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E nabling O pen S cholarship Enjeux de l’Open Access : le green OA, coûts et bénéfices Alma Swan Director of Advocacy, SPARC Europe Convenor, Enabling Open Scholarship Director, Key Perspectives Ltd Director, Infrastructure Services for Open Access Couperin Open Access Conference: Généraliser l’accès ouvert aux résultats de la recherche Paris, 24/25 January 2013

Enabling Open Scholarship Enjeux de lOpen Access : le green OA, coûts et bénéfices Alma Swan Director of Advocacy, SPARC Europe Convenor, Enabling Open

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Page 1: Enabling Open Scholarship Enjeux de lOpen Access : le green OA, coûts et bénéfices Alma Swan Director of Advocacy, SPARC Europe Convenor, Enabling Open

Enabling Open Scholarship

Enjeux de l’Open Access : le green OA, coûts et bénéfices

Alma SwanDirector of Advocacy, SPARC Europe

Convenor, Enabling Open ScholarshipDirector, Key Perspectives Ltd

Director, Infrastructure Services for Open Access

Couperin Open Access Conference: Généraliser l’accès ouvert aux résultats de la rechercheParis, 24/25 January 2013

Page 2: Enabling Open Scholarship Enjeux de lOpen Access : le green OA, coûts et bénéfices Alma Swan Director of Advocacy, SPARC Europe Convenor, Enabling Open

Enabling Open Scholarship

Les coûts et bénéficesBenefits:

• Faster, more efficient, more effective research

• Outreach to professional and practitioner communities

• Outreach to the education community

• Outreach to the business community

• A better Knowledge Society• €€€ ?

Costs:• Publisher adaptation• Author adaptation• €€€ ?

Page 3: Enabling Open Scholarship Enjeux de lOpen Access : le green OA, coûts et bénéfices Alma Swan Director of Advocacy, SPARC Europe Convenor, Enabling Open

Enabling Open Scholarship

Three Open Access scenarios

Self-archiving in repositories (‘Green’ Open Access)• (1) In parallel with subscription journals• (2) Instead of subscription journals, via

repositories with overlay services (3) Open Access journals (‘Gold’ Open Access publishing)

Page 4: Enabling Open Scholarship Enjeux de lOpen Access : le green OA, coûts et bénéfices Alma Swan Director of Advocacy, SPARC Europe Convenor, Enabling Open

Enabling Open Scholarship

Another dimension

Worldwide versus unilateral OAWorldwide = when all institutions (or nations) convert to OAUnilateral = when only the test institution (or nation) converts to OA and the rest of the world continues with the current situation

Page 5: Enabling Open Scholarship Enjeux de lOpen Access : le green OA, coûts et bénéfices Alma Swan Director of Advocacy, SPARC Europe Convenor, Enabling Open

Enabling Open Scholarship

National models

Page 6: Enabling Open Scholarship Enjeux de lOpen Access : le green OA, coûts et bénéfices Alma Swan Director of Advocacy, SPARC Europe Convenor, Enabling Open

Enabling Open Scholarship

National pictures (worldwide OA)Annual € savings from moving to:

UK Netherlands Denmark US federal agencies

OA journals (‘Gold’ OA)

480 million 133 million 70 million

Value of benefit amounts to

some 4x to 25x the cost

Benefit/cost ratio 1.4

OA repositories with subscriptions (‘Green’ OA)

125 million 50 million 30 million

Benefit/cost ratio 4.2

OA repositories with overlay services

Circa 480 million

Circa 133 million

Circa 70 million

(Houghton et al, 2009, 2010)

Page 7: Enabling Open Scholarship Enjeux de lOpen Access : le green OA, coûts et bénéfices Alma Swan Director of Advocacy, SPARC Europe Convenor, Enabling Open

Enabling Open Scholarship

Benefit-cost ratios (UK) (worldwide OA)

(CEPA, 2011)

Page 8: Enabling Open Scholarship Enjeux de lOpen Access : le green OA, coûts et bénéfices Alma Swan Director of Advocacy, SPARC Europe Convenor, Enabling Open

Enabling Open Scholarship

Institutional models

Page 9: Enabling Open Scholarship Enjeux de lOpen Access : le green OA, coûts et bénéfices Alma Swan Director of Advocacy, SPARC Europe Convenor, Enabling Open

Enabling Open Scholarship

Three Open Access scenarios

Self-archiving in repositories (‘Green’ Open Access)• (1) In parallel with subscription journals• (2) Instead of subscription journals, via

repositories with overlay services (3) Open Access journals (‘Gold’ Open Access publishing)

Page 10: Enabling Open Scholarship Enjeux de lOpen Access : le green OA, coûts et bénéfices Alma Swan Director of Advocacy, SPARC Europe Convenor, Enabling Open

Enabling Open Scholarship

UK: Case studiesUniversity Research income per annum

University A 2 million GBP

University B 10 million GBP

University C 75 million GBP

University D 200 million GBP

Page 11: Enabling Open Scholarship Enjeux de lOpen Access : le green OA, coûts et bénéfices Alma Swan Director of Advocacy, SPARC Europe Convenor, Enabling Open

Enabling Open Scholarship

Savings from Green OA (with subscriptions)

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

University AUniversity BUniversity CUniversity D

GBP

per

ann

um

Page 12: Enabling Open Scholarship Enjeux de lOpen Access : le green OA, coûts et bénéfices Alma Swan Director of Advocacy, SPARC Europe Convenor, Enabling Open

Enabling Open Scholarship

‘University UK’: Annual savings from OA

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

800,000

900,000

OA journalsOA via repositoriesRepositories with overlay publishing services

GBP

per

ann

um

Page 13: Enabling Open Scholarship Enjeux de lOpen Access : le green OA, coûts et bénéfices Alma Swan Director of Advocacy, SPARC Europe Convenor, Enabling Open

Enabling Open Scholarship

Savings from OA via OA journals

-6,000,000

-5,000,000

-4,000,000

-3,000,000

-2,000,000

-1,000,000

0

1,000,000

2,000,000

University AUniversity BUniversity CUniversity D

GB

P pe

r an

num

Page 14: Enabling Open Scholarship Enjeux de lOpen Access : le green OA, coûts et bénéfices Alma Swan Director of Advocacy, SPARC Europe Convenor, Enabling Open

Enabling Open Scholarship

More realistic assumptionsBefore: • Universities would pay for all articles published by authors in their

institution• Used average APC value of 1500 GBP

New: set of new assumptions:• The corresponding author is responsible for article processing payments• Where work is funded by external funders, the funder will pay article

processing charges• So, a university only pays for unfunded articles where the main author is

in that institution• Used ‘real’ average APC of 571 GBP* ...• Or ‘real’ disciplinary values*

*(Solomon & Bjork, 2011)

Page 15: Enabling Open Scholarship Enjeux de lOpen Access : le green OA, coûts et bénéfices Alma Swan Director of Advocacy, SPARC Europe Convenor, Enabling Open

Enabling Open Scholarship

Savings from worldwide Gold OA

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

3,500,000

University AUniversity BUniversity CUniversity D

GBP

per a

nnum

N.B. Modelled disciplinary mix with discipline-specific average APCs

Page 16: Enabling Open Scholarship Enjeux de lOpen Access : le green OA, coûts et bénéfices Alma Swan Director of Advocacy, SPARC Europe Convenor, Enabling Open

Enabling Open Scholarship

Savings from Gold OA (different APCs)APC = ‘real’

disciplinary values APC = 1500 GBP

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

3,500,000

University AUniversity BUniversity CColumn1University A(1500)University B (1500)University C (1500)University D (1500)

GBP

per

ann

um

Page 17: Enabling Open Scholarship Enjeux de lOpen Access : le green OA, coûts et bénéfices Alma Swan Director of Advocacy, SPARC Europe Convenor, Enabling Open

Enabling Open Scholarship

Unilateral Gold OA incurs costs

-1,800,000

-1,600,000

-1,400,000

-1,200,000

-1,000,000

-800,000

-600,000

-400,000

-200,000

0

University AUniversity BUniversity CUniversity D

GBP

per

ann

um

Page 18: Enabling Open Scholarship Enjeux de lOpen Access : le green OA, coûts et bénéfices Alma Swan Director of Advocacy, SPARC Europe Convenor, Enabling Open

Enabling Open Scholarship

Savings from worldwide Green OA

University A University B University C University D0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

3,500,000

4,000,000

Green OA through reposi-tories plus subscription journals

Green OA through reposi-tories with overlaid pub-lishing services using aver-age APC of 480 GBP per ar-ticle

Green OA through reposi-tories with overlaid pub-lishing services using APC costs of the disciplinary mix

GBP

per

ann

um

Page 19: Enabling Open Scholarship Enjeux de lOpen Access : le green OA, coûts et bénéfices Alma Swan Director of Advocacy, SPARC Europe Convenor, Enabling Open

Enabling Open Scholarship

Unilateral Green OA incurs costs

-900,000

-800,000

-700,000

-600,000

-500,000

-400,000

-300,000

-200,000

-100,000

0Green OA through repos-itories plus subscription journals

Green OA through repos-itories with overlaid pub-lishing services using av-erage APC of 480 GBP per article

Green OA through repos-itories with overlaid pub-lishing services using APC costs of the disciplinary mix

University A University B University C University D

GBP

per

ann

um

Page 20: Enabling Open Scholarship Enjeux de lOpen Access : le green OA, coûts et bénéfices Alma Swan Director of Advocacy, SPARC Europe Convenor, Enabling Open

Enabling Open Scholarship

SummaryRoute through transition Cost or benefit?

Gold OA - worldwide

Gold OA - unilateral

Benefit (savings)

Cost

Green OA - worldwide

Green OA - unilateral

Benefit (savings)

Cost

Page 21: Enabling Open Scholarship Enjeux de lOpen Access : le green OA, coûts et bénéfices Alma Swan Director of Advocacy, SPARC Europe Convenor, Enabling Open

Enabling Open Scholarship

National models

Page 22: Enabling Open Scholarship Enjeux de lOpen Access : le green OA, coûts et bénéfices Alma Swan Director of Advocacy, SPARC Europe Convenor, Enabling Open

Enabling Open Scholarship

-90,530

-470,340

401,990

1,784,890

-1,000,000

-500,000

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

Wordwide Gold OA Worldwide Green OA Unilateral Gold OA Unilateral Green OA

GB

P p

er a

nn

um

Net cost savings for the institution

Net costs facing the institution

Worldwide Adoption of Open Access

Unilateral Adoption of Open Access

Page 23: Enabling Open Scholarship Enjeux de lOpen Access : le green OA, coûts et bénéfices Alma Swan Director of Advocacy, SPARC Europe Convenor, Enabling Open

Enabling Open Scholarship

Modelling OA at institutional levelCheaper, whatever model (Green or Gold) for all nations studiedTransitioning: through Green OA is the cheapest route:• Amount of Green OA grows to 90-100% of all articles• Authors’ final versions are acceptable as a substitute • Libraries consider it safe to cancel subscriptions• Publishers convert to Gold OA (service provision rather than

product sales)• Cash available in institutions (savings from subscriptions) to

pay for Gold publishing services

Page 24: Enabling Open Scholarship Enjeux de lOpen Access : le green OA, coûts et bénéfices Alma Swan Director of Advocacy, SPARC Europe Convenor, Enabling Open

Enabling Open Scholarship

Thank you for listening

[email protected]

www.sparceurope.org www.openscholarship.org

www.keyperspectives.co.uk