki

amas gadawyvets, es aradiskriminaciulad unda ganaxorcielos. mxolod

konkretuli religiuri mimarTulebis skolebis dafinansebis SemTxvevaSi ki

1429 van buerni j., bavSvebi da religia, a. gegeWkoris Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(10)’07, 2007, 32. 1430 ix., Angelini v. Sweden, [ECHR], App. no. 10491/83, D.R. 51, 3 December 1986. 1431 ix., Lautsi and Others v. Italy, [ECtHR], App. no. 30814/06, 3 November 2009. 1432 ix., Kjeldsen, Busk, Madsen and Pedersen v. Denmark, [ECtHR], Application no. 5095/71; 5920/72;

5926/72, 7 December 1976. 1433 ix., iqve. 1434 Folgerø and Others v. Norway, [ECtHR], App. no. 15472/02, 29 June 2007, Para.84; jvarcmebi italiis saxelmwifo skolebSi. sasamarTlom ar daadgina darRvevis faqti, Jurn. `sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mimoxilva~, #5, 2012, 117. 1435 Nielsen v. Denmark, [ECtHR], App. no. 10929/84, 28 November 1988. 1436 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2013, 251. 1437 Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 106 (1968). 1438 ix., Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral

Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 280-281. 1439 Tuohy D., Denominational Education and Politics, Ireland in a European Context, Dublin, 2013, 190.

184

misi pozicia Zalze dasabuTebuli da gamarTlebuli unda iyos.1440 romelime

religiisadmi upiratesobis miniWebisas yofelTvis didia Tanasworobis Zi-

riTadi uflebis darRvevis safrTxe.

saxelmwifoTa mixedviT gansxvavdeba rogorc religiuri ganaTlebis, ise

samrevlo, religiuri skolebis dafinansebis sakiTxi. jefersoni xelisu-

flebis mier romelime religiis mimarT daxmarebis winaaRmdegi iyo, Tumca ga-

naTlebaSi religiuri formebis arsebobas ar ewinaaRmdegeboda.1441 dRes-

dReobiT aSS-Si Stati TiToeuli bavSvis ganaTlebas afinansebs, Sesabamisad,

mSoblis gadasawyvetia moswavlisTvis gamoyofil vauCers sad gamoiyenebs _

kerZo (maT Soris, religiur) Tu sajaro skolaSi1442.

belgiaSi dafinansebulia rogorc religiuri, ise arareligiuri ga-

naTleba.1443 niderlandebis samefo afinansebs rogorc sajaro, ise specialur,

religiur dawyebiT skolebs da maT mimarT saerTosaxelmwifoebriv

standarts adgens.1444 miuxedavad imisa, rom safrangeTSi laicituri midgomaa,

1958 wlidan dRemde safrangeTi kaTolikur dawyebiT skolebs af-

inansebs.1445 ra Tqma unda, oficialurad es ganaTlebis xelSewyobis mizniT

keTdeba, Tumca, sinamdvileSi, am skolebSi romis eklesiis dogmatika

iswavleba saeklesio tradiciebis Sesabamisad. religiuri skolebis did na-

wils saxelmwifo afinansebs gaerTianebul samefoSic1446.

5.2.4. religiis swavlebaze saxelmwifo zedamxedveloba

saberZneTSi erovnuli ganaTleba da sakulto sakiTxebi erTi saministros

saqmianobis sferoSia moqceuli, Sesabamisad, saministros erT-erTi samsax-

uris movaleobaa religiur ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis uzrun-

velyofa.1447 amasTan, sasuliero saswavleblebis maswavleblebi sajaro

moxeleebTan gaTanabrebuli statusiT sargebloben.1448 monakoSi romis

eklesiis mTavarepiskoposi erovnuli ganaTlebis komitetis wevria, xolo

kaTolicizmi iswavleba skolebSi, Tumca araqristianTa religiis Tavisu-

flebis uzrunvelyofiT1449.

1440 Waldman v. Canada, UNHRC, Comm. No. 694/1996, CCPR/C/67/D/694/1996, 3 November 1999, Para.10.6. 1441 Horn C. III, Secularism and Pluralism in Public Education, “Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy”,

Vol.1, No.1, 1984, 181. 1442 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Barbara,

2005, 1443 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Gov-

ernance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 98. 1444 iqve, 98-99; Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherland, 1983, Art.23; Title II of the Law of the Kingdom

of the Netherlands on “public Schools and Special Schools Financed by the State”, 1981. 1445 stefani a., religiisa da demokratiis urTierTSeTavsebadobis Sesaxeb, d. TinikaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #2(29), 2009, 62. 1446 McConnell M.W., Garvey J.H., Berg Th.C., Religion and the Constitution, New York, 2011, 91. 1447 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 35. 1448 iqve, 36. 1449 Grinda G., The Principality of Monaco (State, International Status, Institutions), 2nd Ed., Translated by J.C.

Duursma, The Hague, 2010, 153.

185

germaniaSi religiuri ganaTleba ZiriTadad sajaro saganmanaTleblo

dawesebulebebSia, romlebSic religiis swavlebasa da Teologias eklesiebsa

da sxva religiur gaerTianebebTan TanamSromlobiT axorcieleben.1450 ger-

maniis SemTxvevaSi rogorc zogadad religiuri, ise konkretuli religiis

swavleba xdeba `garedan~ da ara Tavad saganmanaTleblo instituciis mier

`Signidan~1451.

5.2.5. religiuri simboloebi da ganaTleba

religiisa da ganaTlebis urTierTkavSiris kuTxiT Zalze mniSvnelovani da

aqtualuria sajaro sivrceSi, kerZod, sajaro saganmanaTleblo

dawesebulebebSi religiuri simbolikis ganTavsebisa da gamofenis sakiTxi. am

mxriv, rogorc evropuli, ise, zogadad, erTiani, ZiriTadi uflebebiseuli

standarti ar arsebobs. Tematika imdenad mgrZnobiarea, rom bevri sax-

elmwifo ubralod Tvals xuWavs am sakiTxze, Tumca es gacilebiT ufro did

usamarTlobasa da uflebebis darRvevas ganapirobebs.

gavrcelebulia mosazreba, rom sajaro skolebSi religiur simboloTa

gamofena araaRmsarebel mSobelTa da moswavleTa uflebebs arRvevs, adekva-

turi ganaTlebis miRebis ideas ewinaaRmdegeba.1452 religiuri simboloebis

tarebasTan dakavSirebiT adamianis uflebaTa komitetsa da evrosasamarTlos

gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi aqvT.1453 Tuki pirveli maTgani maT tarebaze

dawesebul SezRudvebsa da akrZalvebs xSirad adamianis ZiriTadi uflebis

darRvevad ganixilavs1454, meore amas amarTlebs1455. azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa

sajaro da erToblivi locvebis CatarebasTan dakavSirebiTac1456.

safrangeTSi akrZalulia nebismieri saxis religiuri simboloebi sa-

ganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi, msgavsi akrZalva religiur skolebzec

vrceldeba.1457 rasobrivi diskriminaciis aRmofxvris komitetma safrangeTSi

dawesebuli akrZalva saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi religiuri

tansacmlis tarebaze, diskriminaciad da ganaTlebis uflebis sayovelTaobis

1450 Von Ungern-Sternberg A., Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – Great Britain and Ger-

many, in: Transformation of Church and State Relations in Great Britain and Germany, Edited by C. Walter and

A. Von Ungern-Sternberg, Baden-Baden, 2013, 210. 1451 ix., iqve, 219. 1452 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Gov-

ernance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 282. 1453 iqve, 283. 1454 UN Religious Tolerance Declaration (1981), Art.6(c), UNHRC, General Comment No.22., Para.4. 1455 ix., Leyla Şahin v. Turkey, [ECtHR], App. no. 44774/98, 10 November 2005. 1456 aSS-is umaRlesma sasamarTlom arakonstituciurad da sekularizmis principis darRvevad cno skolis politika, romelic kursdamamTavrebulTa ceremoniaze locvas iT-valiswinebda. ix., Lee v. Weismann, 505 U.S. 577 (1992); msgavsadme Seafasa safexburTo matCebis win saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis politika àraseqtanturi, araprozelituri~ locvis Taobaze. ix., Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe, 530 U.S. 290 (2000). 1457 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Barbara,

2009, 53;Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century

– Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 28.

186

darRvevad miiCnia.1458 Tumca evrosasamarTlom safrangeTis msgavsi

damokidebuleba da politika gaamarTla.1459 aRsaniSnavia, rom sax-

elmwifoebSi, maT Soris, safrangeTSic, sadac sekularizmi sakonstitucio

doneze aRiarebuli principia, religiuri niSnebi da simboloebi ara mxolod

religiuri kuTxiT ganixileba, aramed politikur datvirTvasac iZens1460.

italiurma sasamarTloebma ganmartes, rom saklaso oTaxebSi ganTavsebuli

jvarcma ara imdenad religiuri, ramdenadac italiuri identobis simbolo da

gamovlineba iyo.1461 evrosasamarTlos azriT, saklaso oTaxebSi religiuri

simbolikis gamofena adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs arRvevs mxolod maSin,

roca mas aqtiuri religiuri mniSvnelobis xazgasmis funqcia akisria.1462

aRsaniSnavia, rom saklaso oTaxebis, sasamarTloebis, saavadmyofoebisa da

sxva sajaro dawesebulebaTa kedlebidan jvarcmebis Camoxsnis sakiTxis

wamoWras italiaSi mosaxleobis didi nawilis seriozuli protesti mohyva1463.

germaniaSi religiur simboloebTan damokidebuleba Semwynarebluria da

maTi sajarod tareba an gamofena, kanonis farglebSi, saxelmwifosaTvis

misaRebia.1464 Tumca saklaso oTaxebSi religiuri simboloebis ganTavseba

germaniis sakosntitutio sasamarTlom arakonstituciurad da ZiriTadi

uflebebis darRvevad cno1465.

adamianis uflebaTa komiteti aRniSnavs, rom religiuri samosis akrZalvis

gasamarTleblad aucilebelia saTanado dasabuTeba, amasTan, es xels unda

uSlides saqmianobis ganxorcielebas, an xelyofdes sxvaTa uflebebs.1466

msgavsi pozicia gaiziara gaerTianebuli samefos lordTa palatam, romelmac

religiuri samosis tarebaze akrZalva gaauqma.1467 evrosasamarTlos rek-

omendaciiT, maswavleblebma Tavi unda Seikavon religiuri simboloebis an

tansacmlis tarebisgan da maqsimalurad xeli Seuwyon moswavleebSi

Tavisufali nebisa da pluralizmis damkvidrebas1468. zogadad ki, Zalian

1458 Report of the Committee on the UN Elimination of Racial Discrimination A/60/18 (2005)26, Para.112; Tem-

perman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance,

Leiden-Boston, 2010, 285. 1459 S.A.S. v. France, [ECtHR], App. no. 43835/11, 1 July 2014. 1460 ix., Leyla Şahin v. Turkey, [ECtHR], App. no. 44774/98, 10 November 2005; Sir Bratza N., The “Precious

Asset”: Freedom of Religion Under the European Convention on Human Rights, in: Religion and Discrimination

Law in the European Union, Edited by M. Hill QC, Trier, 2012, 20. 1461 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century –

Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 29. 1462 Lautsi and Others v. Italy, [ECtHR], App. no. 30814/06, 11 March 2011. 1463 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century –

Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 25. 1464 Plesner I.Th., Secularism – A Quest for Privatization of Religion? in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century –

Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 307. 1465 ix., Svabe i., germaniis federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi, e. CaCaniZis Targmani, k. kublaSvilis, T. niniZis, b. lolaZisa da q. eremaZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2011, 69-77. 1466 ix., Raihon Hudoyberganova v. Uzbekistan, UNHRC, Comm. no.931/2000, CCPR/C/82/D/921/2000, 8 De-

cember 2004, Para.6.2. 1467 ix., Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2013, 261-262. 1468 ix., Dahlab v. Switzerland, [ECtHR], App. No. 42393/98, 15 February 2001.

http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#

187

rTulia imis gansazRvra, Tu ramdenad axdens gavlenas da ramdenad pir-

dapiraa dakavSirebuli religiuri simboloebis tareba aRmsareblobis

TavisuflebasTan.1469

5.3. religia saswavlo kurikulumebSi

5.3.1. religiis gakveTilebis savaldebulooba saswavlo programebSi

TiTqmis mTel evropaSi religiis Sesaxeb swavleba da instruqtireba sa-

ganmanaTleblo kurikulumis nawilia.1470 evrosabWo wevr-saxelmwifoebs

mouwodebs mniSvnelovani religiebisa da moZRvrebebis istoriisa da

filosofiis Sesaxeb informacia kurikulumebSi Seitanon.1471 miuxedavad

amisa, am azrs yvela saxelmwifo erTnairad ar iziarebs. religiuri ganaTleba

safrangeTSi jer kidev 1882 wlis Semdeg saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo

dawesebulebebs moscilda, akademiuri programebidan srulad iqna

amoRebuli religiuri ganaTlebis nebismieri elementi.1472 am politikas saf-

rangeTi dRemde agrZelebs.1473 evrosabWos 25 saxelmwifoSi religiuri ga-

naTleba skolebSi savaldebuloa.1474 italiis sajaro skolebSi kaTolicizmis

Sesaxeb swavleba programis savaldebulo nawilia, Tumca mSoblebs aqvT

arCevanis Tavisufleba, daaswron Tu ara Svilebi kaTolicizmis

gakveTilebs.1475 moswavleTa moTxovniT, aseve, SesaZlebelia sxva religiaTa

Sesaxeb gakveTilebis daweseba, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi Sesabamis maswavlebelTa

anazRaurebas saxelmwifo ar uzrunvelyofs, gansxvavebiT savaldebulo,

kaTolicizmis gakveTilebisagan.1476 gaerTianebul samefoSi religiuri ga-

naTleba 1988 wlis ganaTlebis reformis aqtiT erovnul kurikulumSi

savaldebulo sagani gaxda1477. gaerTianebul samefoSi arsebobs saero

skolebi, romlebSic religia iswavleba formalurad gakveTilebze, aseve,

1469 Morini C., Secularism and Freedom of Religion: The Approach of the European Court of Human Rights, Israel

Law Review, Vol. 43, 2010, 620. 1470 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century –

Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 28. 1471 Illegal Activities of Sects, Recommendation 1412 (1999), Parliamentary Assembly of Council of Europe,

Para.10.2. 1472 ix., Opinion No.346.893 of the General Assembly of the French Council of State, November 27, 1989;

McConnell M.W., Garvey J.H., Berg Th.C., Religion and the Constitution, New York, 2011, 103. 1473 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century –

Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 28. 1474 Hasen and Eylem Zengin v. Turkey, [ECtHR], App.no. 1448/04, 9 January 2008, Para.31; Cumper P., The

Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – The British Experience, in: Transformation of Church and

State Relations in Great Britain and Germany, Edited by C. Walter and A. Von Ungern-Sternberg, Baden-Baden,

2013, 195. 1475 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century –

Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 30. 1476 iqve. 1477 McConnell M.W., Garvey J.H., Berg Th.C., Religion and the Constitution, New York, 2011, 91;Sandberg R.,

Law and Religion, New York, 2011, 155.

188

arsebobs, specialuri religiuri skolebi1478, sadac konkretuli religia upi-

ratesia da religiis swavlac am mimarTulebis mixedviT xorcieldeba.1479

gaerTianebul samefosa da germaniaSi religiuri ganaTleba ar ganixileba

mxolod kerZo, pirad sferod, igi mniSvnelovnadaa integrirebuli sajaro da

saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi.1480 CexeTSi, estoneTSi, un-

greTi, litvaSi, latviaSi, moldaveTSi, slovakeTsa da ukrainaSi konfesiuri

religiuri ganaTleba im SemTxvevaSia SemoTavazebuli, Tuki moswavleebi amas

Tavad moiTxoven1481.

religiis savaldebulo swavleba ar gulisxmobs moswavleTa

valdebulebas, aucileblad erTi konkretuli religiis Sesaxeb mecadineo-

bebSi miiRon monawileoba.√religiuri swavleba, sasurvelia, iyos arCeviTi da

im mSoblebs, romlebic miiCneven, rom religiuri ideebi maTTvis mniSvnelo-

vani araa, hqondeT ufleba, Svilebi msgavs mecadineobebs ar daaswron.1482

religiis swavlebis SemTxvevaSi aucileblad unda iqnas dadgenili aradis-

kriminaciuli gamonaklisi an alternativa, romlebic mSoblebis survilsa da

interesebs daakmayofilebs.1483 Tu mSobeli uars acxadebs, Svili religiis

gakveTils daeswros, saxelmwifom da skolam unda uzrunvelyon aseTi mos-

wavlis alternatiul mecadineobebze datvirTva.1484 saxelmwifo srulad

asrulebs sakuTar valdebulebebs ganaTlebisa da religiis Tavisuflebis

sferoSi, Tuki arsebobs sajaro skolebi, amasTan, igi uSvebs alternatiul

skolebs, maT Soris, religiur saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebs, sadac

religiis swavleba Sesabamisi aRmsareblobis mixedviT xdeba1485.

zogadad, istoriuli warsuliT qristianul saxelmwifoSi, Tuki

qristianobis Sesaxeb informacia religiis swavlebis nawilSi kurikulumis

1478 gaerTianebul samefoSi saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba religiuri skolis statuss iZens saxelmwifo mdivnis mier registraciis SemTxvevaSi, Tuki skola dafuZnebulia religiuri gaerTianebis mier an religiuri motiviT. ix., Sandberg R., Law and Religion, New

York, 2011, 161. 1479 Cumper P., The Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – The British Experience, in: Trans-


Sternberg, Baden-Baden, 2013, 191. 1480 Von Ungern-Sternberg A., Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – Great Britain and Ger-


A. Von Ungern-Sternberg, Baden-Baden, 2013, 209. 1481 Tuohy D., Denominational Education and Politics, Ireland in a European Context, Dublin, 2013, 193. 1482 Leirvåg and Ors v. Norway, UNHRC, Comm. No. 1155/2003, CCPR/C/82/D/1155/2003, 23 November 2004,

Para.14.7. 1483 ix., UNHRC, General Comment 22, Article 18 (Forty-eighth session, 1993). 1484 McConnell M.W., Garvey J.H., Berg Th.C., Religion and the Constitution, New York, 2011, 91. mag., gaer-Tianebul samefoSi, sadac religiuri ganaTleba skolebSi savaldebuloa, mSoblebs aqvT ufleba, sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr, moiTxovon Svilebis religiis gakveTilebisgan gaTa-visufleba; xolo fineTSi, sadac sajaro skolebSi evangelur-luTeranuli religiis gakveTilebi tardeba, sxva religiis warmomadgenlebs alternativis ufleba aqvT. ix., Cumper P., The Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – The British Experience, in: Transfor-


Sternberg, Baden-Baden, 2013, 195; Slotte P., Freedom of Religion, Freedom of Conscience and Education: A

Nordic Example, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by

C. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari and D. Thayer, Ashgate Publishing, 2013, 351. 1485 ix., Waldman v. Canada, UNHRC, Comm. No. 694/1996, CCPR/C/67/D/694/1996, 3 November 1999, Para.

10. 6.

189

umetesobas Seadgens, Tavis TavSi diskriminaciasa da pluralizmis principis

darRvevas an moswavleTa indoqtrinizacias ar gulisxmobs.1486 Tumca adami-

anis uflebaTa komiteti erTi romelime religiis swavlebas uflebis

darRvevad miiCnevs da rekomendacias gascems skolebSi religiis istoriisa

da eTikis swavlebis Taobaze, romelic maqsimalurad neitralurad da miuker-

Zoeblad unda ganxorcieldes.1487 sauniversiteto da saskolo kurikulumebma

unda uzrunvelyon msmenelTaTvis sxvadasxva religiis Sesaxeb informaciis

miwodeba, kacobriobis istoriis, kulturisa da filosofiis ganuyofel na-

wilad religiis aRqma.1488 amasTan, religiis swavlebisas an instruqtirebisas

aucilebelia uzrunvelyofil iqnes mecadineobebze ardaswrebis aradis-

kriminaciuli SesaZlebloba.1489 adamianis uflebaTa komitetma dagmo sa-

berZneTis politika, romliTac moswavles marTlmadideblobis

gakveTilebisgan gaTavisuflebis SesaZlebloba mxolod imis Semdeg eZleo-

daT, roca TavianTi religiis Taobaze ganacxadebdnen1490.

5.3.2. `religiis swavleba~ da `religiis Sesaxeb swavleba~

Sua saukuneebis eklesias dogmaturi swavleba hqonda Seqmnili imis

Taobaze, Tu risi Semecneba ekrZaleboda adamians.1491 Tumca mas Semdeg bevrma

welma ganvlo da ganviTarebam daamkvidra gansxvavebuli disciplinebi, mTeli

rigi im sagnebisa, romlebic yvela adamians evaleba safuZvlebis doneze mainc

icodes.

saswavlo kurikulumebSi religiis Sesaxeb codnis miwodeba sxvadasxva

Sinaarsisa da mimarTulebis sagnebiT aris uzrunvelyofili. religiuri ga-

naTleba (Religious Education), religiuri instruqtirebisgan (Religious Instruction)

gansxvavebiT, saxelmwifoTa did nawilSi dRemde savaldebuloa.1492 religi-

uri instruqtireba konkretuli religiis Sesaxeb codnis miwodebas gulisx-

mobs am religiis Rirseuli da mcodne warmomadgenlis aRzrdisa da ganvi-

Tarebis mizniT. es ki religiuri ganaTlebis Tanamedrove koncefciisgan mniS-

vnelovnad gansxvavdeba. amasTan, aRniSnuli konkretuli religiis swavlebis

avtomatur diskriminaciul xasiaTs ar gulisxmobs. mag., italiasa da es-

paneTSi, konkordatebiT aRebuli valdebulebebis gamo, kaTolicizmi yvela

skolaSia SeTavazebuli, Tumca saxelmwifo alternatiul gakveTilebsac

sTavazobs maT, visac kaTolicizmis gakveTilebze daswreba sakuTari rwmenisa

da mrwamis gamo ar surT.1493 konkretuli religiis swavlebis SemTxvevaSi, Sesa-

bamisma eklesiam an religiurma gaerTianebam SesaZloa daamtkicos an piriqiT,

1486 Folgerø and Others v. Norway, [ECtHR], App. no. 15472/02, 29 June 2007, Para. 86. 1487 boxaSvili b., religiis Tavisufleba, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(22), 2008, 61. 1488 Religion and Democracy, Recommendation 1396 (1999), Parliamentary Assembly of Council of Europe,

Para.10. 1489 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Gov-

ernance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 288. 1490 Report of The UNHRC, A/60/40 Vol. I (2005)60, Para.90(14). Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship

and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 288. 1491 maisuraZe g., marTlmadidebluri eTika da araTavisufali suli, Tbilisi, 2013, 39. 1492 Sandberg R., Law and Religion, New York, 2011, 154. 1493 Tuohy D., Denominational Education and Politics, Ireland in a European Context, Dublin, 2013, 192-193.

190

uaryos universitetis leqtoris Tanamdebobaze daniSvna religiuri sa-

fuZvliT, misi swavlebis an piradi cxovrebis gamo1494.

religiis swavleba da religiis Sesaxeb swavleba erTmaneTisgan mniSvne-

lovnad gansxvavdeba da isini erTmaneTis alternatiuli formebi araa.1495

religiis Sesaxeb swavleba mravalgvaradaa SesaZlebeli, aucilebelia igi

mxolod calkeul religiur Sexedulebebs ar moicavdes.1496 religiis Sesaxeb

swavlebisas saswavlo masala da maswavleblebic zogadabstraqtul, agnosti-

kur mimarTulebebs unda aviTarebdnen.1497 mas SesaZloa uzrunvelyofdes

religiuri gaerTianeba, saxelmwifo an orive erToblivad1498.

religiis Sesaxeb sagnebis Sinaarsi da swavlebis meTodika saxelmwifoTa

mixedviT gansxvavdeba. XX saukuneSi religiuri ganaTlebis kuTxiT mniSvne-

lovani cvlilebebi moxda, meore msoflio omamde marTlmadideblur Teolo-

giur skolebSi sxva religiebis Seswavlac daiwyes da axali disciplina

SemoiRes _ `religiis istoria~.1499 religiis istoria civilizaciebis ganvi-

TarebaSi religiis rolisa da gavlenis Sesaxeb informacias unda Seicav-

des.1500 fineTma jer kidev 1922 wlis `religiis Tavisuflebis aqtiT~ daadgina

religiuri ganaTlebis alternativa da moswavleTaTvis, romlebsac religiis

gakveTilebze daswreba ar surdaT, skolebSi axali sagani _ `religiisa da

eTikis istoria~ SemoiRo.1501 1997 wlidan norvegiam qristianuli religiis

Sesaxeb swavleba Caanacvla savaldebulo sagniT _ `qristianuli codna da

religiuri da eTikuri ganaTleba~.1502 aSS-is umaRlesi sasamarTlos

ganmartebiT ki, konstituciis pirveli Sesworeba uSvebs mxolod SedarebiTi

religiis an religiis istoriisa~ da bibliis, rogorc werilobiTi da istori-

uli maxasiaTeblebis mqone dokumentis, swavlebas1503.

5.4. religiis swavleba saqarTveloSi

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg saswavleblebma

saRvTo sjulis swavleba Tavisi iniciativiT aRadgines skolebSi.1504 qarTuli

1494 Von Ungern-Sternberg A., Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – Great Britain and Ger-


A. Von Ungern-Sternberg, Baden-Baden, 2013, 220. 1495 Education and Religion, Reccomendation 1720 (2005), Parliamentary Assembly of Council of Europe, Para.9. 1496 Greenawalt K., Religion and the Constitution, Vol.2: Establishment and Fairness, Princeton, 2008, 122. 1497 iqve, 127. 1498 Tuohy D., Denominational Education and Politics, Ireland in a European Context, Dublin, 2013, 185. 1499 mTavarepiskoposi anastasiosi, marTlmadideblobis damokidebuleba sxva reli-giebTan, z. juRelis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #7’06, 2006, 39. 1500 Greenawalt K., Religion and the Constitution, Vol.2: Establishment and Fairness, Princeton, 2008, 124. 1501 Slotte P., Freedom of Religion, Freedom of Conscience and Education: A Nordic Example, in: Law, Religion,

Constitution (Freedom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by C. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari

and D. Thayer, Ashgate Publishing, 2013, 338. 1502 Scheinen M., Secular Human Rights Perspectives, As a Challenge to Nordic Law & Religion Solutions, in:

in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century – Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S.

Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 552. 1503 Abidgton School District v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203, 225 (1963). 1504 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 12.

191

ganaTlebis aramdgradi sistemis cvlilebaTa paralelurad, icvleboda da

viTardeboda damokidebuleba religiis swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT. SeiZleba

iTqvas, saxelmwifom TandaTan Camoayaliba adekvaturi, marTebuli midgoma am

sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT. religiis swavleba imdenad mgrZnobiare Temaa, sax-

elmwifom maqsimalurad unda Seikavos Tavi da ar aiRos pasuxismgebloba,

aswavlos konkretuli religia. amasTan, mas ekrZaleba prozelitizmi da ro-

melime moZRvrebis privilegirebuli qadageba saganmanaTleblo

dawesebulebebSi.

saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba, maT Soris, konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, aRi-

arebs, rom religiis swavleba nebayoflobiTia. avtorizaciis standartis

Tanaxmad, skola unda axorcielebdes erovnuli saswavlo gegmis Sesabamis sa-

ganamanaTleblo programas. es ukanaskneli ki religiis sakiTxebis Seswavlas

aqcevs erTi didi, sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis sagnobrivi jgufis pro-

gramis farglebSi da moswavleebs religiis istoriis, eTikisa da Teologiis

safuZvlebis Sesaxeb informacias awvdis.1505 aRsaniSnavia, rom skolas ufleba

aqvs, ganaxorcielos erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli an gauT-

valiswinebeli damatebiTi saganmanaTleblo da saaRmzrdelo momsaxureba,1506

moiwvios Sesabamisi ganaTlebis mqone piri am kursis gasaZRolad. mTavaria,

skolas hqondes damatebiTi sagnis saswavlo gegma, romelic sagnis miznebs, Se-

fasebis principebs, saWiro saganmanaTleblo resursebis CamonaTvals moi-

cavs. ra Tqma unda, aRniSnuli konkretuli religiis Sesaxeb swavlebasac gu-

lisxmobs, Tumca es nebayoflobiT, moswavleTa religiiis Tavisuflebisa da

Tanasworobis principis dacviT unda ganxorcieldes.1507 kanonmdeblobis

Tanaxmad, sajaro skolis moswavleebs ufleba aqvT saskolo droisgan

Tavisufal dros nebayoflobiT Seiswavlon religia an Caataron religiuri

rituali, Tu igi religiuri ganaTlebis miRebas emsaxureba1508.

rac Seexeba umaRles saganmanaTlebo da profesiul dawesebulebebs, Ti-

Toeuli maTganis saganmanaTleblo programa damoukideblad gadis

akreditaciis process, Sesabamisad, dawesebuleba programas misaniWebeli

kvalifikaciis miznebis gaTvaliswinebiT qmnis da mas SeuZlia, programis ar-

sidan gamomdinare, gaiTvaliswinos religiis Sesaxeb savaldebulo an

arCeviTi kursebi, kanoniT dadgenili wesiT.

5.5. sapatriarqos daqvemdebarebuli saswavleblebi

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesia aqtiurad eweva saganmanaTleblo saqmi-

anobas da es rogorc zogad, ise profesiul da umaRles ganaTlebas exeba.

saqarTvelos sapatriarqos eqvemdebareba 37 zogadsaganmanaTleblo

1505 erovnuli saswavlo gegma 2011-2016, Tavi XXXV, sagnobrivi programebi sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi. 1506 `zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 33-e muxlis me-4 punqti. 1507 iqve, me-5 muxlis me-6 punqti, me-13 muxlis pirveli da me-6 punqtebi. 1508 iqve, me-18 muxlis me-4 punqti.

192

dawesebuleba mTeli qveynis masStabiT.1509 sapatriarqos dafuZnebulia sami

profesiuli saswavlebeli: a(a)ip profesiuli koleji ,,saqarTvelos sapatri-

arqos feriscvalebis dedaTa monasterTan arsebuli mowyalebis centri~;

a(a)ip profesiuli koleji ,,wminda eqvTime RvTiskacis saxelobis profe-

siuli saganmanaTleblo koleji~; a(a)ip sazogadoebrivi koleji ,,saqarTve-

los sapatriarqos dekoratiuli mebaReobis sazogadoebrivi koleji~.1510

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesias jamSi 9 umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo

dawesebuleba ekuTvnis, maTgan 2 universitetia1511 (a(a)ip - saqarTvelos sapa-

triarqos wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli universiteti;

a(a)ip - saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis

Tbilisis sasuliero akademia da seminaria), 4 _ saswavlo universiteti1512

(a(a)ip saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wminda tbel abuserisZis saxelobis

saswavlo universiteti; a(a)ip _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida Tamar

mefis saxelobis saswavlo universiteti; a(a)ip _ marTlmadidebluri

saRvTismetyvelo umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba _ giorgi mTa-

wmindelis saxelobis saeklesio galobis umaRlesi saswavlebeli; a(a)ip _

marTlmadidebluri saRvTismetyvelo umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo

dawesebuleba _ saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli

eklesiis gelaTis sasuliero akademia da seminaria), xolo 3 _ koleji1513

(a(a)ip _ wmida maqsime aRmsareblis saxelobis cageris sasuliero seminaria;

saqarTvelos sapatriarqo gremis sasuliero seminaria; a(a)ip _ saqarTvelos

sapatriarqos wmida ioane RvTismetyvelis saxelobis baTumis sasuliero sem-

inaria).1514

5.6. sapatriarqos daqvemdebarebul saganmanaTleblo

dawesebulebaTa da maT mier gacemuli diplomebis aRiareba

konstituciuri SeTanxmebis mixedviT, saxelmwifom da eklesiam aRiares

Sesabamisi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis mier gacemuli ganaTlebis dam-

adasturebeli dokumentebi, samecniero xarixebi da wodebebi.1515 Tumca am

normis aRsasruleblad aucilebeli `kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli wesi~

karga xani ver SemuSavda. 2005 wlis 22 ianvars eklesiasa da ganaTlebisa da

mecnierebis saministros Soris daido memorandumi, romlis mTavari mizani

1509 saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros 2015 wlis 18 agvistos werili #MES 11500792828. 1510 iqve. 1511 usd, romelic axorcielebs samive safexuris umaRles saganamanaTleblo programasa da samecniero kvlevas. ix., ùmaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-2 muxlis `h18~ qvepunqti. 1512 usd, romelic axorcielebs umaRles, maT Soris magistraturis, saganmanaTleblo pro-gramas/programebs (garda doqtoranturisa). ix., iqve, `h33~ qvepunqti. 1513 usd, romelic axorcielebs akademiuri umaRlesi ganaTlebis mxolod pirveli safexu-ris saganmanaTleblo programas. ix., iqve, `R1~ qvepunqti. 1514 saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros 2015 wlis 18 agvistos werili #MES 11500792828 da werilis danarTi. 1515 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlma-didebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-5 muxlis me-2 punqti.

193

konstituciiT nakisri valdebulebebis praqtikuli ganxorcieleba iyo, unda

Seqmniliyo muSa jgufebi, romlebic amasTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva sakiTxs

moagvarebdnen.1516

samwuxarod, 2012 wlis sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebamde saqarTvelos

eklesiis mier gacemuli ganaTlebis damadasturebeli dokumentebis, same-

cniero xarisxebisa da wodebebis aRiarebis erTiani sakanonmdeblo

standarti ar arsebobda. amasTan, eklesias daqvemdebarebuli sa-

ganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi saxelmwifos mxridan raime saxis legitima-

cias ar saWiroebdnen.

2012 wlis 28 dekembris sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebiT, ganaTlebisa da

mecnirebis saministrosa da sapatriarqos daevalaT 2005-2012 wlebSi

gacemuli/gasacemi ganaTlebis damadasturebeli dokumentebis aRiarebis sa-

kiTxis Seswavla, xolo maTi aRiarebis wesis ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis mier

damtkiceba,1517 rac warmatebiT ganxorcielda.1518 eklesiis mier dafuZnebuli

saRvTismetyvelo umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi 2015 wlis 1

ianvridan daeqvemdebara avtorizacias saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadge-

nili wesiT.1519 2013 wlis 22 martis cvlilebebiT ki marTlmadideblur

saRvTismetyvelo umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi 2013 wlis er-

Tian gamocdebamde Caricxuli studentebi CaiTvalnen kanonmdeblobis Sesa-

bamisad Caricxul studentebad.1520

samwuxarod, kanonmdebelma uSualod kaTolikos-patriarqs mianiWa

ufleba 2015 wlis 1 ianvramde daedgina marTlmadidebluri saRvTismetyvelo

umaRlesi ganaTlebis sferoSi akademiuri xarisxis miniWebis wesi da Tavadve

mieniWebina xarisxi,1521 romlis damadasturebeli diplomi saxelmwifos mier

aRiarebul dokumentad miiCnia1522. am SemTxvevaSi, hipoTeturad saxelmwifom

SesaZlebloba misca uflebamosil pirs Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr, mis mier

dadgenili wesiT gaeca diplomi da mieniWebina akademiuri xarisxi, amasTan, es

avtomatur reJimSi, gadamowmebisa da detaluri Semowmebis gareSe, Zalmosi-

lad aRiara. aRsaniSnavia, rom 2015 wlis 27 noembris sakanonmdeblo

cvlilebebiT marTlmadidebluri saRvTismetyvelo dawesebulebebis sta-

tusTan dakavSirebiT axleburi mowesrigeba damkvidrda da mas kidev ufro

1516 ix., saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrosa da saqarTvelos sa-mociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis erToblivi komisiis 2005 wlis 22 ian-vris urTierTgagebis memorandumi. 1517 ùmaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 893-e muxlis pirveli punqti. 1518 saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ministris 2013 wlis 23 agvistos 115/n brZa-neba `saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis saganmanaTle-blo dawesebulebebis mier 2005 wlidan 2013 wlis pirvel ianvramde gacemuli/gasacemi ga-naTlebis damadasturebeli dokumentebis aRiarebis wesis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~. 1519 ùmaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 894-e muxli, `ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 321-e muxli. 1520 ùmaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 896-e muxli. 1521 iqve, 895-e muxlis pirveli punqti. 1522 iqve, me-2 punqti.

194

didi Tavisufleba mieca, rac sistemuri TvalsazrisiT, gamarTlebuli

araa1523.

saboloo jamSi, konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT nakisri valdebuleba dagvi-

anebiT, magram saxelmwifom mainc ganaxorciela da daadgina saganama-

naTleblo saswavleblebis, dokumentaciisa da akademiuri xarisxis aRiarebis

erTiani standarti. ramdenime mimarTulebiT samuSao kidev arsebobs,

aucilebelia sawyisi status qvos SenarCuneba da Semdgom ganviTarebaze mu-

Saoba, raTa ganaTlebis sistema evropul sivrcesTan am kuTxiTac maqsimalu-

rad iyos harmonizebuli.

5.7. religia da qarTuli saganmanaTleblo sivrcis problemebi

saxelmwifos mier konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT nakisri valdebulebebi ga-

naTlebis sferoSi bolo ramdenime welia metnaklebi warmatebiT sruldeba.

upirveles yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia 2012-2013 wlebis sakanonmdeblo

cvlilebebi, romliTac didwilad gadawyda problemuri sakiTxebi da

eklesiis saRvTismetyvelo dawesebulebaTa mier gacemuli xarisxebis,

diplomebisa da dokumentebis aRiareba samarTlebriv CarCoebSi moTavsda. ra

Tqma unda, eklesias daqvemdebarebuli sxva saswavleblebi isedac samarTle-

brivi mowesrigebis qveS eqcevian da maTze saerTo saganmanaTleblo

standarti moqmedebs.

samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, skolebSi religiuri Tavisuflebis uzrun-

velyofis mizniT sakmaod moculobiTi sakanonmdeblo baza arsebobs. zogad

ganaTlebaSi saxelmwifos oficialuri politikis erT-erTi aucilebeli el-

ementia saxelmwifos valdebuleba, uzrunvelyos sajaro skolis damoukide-

bloba religiuri gaerTianebebisgan.1524 am SemTxvevaSi kerZo skolebisTvis

damoukidebloba garantirebulia, radganac SesaZloa skola Tavad atarebdes

religiur xasiaTs. kanonmdeblobiT, moswavles, mSobelsa da maswavlebels ar

SeiZleba daekisros iseTi valdebulebebi, romlebic maT rwmenasa da religias

ewinaaRmdegeba.1525 skola valdebulia, daicvas da xeli Seuwyos moswavleebs,

mSoblebsa da maswavleblebs Soris Semwynareblobisa da urTierTpativisce-

mis damkvidrebas, ganurCevlad maTi religiuri da msoflmxedvelobrivi

kuTvnilebisa.1526 Tumca kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs skolis mier moswavlis,

mSoblisa da maswavleblis, agreTve, gaerTianebebis uflebebisa da Tavisu-

flebebis aradiskriminaciuli da neitraluri SezRudvis wesebis dadgenas,

Tuki arsebobs religiuri SuRlis gaRvivebis safuZvliani da gardauvali saf-

rTxe1527.

1523 ix., ùmaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonSi cvlilebis Setanis Taobaze~ saqarTvelos 2015 wlis 27 noembris kanoni. 1524 `zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-3 muxlis me-2 punqtis `g~ qve-punqti. 1525 iqve, me-18 muxlis me-2 punqti. 1526 iqve, me-13 muxlis me-6 punqti. 1527 iqve, me-8 muxlis me-3 punqtis `g~ qvepunqti.

195

miuxedavad yovelive amisa, ganaTlebis sistemaSi rwmenisa da aRmsare-

blobis uflebaTa dacvisa da realizaciis mxriv sakmaod bevri problemaa,

romlebic ZiriTad ganaTlebis sferoSi marTlmadideblobis integrirebas

ukavSirdeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom es problemebi xSir SemTxvevaSi ufro so-

cialuri xasiaTisaa, vidre wminda samarTlebrivi. sajaro skolis teritori-

aze religiuri simboloebis ganTavseba araakademiur miznebs ar unda emsax-

urebodes.1528 miuxedavad msgavsi debulebisa, skolebis umravlesobaSi

religiuri simboloebi ganTavsebulia, ufro metic, xSirad xdeba koleqti-

uri locva da a.S. samwuxarod, ganaTlebis saministro saxelmwifos masStabiT

ver uzrunvelyofs am mimarTulebiT kontrols. es skolebisa da

maswavleblebis donezea gadasawyveti da pirdapir marTlSegnebasTanaa da-

kavSirebuli.

samwuxarod, sajaro skolebSi didia indoqtrinizaciis safrTxe. xSirad

maswavleblebi TavianTi iniciativiT ewevian irib prozelitizms. mag., simon

sxirtlaZis saxelobis onis sajaro skolaSi biologiis maswavlebelma 13 wlis

bavSvi marTlmadideblad mSoblebis Tanmobis gareSe monaTla.1529 aRniSnulma

faqtma didi rezonansi gamoiwvia, Tumca es erTi konkretuli SemTxvevaa, ro-

melic gacilebiT ufro globalur problemas warmoadgens. ver xerxdeba

konkretul faqtebze adekvaturi reagireba, rac, saboloo jamSi, situaciis

qaosurobas ganapirobebs. aseve, ar xorcieldeba kontroli religiur skole-

bze, romlebic, rogorc kerZo skolebi, mniSvnelovani avtonomiiT sargeblo-

ben.

aucilebelia, sajaro skolebSi religiis Tavisuflebis Taobaze infor-

maciis permanentuli miwodeba da muSaoba pedagogebTan, aseve, mkacri moni-

toringisa da zedamxedvelobis daweseba, romelic moswavleebisa da maTi

mSoblebis kanonier interesebsa da ZiriTad uflebebs realurad daicavs. ka-

nonmdebelma unda Seqmnas iseTi samarTlebrivi sivrce, romelSic aradis-

kriminaciuli garemo iarsebebs. amasTan, praqtikaSi seriozulad gadasaxedia

sapatriarqos mier dafuZnebul an mis kontrols daqvemdebarebul

saswavlebelTa avtorizaciisa da maT mier gansaxorcielebeli akademiuri

programebis akreditaciis politika.

6. religia, sasjelaRsrulebisa da Tavdacvis sistemebi

6.1. sasjelaRsrulebisa da Tavdacvis dawesebulebebSi

religiis integrirebis praqtika

religiis roli iseT sistemebSi, rogoricaa sasjelaRsrulebisa da Tav-

dacvis sferoebi, uaRresad mniSvnelovania. erTi mxriv, patimrebis, meore

mxriv ki, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis meomrebis, jariskacTa sulieri mdgomareoba

msgavsi sistemebis mdgradobisa da brZolisunarianobisaTvis

ganmsazRvrelia. saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba aRiarebs msgavs mowyvlad

1528 iqve, me-18 muxlis me-3 punqti. 1529 Study of Religious Discrimination and Constitutional Secularism in Georgia, Tolerance and Diversity Insti-

tute, Tbilisi, 2014, 29.

196

jgufebSi religiuri Tematikis aqtualobas da cdilobs, maqsimalurad Seu-

wyos xeli samxedro mosamsaxureTa da patimarTaTvis religiuri Tavisu-

flebis praqtikul ganxorcielebas.

norvegiis penitenciur dawesebulebebSi 1851 wlidan moqmedebs moZRvris

(kapelanis) instituti, ufro metic, SeiZleba iTqvas, norvegiis eklesiis

mRvdlebi maqsimalurad arian integrirebuli sasjelaRsrulebis procesSi,

mis ganuyofel nawilsac warmoadgenen.1530 aqve aRsaniSnavia, miuxedavad imisa,

rom yvela msjavrdebuls Tanabari ufleba aqvs rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis

TvalsazrisiT, praqtikaSi araluTeranTa da araqristianTa uflebebis real-

izacia mkveTrad SezRudulia.1531 danias, garda dominanti religiis msax-

urebisa, oficialurad hyavs ramdenime daqiravebuli imami, raTa muslim

msjavrdebulTa religiuri Tavisufleba maqsimalurad iyos uzrun-

velyofili1532.

saberZneTSi SeiaraRebul da sapolicio ZalebSi momsaxure mRvdlebs

oficris Cini eniWebaT, Sesabamisad, sargebloben Cinis Tanmxlebi yvela SeRa-

vaTiT, xelfasiTa da pensiiT.1533 espaneTSi koTolike samxedroTa religiuri

mxardaWera 1979 wlis SeTanxmebis safuZvelze miRebuli #1145/1990 samefo

dekretiT xorcieldeba, romelmac SeiaraRebul ZalebSi specialuri

struqtura _ religiuri mxardaWeris samsaxuri Seqmna.1534 belgiaSi ofi-

cialurad aRiarebuli religiebi niSnaven kapelanebs SeiaraRebul Zalebsa da

sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebebSi, romelTa anazRaurebasac saxelmwifo

uzrunvelyofs1535.

TiToeuli saxelmwifos praqtika gansxvavebulia, Tumca, ZiriTad Sem-

TxvevaSi yvela qveyana dominanti religiis warmomadgenlebs maqsimalurad

aZlevs saSualebas, sakuTari religiuri uflebebi praqtikaSi ganaxor-

cielon. ra Tqma unda, aucilebelia, amis paralelurad, sxva religiis aRmsa-

rebelTa da aTeistTa uflebebi iyos daculi da yovelive es aradiskrimi-

naciul safuZvelze ganxorcieldes.

6.2. religia da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis sistema

6.2.1. samxedroTa rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebul ZalebSi samxedro mosamsaxureTa religiuri

Tavisufleba kanonmdeblobaSi Zalze zogadadaa mowesrigebuli. rwmenisa da

1530 Furseth I., The Ambiguity of Secular and Religious Space: The Norwegian Penitentiary System, in: Secular


Breemen, J. Casanova and T. Wyller, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014, 156. 1531 iqve, 161. 1532 iqve, 154. 1533 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 36. 1534 Arribas S. C., Religious Equality in the Spanish Constitutional System, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Free-

dom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer,

2013, 309. 1535 Van Haegendoren G., Alen A., The Constitutional Relationship Between Church and State, in: Treatise on

Belgian Constitutional Law, Edited by A. Alen, Boston, 1992, 267.

197

aRmsareblobis uflebis realizaciis sakiTxs `samxedro mosamsaxuris sta-

tusis Sesaxeb~ kanoni gansazRvravs, romlis mixedviTac, samxedro mosamsax-

ures ufleba aqvs, aRiaros nebismieri religia, aRasrulos religiuri wes-

Cveulebebi, mTavari pirobaa, rom am yovelivem xeli ar SeuSalos samsax-

urebrivi movaleobis SesrulebaSi.1536 amasTan, aucilebelia, religiuri wes-

Cveulebebis aRsruleba aradiskriminaciulad ganxorcieldes da aman

damatebiTi SeRavaTebisTvis pirobebi ar Seqmnas1537.

SeiaraRebul ZalebSi rogorc marTlmadidebeli, ise aramarTlmadidebeli

samxedro mosamsaxureebi sargebloben SesaZleblobiT, sadResaswaulo

dReebSi monawileoba miiRon sazeimo RonisZiebebSi maTi aRmsareblobis

sulier centrebsa da sakulto dawesebulebebSi.1538

6.2.2. konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT nakisri valdebulebis Sesruleba

konstituciurma SeTanxmebam samxedro moZRvris (kapelanis) instituti

daamkvidra da saxelmwifom aiRo valdebuleba, masTan dakavSirebiT Sesabam-

isi samarTlebrivi aqti mieRo. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom valdebuleba nawilobriv

ganxorcielda.

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebul ZalebSi samxedro moZRvrebTan (kapelanebTan)

aqtiur TanamSromlobasa da urTierTobas generaluri Stabis J-1 piradi

Semadgenlobis departamenti uzrunvelyofs.1539 samxedro moZRvari

(kapelani) specialuri Tanamdebobaa, romelzec daniSnul pirTan samsax-

urebrivi urTierTobebi Tanamdebobis specifikidan gamomdinare gan-

isazRvreba.1540 dReisaTvis saqarTvelos SeiaraRebul ZalebSi 31 samxedro

moZRvari (kapelani) moRvaweobs1541.

samwuxarod, samxedro moZRvarTa institutis detaluri mowesrigeba

qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi ar arsebobs. Sesabamisad, araa miRebuli erTiani

wesi, konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli samarTlebrivi aqti, ro-

melic samarTlebriv doneze daadgenda erTian midgomasa da standarts.

faqtobrivad, marTlmadidebel eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris amasTan da-

kavSirebiT raime problema ar iqmneba. kapelanebad marTlmadidebeli

moZRvrebi msaxuroben da garda amisa, saqarTvelos SeiaraRebul ZalebSi

moqmedebs 11 marTlmadidebeluri eklesia da 11 samlocvelo, 10 eklesia

1536 `samxedro mosamsaxuris statusis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-7 muxlis pirveli winadadeba. 1537 iqve, me-7 muxlis me-2 winadadeba. 1538 saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministros 2015 wlis 13 agvistos werili #MOD 01500656805. 1539 saqarTvelos Tavdacvis ministris 2009 wlis 19 ivnisis #448 brZanebiT damtkicebuli `saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis generaluri Stabis J-1 piradi Semadgenlobis depar-tamentis debulebis~ me-6 muxlis `C~ qvepunqti. 1540 saqarTvelos Tavdacvis ministris 2011 wlis 21 ivlisis #583 brZanebiT damtkicebuli `saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministros generaluri Stabis da saxmeleTo jarebis TanamSro-melTa/mosamsaxureTa samsaxuris gavlis wesis~ me-6 muxlis me-3 punqti. 1541 saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministros 2015 wlis 13 agvistos werili #MOD 01500656805.

198

Sendeba,1542 rac mxareebs Soris arsebul konstruqciul da samuSao ur-

TierTobebze miuTiTebs. miuxedavad amisa, samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba

aucilebelia da sakanonmdeblo sivrce aucileblad unda Seivsos, raTa am in-

stitutis moqmedeba da konstituciuri SeTanxmebis aRsruleba konkretuli

ministris keTil nebaze an mmarTveli politikuri Zalis interesebze ar iyos

damokidebuli. erTiani midgoma, romelic samarTlebriv donezea uzrun-

velyofili, gacilebiT mdgrad da stabilur urTierTobebs ganapirobebs.

6.3. religia da saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis sistema

6.3.1. braldebulisa da msjavrdebulis rwmenisa

da aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba

braldebulisa da msjavrdebulis uflebebis dacva Tanamedrove demo-

kratiebSi erT-erTi yvelaze problemuri sakiTxia. nebismieri ganviTarebuli

saxelmwifo gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiTa da sifrTxiliT ekideba am mowy-

vladi jgufis uflebebis ganxorcielebisaTvis saTanado pirobebis Seqmnis

sakiTxs. miT umetes Zalian mniSvnelovania penitenciur dawesebulebebSi mo-

Tavsebul pirTa religiis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa, radgan izolaciis

pirobebSi adamianis sulieri mdgomareoba gansxvavebul mdgomareobaSia. am

dros ki piris rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis realizacia sas-

icocxlod aucilebelia.

saqarTvelos konstituciidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos patimrobis ko-

deqsi aRiarebs braldebulisa da msjavrdebulis uflebas, monawileoba mii-

Ros religiur RonisZiebebSi,1543 mas aqvs ufleba, monawileoba miiRos

religiur ritualebSi, Sexvdes sasuliero pirebs,1544 Tan iqonios da

isargeblos religiuri literaturiTa da sakulto sagnebiT,1545 individu-

aluri religiuri kultis sagnebiT, garda mCxvletavi, basri, Zvirfasi li-

Tonebis da qvis nakeTobebisa an im sagnisa, romelic warmoadgens kulturul

da istoriul faseulobas.1546 religiur ritualebs braldebuli/msjavr-

debuli asrulebs sakanSi, xolo SesaZleblobis arsebobisas, am mizniT

mowyobil SenobebSi, im religiuri konfesiebis Sesabamisad, romlebsac isini

1542 iqve. 1543 saqarTvelos patimrobis kodeqsis me-14 muxlis pirveli nawilis `g~ qvepunqti. 1544 braldebulisa da msjavrdebulis religiur ritualebSi monawileobisa da sasuliero pirebTan Sexvedris wesi ganisazRvreba specialuri normatiuli aqtiT. iqve, me-4 nawili; ix., saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis, probaciisa da iuridiuli daxmarebis sakiTxTa minis-tris 2010 wlis 30 dekembris #187 brZaneba braldebulTa/msjavrdebulTa religiur rit-ualebSi monawileobisa da sasuliero pirebTan Sexvedris uflebis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb~. 1545 saqarTvelos patimrobis kodeqsis me-14 muxlis me-3 nawili. 1546 `braldebulTa/msjavrdebulTa religiur ritualebSi monawileobisa da sasuliero pirebTan Sexvedris uflebis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis, probaciisa da iuridiuli daxmarebis sakiTxTa ministris 2010 wlis 30 dekembris #187 brZanebis me-6 muxli.

199

miekuTvnebian.1547 patimrobis kodeqsiT uzrunvelyofilia piris ufleba, sa-

kuTari saxsrebiT, gonivruli odenobiT, gamoiweros religiuri litera-

tura1548.

penitenciur dawesebulebebSi nebadarTulia Sesabamisi religiuri

sasuliero piris momsaxureba nebismieri aRmsareblobis pirTan

mimarTebiT.1549 saxelmwifo nebismier braldebulsa da msjavrdebuls, ga-

nurCevlad maTi religiuri mrwamsisa, Tanabari uflebebiT aRWuravs da

erTnairad uzrunvelyofs religiis Tavisuflebis praqtikul realizacias,

ra Tqma unda, kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiTa da sasjelaRsrulebis

dawesebulebis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT.

6.3.2. konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT nakisri valdebulebis Sesruleba

konstituciurma SeTanxmebam sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebebSi

moZRvris institutis Seqmnas da amasTan dakavSirebiT Sesabamisi samarTle-

brivi aqtis miReba gaiTvaliswina.1550 konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT nakisri

valdebuleba, SesaZleblobis farglebSi, penitenciur sistemaSi gaT-

valiswinebulia, amasTan, es yovelive aradiskriminaciulad, Tanasworobis

dacviT ganxorcielda. aRsaniSnavia, rom konstituciuri SeTanxmebis

dadebamde eklesia da saxelmwifo aqtiurad TanamSromlobdnen sasje-

laRsrulebis sferoSi, ufro metic, patimarTa da msjavrdebulTa sulieri

amaRlebisa da sasjelaRsrulebis sistemaSi eklesiis keTilismyofeli rolis

gaZlierebisa da adamianis religiuri uflebebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT 2001

wels specialuri xelSekrulebac daido.1551 xelSekrulebiT saxelmwifom

aiRo valdebuleba, gamoeyo penitenciur dawesebulebebSi specialuri farTi

samlocveloebis mosawyobad.1552 Tavis mxriv, eklesiam iTava moZRvrebis mi-

vlineba dawesebulebebSi saRmrTo liturgiisa da sxva saeklesio wesebis aRs-

rulebis mizniT.1553 am xelSekrulebisa da konstituciuri SeTanxmebis sa-

fuZvelze, amJamad 5 penitenciuri dawesebulebis teritoriaze mdebareobs

marTlmadidebluri eklesia, xolo 14-Si mowyobilia marTlmadidebluri sam-

locvelo1554.

marTlmadidebeli eklesiisa da sxva registrirebuli religiuri organi-

zaciebisa Tu tradiciuli konfesiebis warmomadgenlebi daiSvebian penten-

ciur dawesebulebebSi Sesabamisi religiuri organizaciisa da dawesebulebis

1547 iqve, me-4 muxli. 1548 saqarTvelos patimrobis kodeqsis me-20 muxlis me-4 nawili. 1549 saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebisa da probaciis saministros 2015 wlis 19 agvistos we-rili #MCLA 91500682903. 1550 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlma-didebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-2 muxli. 1551 ix., saqarTvelos iusticiis saministrosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis 2001 wlis 20 aprilis xelSekruleba. 1552 iqve, pirveli punqti. 1553 iqve, me-2 punqti. 1554 saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebisa da probaciis saministros 2015 wlis 19 agvistos we-rili #MCLA 91500682903.

200

winaswari SeTanxmebiT.1555 Tanxmoba gaicema Sesabamisi religiuri organi-

zaciis werilobis mimarTvis safuZvelze, romelSic aRniSnuli unda iyos or-

ganizaciis dasaxeleba, warmomadgenlis vinaoba, vizitis mizani da

xangrZlivoba1556.

konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli samarTlebrivi aqtic

miRebulia. `braldebulTa/msjavrdebulTa religiur ritualebSi

monawileobisa da sasuliero pirebTan Sexvedris uflebis ganxorcielebis

Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis, probaciisa da iuridiuli daxmare-

bis sakiTxTa ministris 2010 wlis 30 dekembris #187 brZaneba gansazRvravs

rogorc marTlmadidebeli moZRvris, ise sxva religiuri gaerTianebis

sasuliero pirisa da braldebulis/msjavrdebulis urTierTobebs, aseve, pen-

itenciur dawesebulebebSi religiuri ritualebis Sesrulebis principebs.

garda amisa, 2006 wels daido specialuri SeTanxmeba, romelmac probacion-

erTa da arapatimar msjavrdebulTa realizaciis sferoSi eklesiisa da sax-

elmwifos TanamSromlobis ZiriTadi principebi daadgina.1557 SeTanxmebiT

mxareebma TanamSromlobis konkretuli formebi gansazRvres,1558 saxelmwifom

ikisra vadebuleba, Seeqmna probaciis biuroebsa da arasapatimro sasjelTa

aRsrulebis dawesebulebebSi RvTismsaxurebisTvis saWiro pirobebi,1559 xolo

eklesiam _ pirTa religiuri uflebebis realizaciis xelSewyoba1560 da rac

mTavaria, arapatimar msjavrdebulTa da probacionerTa sxvadasxva formiT

CarTva SromiT saqmianobaSi, maT Soris, saeklesio-samonastro meurneobebSi,

eklesia-monastrebis mSeneblobaSi da sxv.1561 am formiT eklesiam da sax-

elmwifom konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli socialuri dacvis

erToblivi programis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba1562, faqtobrivad praqtikaSi ga-

naxorcieles.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sasjelaRsrulebis sferoSi saxelmwifos mier kon-

stituciuri SeTanxmebiT nakisri valdebuleba da Sesabamisad, am kuTxiT kon-

stituciuri SeTanxmeba sruldeba, amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom es sxva pirTa Tu

religiur organizaciaTa uflebebis SezRudvisa Tu darRvevis gareSe ganx-

orcielda.

1555 `braldebulTa/msjavrdebulTa religiur ritualebSi monawileobisa da sasuliero pirebTan Sexvedris uflebis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis, probaciisa da iuridiuli daxmarebis sakiTxTa ministris 2010 wlis 30 dekembris #187 brZa-nebis me-2 muxli. 1556 iqve, me-3 muxli. 1557 2006 wlis 1 martis SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlma-didebel eklesiasa da saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros Soris probacionerTa da ara-patimar msjavrdebulTa resocializaciis sferoSi. 1558 iqve, me-2 muxli. 1559 iqve, me-3 muxli. 1560 iqve, me-4 muxli. 1561 iqve, me-5 muxli. 1562 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlma-didebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-4 muxlis me-3 punqti.

201

VI. daskvna

saukuneebis manZilze gamocdil da kargad aprobirebul urTierTobebs XXI

saukune uamrav axal gamowvevas usaxavs. erTi SexedviT martivi institutebi,

romlebic saxelmwifoebriv sistemasa da samarTlebriv sivrceSi aprobirebu-

lia, SesaZloa uamrav problemas warmoSobdes. am mimarTulebiT erT-erTi

yvelaze mgrZnobiare sfero saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierTobaa.

Tanamedrove samyaroSi miRebuli sekularizmi, samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi

uaryofiTad aRiqmeba da es ara imdenad misi Sinaarsis, ramdenadac Tavad ter-

minisa da zogierTi marginalizebuli jgufis mier am cnebis interpre-

taciisadmi damokidebulebaa, rac ufro metad Seucnoblis SiSs hgavs, vidre

argumentirebul, sinamdvilis obieqtur aRqmaze dafuZnebul grZnobas.

kvlevis Sedegad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sekularizmi mravaldoniani

movlenaa da misi erTi mimarTulebiT warmoCena arasworia. religiis sa-

kiTxebSi saxelmwifos neitraluri da miukerZoebeli pozicia ar unda iqnes

imgvarad gagebuli, TiTqos amiT saxelmwifo istoriulad aRiarebul da

damkvidrebul, mosaxleobis umravlesobis eklesiis rolis an rwmenis

daknineba xdeba.1563 amasTan, neitraliteti daculia, Tuki upiratesoba

TanamSromlobis models eniWeba. mTavaria, sxva pirTa religiuri uflebebi da

Tanasworobis principi ar dairRves.

saqarTvelos konstituciur SeTanxmebas srulyofilebamde bevri uklia,

ufro metic, igi terminologiurad, Sinaarsobrivad da samarTlebrivad

uamrav problemas moicavs da warmoSobs kidec. aucilebelia maTi gam-

osworeba da ukeTesi mowesrigebis dadgena, raTa konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT

dadgenili wesrigi srulad Seerwyas erTian qarTul saxelmwifoebriv or-

ganizmsa da samarTlebriv sivrces, amasTan, am procesSi sxvaTa uflebebi

maqsimalurad iyos daculi.

1. upirveles yovlisa, saqarTvelos konstituciur SeTanxmebas, rogorc

samarTlebriv aqts, unda Seecvalos aqtis formaluri saxelwodeba. `kon-

stituciuri~ unda Caanacvlos `sakonstituciom~, riTac sabolood

dadgindeba SeTanxmebis samarTlebrivi buneba da idea, _ igi konstituciaze

dafuZnebuli, konstituciiisken mimarTuli gaxdeba, nacvlad imisa, rom

ubralod konstituciasTan Sesabamiss aRniSnavdes. miT umetes, rom `kon-

stituciuri SeTanxmeba~ SeiZleba ewodos nebismier SeTanxmebas, romelic

Tavisi arsiT konstitucias Seesabameba, rac Tavad konstituciuri SeTanx-

mebis mniSvnelobasa da statuss mniSvnelovnad akninebs.

2. saqarTvelos konstituciiTa da `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTve-

los kanoniT dadgenili normatiuli aqtebis sistema konstituciur SeTanx-

mebas ierarqiaSi meore adgils aniWebs, riTac xazgasmulia misi upiratesoba

rogorc Sidaerovnul kanonmdeblobasTan, ise saerTaSoriso aqtebTan. amas-

Tan, konstituciuri SeTanxmeba unda Seesabamebodes saerTaSoriso sa-

1563 97 Members of the Gldani Congregation of Jehovah’s Witnesses and Others v. Georgia, [ECtHR] App.no.

71156/01, 3 May 2007, Paras. 131-132.

202

marTliT sayovelTaod aRiarebul adamianis ZiriTad uflebebsa da Tavisu-

flebebs, rac ierarqiul urTierTobebs sruliad bundovansa da absurduls

xdis. saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTao normebi da principebi adamianis

ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis sferoSi aucileblad iqneba

pozitiursamarTlebrivi formiT, saerTaSoriso aqtebSi mocemuli.

imavdroulad, es ukanaskneli Tavad eqvemdebareba SeTanxmas.

konstituciuri SeTanxmeba unda Seesabamebodes saqarTvelos konstitu-

cias, rac avtomaturad gulisxmobs imis aucileblobasac, rom igi unda iyos

konstituciis meore TaviT aRiarebul adamianis ZiriTad uflebebTan

TanxvedraSi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu konstituciur SeTanxmebasa da konstituciiT

aRiarebul ZiriTad uflebebs Soris winaaRmdegoba iqneba, dainteresebuli

piris sarCelis/wardginebis safuZvelze, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasa-

marTlo sakonstitucio samarTalwarmoebis saSualebiT gadawyvets davas.

aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebelia, cvlileba Sevides saqarTvelos konstitu-

ciis me-9 muxlis me-2 punqtSi da amoRebul iqnes me-2 punqtis me-2 winadadeba,

romlis arseboba, sakanomdeblo teqnikis TvalsazrisiT, arc valdebulebas

da arc uflebaTa dacvis meqanizmis qmediTobas ar ukavSirdeba. sakonstitu-

cio cvlileba unda aisaxos `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos

kanonis me-7 muxlis me-4 punqtSi, romlis pirveli winadadeba, aseve,

amoRebuli unda iqnes.

3. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis ramdenime debuleba pirdapir ewinaaRmdeg-

eba saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxlis pirveli punqtiT aRiarebul

eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTdamoukideblobisa da gamijvnis princips. kon-

stituciuri SeTanxmebis me-2 muxlis me-2 winadadebiT saxelmwifo aRsarebis

saidumlos dacvis valdebulebas adgens, rac sruliad alogikuria, radgan

mas ar SeuZlia Caerios eklesiis Sida saqmeebSi, miT umetes, mRvdelmsaxurs

religiuri xasiaTis valdebuleba akidos. normatiulad dadgenili piris

valdebuleba mesame pirTa mimarT negatoruli valdebulebiT unda Canacvl-

des. unda Sevides cvlileba konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-2 muxlSi da misi

meore winadadeba Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT: àravis aqvs ufleba,

sasuliero pirs mosTxovos informacia, romelic mas, rogorc sulier

moZRvars, gaandes an misTvis, rogorc sasuliero pirisaTvis, gaxda cnobili.~.

4. sruliad gaumarTlebelia saxelmwifos mxridan eklesiasTan SeTanx-

mebiT eklesiis oficialuri teminologiisa da simbolikis gamoyeneba,

saRvTismsaxuro produqciis damzadeba, Semotanasa da miwodebaze licen-

zia/nebarTvis gacemis valdebulebis aReba. qarTuli eklesia sruli

subieqtunarianobiT sargeblobs, mas aqvs sakuTari uflebebis dacvis sa-

marTlebrivi da praqtikuli SesaZlebloba. amasTan, aRniSnuli valdebuleba

ara ubralod keTili nebis gamovlena, aramed saxelmwifosTvis religiuri

funqciebis mikuTvnebaa, radgan am yovelives administrireba da praqtikuli

realizacia eklesias, rogorc ssip-s, isedac ZaluZs. aqedan gamomdinare, kon-

stituciuri SeTanxmebis me-6 muxlis me-5 punqti unda gauqmdes.

5. konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT, eklesia uSualod ar axorcielebs same-

warmeo saqmianobas, rac orgvarad SeiZleba iqnes gagebuli. erTi mxriv, normis

konstruqcia deklaraciuli xasiaTisaa, Sesabamisad, igi araviTar

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valdebulebas warmoSobs. meore mxriv, msgavsi formulireba calsaxa araa da

hipoTeturad, sxvagvarad ganmartebis SesaZleblobasac iZleva. am Sem-

TxvevaSi, eklesiis mimarT valdebulebaa dadgenili, romliTac mas samewarmeo

saqmianobis ganxorcielebas ukrZalavs (pozitiuri akrZalva). nebismieri in-

terpretaciisas, debuleba sekularizmis ideas ewinaaRmdegeba. vinaidan sxva

religiuri gaerTianebebis mimarT araa msgavsi SezRudva dadgenili,

gaugebari da logikurad gaumarTlebelia misi eqskluziurad marTlma-

didebeli eklesiis mimarT gavrceleba. es ukanaskneli Tavisufalia, Tavad

gadawyvitos saqmianobis romel formas ganaxorcielebs. amasTan, Tuki igi ara

ùSualod~, aramed mis mier dafuZnebuli sxva pirebis meSveobiT ganaxor-

cielebs samewarmeo saqmianobas, debuleba mainc umoqmedo iqneba. zemoTqmu-

lidan gamomdinare, konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-6 muxlis me-3 punqti unda

gauqmdes.

6. saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi xelSeuvalia da gansakuTrebuli

statusiT sargeblobs. mas, erTaderTs, aqvs msgavsi statusi Tanamdebobaze

yofnis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi da gansxvavebiT prezidentisgan, rome-

lic, aseve, xelSeuvalobiT sargeblobs, misi Tanamdeboba ar aris periodu-

lobiT arCeviT gansazRvruli da miT umetes, saxelmwifos organizaciul

struqturaSi Semavali. xelSeuvalobis miniWebiT, marTalia, gamoixateba

kaTolikos-patriarqis, rogorc qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mwyems-

mTavris, mimarT gansakuTrebuli pativiscema da damokidebuleba, Tumca,

imavdroulad, aRniSnuli, erTgvarad, damakninebelicaa. Zneli warmosadgenia

praqtikuli SemTxveva, patriarqs sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis-

gan gaTavisuleba dasWirdes. xolo, Tu Teoriulad msgavsi SemTxveva dadga,

sakiTxavia, ratom unda gaTavisufldes saqarTvelos romelime moqalaqe

pasuxismgeblobisgan. amiT diskriminaciuli da arademokratiuli prece-

denti SeiZleba damkvidrdes. yvela adamiani kanonis winaSe Tanasworia, Sesa-

bamisad, yvelas sakuTari qmedebis wili pasuxismgebloba unda miezRos. kon-

stituciuri SeTanxmebis pirveli muxlis me-5 punqti amoRebul unda iqnes,

konstituciis me-14 muxlTan Seusabamobis motiviT.

7. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadebidan aTwleulze metis gasvlis mi-

uxedavad, im normebis umravlesoba, romlebic TviTaRsrulebad xasiaTs ar

atarebs, kvlavac formalur debulebad rCeba. marTalia, jer prezidentis,

Semdeg ki mTavrobis mier ramdenime samarTlebrivi aqti iqna miRebuli da aRs-

rulebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT ramdenime komisiac Seiqmna, Tumca qmediTi

nabijebi ar gadadgmula.

sakanonmdeblo teqnikisa da politikur-samarTlebrivi kulturis uaR-

resad dabali donis maCvenebelia is garemoeba, rom normatiuli aqtebis ier-

arqiaSi me-2 donis aqti TiTqmis formaluria. misi qmediTobisaTvis aucilebe-

lia Seiqmnas ara formaluri, Tanamdebobis pirebisgan, aramed Sesabamisi

sferos profesionalebisa da SeTanxmebis mxareTa oficialuri warmomadgen-

lebisgan dakompleqtebuli muSa jgufebi, romlebic realur rekomendaciebs

gaweren da praqtikul rCevebs miscemen rogorc saxelmwifos, ise qarTul

eklesias. amasTan, aucilebelia dadgindes zusti da myari vadebi, Sesabamisi

pasuxismgeblobiT, rac aRsrulebis procesis realur dawyebas ganapirobebs.

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8. jvrisweris samarTlebrivi Zalis aRiarebisa da konstituciuri SeTanx-

mebis am nawilis aRsrulebisaTvis aucilebelia SemuSavdes iseTi sistema, ro-

melic uSualod adamianze iqneba morgebuli. Tanamedrove samyaroSi nebismi-

eri saxelmwifo momsaxureba, maT Soris, qorwinebis registracia, maqsimalu-

rad gamartivebuli da dainteresebul pirze orientirebuli unda iyos. ami-

tomac jvrisweris aRiarebisas saqarTvelom unda airCios efeqturi da gamar-

Tuli modeli, romelic am procesSi piris minimalur CarTvas moiTxovs.

aucilebelia, ganxorcieldes Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi

`saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqssa~ da `samoqalaqo aqtebis Sesaxeb~

saqarTvelos kanonSi, romliTac jvrisweris aRiarebisTvis samarTlebriv

pirobebad samoqalaqo qorwinebis namdvilobis safuZvlebi iqneba miCneuli.

amasTan, arsebuli registrirebuli samoqalaqo qorwineba jvrisweris

damabrkolebel garemoebad unda iqnes aRiarebuli sakanonmdeblo doneze.

aucilebelia, Seiqmnas eklesiis reestri, romelze wvdomac saxelmwifos Sesa-

bamis saregistracio organoebs eqnebaT, rac faqtebis dublirebasa da Secdo-

mis daSvebis albaTobas minimumamde Seamcirebs. amasTan, eklesiam unda Seqmnas

gamarTuli sistema, romlis meSveobiTac yoveli saqorwino ritualis win

samoqalaqo reestris bazebidan miiRebs utyuar da gadamowmebul informa-

cias dasaqorwinebel pirTa ojaxuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. iusticiis minis-

tris aqtiT detalurad unda mowesrigdes eklesiasa da saxelmwifo or-

ganoebs Soris informaciis gacvlisa da miwodebis sakiTxi. jvrisweris

Sesaxeb monacemebi da dokumentacia eklesiam avtomatur reJimSi, dauy-

ovnebliv unda miawodos Sesabamis saregistracio organoebs, romlebic maT

erTian bazaSi moaqceven.

ganqorwinebis sakiTxi msoflioSi gavrcelebuli praqtikiT unda

mowesrigdes da am SemTxvevaSi upiratesoba saxelmwifos organoebis mxridan

Sesabamisi wesiT daregistrirebul ganqorwinebas mieniWos. marTalia, aR-

niSnuli eklesiisTvis mboWavi Zalis ar iqneba da mas mxolod saxelmwifo aRi-

arebs, Tumca msgavsi modeli samoqalaqo urTierTobebis stabilurobisTvis

gacilebiT xelsayrelia.

informaciis gamWvirvaleoba, saeklesio da saxelmwifo organoTa Soris

efeqturi komunikacia, monacemTa da dokumentaciis gacvlis uzrunvelyofa

da rac mTavaria, dauyovnebliv aRsruleba, saboloo jamSi, rogorc kon-

stituciuri SeTanxmebis debulebis praqtikul ganxorcielebas, ise misi

debulebis deklaraciuli xasiaTis normatiulad transformacias ganapiro-

bebs. grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan am sakiTxSi

TanamSromlobisa da praqtikuli gamocdilebis Semdeg, Tavisuflad Sesa-

Zlebelia sxva `tradiciuli~ religiuri gaerTianebebis mier Sesrulebuli

religiuri qorwinebis samarTlebrivi Zalis aRiarebac, rac gacilebiT demo-

kratiul, pluralistul marTlwesrigs uzrunvelyofs.

9. religiuri dResaswaulebis uqmobis uzrunvelyofasTan dakavSirebiT

saxelmwifos mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi srulad Tavsdeba konstituci-

uri SeTanxmebis aRsrulebis procesis dadebiT konteqstSi, miT umetes, rom

SeTanmebis pirveli muxlis me-6 punqtis debuleba mxolod deklaraciuli

xasiaTisaa da raime valdebulebas ar Seicavs. igi saxelmwifos keTil nebaze

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amaxvilebs yuradRebas da misi mxridan religiuri dResaswaulebis uqme dRee-

bad gamocxadebis SesaZleblobas da ara valdebulebas adgens. Sesabamisad,

mcdaria saxelmwifosgan damatebiT religiuri dResaswaulebis uqmeebad gam-

ocxadebis moTxovna konstituciur SeTanxmebaze miTiTebiT, miT umetes, imis

gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sadResaswaulo dasvenebis dReebi Sromis kodeqsSi

isedac dasaSvebze gacilebiT metia.

10. saqarTvelos saxelmwifom aRiara XIX-XX saukuneebSi eklesiisTvis

miyenebuli ziani da itvirTa am zianis anazRaureba. ziani, romelic marTlma-

didebel eklesias miadga, jer ruseTis imperiis, Semdeg saqarTvelos demo-

kratiuli respublikis mTavrobis, xolo bolos sabWoTa kavSiris mier iyo

ganxorcielebuli. am sami subieqtidan, meoris garda, yvela saqarTvelos

dampyrobelia da maTi samarTalmemkvidre vercerT SemTxvevaSi iqneba

damoukidebeli saqarTvelo. Sesabamisad, erTaderTi periodi, romlis

drosac miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis valdebulebac saqarTvelos unda

ekisra, 1918-1921 wlebia. pirveli respublikis mier religiuri gaerTiane-

bebis mimarT sakmaod agresiuli kampania ganxorcielda, ris Sedegadac

qarTuli eklesia, materialuri TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovnad dazaralda.

danarCen periodSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo eklesiis Tanazomierad, Tavad

iyo msxverpli, ris gamoc, alogikuria dazaralebulma sxva dazaralebulis

mimarT kompensaciis movaleoba aiRos.

11. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-11 muxlis me-2 punqtis debuleba, rom-

liTac kompensaciis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT specialur komisias normati-

uli aqtebi unda moemzadebina, praqtikaSi ar ganxorcielebula. mniSvnelo-

vania kompensaciis raodenobisa da asanazRaurebeli moculobis dadgena ganx-

orcieldes saxelmwifosa da eklesiis SeTanxmebiT, aRniSnulis safuZvelze ki

moxdes kompensaciis saboloo odenobisa da misi gadaxdis periodis gan-

sazRvra. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom sxva religiuri gaerTianebebisaTvis

miyenebuli zianic am konteqstSi unda iqnes ganxiluli da ara ganyenebulad,

ziani ki anazRaurdes proporciulad.

12. saxelmwifo biujetidan marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sasargeblod yo-

velwliurad aTeulobiT milioni lari ixarjeba. mxareTa SeTanxmebiTa da

normaTa sistemuri analiziT, SeiZleba mas kompensaciac ewodos. Tumca misi

zusti odenobisa da periodis argansazRvris gamo, SeuZlebelia imis varaudi,

Tu ra xnis manZilze SenarCundeba msgavsi praqtika. aucilebelia, eklesiis sa-

sargeblod gamoyofil Tanxas oficialurad daerqvas kompensacia da sakanon-

mdeblo doneze aikrZalos biujetidan eklesiis an romelime religiuri gaer-

TianebisaTvis uSualod religiuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis raime

finansuri saxsrebis gamoyofa. amiT, upirveles yovlisa, Tavad eklesia da

religiuri organizaciebi ìxeireben~, vinaidan am TemiT spekulacia erTxel

da samudamod dasruldeba.

finansebTan dakavSirebiT, erTaderTi, razec SeiZleba eklesia da sax-

elmwifo SesaZloa SeTanxmdnen, es raime formiT nebayoflobiTi saeklesio

gadasaxadis an misi msgavsi institutis SemoRebaa. am SemTxvevaSi espanuri

modelis recefcia yvelaze adekvaturi iqneba. nacvlad pirdapiri dafinanse-

bisa, moqalaqeebis religiuri kuTvnilebis Sesabamisad, winaswari Tanxmobis

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safuZvelze, maT mier saxelmwifo biujetis sasargeblod gadaxdili gadasaxa-

didan (rogorc wesi, saSemosavlo) gansazRvruli procenti Caericxeba Sesa-

bamis religiur gaerTianebas. ra Tqma unda, am SemTxvevaSi saubaria maqsimum

0,1-dan 0,5%-ze. amasTan, aucilebelia, daculi iyos im adamianTa uflebebi, vi-

sac gadasaxadis gadaxda ar surs, an ar miakuTvnebs Tavs romelime religiur

gaerTianebas. maTi gadaxdili saSemosavlo srulad Cairicxeba saxelmwifo

biujetSi. am modelis pirobebSi saxelmwifo mxolod gadasaxadebis adminis-

trirebaSi daexmareba religiur gaerTianebebs da Suamavlis rols

Seasrulebs, rogorc es gavrcelebulia civilizebul samyaroSi. aqve aRsaniS-

navia, rom es Soreuli perspeqtivaa da amisaTvis ara mxolod sakanonmdeblo

cvlilebebi, aramed sazogadoebis mentaluri mzaoba da rac mTavaria,

gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa nebaa aucilebeli.

13. konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT eklesiisTvis bevri SeRavaTia dadgenili,

gadasaxadebis nawilisgan gaTavisuflebulia ara mxolod uSualod eklesia,

aramed isic, vinc am ukanasknelis sasargeblod asrulebs restavracia-

aRdgenis, moxatvis da msg. samuSaoebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom sagadasaxado

SeRavaTebis kuTxiT saxelmwifom nakisri valdebulebebis umravlesoba

sagadasaxado kodeqssa da Sesabamis kanonmdeblobaSi asaxa, qonebis

gadasaxadSi, konkretulad miwasTan dakavSirebiT, eklesia araa gaTavisu-

flebuli gadasaxadisgan, Tumca konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-6 muxlis me-5

punqtiT dadgenil SeRavaTebSi `miwa~ moqceulia. amitomac aucilebelia

cvlileba Sevides sagadasaxado kodeqsis 206-e muxlis pirveli nawilis è~

qvepunqtSi da sityvebi _ `garda miwisa~, amoRebul iqnes. am konstruqciis

amoRebiT kanonmdebloba konstituciur SeTanxmebasTan SesabamisobaSic mova

da axali mowesrigeba sxva religiur gaerTianebebsac mniSvnelovan SeRavaTs

miscems.

14. Zalze mniSvnelovania, saxelwifom aradiskriminaciuli garemo da

religiuri gaerTianebebis moqmedebisaTvis Tavisufali sivrce Seqmnas.

marTalia, zogadad, religiuri organizaciebi sxvadasxva SeRavaTiT

sargebloben, Tumca maTsa da marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris uflebrivad

seriozuli gansxvavebaa, rac sagadasaxado SeRavaTebSi vlindeba. sax-

elmwifos marTlmadidebeli eklesiisTvis sagadasaxado privilegiebi SeTanx-

mebiT aqvs nakisri, rasac evrokomisiisa da eklesia-saxelmwifos ur-

TierTobebis zogadevropuli, TanamSromlobis modeli amarTlebs, Tumca

meti pluralizmisa da gamWvirvaleobisaTvis, sasurvelia, saxelmwifom ram-

denime eqskluziuri SeRavaTi sxvebzec gaavrcelos. aRniSnuli biujetSi se-

riozul cvlilebebs ar gamoiwvevs da arc ekonomikaze imoqmedebs uaryof-

iTad, radgan saxelmwifos gadmosaxedidan am ramdenime sferodan miRebuli

Semosavali mizerulia, gansxvavebiT religiuri organizaciebisgan, ro-

melTaTvis gadasaxadebSi daxarjuli Tanxa uzarmazar odenobas SeiZleba

Seadgendes. am mizniT, umjobesi iqneba, saxelmwifom aiRos pozitiuri

valdebuleba da sagadasaxado kodeqsis 99-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `d~ qve-

punqtidan, 168-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `v~ da meore nawilis `b~ qve-

punqtebidan amoiRos sityvebi `saqarTvelos sapatriarqos mier~. aRniSnuli

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cvlilebebiT konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT nakisri valdebulebac Sesrul-

deba da sxva religiuri organizaciebic Tanabari privilegiebiT

isargebleben.

15. eklesiisaTvis qonebis dabruneba da gadacema metad aqtualuria

saqarTveloSi. samwuxarod, es procesi sruliad gauazreblad da xSirad

qaosurad mimdinareobs, rac uamrav problemas warmoSobs. garda imisa, rom ar

ganxorcielebula gadacemuli da gadasacemi qonebis aRricxva, detalizeba,

zogierT SemTxvevaSi marTlmadidebeli eklesiisTvis mikuTvnebuli sa-

kuTreba sxva religiur gaerTianebaTa mxridan davis sagania. aucilebelia

religiis sakiTxTa saxelmwifo saagentom (Tuki am formiT mainc iarsebebs), an

specialurma komisiam, TiToeul maTganTan dakavSirebiT moamzados Sesabam-

isi rekomendaciebi da modave mxareTa Soris Suamavlis funqcia Seasrulos.

sacicocxlod mniSvnelovania, sabolood dadgindes, ra qoneba darCa sax-

elmwifos eklesiisTvis gadasacemi. amasTan, Sefasdes sxva religiuri gaer-

TianebebisTvis gadasacemi qoneba da isini daubrundes istoriul

mesakuTreebs, Sesabamisi saeqsperto daskvnebis, arqeologiuri, istoriuli

Tu saxelovnebo kvlevebis, uflebamosili organos daskvnis safuZvelze, an

gadaeceT alternatiuli sakuTreba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu restituciis pirveli

varianti ver xerxdeba. procesis dasrulebis Semdeg ki cvlilebebi unda Se-

vides `saxelmwifo qonebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonSi, raTa saxelmwifos

aRar hqondes ufleba usasyidlod gadasces saxelmwifo qoneba eklesias da

xeli Seuwyos mis zedmetad privilegirebul mdgomareobas.

16. saxelmwifo muzeumebSi arsebuli saeklesio saganZuris mesakuTred

eklesiis aRiarebis miuxedavad, dRemde ar arsebobs erTiani katalogi da sa-

ganZurs mikuTvnebuli nivTebis sruli aRwera ar ganxorcielebula. es

garkveulwilad adasturebs konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-8 muxlis pirveli

punqtis simbolur xasiaTs. normis realurad asamoqmedeblad, unda aiRweros

eklesiis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli, muzeumebis sacavebSi ganTavsebuli nivTebis

dawvrilebiTi aRwera. garda amisa, unda Seicvalos amave muxlis me-2 punqtiT

dadgenili samarTlebrivi nonsensi, romliTac xsenebuli nivTebi sax-

elmwifosa da eklesiis erTobliv mflobelobaSia. norma unda Camoyalibdes

Semdegi redaqciiT: `zemoaRniSnuli saeklesio saganZuri (wmida nawilebisa da

wmida relikviebis garda), rogorc saerTo erovnuli saganZuris nawili, ka-

nonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, aris saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi.~.

17. saxelmwifom unda Seasrulos konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-9 muxlis

me-2 punqtiT nakisri valdebuleba da SeimuSavos specialuri wesebi, normati-

uli aqtis samarTlebrivi meqanizmis gamoyenebiT, rogorc (a) saeklesio sa-

ganZuris dacvisa da sargeblobis, ise (b) kulturul-istoriuli

Rirebulebebis mqone taZrebis aRdgenis, restavracia-konservaciisa da mox-

atvis proeqtebis damtkicebis Taobaze. marTalia, kulturisa da ZeglTa

dacvis saministro eklesiasTan aTanxmebs proeqtebs da piriqiT, es

ukanasknelic mimarTavs saministros, Tumca am yovelives samarTlebrivi

valdebulebis konkretuli saxe da procedura unda hqondes, raTa gansaxil-

vel sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT gacilebiT ukeTesi da stabiluri reJimi

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damkvidrdes. aRsaniSnavia, rom es wesi gamodgeba sxva religiuri organi-

zaciebis sakuTrebaSi arsebul ZeglebTan mimarTebiTac.

18. ganaTlebis sferoSi nakisri valdebulebebi saxelmwifom konstituci-

uri SeTanxmebis dadebidan 10 wlis Tavze ganaxorciela. sakanonmdeblo

cvlilebebma uzrunvelyo SeTanxmebiT nakisri valdebulebebis Sesruleba. am

mimarTulebiT saxelmwifos mier ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebi dadebiTad

unda Sefasdes. imavdroulad, aRsaniSnavia, rom ganaTlebis sistemaSi

religiis integrirebasTan dakavSirebiT socialuri problemebi kvlavac

arsebobs, romelze reagirebac samarTlebrivad aucilebelia. Sesabamisad,

rekomendaciac sasurvel-SesaZleblobis xasiaTs atarebs. mkacri kontroli

unda dawesdes sajaro skolebSi religiuri simboloebis, erToblivi

locvebisa da religiuri niSniT diskriminaciis faqtebze. amasTan, mniSvnelo-

vania, TiToeul darRvevaze adekvaturi da proporciuli RonisZiebebi ga-

tardes, rac momaval darRvevaTa prevenciasac uzrunvelyofs. aucilebelia,

aseve, rig SemTxvevebSi gamkacrdes, zog SemTxvevaSi ki dawesdes saqarTvelos

sapatriarqos mier dafuZnebuli an mas daqvemdebarebuli saswavleblebis

avtorizacia da maT mier gansaxorcielebel programaTa akreditacia.

19. dadebiTad unda Sefasdes sasjelaRsrulebis sferoSi konstituciuri

SeTanxmebiT nakisri valdebulebebis aRsruleba. penitenciur sistemasTan

marTlmadidebeli eklesia aqtiurad TanamSromlobs. specialuri brZanebi-

Taa dadgenili marTlmadidebel da sxva aRmsarebel braldebulTa/msjavrde-

bulTa religiuri uflebebis ganxorcieleba. misasalmebelia is garemoeba,

rom yvela religiuri gaerTianebisa da religiis mimarT samarTlebrivad

Tanabari midgomebi moqmedebs. urTierTobaTa specifika ki zogadad aRi-

arebul, civilizebul saxelmwifoebSi arsebul sistemebTanaa TanxvedraSi.

20. sasjelaRsrulebis sistemisgan gansxvavebiT, Tavdacvis sferoSi spe-

cialuri mowesrigeba ar arsebobs, Tumca, sxva mxriv, mdgomareoba

damakmayofilebelia. sasurvelia, SeiaraRebul ZalebSi moqmedi samxedro

moZRvris (kapelanis) statusi, misi daniSvnis wesi da masTan dakavSirebuli sa-

kiTxebi sakanonmdeblo doneze ganisazRvros, rac mas gacilebiT met stabi-

lurobas SesZens da konkretuli ministris keTil nebasa Tu mmarTveli Zalis

ganwyobaze ar iqneba damokidebuli.

saboloo jamSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT

damkvidrebuli marTlwesrigi eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebis evro-

puli modelisTvis ucxo ar aris. mis mimarT bevri kiTxva da problema

arsebobs, Tumca maTi gadawyveta oficialuri politikis arCeviT, samarTle-

briv doneze aqtebis daxvewiTa da aradiskriminaciuli midgomebis gam-

oyenebiT sruliad SesaZlebelia. amasTan, aucilebelia, sistemurad Seicva-

los religiis sferoSi saxelmwifo politika da igi erTian samarTlebriv Car-

CoebSi moeqces. SeTavazebuli rekomendaciebisa da sakanonmdeblo

cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebis SemTxevaSi, saxelmwifo SeZlebs ara marto

qarTul eklesiasTan, aramed sxva religiur gaerTianebebTan mimarTebiT ad-

ekvaturi, demokratiuli da Tanamedrove marTlwesrigi Seqmnas,

erTdroulad, mosaxleobis umravlesobis religiur interesebsac

209

daakmayofilebs da religiuri umciresobebis rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis

Tavisuflebis daubrkoleblad ganxorcielebasac uzrunvelyofs.

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces imasac, rom konstituciuri

SeTanxmeba ubralod gamorCeul da ierarqiulad maRal samarTlebriv doku-

mentad ar darCes, romelsac praqtikuli gamoyeneba ar gaaCnia. misi

debulebebi unda aRsruldes da dainergos. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom mxolod

konstituciuri SeTanxmebis arseboba sakmarisi araa. aucilebelia religiur

organizaciebTan mimarTebiT saxelmwifos erTiani midgoma da politika sa-

marTlebriv doneze adekvaturad gamoixatos. amisTvis ki mniSvnelovania

religiuri organizaciebis Taobaze specialuri kanonmdeblobis Seqmna, ro-

melic adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis dacviT maqsimalurad demokratiul,

Tanabari SesaZleblobebis damfuZnebel religiur garemos daudebs saTaves.

saxelmwifom unda SeZlos da sazogadoebas miawodos sruli informacia sax-

elmwifo-religiuri organizaciebis urTierTobebis specifikis Taobaze,

raTa marginalizebulma jgufebma ar SeZlon sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris

ganxeTqilebisa da areulobis Setana. rogorc `sekularuli~ araa saSiSi

sityva, ise eklesia-saxelmwifos `TanamSromloba~ araa konstituciis princi-

pebis darRveva. aucilebelia yovelive es samarTlebrivi standartebis

dacviT ganxorcieldes.

da bolos, konstituciuri SeTanxmeba srulad iqneba aRsrulebuli,

rodesac ara mxolod politikuri neba iarsebebs amis Taobaze, aramed

obieqtur sinamdvileSi eklesiis zomieri privilegirebuli statusi sxva

religiur jgufTa mxridan diskriminaciis gancdas ar gamoiwvevs. aucilebe-

lia jer Tavad dokumentis mniSvnelovani xarvezebi aRmoifxvras, Semdeg ki

zogadad religiuri organizaciebis uflebebisa da interesebis gaT-

valiswineba dadges dRis wesrigSi, radganac msgavs gaerTianebaTa maRali sta-

tusi da stabilurobis gancda, saxelmwifosTan erTad, Tavad saqarTvelos

samociqulo eklesiis upirvelesi interesi unda iyos. mxolod msgavs qmede-

baTa ganxorcielebiTaa SesaZlebeli, saqarTvelom Tanamedrove samyaros

miRwevebTan da civilizaciis gamowvevebTan mimarTebiT adekvaturi pozicia

daiWiros da ganviTardes.

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saqarTvelos sabaJo kodeqsi

saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi

226

`samxedro sarezervo samsaxuris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni

„samoqalaqo aqtebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni

`normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni

`saqarTvelos 2015 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni

`zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni

ùmaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni

ùmaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonSi cvlilebis Setanis

Taobaze~ saqarTvelos 2015 wlis 27 noembris kanoni

`samxedro mosamsaxuris statusis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni

èqimis uflebebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni

àdvokatTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni

`licenziebisa da nebarTvebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni

`saxelmwifo qonebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni

saqarTvelos 2011 wlis 5 ivlisis kanoni `saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi

cvlilebebis Setanis Sesaxeb~

sssr ministrTa sabWos 1990 wlis 12 aprilis #180 dadgenileba `religiis

saqmeTa sakiTxebis Sesaxeb~

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis 1921 wlis 21 Tebervlis konstitucia

saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos da saqarTvelos respublikis 1918 wlis 13

seqtembris kanoni `samaswavleblo institutis da seminariebis gaerovnebisa~

saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos da saqarTvelos respublikis 1918 wlis 26

noembris kanoni `saRvTo sjulis swavlebis gauqmebisa~

saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis da saqarTvelos respublikis 1919 wlis 17

ivnisis kanoni ùqme dReebis ricxvis Semcirebisa~

saqarTvelos prezidentis 2012 wlis 21 Tebervlis #125 brZanebuleba

„saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur

marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebul

RonisZiebaTa uzrunvelmyof komisiaTa Seqmnis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos

prezidentis 2003 wlis 7 ianvris #1 brZanebulebis Zaladakargulad

gamocxadebis Taobaze~

saqarTvelos prezidentis 2003 wlis 7 ianvris #1 brZanebuleba `saqarTvelos

saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel

eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebul RonisZiebaTa

uzrunvelmyof komisiaTa Seqmnis Sesaxeb~

saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2014 wlis 19 Tebervlis #177 dadgenileba `sajaro

samarTlis iuridiuli piris _ religiis sakiTxa saxelmwifo saagentos Seqmnisa

da debulebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~

saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2014 wlis 27 ianvris #117 dadgenileba `saqarTveloSi

arsebuli religiuri gaerTianebebisaTvis sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis

dros miyenebuli zianis nawilobriv anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi

RonisZiebis ganxorcielebis wesis~ damtkicebis Taobaze~

saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2013 wlis 18 aprilis #82 dadgenileba `saqarTvelos


eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sakiTxebis

ganmxilveli samTavrobo komisiis Seqmnis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2012

wlis 21 Tebervlis 63 dadgenilebaSi cvlilebis Setanis Taobaze~

227

saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2012 wlis 21 Tebervlis #63 dadgenileba `saqarTvelos


eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sakiTxebis

ganmxilveli samTavrobo komisiis Seqmnis Sesaxeb~

saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2014 wlis 2014 wlis 13 martis #437 gankarguleba

`saqarTveloSi arsebuli religiuri gaerTianebebisTvis sabWoTa

totalitaruli reJimis dros miyenebuli zianis nawilobriv anazRaurebasTan

dakavSirebuli zogierTi RonisZiebis Sesaxeb~

saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ministris 2013 wlis 23 agvistos

115/n brZaneba `saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli

eklesiis saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis mier 2005 wlidan 2013 wlis pirvel

ianvramde gacemuli/gasacemi ganaTlebis damadasturebeli dokumentebis

aRiarebis wesis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~

saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ministris 2011 wlis 11 martis #36/n

brZaneba èrovnuli saswavlo gegmis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~

saqarTvelos Tavdacvis ministris 2009 wlis 19 ivnisis #448 brZaneba

`saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis generaluri Stabis J-1 piradi

Semadgenlobis departamentis debulebis~ damtkicebis Sesaxeb~

saqarTvelos Tavdacvis ministris 2011 wlis 21 ivlisis #583 brZaneba

`saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministros generaluri Stabis da saxmeleTo jarebis

TanamSromelTa/mosamsaxureTa samsaxuris gavlis wesis~ damtkicebis Sesaxeb~

saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis, probaciisa da iuridiuli daxmarebis sakiTxTa

ministris 2010 wlis 30 dekembris #187 brZaneba `braldebulTa/msjavrdebulTa

religiur ritualebSi monawileobisa da sasuliero pirebTan Sexvedris

uflebis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb~

saqarTvelos finansTa ministris 2012 wlis 26 ivlisis #290 brZaneba

`saqarTvelos sabaJo teritoriaze saqonlis gadaadgilebisa da gaformebis

Sesaxeb instruqciis damtkicebis Taobaze~

advokatTa eTikis kodeqsi

UN Religious Tolerance Declaration (1981)

Constitution of Burkina Faso, 1991

Constitution of Mali, 1992

Constitution of Namibia, 1990

Constitution of Rwanda, 2003

Constitution of the Azerbaijan Republic, 1995

Constitution of the Co-Operative Republic Guyana, 1980

Constitution of the French Republic, 1958

Constitution of the Hellenic Republic, 1975

Constitution of the Italian Republic, 1947

Constitution of the Argentine Nation, 1853

Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe, 1975

Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2006

Constitution of the Kingdom of Belgium, 1831

Constitution of the Kingdom of Norway, 1814

Constitution of the Kingdom of Spain, 1978,

Constitution of the Kingdom of Sweden (The Instrument of Government, 1974)

228

Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherland, 1983

Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic, 1993

Constitution of the Principality of Monaco, 1962

Constitution of the Republic of Benin, 1990

Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria, 1991

Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon, 1972

Constitution of the Republic of Chad, 1996

Constitution of the Republic of Côte D’Ivoire, 2000

Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus, 1960

Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador, 2008

Constitution of the Republic of Gabon, 1991

Constitution of the Republic of the Gambia, 1997

Constitution of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, 1990

Constitution of the Republic of India, 1950

Constitution of the Republic of Ireland, 1937

Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 1995

Constitution of the Republic of Madagascar, 2010

Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique, 1990

Constitution of the Republic of Senegal, 2001

Constitution of the Republic of Serbia, 2006

Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan, 1994

Constitution of the Republic of Turkey, 1982

Constitution of the Russian Federation, 1993

Constitution of the Slovak Republic, 1992

Constitution of Togo, 1992

Constitutional Act of the Kingdom of Denmark, 1953

Constitutional Law of the Republic of Angola, 1992

Constitutional Law of Turkmenistan, 1992

Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007

Fifth Amendment of the Constitution Act of Ireland, 1972

Fundamental Law of the Republic of Guinea, 1991

New Constitution of the Republic of the Congo, 2002

Post-Transition Constitution of the Republic of Burundi, 2005

Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States, 26 December, 1933

Law of the Republic of Latvia on “The Religious Organizations”, 1995

Law of the Republic of Poland on “The Guarantees of Freedom of Religion and Belief”, 1989

Law of the Kingdom of the Netherlands on “public Schools and Special Schools Financed by the

State”, 1981

Civil Code of the Kingdom of Spain

Civil Code of the Hellenic Republic

Law 590/77 of Greece “Concerning the Charter of the Church of Greece”

Marriage and Divorce Law of Israel, 1953

Royal Titles Act of New Zealand, 1974

The Church Act (Kirkkojärjestys 1055/1993)

Act on the Orthodox Church (Laki Ortodoksisestakirkosta 985/2006)

229

SeTanxmebebi saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur

marTlmadidebel eklesiasa da saqarTvelos saxelmwifo

xelisuflebis organoebs Soris

saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrosa da saqarTvelos

samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis erToblivi komisiis

urTierTgagebis memorandumi, 2005 wlis 22 ianvari

saqarTvelos iusticiis saministrosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo

avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis xelSekruleba, 2001 wlis 20 aprili

SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel

eklesiasa da saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros Soris probacionerTa da

arapatimar msjavrdebulTa resocializaciis sferoSi, 2006 wlis 1 marti.

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi

saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo

saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2016 wlis 26 Tebervlis #1/1/618

ganCineba saqmeze, `saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi _ giorgi kekenaZe, nino kvetenaZe

da besiki gvenetaZe saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg~

saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2011 wlis 22 dekembris #1/1/477

gadawyvetileba saqmeze, `saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli saqarTvelos

parlamentis winaaRmdeg~

saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2002 wlis 22 noembris #2/18/206

ganCineba saqmeze `moqalaqe zurab aroSvili saqarTvelos parlamentis

winaaRmdeg~

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa palatis 2013 wlis

30 maisis #bs-722-707(2k-12) ganCineba.


20 seqtembris #bs-477-471(2k-12) gadawyvetileba


9 Tebervlis #bs-1599-1575(k-11) ganCineba

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis

saqmeTa palatis 2008 wlis 15 maisis #as-968-1269-07 gadawyvetileba

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo

S.A.S. v. France, [ECtHR], App. no. 43835/11, 1 July, 2014

Seibenhaar v. Germany, [ECtHR], App. No. 18136/02, 3 February 2011

Lautsi and Others v. Italy, [ECtHR], App. no. 30814/06, 11 March 2011

Sinan Işik v. Turkey, [ECtHR], App. no. 21924/05, 2 February 2010

Dogru v. France, [ECtHR], App. no. 27058/05, 4 December, 2008

Religonsgemenischaft Der Zeugen Jehovas and Others v. Austria, [ECtHR], App. no. 40825/98, 31

july 2008

Jehovah’s Witnesses and Others v. Austria, [ECtHR], App. no. 40825/98, 31 July 2008

230

Hasen and Eylem Zengin v. Turkey, [ECtHR], App.no. 1448/04, 9 January 2008

Folgerø and Others v. Norway, [ECtHR], App. no. 15472/02, 29 June 2007

Svyato-Mykhayliyska Parafiya v. Ukraine, [ECtHR], App. no. 77703/01, 14 June 2007

97 Members of the Gldani Congregation of Jehovah’s Witnesses and 4 Others v. Georgia, [ECtHR],

App. no. 71156/01, 3 May 2007

Kosteski v. the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, [ECtHR], App. no. 55170/00, 13 April

2006

Leyla Şahin v. Turkey, [ECtHR], App. no. 44774/98, 10 November 2005

Ouranio Toxo and others v. Greece, [ECtHR], App. No. 74989/01, 20 October 2005

Çiftçi v. Turkey, [ECtHR], App. No. 71860/01, admissibility decision, 2004

Refah Partisi (The Welfare Party) and others v. Turkey, [ECtHR], Application no. 41340/98,

41342/98 and 41344/98, 13 of February, 2003

Metropolitan Church of Bessarabia v. Moldova, [ECtHR], App. No. 45701/99, 13 December 2001

Bruno v. Sweden, [ECHR], App. no. 32196/96, 28 August 2011

Dahlab v. Switzerland, [ECtHR], App. No. 42393/98, 15 February 2001

Hasan and Chaush v. Bulgaria, [ECtHR], App. no. 30985/96, 26 October, 2000

Cha’are Shalom Ve Tsedek v. France, [ECtHR] App. No. 27417/95, 27 June 2000

Buscarini and Others v. San Marino, [ECtHR], App. no. 24645/94, 18 of February, 1999

United Communist Party of Turkey (ÖZDEP) v. Turkey, [ECtHR], App. No. 23885/94, 8 December

1999

Canea Catholic Church v. Greece, [ECtHR], App. no. 143/1996/762/963, 16 December, 1997

Manoussakis v. Greece, [ECtHR], Application no. 18748/91, 26 September 1996

Kokkinakis v. Greece, [ECtHR], App. No. 14307/88, 25 may 1993

Darby v. Sweden, [ECtHR], Application no. 11581/85, 23 October 1990

Nielsen v. Denmark, [ECtHR], App. no. 10929/84, 28 November 1988

Kjeldsen, Busk, Madsen and Pedersen v. Denmark, [ECtHR], Application no. 5095/71; 5920/72;

5926/72, 7 December 1976

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli komisia

Angelini v. Sweden, [ECHR], App. no. 10491/83, D.R. 51, 3 December, 1986

Igle Iglesia Bautista ‘El Salvador’ and Jose Aquilino Ortega Maratilla v. Spain, [ECHR], App. no.

17522/90, 11 January 1992

Knudsen v. Sweden, [ECHR], App. no. 11045/84, 8 of March, 1985

X v. the United Kingdom, [ECHR], App. no. 8231/78, 6 March 1982, D.R.28.

axali zelandiis umaRlesi sasamarTlo

Carrigan v. Renwood, 1910, 30 N.Z.L.R. 244, 252.

Mabon v. Conference of the Methodist Church of New Zealand, 1998, 3 N.Z.L.R. 513,523.

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis umaRlesi,

federaluri da Statis sasamarTloebi

McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union, 545 U.S. 893 (2005)

Van Orden v. Perry, 545 U.S. 677 (2005)

231

Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe, 530 U.S. 290 (2000)

Lee v. Weismann, 505 U.S. 577 (1992)

Spiritual Outreach Society v. Commisssioner, 972 F.2d335 (8th Cir. 1991)

Jimmy Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization, 493 U.S. 378 (1990)

Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990)

Walz v. Tax Commisssion, 397 U.S. 664 (1970)

O’Hair v. Blumenthal, 588 F.2d 1144 (5th Cir. 1979)

Serbian E. Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich, 426 U.S. 696 (1976)

Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971)

Walz v. Tax Commisssion, 397 U.S. 664 (1970)

Aranow v. United States, 432 F.2d 242,243 (9th Cir. 1970)

Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church, 393 U.S. 444 n.3 (1969)

Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 106 (1968)

Abington School District v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 224 (1963)

Kedroff v. St. Nicholas Cathedral, 344 U.S. 94 (1952)

Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947)

Follet v. Town of McCormick, 321 U.S. 573 (1944)

Murdock v. Pennsylvania, 319 U.S. 105 (1943)

Jones v. Opelika, 316 U.S. 584 (1942)

Gonzalez v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila, 280 U.S. 1,16 (1929)

Bradfield v. Roberts, 175 U.S. 298 (1899)

Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145 at 164 (1878)

Miller v. Baptist Church, 16 N.J.L. 251 (1837)

gaerTianebuli samefos sasamarTlo

R (on the application of Begum (Shabina) v. Denbigh High School Governors, [2006] 2 WLR 719

(22 Mar. 2006)

espaneTis samefos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo

Sentence 24/1982 of the Constitutional Court of Spain, 13 May 1982

Sentence 34/1981 of the Constitutional Court of Spain, 10 November 1981

indoeTis umaRlesi sasamarTlo

Bijoe Emmanuel v. State of Kerala, AIR 1987 SCR 748

Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, AIR 1973 SC 1461

Commissioner of Hindu Religious Endowments v. Sri Hakshimdra Thirta Swamiar, AIR 1954 SCR

1005

israelis umaRlesi sasamarTlo

Segev v. Rabbinical Court, High Court of Justice of Israel, 130/66

kanadis umaRlesi sasamarTlo

Trinity Western University v. British Columbia College of Teachers, [2001] 1 S.C.R. 772

R.B. v. Children’s Aid Society of Metropolitan Toronto, [1995] 1. S.C.R. 315

232

P.(D) v. S.(C), [1993] 4 S.C.R. 141

R. v. Big M Drug Mart., [1985] 1. S.C.R. 295

Brassard et al. v. Langevin, [1877] 1 S.C.R. 145

safrangeTis respublikis saxelmwifo sabWo

Opinion No.346.893 of the General Assembly of the French Council of State, November 27, 1989

kviprosis respublikis umaRlesi sasamarTlo

Autocephalous, Saint, Orthodox and Apostolic Church of Cyprus v. the House of Representatives,

(1990) 3 C.L.R 338

irlandiis respublikis umaRlesi sasamarTlo

TF v. Ireland, [1995], 1 Ir 321, [1995] 2ILRM 321 (IESC)

gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komiteti

Human Rights Committee, General Comment 22, Article 18 (Forty-eighth session, 1993)

Report of The UNHRC, A/60/40 Vol. I (2005)60

Raihon Hudoyberganova v. Uzbekistan, UNHRC, Comm. no.931/2000, CCPR/C/82/D/921/2000, 8

December 2004

Leirvåg and Ors v. Norway, UNHRC, Comm. No. 1155/2003, CCPR/C/82/D/1155/2003, 23

November 2004

Waldman v. Canada, UNHRC, Comm. No. 694/1996, CCPR/C/67/D/694/1996, 3 November 1999

William Eduardo Delgado Páez v. Colombia, UNHRC, Comm. No. 195/1985,

CCPR/C/39/D/195/1985 (1990), 12 July 1990

gaeros rasobriv diskriminaciasTan brZolis komiteti

Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination A/60/18 (2005)26

veneciis komisia

Manitakis Antonis, Comments on the Draft Constitutional Agreement between the State of Georgia

and the Apostle Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia, CDL(2001)64, European Commission

for Democracy Through Law (Venice Commission), Strasbourg, 28 June 2001

Vogel Hans-Heinrich, Comments on the Draft Constitutional Agreement between the State of

Georgia and the Apostle Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia, CDL(2001)63, European

Commission for Democracy Through Law (Venice Commission), Strasbourg, 29 June 2001

Opinion on the Draft Constitutional Agreement between the State of Georgia and the Apostle

Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia, CDL(2001)65, European Commission for Democracy

Through Law (Venice Commission), Strasbourg, 28 June 2001

233

evropis sabWo

The Religious Dimension of Intercultural Dialogue, Recommendation 1962 (2011), Parliamentary

Assembly of the Council of Europe

State, Religion, Secularity and Human Rights, Recommendation 1804 (2007), Parliamentary

Assembly of Council of Europe

Education and Religion, Reccomendation 1720 (2005), Parliamentary Assembly of Council of

Europe

Religion and Democracy, Recommendation 1396 (1999), Parliamentary Assembly of Council of

Europe

Illegal Activities of Sects, Recommendation 1412 (1999), Parliamentary Assembly of Council of

Europe

Religion Tolerance in a Democratic World, Recommendation 1202 (1993), Parliamentary Assembly

of Council of Europe

Legal Expertise of the Draft Constitutional Agreement between State of Georgia and the Apostolic,

Autonomous Orthodox Church of Georgia. Council of Europe, HRCAD (2001)

evropis usafrTxoebisa da TanamSroblobis organizacia

Toledo Guiding Principles on Teaching about Religions and Beliefs in Public Schools, Prepared by

the ODIHR Advisory Council of Experts on Freedom of Religion or Belief, OSCE, Warsaw, 2007

saeklesio samarTlis wyaroebi

mrwamsi

biblia

Zveli aRTqumaჲ

dabadeba

axali aRTqumaჲ

saxerabaჲ maTesi

saxerabaჲ markozisi

saxerabaჲ ioanesi

saqme wmidaTa mociqulTaჲ (aRwerili luka maxarebelisaჲ)

epistole pavle mociqulisa romaelTa mimarT

epistole pavle mociqulisa efeselTa mimarT

episotele pavle mociqulisa korinTelTa mimarT

epistole pavle mociqulisa ebraelTa mimarT

epistole pavle mociqulisa galatelTa mimarT

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis aqtebi

ruis-urbnisis Zegliswera

saqarTvelos avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis

debuleba, 1995

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saberZneTis eklesiis enciklikebi

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Encyclical 2329/20-10-82 of the Holy Synod of the Church of Greece

romis papis enciklikebi

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Deacons, Men and Women Religious and All the Lay Faithful on Christian Love, 25 of December,

2005

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Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops, Bishops, and Other Ordinaries in Peace and Communion with the

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Archbishops, Bishops, and Other Ordinaries Enjoying Peace and Communion with the Apostolic See

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Cardinal Archbishop of Paris; Victor Lucien Lecot, Cardinal Archbishop of Bordeaux; Pierre Hector

Couillie, Cardinal Archbishop of Lyons; Joseph Guillaume Laboure, Cardinal Archbishop of Rennes;

and to all Our Venerable Brethren, the Archbishops and Bishops, and to all the Clergy and People of

France, 11 of February, 1906.

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Archbishops, Bishops, and other ordinaries of places having Peace andCommunion with the

Apostolic See, May 15, 1891

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Archbishops, and Bishops of the Catholic World in Grace and Communion with the Apostolic See,

10 of 1880

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Primates, Archbishops, and Bishops having favor and Communion of the Holy See, 8 of December

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oficialuri korespondencia

saqarTvelos prezidentis administraciis 2015 wlis 17 agvistos werili #8289

saqarTvelos mTavrobis administraciis 2015 wlis 7 agvistos werili #599983

saxelmwifo qonebis erovnuli saagentos 2015 wlis 10 agvistos werili #14/50253

saqarTvelos kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministros 2015 wlis 17 agvistos

werili #13/13-47/05

saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros 2015 wlis 18 agvistos

werili #MES 11500792828

saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministros 2015 wlis 13 agvistos werili #MOD

01500656805

saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebisa da probaciis saministros 2015 wlis 19

agvistos werili #MCLA 91500682903

235

eleqtronuli wyaro

<http://www.orthodoxy.ge/samartali/jvristsera.htm> [01.06.2014]

<http://constcourt.ge/ge/news/2015-wlis-9-oqtombers-saqartvelos-sakonstitucio-sasamartloshi-

shemovida-sarcheli.page> [10.11.2015]

<http://ena.ge/explanatoryonline> [05.11.2015]